<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="editorial" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WYjWhF6QzsXvsHzNCVt5dFz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000341</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210589</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210589</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sucessos e Desafios no Enfrentamento das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares no Brasil: Viver Mais e Melhor</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1380-7589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Galdino</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>David Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3424-9608</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5586-774X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Campos Caldeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de e Ecologia Humana</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Faculdade de Sa&#250;de e Ecologia Humana, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Telessa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Centro de Telessa&#250;de, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno Ramos Nascimento</bold> &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular - Rua Professor Alfredo Balena, 110, 1andar. CEP <postal-code>30130-100</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>ramosnas@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>341</fpage>
      <lpage>342</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Sucessos</kwd>
        <kwd>Desafios</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#226;ncer</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) e o c&#226;ncer representam as maiores causas de morte no Brasil e no mundo. Tendo em vista tamanha relev&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica, o artigo &#8220;<italic>Taxas de Mortalidade por Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares e C&#226;ncer na Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira com Idade entre 35 e 74 Anos, 1996-2017</italic>&#8221;,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> por meio da an&#225;lise dos dados de mortalidade das Estat&#237;sticas Vitais do DATASUS (Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o de Mortalidade &#8211; SIM), apresenta o perfil de mortalidade por esses grupos de doen&#231;as, discute sua evolu&#231;&#227;o entre 1996 e 2017, e estima a contribui&#231;&#227;o futura dessas causas de morte, caso as tend&#234;ncias sejam mantidas. Os principais achados incluem a maior contribui&#231;&#227;o atual das DCV para a mortalidade no Brasil, por&#233;m com redu&#231;&#227;o gradual de suas taxas padronizadas por idade. Esta tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o ocorre para as taxas de mortalidade por c&#226;ncer &#8211; que permanecem est&#225;veis &#8211; de forma que em poucos anos o c&#226;ncer se tornar&#225; a principal causa de morte no pa&#237;s.</p>
    <p>As DCV e o c&#226;ncer, apesar de possu&#237;rem diferentes etiopatogenias, compartilham fatores de risco (FR), como tabagismo, obesidade, diabetes, consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool e baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico. Dessa forma, a manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de cardiovascular ideal &#233; inversamente proporcional &#224; incid&#234;ncia de c&#226;ncer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Assim, torna-se importante entender as tend&#234;ncias de exposi&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o a esses FRs comuns ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, quando as mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida derivadas da urbaniza&#231;&#227;o e o envelhecimento populacional contribu&#237;ram para a incid&#234;ncia e mortalidade elevadas de ambas as doen&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Com essas informa&#231;&#245;es em mente, Mansur e Favarato analisaram os dados de mortalidade de homens e mulheres por todas as causas, por DCV, doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC), doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCbV) e c&#226;ncer neste per&#237;odo de 21 anos.</p>
    <p>As taxas de mortalidade proporcionais por DCV (30%) e c&#226;ncer (20%) foram respons&#225;veis por metade das mortes entre 1996 e 2017. Nesse per&#237;odo, a taxa de mortalidade padronizada para idade por DCV teve redu&#231;&#227;o de 38%, dado que est&#225; em conson&#226;ncia com as estimativas do estudo <italic>Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017</italic> publicados por Malta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> que demonstrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 34,8% de 2000 a 2017. O estudo GBD tenta, ao processar os dados prim&#225;rios de mortalidade do pa&#237;s atrav&#233;s de modelos que incluem corre&#231;&#245;es para subnotifica&#231;&#245;es e redistribui&#231;&#227;o de c&#243;digos <italic>garbage</italic>, minimizar as limita&#231;&#245;es do SIM - como as disparidades na cobertura e na propor&#231;&#227;o de causas mal definidas de &#243;bito, historicamente maior nos estados menos desenvolvidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Os autores tamb&#233;m observaram que as taxas de mortalidade por DCV padronizada por idade s&#227;o menores entre as mulheres e que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade foi mais expressiva nesse grupo. Martins et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> frente a achados semelhantes, atribuiu ambas as tend&#234;ncias &#224; maior ades&#227;o das mulheres ao rastreamento e preven&#231;&#227;o dessas doen&#231;as na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de (APS), al&#233;m da prote&#231;&#227;o hormonal que sabidamente retarda a mortalidade por DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> DIC e DCbV foram respons&#225;veis por 57% das mortes por DCV, com as taxas de mortalidade por DCbV mostrando redu&#231;&#227;o mais acentuada, possivelmente devido ao melhor reconhecimento, tratamento e controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) nesse per&#237;odo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> fator de risco mais fortemente relacionado &#224; DCbV do que a DIC &#8211; esta mais associada a fatores metab&#243;licos do que a DCbV, os quais tiveram tend&#234;ncias desfavor&#225;veis no per&#237;odo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
