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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BCzx5Vx4jJqmYdLSTXjnMtz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000363</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210479</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210479</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Sa&#250;de Cardiometab&#243;lica dos Adolescentes &#233; Afetada por Per&#237;odos Prolongados de Inatividade?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4640-2254</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wendt</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pelotas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pelotas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Pelotas, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andrea Wendt &#8226;</bold> Marechal Deodoro, 1160, 3&#186; andar. CEP <postal-code>96020-220</postal-code>, Centro, Pelotas, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>andreatwendt@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>363</fpage>
      <lpage>364</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Metab&#243;licas</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglic&#233;rides</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A literatura atual sobre atividade f&#237;sica (AF) e comportamento sedent&#225;rio (CS) destaca o efeito negativo de quantidades consider&#225;veis de tempo gasto em atividades, tais como sentar, assistir TV, usar o computador e algumas atividades de trabalho e estudo, sobre a sa&#250;de cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O CS pode ser definido como qualquer comportamento de vig&#237;lia caracterizado por gasto energ&#233;tico &#8804; 1,5 equivalentes metab&#243;licos em uma postura sentada, reclinada ou deitada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Portanto, o CS n&#227;o &#233; a aus&#234;ncia ou um baixo n&#237;vel de AF, ambos podem coexistir.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Nesse sentido, uma revis&#227;o recente mostrou uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre o CS e a AF, evidenciando que indiv&#237;duos com maior tempo de perman&#234;ncia em CS apresentam maior risco de mortalidade cardiovascular. No entanto, as estimativas t&#234;m sido menos consistentes em indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis mais elevados de AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
    <p>A literatura cita uma s&#233;rie de poss&#237;veis mecanismos para os efeitos do CS, independente da AF, sobre desfechos metab&#243;licos e cardiovasculares. Um desses mecanismos &#233; a diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade enzim&#225;tica respons&#225;vel pela produ&#231;&#227;o de HDL e a captura de triglicer&#237;deos na corrente sangu&#237;nea, devido &#224; inatividade sustentada na postura sentada, reclinada ou deitada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Nesse sentido, t&#234;m sido estudadas estrat&#233;gias para reduzir o tempo de perman&#234;ncia em CS ou para interromper a inatividade sustentada. Algumas dessas abordagens se concentram em permanecer em p&#233; durante algum tempo ou realizar um curto per&#237;odo de movimento entre os per&#237;odos de tempo sentado (breaks). Uma metan&#225;lise com adultos encontrou um efeito positivo dos breaks no CS em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle da adiposidade e glicemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo experimental mostrou que pausas de 1 a 2 minutos em atividades sedent&#225;rias de trabalho a cada meia hora resultaram em decl&#237;nios pequenos &#224; moderados no colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos e glicemia de jejum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Enquanto a literatura sobre pausas foi desenvolvida focando principalmente na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, investigando pausas nas atividades laborais sedent&#225;rias, estudos com crian&#231;as e adolescentes s&#227;o escassos, especialmente em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos das pausas na sa&#250;de de adolescentes deve ser refor&#231;ada, visto que os riscos cardiometab&#243;licos j&#225; est&#227;o presentes nessa idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> que tamb&#233;m &#233; marcada por atividades escolares sedent&#225;rias sustentadas. Diante desse cen&#225;rio, Quirino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> em estudo publicado neste volume, verificaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre breaks no CS e o risco cardiometab&#243;lico em uma amostra de adolescentes. Este estudo transversal incluiu dados de 573 adolescentes de Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB, Brasil, e mediu objetivamente os breaks no CS utilizando aceler&#244;metros. Os desfechos avaliados foram press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, glicemia de jejum, colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos, HDL, LDL e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Os autores verificaram que um n&#250;mero maior de breaks no CS diminuiu o IMC em &#8722;0.102 kg/m. N&#227;o foram encontrados efeitos estatisticamente significativos para os demais desfechos. No entanto, a dire&#231;&#227;o das associa&#231;&#245;es foi no sentido de maior numero de breaks resultando em redu&#231;&#245;es nos desfechos negativos. A literatura com amostras de adultos encontrou associa&#231;&#245;es com muitos desfechos, diferentemente dos resultados encontrados por Quirino et. al. Os autores trazem, como uma explica&#231;&#227;o para esse achado, as diferen&#231;as nos padr&#245;es de movimento de crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Crian&#231;as e adolescentes, em geral, t&#234;m um padr&#227;o de movimento com mais picos de AF de alta intensidade e janelas curtas de inatividade (tempo sedent&#225;rio mantido por menos tempo).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Este estudo levanta algumas quest&#245;es para pesquisas futuras nesta &#225;rea, por exemplo: Qual deve ser a dura&#231;&#227;o dos braks no cs para obter um efeito positivo na sa&#250;de dos adolescentes? Os n&#237;veis de AF modulam os breaks no cs para esta popula&#231;&#227;o? Qual padr&#227;o de breaks poderia melhorar a sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica (apenas permanecer em p&#233; ou realizar alguns minutos de AF leve)? As respostas para essas perguntas poder&#227;o ajudar a planejar estrat&#233;gias escolares para esse grupo populacional. Por &#250;ltimo, mas n&#227;o menos importante, &#233; importante destacar que a atual pandemia de COVID-19 pode ter aumentado o tempo de perman&#234;ncia em CS na popula&#231;&#227;o geral,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> incluindo crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Dessa maneira, interven&#231;&#245;es que aumentem o tempo de AF e o n&#250;mero de breaks no CS, que j&#225; deveriam ser incentivadas em situa&#231;&#245;es normais, provavelmente tornam-se ainda mais relevantes neste cen&#225;rio alarmante.