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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TJ4nh37YcWvJr5VtrKsxsrd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000352</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200047</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200047</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><italic>Breaks</italic> no Tempo em Comportamento Sedent&#225;rio e Marcadores Cardiometab&#243;licos em Adolescentes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0574-639X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Quirino</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Maria Mesquita de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2661-090X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Prazeres</surname>
            <given-names>Alcides</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5976-7287</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3606-2396</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Gerfeson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1082-6098</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Cazuza de</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdades Nova Esperan&#231;a</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdades Nova Esperan&#231;a (FACENE), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Epidemiologia da Atividade F&#237;sica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Epidemiologia da Atividade F&#237;sica (GEPEAF), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa Associado de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica (UPE/UFPB), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Cesmac</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Cesmac, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (UFPB), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Cazuza de Farias J&#250;nior &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Campus I, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba - Bloco de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o de Fisioterapia e Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica &#8211; CCS, Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Epidemiologia da Atividade F&#237;sica (GEPEAF), Sala 20; CEP <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil. E-mail: <email>jcazuzajr@hotmail.com</email>, <email>jcazuzajr@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lima NMM, Farias J&#250;nior JC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lima NMM, Prazeres Filho A, Barbosa AO, Farias J&#250;nior JC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Prazeres Filho A, Barbosa AO, Farias J&#250;nior JC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Farias J&#250;nior JC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lima NMM, Prazeres Filho A, Barbosa AO, Mendon&#231;a G, Farias J&#250;nior JC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mendon&#231;a G, Farias J&#250;nior JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>352</fpage>
      <lpage>362</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Interrup&#231;&#245;es no tempo despendido em comportamento sedent&#225;rio (<italic>breaks</italic>) t&#234;m sido associadas a melhores n&#237;veis de indicadores cardiometab&#243;licos na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta. No entanto, em adolescentes, os achados sobre essa associa&#231;&#227;o ainda s&#227;o conflitantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia em comportamento sedent&#225;rio com marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos e avaliar se ela &#233; moderada pelo estado nutricional e o tempo excessivo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio em adolescentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com 537 adolescentes (52,3% do sexo feminino), de 10 a 14 anos de idade, de escolas p&#250;blicas de Jo&#227;o Pessoa (PB). O n&#250;mero di&#225;rio de <italic>breaks</italic> em comportamento sedent&#225;rio (&gt;100 <italic>counts</italic>/minutos) foi mensurado por meio de aceler&#244;metros (<italic>Actigraph</italic> GT3X+). Os marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos analisados foram: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (mmHg), glicose de jejum, colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos, HDL-c, LDL-c (todos em mg/dL) e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Utilizou-se a regress&#227;o linear para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> com marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos e avaliar se ela &#233; moderada pelo estado nutricional e o tempo excessivo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p&lt;0,05 foi adotado para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia se associou negativamente ao IMC (&#223; = &#8722;0,069; IC95%: &#8722;0,102; &#8722;0,035), mas n&#227;o aos demais marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos, e essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi moderada pelo estado nutricional dos adolescentes (p=0,221) e nem pelo tempo excessivo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio (p=0,176).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A inclus&#227;o de <italic>breaks</italic> no tempo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio parece contribuir para valores mais baixos do IMC em adolescentes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Marcadores Cardiometab&#243;licos</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Glicose</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglic&#233;rides</kwd>
        <kwd>Comportamento Sedent&#225;rio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="51"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Tem sido postulado que o tempo despendido pelos adolescentes em comportamento sedent&#225;rio &#8211; atividades realizadas na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, reclinada ou deitada, com gasto energ&#233;tico &lt;1,5 METs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> &#8211; pode representar um fator de risco para altera&#231;&#245;es desfavor&#225;veis em marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> e a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Em fun&#231;&#227;o disso, o n&#250;mero de estudos sobre comportamento sedent&#225;rio e marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos em adolescentes vem crescendo desde a &#250;ltima d&#233;cada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Os efeitos do comportamento sedent&#225;rio sobre os marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos podem estar relacionados &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade da enzima lipoprote&#237;na lipase (LPL), causada pela hipotens&#227;o muscular, decorrente da perman&#234;ncia prolongada na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada ou reclinada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A menor a&#231;&#227;o da LPL prejudica a capta&#231;&#227;o de triglicer&#237;deos, glicose, insulina e a s&#237;ntese de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, o tempo despendido nesses comportamentos est&#225; associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, sobretudo de intensidade leve,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> diminui&#231;&#227;o do gasto energ&#233;tico total di&#225;rio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> aumento dos indicadores de gordura corporal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> e consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Estima-se que adolescentes permanecem cerca de 10 horas por dia em comportamento sedent&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> e 30,2% destes passam mais de 8 horas por dia nesse comportamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Nesse sentido, a inclus&#227;o de interrup&#231;&#245;es no tempo despendido por dia nesses comportamentos, denominadas <italic>breaks</italic>, vem sendo considerada como uma das formas de minimizar os efeitos delet&#233;rios decorrentes da exposi&#231;&#227;o excessiva e ininterrupta aos comportamentos sedent&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A incorpora&#231;&#227;o de <italic>breaks</italic> no tempo sedent&#225;rio reduz a hipotens&#227;o muscular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> elevando a atividade da LPL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Os <italic>breaks</italic> tamb&#233;m promovem uma eleva&#231;&#227;o no gasto energ&#233;tico total di&#225;rio devido ao aumento no tempo de pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, sobretudo de intensidade leve,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> que pode contribuir para um menor ac&#250;mulo de gordura corporal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> e melhora nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de lipoprote&#237;nas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em adultos, o n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia tem sido relacionado com redu&#231;&#227;o na glicemia p&#243;s-prandial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> perfil lip&#237;dico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> e controle da adiposidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Em adolescentes, a quantidade de estudos sobre <italic>breaks</italic> e marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos ainda &#233; relativamente baixa e com resultados divergentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Os estudos que identificaram associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre <italic>breaks</italic> e marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ajustaram as an&#225;lises pelo tempo de sono e consumo alimentar;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> foram realizados com adolescentes com excesso de peso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> ou hist&#243;rico familiar de obesidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> e n&#227;o avaliaram se essa associa&#231;&#227;o era moderada pelo estado nutricional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> e/ou tempo excessivo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Outra lacuna de conhecimento &#233; se a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> e marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos &#233; moderada pelo estado nutricional e/ou tempo sedent&#225;rio, tendo em vista que o excesso de peso corporal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> e o tempo excessivo de comportamento sedent&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> est&#227;o associados a altera&#231;&#245;es nos marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos. Dessa forma, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>breaks</italic> no tempo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio e marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos pode ter diferen&#231;as (signific&#226;ncia e/ou magnitude) conforme o estado nutricional e/ou do tempo despendido em comportamento sedent&#225;rio. Sendo assim, este estudo analisou a associa&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia em comportamentos sedent&#225;rios com marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos, e se era moderada pelo estado nutricional e tempo excessivo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio em adolescentes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo transversal que analisou dados referentes ao primeiro ano (2014) do Estudo Longitudinal sobre Comportamento Sedent&#225;rio, Atividade F&#237;sica, H&#225;bitos Alimentares e Sa&#250;de de Adolescentes (LONCAAFS). A popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia foi composta por adolescentes de ambos os sexos, de 10 a 14 anos de idade, que estavam matriculados no 6&#186; ano em escolas da rede p&#250;blica de ensino da cidade de Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba, Nordeste, Brasil. O Estudo LONCAAFS foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (Protocolo 240/13).</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, foram analisados dados de uma subamostra de adolescentes do Estudo LONCAAFS que utilizou aceler&#244;metros e realizou exame de sangue. Essa escolha foi devido ao n&#250;mero de aceler&#244;metros dispon&#237;veis (n = 64), tempo dispon&#237;vel para a coleta de dados e limita&#231;&#227;o de recursos financeiros. A distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra e subamostra levou em considera&#231;&#227;o a localiza&#231;&#227;o da escola na regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica no munic&#237;pio e o n&#250;mero de alunos matriculados, sendo similar &#224; observada na popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o processo de amostragem deste estudo est&#227;o apresentadas em detalhes na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma do processo de amostragem do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0352-00047-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada no per&#237;odo de fevereiro a junho e de agosto a dezembro de 2014, por equipe treinada, que utilizou um protocolo uniforme de coleta. Foi utilizado um question&#225;rio para avaliar vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, horas de sono e consumo alimentar, aplicado em forma de entrevista &#8220;face a face&#8221;. Para coletar os dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, foram considerados sexo (masculino e feminino), idade em anos completos, cor da pele (parda/morena; preta; branca; amarela; ind&#237;gena, reagrupadas em &#8220;branco&#8221; e &#8220;n&#227;o branco&#8221;), classe econ&#244;mica (crit&#233;rios da Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira das Empresas de Pesquisa [ABEP], que agrupa as fam&#237;lias em A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D e E, posteriormente reagrupada em classe A/B [classe mais alta] e classe C/D/E [classe mais baixa])<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> e escolaridade da m&#227;e (fundamental incompleto, fundamental completo e m&#233;dio completo ou mais).</p>
      <p>As horas de sono foram mensuradas pela seguinte quest&#227;o: &#8220;nos dias de semana e de fim de semana, a que horas voc&#234; vai dormir e a que horas voc&#234; acorda?&#8221;. Para determinar o tempo de sono di&#225;rio, utilizou-se a m&#233;dia ponderada (horas/dia), conforme segue: somat&#243;rio do valor da diferen&#231;a entre o hor&#225;rio de dormir e de acordar, multiplicado por cinco para os dias de semana, e por dois para os dias de final de semana, dividido por sete. Essa quest&#227;o apresentou elevado n&#237;vel de reprodutibilidade (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse [CCI] = 0,91; IC95%: 0,88 &#8211; 0,93).</p>