    <p>O padr&#227;o descendente da taxa de mortalidade por DCV tanto em homens quanto em mulheres no Brasil est&#225; intrinsecamente relacionado &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas para controle dos FR &#8211; como aquelas voltadas para o controle do tabagismo ou que permitiram acesso ao tratamento da HAS &#8211; da implementa&#231;&#227;o do sistema de atendimento de urg&#234;ncias e emerg&#234;ncias em 2003, al&#233;m de melhorias e expans&#227;o da rede de Aten&#231;&#227;o B&#225;sica no pa&#237;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Tais medidas promovem h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis, permitem o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoce das DCV agudas e cr&#244;nicas, al&#233;m do controle de seus determinantes &#8211; pilares do enfrentamento da DCV. Apesar desse relativo sucesso, &#233; importante salientar que as taxas de mortalidade por DCV ainda s&#227;o altas, como citam Mansur e Favarato,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> e o pa&#237;s ainda tem grandes desafios: a redu&#231;&#227;o desigual das taxas de mortalidade, menor nos estados brasileiros menos desenvolvidos e entre os homens, o crescente n&#250;mero de mortes pelo crescimento e envelhecimento populacional, al&#233;m do aumento da preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e suas consequ&#234;ncias metab&#243;licas adversas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao c&#226;ncer, o estudo observou que n&#227;o ocorreram varia&#231;&#245;es significativas na taxa de mortalidade padronizada para idade na popula&#231;&#227;o geral entre 1996 e 2017. Isso aconteceu devido ao aumento de 5,8% da mortalidade em mulheres (Varia&#231;&#227;o percentual anual m&#233;dia [VPAM]=0,3%, p=0,2), apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 3,7% entre homens (VPAM=-0,1%, p&lt;0,001). &#201; importante notar que, entre as regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s, h&#225; grandes diferen&#231;as nos padr&#245;es de mortalidade. Nas regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, por exemplo, s&#227;o mais comuns neoplasias relacionadas a infec&#231;&#245;es &#8211; caracter&#237;stica comum em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda &#8211; enquanto que as outras regi&#245;es do Brasil apresentam padr&#227;o semelhante ao de pa&#237;ses de alta renda, com c&#226;nceres associados ao envelhecimento e a condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, as regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste apresentam tend&#234;ncias de aumento na mortalidade por c&#226;ncer at&#233; 2030, enquanto que nas outras regi&#245;es, as tend&#234;ncias s&#227;o est&#225;veis ou de diminui&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> revelando como a maior mortalidade, independente da causa, est&#225; intimamente relacionada &#224; pobreza, que atua desfavoravelmente em v&#225;rias frentes: educacionais, nutricionais, e de acesso a diagn&#243;stico e tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Diante do exposto, o aumento proporcional da mortalidade por c&#226;ncer &#233; esperado na medida em que a mortalidade por DCV reduz, j&#225; que as causas de morte s&#227;o competitivas. Portanto, sendo a morte inexor&#225;vel, vale destacar outro dado revelado por Mansur e Favarato: a redu&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva da mortalidade por todas as causas e, principalmente por DCV, nos grupos et&#225;rios mais jovens, revelando uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade prematura no Brasil nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> um dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent&#225;vel propostos pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de para 2030.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Em suma, os dados do presente estudo mostram avan&#231;os, mas refor&#231;am que desafios perenes e novos requerem a implementa&#231;&#227;o e renova&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas que promovam o enfrentamento das DCV e do c&#226;ncer como prioridades no cen&#225;rio da sa&#250;de no pa&#237;s, para que os brasileiros possam viver mais e melhor.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Taxas de Mortalidade por Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares e C&#226;ncer na Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira com Idade entre 35 e 74 Anos, 1996-2017</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mansur</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Favarato</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular and Cancer Death Rates in the Brazilian Population Aged 35 to 74 Years, 1996-2017</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>329</fpage>
          <lpage>340</lpage>
          <comment>doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200233">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200233</ext-link></comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. Mansur AP, Favarato D. Cardiovascular and Cancer Death Rates in the Brazilian Population Aged 35 to 74 Years, 1996-2017. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 117(2):329-340. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200233">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200233</ext-link></mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rasmussen-Torvik</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shay</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abramson</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedrich</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nettleton</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prizment</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ideal Cardiovascular Health is Inversely Associated with Incident Cancer: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1270</fpage>
          <lpage>1275</lpage>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001183</date-in-citation>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Shay CM, Abramson JG, Friedrich CA, Nettleton JA, Prizment AE, et al. Ideal Cardiovascular Health is Inversely Associated with Incident Cancer: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circulation. 2013;127(12):1270-5. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001183.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>ALP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brant</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mill</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Health in Brazil: Trends and Perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>422</fpage>