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Breaks no Tempo em Comportamento Sedent&#225;rio e Marcadores Cardiometab&#243;licos em Adolescentes</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is Adolescents' Cardiometabolic Health Affected by Prolonged Periods of Inactivity?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4640-2254</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wendt</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pelotas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Pelotas, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Andrea Wendt &#8226;</bold> Marechal Deodoro, 1160, 3&#186; andar. Postal Code <postal-code>96020-220</postal-code>, Centro, Pelotas, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>andreatwendt@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Motor Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarism</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent, Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglycerides</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Mass Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The current literature regarding physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) highlights the negative effect of considerable amounts of time spent in activities such as sitting, TV viewing, computer use, and some work and study activities on cardiovascular health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> SB may be defined as any waking behavior characterized by an energy expenditure &#8804; 1.5 metabolic equivalents while in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Thus, SB is not the absence or low level of PA, but it can coexist with it.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> In this sense, a recent review showed an interaction between SB and PA, providing evidence that individuals with higher time spent in SB presented a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality. However, estimates have been less consistent in individuals with higher PA levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The literature cites a series of possible mechanisms for SB effects, independent of PA, on metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes. One of these mechanisms is the decrease in enzymatic activity responsible for HDL production and the capture of triglycerides in the blood chain due to sustained inactivity in sitting, reclining, or lying posture.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In this regard, strategies reducing the time spent in SB or interrupting sustained inactivity have been studied. Some of these approaches focus on standing up for a while or a short period of movement between periods of sitting time (breaks in SB). A meta-analysis with adults found a positive effect of breaks in SB on adiposity control and glycemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In addition, an experimental study showed that 1-to-2&#8211;minute breaks in sedentary work activities every half an hour resulted in small-to-moderate declines in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting blood glucose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>While the literature about breaks was developed focusing mainly on adult populations and exploring interruptions in sedentary work activities, studies with children and adolescents are scarce, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, the evaluation of the effects of breaks on adolescent health should be reinforced, given that cardiometabolic risks are already present at this age,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> which is also marked by sustained sedentary school activities. Faced with this scenario, Quirino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> in a study published in this volume, verified the association of breaks in SB on cardiometabolic risk in an adolescent sample. This cross-sectional study comprised data of 573 adolescents from Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba, Brazil and objectively measured breaks in SB using accelerometers. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and body mass index (BMI) were the assessed outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> The authors found that a higher number of breaks in SB decreased BMI by &#8722;0.102 kg/m. Statistically significant effects for other outcomes were not found. However, the direction of associations was towards more breaks reducing negative outcomes. The literature with adult samples has found associations with many outcomes, different from the results found in this paper. The authors bring, as one explanation for this finding, the differences in movement patterns for children/adolescents. Children and adolescents, in general, have a movement pattern with more peaks of high-intensity PA and short inactivity windows (sedentary time sustained for less time).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The study raises some future research questions for the area: How long should breaks in SB be in order to obtain a positive effect on adolescent health? Do PA levels modulate breaks in SB for this population? Which is the ideal pattern of breaks supposed to improve cardiometabolic health (only standing up or a few minutes of light PA)? Answering these questions may help to plan school-based strategies for this population group. Last but not least, it is important to highlight that the current COVID-19 pandemic may have increased the time spent in SB by the general population,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> including children and adolescents. Thus, interventions increasing the time spent in PA and breaks in SB, which should be encouraged in normal situations, are likely even more relevant in this alarming scenario.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Breaks in Sedentary Time and Cardiometabolic Markers in Adolescents</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