      <p>O consumo de alimentos foi mensurado por meio da aplica&#231;&#227;o de um recordat&#243;rio alimentar de 24 horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> Os adolescentes informaram os alimentos e bebidas consumidos no dia anterior &#224; entrevista, bem como seu meio de preparo, peso e o tamanho das por&#231;&#245;es. Foi realizada uma replica&#231;&#227;o em 30% da amostra para aumentar precis&#227;o das estimativas de ingest&#227;o diet&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> Os dados foram tabulados no <italic>software</italic> &#8220;Virtual Nutri&#8221;, e o valor cal&#243;rico total da dieta foi analisado pela equa&#231;&#227;o da <italic>Foodand Nutrition Board of Washinghton.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> Neste estudo, foram utilizados os valores de consumo de lip&#237;dios (gramas), total de gorduras saturadas (g), colesterol (mg), s&#243;dio (mg) e fibras (g).</p>
      <p>A medida de massa corporal foi aferida em balan&#231;a digital, com precis&#227;o de 100 gramas, da marca Techline&#174;, e a estatura realizada em estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til da marca Sanny&#174;. As medidas foram tomadas em triplicata pelo mesmo avaliador e, para fins de resultado final, adotou-se o valor m&#233;dio das tr&#234;s medidas. O estado nutricional foi determinado por meio do IMC (massa corporal [kg] / estatura [m]<sup>2</sup>) e foi classificado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da <italic>World Health Organization</italic> (WHO) em baixo peso, peso normal, sobrepeso e obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref></p>
      <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas por t&#233;cnicas em enfermagem, no per&#237;odo da manh&#227;, e todos os adolescentes seguiram um jejum de, pelo menos, 12 horas. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de glicose (mg/dL), triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL), colesterol total (mg/dL) e lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c; mg/dL) foram determinadas a partir do analisador bioqu&#237;mico autom&#225;tico Labmax 240 <italic>premium</italic>, do fabricante Labtest, e determinadas pelo m&#233;todo de turbidimetria. A lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) foi estimada pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald, Levy e Fredrickson.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi mensurada por meio do monitor autom&#225;tico da marca Omron HEM&#174; &#8211; 7200, em uma &#250;nica visita, no bra&#231;o direito, com os adolescentes na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada e ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso. Esse instrumento apresentou satisfat&#243;rios n&#237;veis de validade em amostra de adolescentes com faixa et&#225;ria similar &#224; do presente estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> Foram realizadas tr&#234;s medidas (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#8211; CCI = 0,90; IC95%: 0,89 &#8211; 0,91 e diast&#243;lica &#8211; CCI = 0,80; IC95%: 0,78 &#8211; 0,82), com intervalo de um minuto entre elas e utilizado o valor m&#233;dio como resultado final.</p>
      <p>O tempo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio e atividade f&#237;sica moderada a vigorosa e o n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> foram mensurados por aceler&#244;metros GT3X+ da ActiGraph&#174;. Os adolescentes foram orientados a utiliz&#225;-lo durante 7 dias consecutivos, fixado &#224; cintura por um cinto el&#225;stico, no lado direito, retirando-o apenas para dormir, tomar banho, realizar atividades de lutas com quedas e aqu&#225;ticas. A redu&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi realizada no programa <italic>ActiLife</italic> 6.12 e foram adotados os seguintes crit&#233;rios:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> <italic>epoch</italic> de 15 segundos (reintegrados a 60 segundos); tempo de n&#227;o uso &gt;60 minutos consecutivos de <italic>counts</italic> iguais a zero; uso por, no m&#237;nimo, 10 horas por dia, durante 3 dias ou mais dias, sendo pelo menos um de fim de semana.</p>
      <p>O tempo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio e de atividade f&#237;sica de intensidade moderada a vigorosa foi determinado com base nos limiares de Evenson et al.:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> &#8804;100 e &gt;2.295 <italic>counts</italic>/minuto, respectivamente. Um <italic>break</italic> foi operacionalmente definido como o n&#250;mero de ocasi&#245;es em que o aceler&#244;metro registrou 100 <italic>counts</italic> ou mais, por pelo menos um minuto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia foi determinado como segue: n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de <italic>breaks</italic> em dias de semana (segunda a sexta-feira), multiplicado por cinco, e em dias de final de semana (s&#225;bado e domingo), multiplicado por dois, dividindo-se o somat&#243;rio desses valores por sete. Esse mesmo procedimento foi aplicado para estimar a m&#233;dia ponderada do tempo de atividade f&#237;sica moderada a vigorosa e comportamento sedent&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea ao comportamento sedent&#225;rio e ao n&#250;mero di&#225;rio de <italic>breaks</italic> foi operacionalizada da seguinte maneira: a) tempo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio categorizado em &lt;8 horas/dia e &#8805;8 horas/dia (tempo excessivo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio) &#8211; este ponto de corte foi adotado por ter sido associado a piores indicadores de sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica em adultos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> e n&#227;o existir um ponto de corte bem estabelecido para adolescentes; b) n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia em &lt;100 <italic>breaks</italic>/dia e &#8805;100 <italic>breaks</italic>/dia. Tal classifica&#231;&#227;o foi estabelecida de acordo com curvas ROC [<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve</italic>], tendo em vista que n&#227;o existe um ponto de corte definido para o n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> que demonstre maior risco ou prote&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica, e pelo fato de que a quantidade de 100 <italic>breaks</italic> por dia apresentou valores mais equilibrados de sensibilidade e especificidade. Com base nisso, foram formados quatro grupos de adolescentes: 1) &#8805;8 horas de comportamento sedent&#225;rio e &lt;100 <italic>breaks</italic>/dia; 2) &#8805;8 horas de comportamento sedent&#225;rio e &#8805;100 <italic>breaks</italic>/dia; 3) &lt;8 horas de comportamento sedent&#225;rio e &lt;100 <italic>breaks</italic>/dia; 4) &lt;8 horas de comportamento sedent&#225;rio e &#8805;100 <italic>breaks</italic>/dia.</p>
      <p>Foram considerados como perda amostral os adolescentes que n&#227;o retornaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido ou que se ausentaram da escola em pelo menos tr&#234;s visitas para a coleta dos dados. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o adotados foram: adolescentes que estavam fora da faixa et&#225;ria de interesse do estudo (abaixo de 10 e acima de 14 anos); tinham alguma defici&#234;ncia que os impedissem ou limitassem de praticar atividade f&#237;sica e/ou de responder ao question&#225;rio; n&#227;o atenderam aos crit&#233;rios adotados na redu&#231;&#227;o de dados do aceler&#244;metro; e relataram n&#227;o ter seguido o jejum de pelo menos 12 horas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para descrever as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foi utilizada a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o naquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, a mediana e o intervalo interquartil para as que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal; e distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia absoluta (n) e relativa (%) para as categ&#243;ricas. Foi utilizado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar se os dados tinham ader&#234;ncia &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi utilizado o teste do Qui-quadrado e, nas cont&#237;nuas, os testes T de Student para amostras independentes (vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) e U de Man-Whitney (vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) para comparar as vari&#225;veis entre os adolescentes inclu&#237;dos e os exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises.</p>
        <p>A regress&#227;o linear bruta e ajustada foi utilizada para analisar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre o n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia em comportamentos sedent&#225;rios e marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos e se elas eram moderadas pelo estado nutricional e o tempo excessivo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio. Foram criados modelos de an&#225;lise para cada vari&#225;vel dependente: glicose (mg/dL); colesterol total (mg/dL); triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL); HDL-c (mg/dL), LDL-c (mg/dL), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg), diast&#243;lica (mmHg) e IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Em todos os modelos de an&#225;lise, a vari&#225;vel independente foi o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de <italic>breaks</italic> di&#225;rio em comportamento sedent&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>As covari&#225;veis analisadas foram: sexo (masculino = 0 e feminino = 1); idade (em anos); classe econ&#244;mica (A/B = 0 e C/D/E = 1); cor da pele (branco = 0 e n&#227;o branco = 1); escolaridade da m&#227;e (fundamental incompleto = 0, fundamental completo = 1 e m&#233;dio completo ou mais = 2); horas de sono (horas/dia); consumo de lip&#237;dios (g), total de gorduras saturadas (g), colesterol (mg), s&#243;dio (mg) e fibras (g); tempo de uso do aceler&#244;metro (minutos/dia) e de atividade f&#237;sica de intensidade moderada-vigorosa (minutos/dia), de comportamento sedent&#225;rio (minutos/dia) e IMC, exceto quando esta vari&#225;vel foi tratada como um marcador cardiometab&#243;lico no modelo foi tratado como vari&#225;vel dependente.</p>
        <p>O m&#233;todo de sele&#231;&#227;o para entrada das vari&#225;veis no modelo ajustado foi o <italic>Foward,</italic> permanecendo aquelas que contribu&#237;ram para a redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores dos res&#237;duos, aumentaram o valor de R<sup>2</sup> ajustado do modelo e modificaram em pelo menos 10% os valores dos coeficientes beta da regress&#227;o da vari&#225;vel n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia. A qualidade de ajuste dos modelos foi avaliada a partir dos valores do fator de infla&#231;&#227;o de vari&#226;ncia (VIF) (valores &lt;5 indicaram aus&#234;ncia de multicolinearidade), distribui&#231;&#227;o dos res&#237;duos em forma gr&#225;fica e homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias dos mesmos (Teste de Cook-Weisberg, valores de p &gt;0,05 indicaram presen&#231;a de homocedasticidade).</p>
        <p>Para testar a poss&#237;vel modera&#231;&#227;o do IMC e do comportamento sedent&#225;rio na associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia e os marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos, foram criados os seguintes termos de intera&#231;&#227;o: a) n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic>/dia*comportamento sedent&#225;rio (&lt;8 horas e &#8805;8 horas); b) n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic>/dia*IMC (&#8220;sem excesso de peso&#8221; e &#8220;com excesso de peso corporal&#8221;). Esses termos foram inclu&#237;dos nos modelos ajustados e considerados como intera&#231;&#227;o presente quando o valor de p foi &lt;0,05. Neste caso, os modelos ser&#227;o tratados separadamente de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o do comportamento sedent&#225;rio (&lt;8 horas e &#8805;8 horas) e do IMC (&#8220;sem excesso de peso&#8221; [baixo peso + peso normal] e &#8220;com excesso de peso corporal&#8221; [sobrepeso + obesidade]).</p>
        <p>Para comparar os valores m&#233;dios de cada marcador cardiometab&#243;lico entre a exposi&#231;&#227;o combinada a comportamento sedent&#225;rio (&lt;8 horas e &#8805;8 horas) e n&#250;mero di&#225;rio de <italic>breaks</italic> (&lt;100 <italic>breaks</italic>/dia e &#8805;100 <italic>breaks</italic>/dia), foi utilizado o teste de Wald. Nesta an&#225;lise, foram consideradas as m&#233;dias de cada marcador cardiometab&#243;lico ajustadas pelas mesmas covari&#225;veis dos modelos de regress&#227;o. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no <italic>Stata</italic> 14.0 e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de p&lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram analisados dados de 537 adolescentes de 10 a 14 anos de idade (perdas, recusas e exclus&#245;es totalizaram 509 casos [48,6% dos convidados] &#8211; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). O c&#225;lculo realizado <italic>a posteriori</italic> indicou que, com um tamanho de efeito (e<italic>ffect size</italic>) igual ou superior a 0,05, alfa (&#945;) de 5% e at&#233; 12 preditores no modelo, a amostra do presente estudo teve poder igual a 86%.</p>
      <p>Observou-se que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas (p&#8805;0,05) para as vari&#225;veis sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, classe econ&#244;mica, escolaridade da m&#227;e e estado nutricional entre adolescentes que fizeram parte da amostra e da subamostra (dados n&#227;o apresentados em tabela). Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as caracter&#237;sticas dos adolescentes inclu&#237;dos e exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises, observou-se maior propor&#231;&#227;o de adolescentes entre 12 a 14 anos de idade, m&#227;es de menor escolaridade, com menores valores de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia, tempo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio, menor consumo de gordura saturada, maior de lip&#237;dios e de s&#243;dio nos adolescentes exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises. Para as demais vari&#225;veis, n&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as significativas (p&#8805;0,05) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, estado nutricional, consumo alimentar, horas de sono, marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos, pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, comportamento sedent&#225;rio e n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> dos adolescentes inclu&#237;dos e exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lises (Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba, 2014)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Inclu&#237;dos nas an&#225;lises</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">(n = 537)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">(n = 472)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>Sexo</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,281</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Masculino</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">256</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">47,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">209</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">44,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Feminino</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">281</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">52,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">263</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">55,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">10-11 anos</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">344</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">64,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">230</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">51,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">12-14 anos</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">193</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">35,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">242</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">48,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>Classe econ&#244;mica</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,614</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">A/B</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">170</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">36,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">144</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">34,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">C/D/E</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">298</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">63,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">271</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">65,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>Cor da pele</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,352</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Branca</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">16</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">20,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">87</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">N&#227;o branca</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">61</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">79,2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">382</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">81,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>Escolaridade da m&#227;e</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">//</xref>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Fundamental incompleto</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">148</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">33,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">166</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">41,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Fundamental completo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">130</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">29,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">119</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">30,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">M&#233;dio completo ou mais</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">164</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">37,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">111</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">28,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (IMC)</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,085</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Baixo peso</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Peso normal</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">326</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">61,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">321</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">68,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Sobrepeso</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">115</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">21,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">83</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Obesidade</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">76</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">50</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">10,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>Exposi&#231;&#227;o a comportamento sedent&#225;rio</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">&lt;8 horas/dia</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">343</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">63,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">192</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">66,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,386</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8805;8 horas/dia</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">194</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">36,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">95</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">33,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>DP</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>M&#233;dia</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>DP</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>Vari&#225;veis comportamentais</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Horas de sono (horas/dia)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">536</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,871</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">N&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> (n&#250;mero/dia)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#182;</xref></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">100,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">91,5-108,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">92,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">82,5-104,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica (minutos/dia)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#182;</xref></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">29,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17,9-45,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">30,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">16,5- 47,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,710<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Comportamento sedent&#225;rio (minutos/dia)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#182;</xref></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">451,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">392,7-513,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">432,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">377,0-500,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,022<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Uso do aceler&#244;metro (minutos/dia)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">855,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">94,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">816,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">109,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>Consumo alimentar</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Lip&#237;dio (g)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">528</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">71,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">45,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">77,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">51,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,044</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Gordura saturada (g)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#182;</xref></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">528</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">15,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,0-23,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">10,0-26,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">S&#243;dio (mg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#182;</xref></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">528</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2.055,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.420,5-2.852,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2.161,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.534,0-3.053,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,028<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Fibras (g)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">528</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">23,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14,2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">24,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,198</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Colesterol (mg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">528</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">176,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">190,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">188,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">240,2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,397</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>Marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">531</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,410</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">105,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">105,2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,321</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">62,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">61,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,318</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">91,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">10,2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">91,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">23,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,819</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Colesterol (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">536</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">159,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">31,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">158,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">32,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,580</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Triglicer&#237;deo (mg/dL) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#182;</xref></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">534</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">75,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">56-102</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">73,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">54-98</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,516<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">HDL (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">536</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">43,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">43,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,463</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">LDL (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">536</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">98,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">28,2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">98,2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">28,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,945</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>teste qui-quadrado;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>T de Student para amostras independentes;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>teste U de Mann-Whitney;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>vari&#225;veis com menor n&#250;mero de perdas (n = 1);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>//</label>
            <p>vari&#225;vel com maior n&#250;mero de perdas (n = 101);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#182;</label>
            <p>dados apresentados como mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A maioria dos adolescentes era do sexo feminino, de 10 a 11 anos de idade, com cor da pele n&#227;o branca, pertencia &#224; classe econ&#244;mica C/D/E, filhos de m&#227;es com pelo menos o ensino fundamental completo e pouco mais de um ter&#231;o tinha excesso de peso corporal. O tempo de atividade f&#237;sica, comportamento sedent&#225;rio e n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> despendidos pelos adolescentes foi de respectivamente, 29,1; 451,0 e 100,3 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>No modelo bruto, houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia e LDL-c (p = 0,030), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (p = 0,006) e IMC (p &lt;0,001). Na an&#225;lise ajustada, apenas associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia e o IMC (p &lt;0,001) permaneceu estatisticamente significativa. O comportamento sedent&#225;rio e o IMC n&#227;o moderaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia e marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Os modelos finais alcan&#231;aram boa qualidade de ajuste: aus&#234;ncia de multicolinearidade (VIF entre 1,03 e 3,39), presen&#231;a de homocedasticidade (teste de Cook-Weisberg com valores de p variando de 0,054 a 0,335) e distribui&#231;&#227;o normal nos res&#237;duos da regress&#227;o.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Regress&#227;o linear bruta e ajustada para associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia e marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos em adolescentes de Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba (2014)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="8%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Bruta</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Ajustada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Termo de intera&#231;&#227;o comportamento sedent&#225;rio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8225;</xref></th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Termo de intera&#231;&#227;o IMC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref></th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#223;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">(IC95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#223;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">(IC95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#223;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">(IC95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#223;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">(IC95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,011</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,052; 0,073</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,737</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,039</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,138; 0,061</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,446</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,021</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,050; 0,009</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,176</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,003</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,037; 0,031</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,865</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,181</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,375; 0,013</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,067</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,042</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,336; 0,251</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,778</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,037</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,051; 0,126</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,404</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,046</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,146; 0,055</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,371</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,004; 0,002</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,539</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,000</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,004; 0,005</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,861</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,001; 0,002</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,285</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,001; 0,002</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,248</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,040</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,018; 0,099</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,174</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,016</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,104; 0,073</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,729</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,013</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,041; 0,014</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,341</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,027; 0,036</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,761</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,190</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,362; -0,018</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,030</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,019</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,238; 0,277</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,882</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,021</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,058; 0,101</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,598</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,057</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,149; 0,034</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,221</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAS (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,081</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,139; -0,023</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,006</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,011</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,090; 0,068</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,778</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,017</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,008; 0,041</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,176</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,005</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,033; 0,023</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,710</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAD (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,029</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,072; 0,014</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,184</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,026</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,088; 0,037</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,421</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,008</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,011; 0,027</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,387</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,004</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,025; 0,018</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,739</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,051</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,075; -0,026</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,000</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,069</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,102; -0,035</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,000</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,004</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,014; 0,006</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,440</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">--</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">--</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">--</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <p>&#223;: coeficiente beta; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; HDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>modelo ajustado por sexo, idade, cor da pele, classe econ&#244;mica, escolaridade da m&#227;e, horas de sono (horas/dia), consumo de fibra (g), lip&#237;dios (g), gordura saturada (g), colesterol (mg), s&#243;dio (mg), tempo de uso de aceler&#244;metro (min/dia), tempo total de atividade f&#237;sica moderada a vigorosa (min/dia), tempo total de comportamento sedent&#225;rio (min/dia) e IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), exceto quando esta vari&#225;vel foi tratada como um marcador cardiometab&#243;lico no modelo for tratado como vari&#225;vel dependente;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>modelo ajustado + termo de intera&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio (&lt;8 horas/dia vs. &#8805;8 horas/dia) e n&#250;mero de breaks/dia;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>modelo ajustado + termo de intera&#231;&#227;o entre IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e n&#250;mero de breaks/dia.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os resultados do teste de Wald indicaram n&#227;o existir diferen&#231;as significativas nos valores m&#233;dios dos marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos entre os adolescentes expostos a &#8805;8 horas de comportamento sedent&#225;rio e &lt;100 <italic>breaks</italic>/dia, &#8805;8 horas de comportamento sedent&#225;rio e &#8805;100 <italic>breaks</italic>/dia, &lt;8 horas de comportamento sedent&#225;rio e &lt;100 <italic>breaks</italic>/dia e &lt;8 horas de comportamento sedent&#225;rio e &#8805;100 <italic>breaks</italic>/dia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#233;dios de IMC, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e glicose entre exposi&#231;&#227;o combinada a comportamento sedent&#225;rio e breaks em adolescentes (Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba, 2014). &#8593;CS = &#8805;8 horas/dia; &#8595;CS = &lt;8 horas/dia; &#8593;BR = &#8805;100 breaks/dia; &#8595;BR = &lt;100 breaks/dia. CS: comportamento sedent&#225;rio; BR: breaks.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0352-00047-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#233;dios de colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos, HDL e LDL entre a exposi&#231;&#227;o combinada a comportamento sedent&#225;rio e breaks em adolescentes (Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba, 2014). &#8593;CS = &#8805;8 horas/dia; &#8595;CS = &lt;8 horas/dia; &#8593;BR = &#8805;100 breaks/dia; &#8595;BR = &lt;100 breaks/dia; CS: comportamento sedent&#225;rio; BR: breaks.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0352-00047-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que os adolescentes com maior n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> por dia no tempo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio apresentaram valores mais baixos de IMC. Contudo, as associa&#231;&#245;es com os demais marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos n&#227;o foram significativas e nem moderadas pelo estado nutricional e tempo excessivo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Estudos com adultos demonstraram que maior ocorr&#234;ncia de <italic>breaks</italic> estava associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos delet&#233;rios &#224; sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica decorrentes do tempo despendido em comportamento sedent&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> No entanto, em adolescentes, essa rela&#231;&#227;o vem sendo observada apenas com indicadores de gordura corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> A aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>breaks</italic> com os marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos pode estar relacionada ao fato de os adolescentes acumularem a maior parte do seu tempo di&#225;rio em comportamento sedent&#225;rio em blocos de at&#233; 5 minutos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> A exposi&#231;&#227;o a blocos de tempo curtos em comportamento sedent&#225;rio pode minimizar a redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade da enzima LPL (lipoprote&#237;na lipase) e contribuir para o aumento do gasto energ&#233;tico. Esses dois fatores est&#227;o relacionados com diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de glicose e triglicer&#237;deos e aumento de HDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O tempo excessivo de comportamento sedent&#225;rio n&#227;o moderou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> e marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos. Uma an&#225;lise suplementar demonstrou que mais de 80% do tempo sedent&#225;rio dos adolescentes do presente estudo foi acumulado em intervalos de tempo inferiores a 10 minutos, mesmo nos que tinham tempo excessivo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio (dados n&#227;o apresentados em tabela). Diante disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os benef&#237;cios da inclus&#227;o de <italic>breaks</italic> sobre os marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos sejam observados nos adolescentes expostos a longos per&#237;odos ininterruptos de comportamento sedent&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Alguns estudos experimentais identificaram que a inclus&#227;o de <italic>breaks</italic> de intensidade moderada a vigorosa, com 3 minutos de dura&#231;&#227;o e a cada meia hora, durante 3 horas de exposi&#231;&#227;o a comportamentos sedent&#225;rios, reduziu os n&#237;veis de insulina, pept&#237;dio C<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> e de glicose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> No entanto, esse resultado n&#227;o foi confirmado por Sanders et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> ao analisar os efeitos da inclus&#227;o de <italic>breaks</italic> de intensidade leve, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 2 minutos e a cada 20 minutos, durante 8 horas de exposi&#231;&#227;o a comportamentos sedent&#225;rios. A inconsist&#234;ncia nos resultados desses estudos mostra que mais investiga&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para suportar a hip&#243;tese de que os benef&#237;cios da inclus&#227;o de <italic>breaks</italic> ocorreriam em adolescentes expostos a tempos prolongados e ininterruptos de comportamento sedent&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Uma poss&#237;vel menor resposta da LPL ao efeito hipotensor do comportamento sedent&#225;rio e uma maior capacidade dos adolescentes para manter os marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos em valores pr&#243;ximos aos considerados normais (homeostase), comparado aos adultos, s&#227;o outras fontes de explica&#231;&#227;o para a aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre <italic>breaks</italic> e marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos nesse grupo populacional.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, verificou-se que adolescentes que tinham maior n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> apresentaram menores valores para o IMC, refor&#231;ando achados de outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Em termos de relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, o efeito dos <italic>breaks</italic> sobre o IMC foi de baixa magnitude (para cada <italic>break</italic> realizado, estima-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 0,069 de kg/m<sup>2</sup> no IMC &#8211; <italic>effect size</italic> = 0,076). Apesar disso, a inclus&#227;o de <italic>breaks</italic> pode ser uma pr&#225;tica facilmente implementada no contexto de vida do adolescente, podendo ser uma dentre as v&#225;rias a&#231;&#245;es a serem utilizadas em interven&#231;&#245;es que visem &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o e/ou ao controle do IMC.</p>
      <p>A inclus&#227;o de <italic>breaks</italic> no tempo sentado tende a promover aumento no gasto energ&#233;tico devido a maior pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica. J&#250;dice et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> em estudo com adultos, observaram que a inclus&#227;o de um <italic>break</italic> resultava em aumento m&#233;dio de 1,49 kcal/min no gasto energ&#233;tico. Nos adolescentes, os <italic>breaks</italic> podem gerar um gasto energ&#233;tico similar ao de adultos. Desse modo, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de 100 <italic>breaks</italic> ao longo do dia equivaleria a uma caminhada de cerca de 30 minutos de intensidade moderada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> Maior tempo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio est&#225; relacionado a um menor n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> e tempo de atividade f&#237;sica no lazer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref> e maior consumo de guloseimas, refrigerantes e alimentos industrializados/ultraprocessados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref> Desse modo, adolescentes que realizam mais <italic>breaks</italic> durante o dia teriam maior tempo de atividade f&#237;sica no lazer e menor consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Por ser um estudo transversal, n&#227;o se pode descartar a possibilidade de que adolescentes com maior IMC teriam menor movimenta&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea ao longo dia, resultando em um menor n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> no comportamento sedent&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Os pontos fortes deste estudo incluem: an&#225;lise de dados em uma amostra representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o de escolares do sexto ano da rede p&#250;blica de ensino de uma cidade do Nordeste do Brasil e poder suficiente para testar as hip&#243;teses propostas; an&#225;lise de diferentes marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos; considera&#231;&#227;o, nas an&#225;lises, de fatores de confus&#227;o importantes para a rela&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento sedent&#225;rio e marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos (pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, horas de sono, consumo alimentar).</p>
      <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foram: aus&#234;ncia de mensura&#231;&#227;o da matura&#231;&#227;o sexual dos adolescentes, por ser uma vari&#225;vel que pode influenciar os marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref> e alguns tipos de comportamento sedent&#225;rio;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> reintegra&#231;&#227;o dos dados do aceler&#244;metro de <italic>epochs</italic> de 15 para 60 segundos, o que pode ter subestimado o tempo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> e as magnitudes das associa&#231;&#245;es; utiliza&#231;&#227;o do aceler&#244;metro para mensurar o n&#250;mero de <italic>breaks</italic> em comportamento sedent&#225;rio, uma vez que esse instrumento tem como base a medida da acelera&#231;&#227;o corporal e n&#227;o tem capacidade de diferenciar de forma acurada a postura corporal (sentado, reclinado, em p&#233;).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"><sup>51</sup></xref></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Adolescentes com mais <italic>breaks</italic> por dia no tempo em comportamento sedent&#225;rio tinham valores m&#233;dios mais baixos para o IMC, mas n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as nos valores dos demais marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos bioqu&#237;micos (glicose, triglicer&#237;deos, HDL-c, LDL-c, colesterol total e press&#227;o arterial), independentemente do seu estado nutricional e do tempo excessivo de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao comportamento sedent&#225;rio.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) e &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa do Estado da Para&#237;ba (FAPESQPB) pelo financiamento concedido para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#8211; CNPq e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio a Pesquisa - FAPESQ do Estado da Para&#237;ba</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Nat&#225;lia Maria Mesquita de Lima Quirino pela Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (UFPB).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - UFPB sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 240/13 - CAAE: 15268213.0.0000.5188. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Breaks in Sedentary Time and Cardiometabolic Markers in Adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0574-639X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Quirino</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Maria Mesquita de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2661-090X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Prazeres</surname>
            <given-names>Alcides</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5976-7287</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3606-2396</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Gerfeson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1082-6098</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Cazuza de</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdades Nova Esperan&#231;a (FACENE), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Epidemiologia da Atividade F&#237;sica (GEPEAF), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa Associado de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica (UPE/UFPB), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Cesmac, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (UFPB), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Cazuza de Farias J&#250;nior &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Campus I, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba - Bloco de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o de Fisioterapia e Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica &#8211; CCS, Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Epidemiologia da Atividade F&#237;sica (GEPEAF), Sala 20, Postal Code <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil. E-mail: <email>jcazuzajr@hotmail.com</email>, <email>jcazuzajr@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lima NMM, Farias J&#250;nior JC; Acquisition of data: Lima NMM, Prazeres Filho A, Barbosa AO, Farias J&#250;nior JC; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Prazeres Filho A, Barbosa AO, Farias J&#250;nior JC; Obtaining financing: Farias J&#250;nior JC; Writing of the manuscript: Lima NMM, Prazeres Filho A, Barbosa AO, Mendon&#231;a G, Farias J&#250;nior JC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mendon&#231;a G, Farias J&#250;nior JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The interruption of the time spent in sedentary behavior (breaks) has been associated with better levels of cardiometabolic indicators in the adult population, but in adolescents, further investigations are still needed to confirm these findings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To analyze the association of the number of breaks per day in sedentary behaviors with cardiometabolic markers and whether it was moderated by nutritional status and excessive time on sedentary behavior in adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional study of 537 adolescents (52.3% girls), aged between 10 and 14 years, enrolled in public schools in the city of Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba state, Brazil. The number of daily breaks (&gt;100 counts/minutes) in sedentary time was measured by Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers. The following cardiometabolic markers were analyzed: systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), fasting blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c, LDL-c (all in mg/dL) and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>). Linear regression was used to analyze the association between the number of breaks and cardiometabolic markers and whether this association was moderated by nutritional status and excessive time in sedentary behavior. The significance level of p&lt;0.05 was adopted for all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The number of daily breaks was negatively associated with BMI (boys &#8211; &#223; = &#8722;0.083; 95%CI: &#8722;0.132; &#8722;0.034 and girls &#8211; &#223; = &#8722;0.115; 95%CI: &#8722;0.169; &#8722;0.061), but not with the remaining cardiometabolic markers. The number of breaks per day was negatively associated with BMI (&#223; = &#8722;0.069; 95% CI: &#8722;0.102; &#8722;0.035), but not with the other cardiometabolic markers and this association was not moderated by the adolescents' nutritional status (p=0.221), or by excessive time in sedentary behavior (p=0.176).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Including breaks in sedentary time seems to contribute to lower BMI values in adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarism</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposity</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiometabolic Markers</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Glucose</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglycerides</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentary Behavior</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>It has been hypothesized that the time spent by adolescents in sedentary behavior - activities performed in a sitting, reclining position or lying down., with energy expenditure &lt;1.5 METs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> - may be a risk factor for unfavorable changes in cardiometabolic markers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> and health-related quality of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> As such, the number of studies that have analyzed the relationship between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic markers has increased in the last decade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The effects of sedentary behavior on cardiometabolic markers may be related to the decreased activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL), caused by muscle hypotension, resulting from prolonged sitting or reclining.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> The lower action of LPL impairs the uptake of triglycerides, glucose, insulin and the synthesis of high density lipoprotein (HDL-C).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> In addition, the time spent on these behaviors is associated with a reduction in the practice of physical activities, especially those of light intensity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> decrease in the total daily energy expenditure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> increase in body fat indicators<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> and the consumption of ultra-processed foods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
        <p>It is estimated that adolescents spend around 10 hours a day on sedentary behavior,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> with 30.2% spending more than eight hours.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> In this sense, the inclusion of interruptions during the time spent per day on these behaviors, called breaks, has been considered as one of the ways to minimize the harmful health effects resulting from excessive and uninterrupted exposure to sedentary behaviors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The incorporation of breaks in sedentary time reduces muscle hypotension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> increasing LPL activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> The breaks also promote an increase in total daily energy expenditure due to an increase in the time of physical activities, especially those of light intensity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> which can contribute to less accumulation of body fat<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> and improvement in lipoprotein concentrations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In adults, the number of breaks per day has been associated with a reduction in postprandial glycemia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> lipid profile,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> and body mass index (BMI),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> as well as in adiposity control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> In adolescents, the number of studies on breaks and cardiometabolic markers is still relatively low, with divergent results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Studies that identified significant associations between breaks and cardiometabolic markers in this population did not adjust the analyses by sleep duration and food consumption,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> were performed with overweight adolescents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> or those with a family history of obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> and did not assess whether this association was moderated by nutritional status<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> and/or excessive time in sedentary behavior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Another knowledge gap is whether the association between the number of breaks and cardiometabolic markers is moderated by nutritional status and/or time in sedentary behavior, considering that overweight<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> and excessive time in sedentary behavior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> are associated with changes in cardiometabolic markers. Thus, the association between taking breaks during time spent in sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic markers may differ (regarding significance and/or magnitude) according to the individual's nutritional status and/or the time spent in sedentary behavior. Thus, this study analyzed the association between the number of breaks per day in sedentary behaviors and cardiometabolic markers and whether it was moderated by nutritional status and excessive time in sedentary behavior in adolescents.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This cross-sectional research analyzed data from the first year (2014) of the LONCAAFS study (Longitudinal Study on Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, Eating Habits and Adolescent Health). The reference population consisted of adolescents of both genders, aged 10 to 14 years, enrolled in 6<sup>th</sup> grade at public schools in Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba state, Northeastern Brazil. The LONCAAFS study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Health Sciences Center at Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (Protocol 240/13).</p>
        <p>In this study, we analyzed data from a subsample of adolescents from the LONCAAFS study, which used accelerometers and underwent a blood test. This choice was made due to the number of accelerometers available (n = 64), the time available for data collection (school year) and lack of financial resources. The distribution of the sample and subsample in the geographic region of the municipality and the number of students enrolled were similar to that observed in the reference population. Information on sample selection and calculation is presented in details in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of the study sampling process</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0352-00047-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Data were collected between February and June and from August to December 2014, by a trained team. A questionnaire in the form of a face-to-face interview was applied to collect the following sociodemographic data: gender (male and female); age, skin color (brown; black; white; yellow; indigenous, reclassified as white and non-white); socioeconomic class [Brazilian Association of Research Companies (ABEP) criteria, which classifies families into classes A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D and E, later reclassified as class A/B (higher class) and C/D/E (lower class)]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> and mother's level of schooling (incomplete elementary school, complete elementary school, complete high school and higher education).</p>
        <p>The hours of sleep were measured by the following question: &#8220;on weekdays and on the weekend, what time do you go to sleep and what time do you wake up?&#8221;. Daily hours of sleep were determined as follows: the difference between bed and wake times during the week multiplied by five, added to the difference between these times on the weekend, multiplied by two. This result was divided by seven in order to obtain the average weighted number of hours of sleep per day. This question showed a high level of reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient &#8211; ICC = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.88 &#8211; 0.93).</p>
        <p>Food intake was based on a 24-hour dietary recall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> The adolescents recorded the food items and beverages they had consumed on the day before the interview, as well as the weight and food preparation methods used. Thirty percent of the sample was replicated to increase the accuracy of the estimated food intake.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> The data were tabulated in the Virtual Nutri software and the total calorie value was analyzed using the equation created by the Food and Nutrition Board of Washington.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> In this study we used lipid and saturated fat (grams), cholesterol (mg), sodium (mg) and fiber (g) values.</p>
        <p>BMI was measured with a digital balance, accurate to 100 grams and height was measured with a portable stadiometer. The measures were taken in triplicate by the same rater and the average value was used. Nutritional status was determined by the BMI (BMI = weight [kg] /height [m]<sup>2</sup>) and classified according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The blood samples were collected in the morning by nursing technicians and all the adolescents fasted for at least 12 hours before the collection. Levels of glucose (mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL), total cholesterol (mg/dL) and high-density lipoprotein &#8211; HDL-c (mg/dL) were determined using a Labmax 240 premium automatic biochemical analyzer (Labtest) and the turbidimetry method. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) was estimated by the Friedewald, Levy and Fredrickson equation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Blood pressure was measured in the right arm using an Omron HEM &#8211; 7200 automatic monitor, at a single visit, with adolescents in the sitting position, after a five-minute rest. This instrument showed satisfactory levels of validity in a sample of adolescents with an age range similar to the present study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> Three measurements were obtained (systolic&#8211; intraclass correlation coefficient &#8211; ICC = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.89 &#8211; 0.91 and diastolic pressure &#8211; ICC = 0.80; 95%CI: 0.78 &#8211; 0.82), with a one-minute interval between them and the average value was used as the final result.</p>
        <p>Time spent on sedentary behavior and moderate to vigorous physical activities and the number of breaks were measured by Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers. The adolescents were instructed to use the accelerometer for seven consecutive days, attached to the right side of their waist by an elastic belt, removing it only when sleeping, bathing, and engaging in aquatic activities or martial arts involving falls. The accelerometer data were reduced using the ActiLife 6.12 program, adopting the following criteria:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> A 15-second epoch (reintegrated to 60 seconds); nonuse time &gt; 60 consecutive minutes of counts equal to zero; used for at least 10 hours a day for three or more days, including at least one weekend.</p>
        <p>Sedentary behavior and moderate to vigorous physical activity duration were determined based on the thresholds of Evenson et al.:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> &#8804; 100 and &gt; 2,295 counts/minute, respectively. A break was operationally defined as the number of times in which the accelerometer recorded 100 counts or more for at least one minute.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The number of daily breaks was determined as follows: average number of daily breaks during the week (Monday to Friday), multiplied by five, and on weekends (Saturday and Sunday), multiplied by two, dividing the sum of these values by seven. This procedure was applied to estimate the weighted mean of time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior.</p>
        <p>The simultaneous exposure to sedentary behavior and the daily number of breaks was operationalized as follows: a) time in sedentary behavior categorized as &lt;8 hours/day and &#8805;8 hours/day (excessive time in sedentary behavior) - this cutoff point was adopted because it was associated with worse cardiometabolic health indicators in adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> and there is no well-established cutoff point for adolescents; b) number of breaks per day as &lt;100 breaks/day and &#8805;100 breaks/day. This classification was established according to ROC [Receiver Operating Characteristic] curves, considering that there is no defined cutoff point for the number of breaks that demonstrate greater risk or protection regarding cardiometabolic health and the fact that the amount of 100 daily breaks showed more balanced values of sensitivity and specificity. Based on this, four groups of adolescents were created: 1) &#8805; 8 hours of sedentary behavior and &lt;100 breaks/day; 2) &#8805; 8 hours of sedentary behavior and &#8805; 100 breaks/day; 3) &lt;8 hours of sedentary behavior and &lt;100 breaks/day and; 4) &lt;8 hours of sedentary behavior and &#8805; 100 breaks/day.</p>
        <p>Adolescents who did not provide written informed consent or were absent from school on at least three data collection visits were considered sample losses. The exclusion criteria comprised adolescents outside the established age range (younger than 10 and older than 14 years), any impairment that hindered or limited physical activity and/or prevented them from completing the questionnaire; individuals who did not meet the minimum criteria adopted for accelerometer data reduction and those who did not fast for at least 12 hours.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>To describe the quantitative variables, mean and standard deviation were used for variables with a normal distribution, and median and interquartile range for those that did not have a normal distribution, and absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies for qualitative ones. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify whether the data showed a normal distribution. The chi-square test was used for the qualitative variables, and for the quantitative ones, Student's <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples (variables with normal distribution) and the Mann-Whitney U test (variables with non-normal distribution) were used to compare the variables between the included adolescents and those excluded from the analysis.</p>
          <p>Simple and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the associations between the number of daily breaks in sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic markers and whether they were moderated by the nutritional status and excessive time in sedentary behavior. The analysis models were created for each dependent variable: levels of glucose [mg/dL]; total cholesterol [mg/dL]; triglycerides [mg/dL]; HDL-c [mg/dL], LDL-c [mg/dL]; systolic [mmHg] and diastolic [mmHg] blood pressure and BMI (kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>).</p>
          <p>The covariables analyzed were: gender (male = 0 and female = 1); age (in years); socioeconomic class (A / B = 0 and C / D / E = 1); skin color (white = 0 and not-white = 1); mother's level of schooling (incomplete elementary school = 0, complete elementary school = 1 and complete high school or higher = 2); hours of sleep (hours / day); consumption of lipids (g), total saturated fats (g), cholesterol (mg), sodium (mg) and fibers (g); time using the accelerometer (minutes/day) and physical activity of moderate-vigorous intensity (minutes/day) and sedentary behavior (minutes / day) and BMI, except when this variable was treated as a cardiometabolic marker in the model.</p>
          <p>The selection method for entering the variables in the adjusted model was the Forward method, and variables that contributed to the reduction in the residual values, increased the adjusted R<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> value of the model, modified the values of the beta coefficients of the regression of the model by at least 10% of the variable number of breaks per day remained in the model. The fit quality of the models was assessed based on the values of the variance inflation factor. When assessing the fit quality of the models, the values of the variance inflation factor - VIF - were considered (values &lt;5 indicated absence of multicollinearity), with residuals in graph form and homogeneity of variances (Cook-Weisberg test, p&#8805;0.05 indicates the presence of homoscedasticity).</p>
          <p>To test the possible moderation of BMI and sedentary behavior in the association between number of breaks per day and cardiometabolic markers, the following interaction terms were created: a) number of breaks/day*sedentary behavior (&lt;8 hours and &#8805;8 hours); b) number of breaks/day*BMI (without overweight and with overweight). These terms were included in the adjusted models and considered as a present interaction when the p value was &lt;0.05. In this case, the models will be treated separately according to the classification of sedentary behavior (&lt;8 hours and &#8805;8 hours) and BMI (without overweight and with overweight).</p>
          <p>The Wald test was used to compare the mean values of each cardiometabolic marker between combined exposure to sedentary behavior (&lt;8 hours and &#8805;8 hours) and daily number of breaks (&lt;100 breaks / day and &#8805;100 breaks / day). In this analysis, the means of each cardiometabolic marker adjusted by the same covariables of the regression models were considered. Stata 14.0 software was used and the significance level was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The data of 537 adolescents, aged 10 to 14 years were analyzed (losses, refusals and exclusions totaled 509 cases, 48.6% of those invited to participate) &#8211; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>. The <italic>a posteriori</italic> calculation indicated that with an effect size equal to or greater than 0.05; alpha (&#945;) of 5%; and up to 12 predictors in the model, the sample of the present study had a power equal to 86%.</p>
        <p>There was no significant difference (p&#8805;0.05) for the variables gender, age group, socioeconomic class, mother's level of schooling and nutritional status between the sample and subsample of adolescents (data not shown in table). When comparing the characteristics of the adolescents included and excluded from the analyses, there was a higher proportion of adolescents between 12 and 14 years of age, mothers with a lower level of education, with lower values of breaks per day, time in sedentary behavior, less consumption of saturated fat, higher consumption of lipids and sodium in adolescents who were excluded from the analyses. No significant differences were identified for the other variables (p&#8805;0.05) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the descriptions of sociodemographic characteristics, nutritional status, food consumption, cardiometabolic markers, physical activity, sedentary behavior and number of breaks in the adolescents included and excluded from the analysis, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba, 2014</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Included in the analyses</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Excluded from the analyses</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">(n = 537)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">(n = 472)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Gender</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.281</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Male</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">256</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">47.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">209</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">44.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Female</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">281</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">52.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">263</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">55.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Age</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">10-11 (years)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">344</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">64.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">230</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">51.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">12-14 (years)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">193</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">35.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">242</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">48.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Socioeconomic class</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.614</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">A/B</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">170</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">36.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">144</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">C/D/E</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">298</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">63.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">271</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">65.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Skin color</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#167;</xref>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.352</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">White</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">87</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Non-white</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">61</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">79.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">382</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">81.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Mother's level of schooling</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">//</xref>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Incomplete elementary school</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">148</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">33.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">166</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">41.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Elementary school</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">130</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">119</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Complete high school and higher education</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">164</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">37.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">111</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Body mass index (BMI)</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Underweight</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Normal weight</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">326</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">61.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">321</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">68.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Overweight</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">115</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">83</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Obesity</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">76</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">50</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Exposure to sedentary behavior</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">&lt;8 hours/day</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">343</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">63.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">192</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">66.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.386</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8805;8 hours/day</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">194</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">36.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">95</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">33.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>Mean</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>SD</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>Mean</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>SD</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Behavior variables</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sleep hours (hours/day)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">536</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.871</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Numbers of breaks (number/day)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#182;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">100.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">91.5-108.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">92.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">82.5-104.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Physical activity (minutes/day)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#182;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17.9-45.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16.5- 47.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.710<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sedentary behavior (minutes/day)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#182;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">451.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">392.7-513.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">432.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">377.0-500.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.022<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Accelerometer usage (minutes/day)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">855.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">94.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">816.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">109.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Food intake</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Lipid (g)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">528</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">71.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">45.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">77.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">51.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Total saturated fat (g)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#182;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">528</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.0-23.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10.0-26.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sodium (mg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#182;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">528</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.055.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.420.5-2.852.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.161.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.534.0-3.053.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.028<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Fibers (g)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">528</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">23.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">24.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.198</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Cholesterol (mg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">528</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">176.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">190.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">188.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">240.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.397</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Cardiometabolic markers</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">531</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.410</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">105.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">105.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">61.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.318</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">537</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">91.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">91.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">23.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.819</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Cholesterol (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">536</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">159.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">158.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">32.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.580</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#182;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">534</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">75.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">56-102</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">54-98</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.516<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">HDL (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">536</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">43.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">43.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.463</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">LDL (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#167;</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">536</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">98.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">98.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.945</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <p>SD: standard deviation;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>chi-square test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Student's T for independent variables;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney U test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>Variables with fewer losses (n = 1);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>//</label>
              <p>Variable with more losses (n = 101);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>Data presented as median and interquartile range. BMI: body mass index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The majority of the subjects were girls, aged 10 to 11 years, with non-white skin color, belonging to socioeconomic class C/D/E, whose mothers had at least completed elementary education and a little more than one-third were overweight. The time of physical activity, sedentary behavior and number of breaks the adolescents had was 29.1; 451.0 and 100.3, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>In the simple model, there was a significant association between the average number of breaks per day and LDL-c levels (p = 0.030), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.006) and BMI (p &lt;0.001). In the adjusted analysis, only an association between the average number of breaks per day and the BMI (p &lt;0.001) remained statistically significant. Sedentary behavior and BMI did not moderate the association between the number of breaks per day and cardiometabolic markers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). The final models achieved good quality of fit: absence of multicollinearity (VIF between 1.03 and 3.39), presence of homoscedasticity (Cook-Weisberg test with <italic>p</italic> values ranging from 0.054 to 0.335) and normal distribution in the regression residuals.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crude and adjusted linear regression for the association between the average number of breaks per day and cardiometabolic markers in adolescents from Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba, 2014</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="8%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Crude</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Adjusted<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Sedentary behavior interaction term<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#8225;</xref></th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">BMI interaction term<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#167;</xref></th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#223;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">(95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#223;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">(95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#223;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">(95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#223;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">(95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.011</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.052; 0.073</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.737</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.039</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.138; 0.061</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.446</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.021</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.050; 0.009</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.176</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.003</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.037; 0.031</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.865</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.181</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.375; 0.013</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.067</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.042</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.336; 0.251</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.778</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.037</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.051; 0.126</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.404</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.046</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.146; 0.055</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.371</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.004; 0.002</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.539</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.004; 0.005</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.861</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.001; 0.002</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.285</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.001; 0.002</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.248</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.040</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.018; 0.099</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.174</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.016</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.104; 0.073</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.729</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.013</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.041; 0.014</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.341</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.027; 0.036</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.761</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.190</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.362; -0.018</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.030</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.019</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.238; 0.277</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.882</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.021</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.058; 0.101</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.598</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.057</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.149; 0.034</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.221</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.081</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.139; -0.023</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.006</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.011</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.090; 0.068</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.778</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.017</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.008; 0.041</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.176</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.005</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.033; 0.023</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.710</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DPB (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.029</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.072; 0.014</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.184</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.026</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.088; 0.037</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.421</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.008</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.011; 0.027</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.387</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.004</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.025; 0.018</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.739</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.051</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.075; -0.026</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.069</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.102; -0.035</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.004</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.014; 0.006</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.440</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">--</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">--</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">--</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <p>&#223;: beta coefficient; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; HDL-c: high density lipoprotein; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Model adjusted for gender, age, skin color, socioeconomic class, mother's level of education, hours of sleep (hours/day), fiber intake (g), lipids (g), saturated fat (g), cholesterol (mg), sodium (mg), time of accelerometer usage (min/day), total moderate to vigorous physical activity (min/day), total sedentary behavior (min/day) and BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), except when it is treated as a dependent variable;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Adjusted model + interaction term between sedentary behavior (&lt;8 hours/day vs. &#8805; 8 hours/day) and number of breaks/day;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>Adjusted model + interaction term between BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and number of breaks/day.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The results of the Wald test indicated that there were no significant differences in the mean values of cardiometabolic markers between adolescents exposed to &#8805; 8 hours of sedentary behavior and &lt;100 breaks / day, &#8805; 8 hours of sedentary behavior and &#8805; 100 breaks / day, &lt;8 hours of sedentary behavior and &lt;100 breaks / day and &lt;8 hours of sedentary behavior and &#8805; 100 breaks / day (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the mean values of BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and glucose between combined exposure to sedentary behavior (SB) and breaks (BR) in adolescents, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba, 2014. &#8593; SB = &#8805; 8 hours/day; &#8595; SB = &lt;8 hours/day; &#8593; BR = &#8805; 100 breaks/day e; &#8595; BR = &lt;100 breaks/day.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0352-00047-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the average values of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL between the combined exposure to sedentary behavior (SB) and breaks (BR) in adolescents, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, Para&#237;ba, 2014. &#8593; CS = &#8805; 8 hours/day; &#8595; CS = &lt;8 hours/day; &#8593; BR = &#8805; 100 breaks/day e; &#8595; BR = &lt;100 breaks/day.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0352-00047-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The results of the present study indicated that the adolescents with the highest number of breaks during sedentary time obtained the lowest BMI values. However, associations with the remaining cardiometabolic markers were not significant and not moderated by the adolescents' nutritional status.</p>
        <p>Studies with adults have demonstrated that a larger number of breaks is associated with fewer harmful effects on cardiometabolic health caused by sedentary behavior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> However, in adolescents, it has been associated only with body fat indicators.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> The absence of an association between breaks and cardiometabolic markers may be related to the fact that a significant part of the time adolescents spend on sedentary behavior is accumulated in blocks of up to five minutes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Short sedentary time blocks may minimize the reduced LPL (lipase lipoprotein) enzyme activity and contribute to increased energy expenditure. These two factors are related to the decline in blood glucose and triglycerides and increase in HDL-c levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The excessive time in sedentary behavior did not moderate the association between the number of breaks and cardiometabolic markers. An additional analysis showed that more than 80% of the adolescents' sedentary time in the present study was accumulated in intervals of less than 10 minutes, even in those who showed excessive time in sedentary behavior (data not shown in the table). Therefore, it is possible that the benefits of including breaks on cardiometabolic markers are observed in adolescents exposed to long and uninterrupted periods of sedentary behavior.</p>
        <p>Some experimental studies have shown that including breaks (moderate to vigorous 3-minute breaks every half hour during three hours of sedentary behavior) reduced insulin, C-peptide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> and glucose levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> However, this result was not confirmed by Saunders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> (mild intensity 2-minute breaks every 20 minutes during eight hours of sedentary behavior). The inconsistent results of these studies do not support the hypothesis that the benefits of including breaks occurred in adolescents who spent prolonged periods of time in sedentary behavior.</p>
        <p>The possible lower LPL response to the hypotensive effect of sedentary behavior in adolescents and their greater capacity in maintaining cardiometabolic markers close to normal values (homeostasis), when compared to adults, may be other factors that can explain the absence of an association between breaks and cardiometabolic markers in the latter group.</p>
        <p>In the present study, adolescents who took more breaks had lower BMI values, reinforcing the findings of other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> In terms of clinical relevance, the effect of breaks on BMI showed a low magnitude (for each performed break, a decrease of 0.069 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> in BMI is estimated - effect size = 0.076). Despite this fact, the inclusion of breaks can be an easily implemented practice in the adolescents' life context, and may be one of several actions to be used in interventions aimed at reducing and/or controlling the BMI.</p>
        <p>Moreover, breaks during sitting time tends to promote greater energy expenditure, due to the increase in physical activity. In a study with adults, J&#250;dice et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> observed that a break resulted in an average increase of 1.49 kcal/min in energy expenditure when compared to remaining in the standing position. In adolescents, since breaks may result in energy expenditure similar to that of adults, taking 100 breaks a day would be the equivalent to having a 30-minute walk at moderate intensity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> It has been found that more prolonged sedentary behavior is related to fewer leisure physical activity breaks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref> and greater consumption of sweets, soft drinks and industrialized/ultraprocessed foods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref> As such, adolescents who had more daily breaks could engage in more prolonged leisure physical activity and had a lower intake of these food items. Finally, since this is a cross-sectional study, we cannot exclude the possibility that adolescents with a higher BMI would exhibit more spontaneous movement throughout the day, resulting in fewer breaks in sedentary behavior.</p>
        <p>The following are strong points of this study: 1) data were collected from a representative sample of 6<sup>th</sup> grade-schoolchildren from public schools in a city located in Northeastern Brazil and exhibited sufficient power to test the study hypotheses; different cardiometabolic markers were analyzed and 2) important confounding factors were considered regarding the relationship between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic markers (physical activity, hours of sleep and food intake).</p>
        <p>The following were study limitations: not measuring the adolescents' degree of sexual maturation, a factor that can influence cardiometabolic markers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref> and some types of sedentary behavior;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> reinstating the epoch accelerometer data from 15 to 60 seconds, which could have underestimated sedentary behavior time<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> and the magnitudes of the associations and the measurement of breaks during sedentary behavior using an accelerometer that measures body acceleration and not postural variation (sitting, reclining, standing).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"><sup>51</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Adolescents who had more breaks per day during time in sedentary behavior had lower mean values of BMI but there were no differences regarding the values of the other biochemical cardiometabolic markers (levels of glucose, triglycerides, HDL-c, LDL-c, total cholesterol and blood pressure values), regardless of their nutritional status and excessive exposure to sedentary behavior.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>To the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Para&#237;ba (FAPESQPB) for the financing granted to carry out the research.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#8211; CNPq e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Apoio a Pesquisa - FAPESQ do Estado da Para&#237;ba.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Nat&#225;lia Maria Mesquita de Lima Quirino, from Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (UFPB).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - UFPB under the protocol number 240/13 - CAAE: 15268213.0.0000.5188. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