          <lpage>433</lpage>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008727</date-in-citation>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3. Ribeiro ALP, Duncan BB, Brant LC, Lotufo PA, Mill JG, Barreto SM. Cardiovascular Health in Brazil: Trends and Perspectives. Circulation. 2016;133(4):422-33. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008727.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malta</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>ALP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Disease Mortality According to the Brazilian Information System on Mortality and the Global Burden of Disease Study Estimates in Brazil, 2000-2017</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>152</fpage>
          <lpage>160</lpage>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">10.36660/abc.20190867</date-in-citation>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4. Malta DC, Teixeira R, Oliveira GMM, Ribeiro ALP. Cardiovascular Disease Mortality According to the Brazilian Information System on Mortality and the Global Burden of Disease Study Estimates in Brazil, 2000-2017. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(2):152-60. doi: 10.36660/abc.20190867.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>MLG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matos</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>WDS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jorge</surname>
              <given-names>AJL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trends in Mortality Rates from Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer between 2000 and 2015 in the Most Populous Capital Cities of the Five Regions of Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>199</fpage>
          <lpage>206</lpage>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">10.36660/abc.20180304</date-in-citation>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5. Martins WA, Rosa MLG, Matos RC, Silva WDS, Souza Filho EM, Jorge AJL, etal. Trends in Mortality Rates from Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer between 2000 and 2015 in the Most Populous Capital Cities of the Five Regions of Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(2):199-206. doi: 10.36660/abc.20180304.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brant</surname>
              <given-names>LCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passos</surname>
              <given-names>VMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bensen&#245;r</surname>
              <given-names>IJM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malta</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Variations and Particularities in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Brazil and Brazilian States in 1990 and 2015: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>116</fpage>
          <lpage>128</lpage>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">10.1590/1980-5497201700050010</date-in-citation>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6. Brant LCC, Nascimento BR, Passos VMA, Duncan BB, Bensen&#245;r IJM, Malta DC, et al. Variations and Particularities in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Brazil and Brazilian States in 1990 and 2015: Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2017;20(Suppl 1):116-28. doi:10.1590/1980-5497201700050010.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goulart</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passos</surname>
              <given-names>VMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Satake</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>MFM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cerebrovascular Disease in Brazil from 1990 to 2015: Global Burden of Disease 2015</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>129</fpage>
          <lpage>141</lpage>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">10.1590/1980-5497201700050011</date-in-citation>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7. Lotufo PA, Goulart AC, Passos VMA, Satake FM, Souza MFM, Fran&#231;a EB, et al. Cerebrovascular Disease in Brazil from 1990 to 2015: Global Burden of Disease 2015. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2017;20(Suppl 1):129-41. doi:10.1590/1980-5497201700050011.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brant</surname>
              <given-names>LCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veloso</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Attributable to Risk Factors in Brazil: Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Bras Med Trop</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>2021</volume>
          <issue>54</issue>
          <comment>Epub ahead of print</comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8. Brant LCC, Nascimento BR, Veloso GA, Gomes CS, Polanczyk CA, Oliveira GMM, et al. Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Attributable to Risk Factors in Brazil: Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2021;2021(54). Epub ahead of print.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bigoni</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antunes</surname>
              <given-names>JLF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weiderpass</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kj&#230;rheim</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Describing Mortality Trends for Major Cancer Sites in 133 Intermediate Regions of Brazil and an Ecological Study of its Causes</article-title>
          <source>BMC Cancer</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>940</fpage>
          <lpage>940</lpage>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">10.1186/s12885-019-6184-1</date-in-citation>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9. Bigoni A, Antunes JLF, Weiderpass E, Kj&#230;rheim K. Describing Mortality Trends for Major Cancer Sites in 133 Intermediate Regions of Brazil and an Ecological Study of its Causes. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):940. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-6184-1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Estimate</chapter-title>
          <year>2018</year>
          <source>Cancer Incidence in Brazil</source>
          <publisher-name>Revista Brasileira de Cancerologia</publisher-name>
          <comment>2018</comment>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>119</fpage>
          <lpage>120</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10. Santos MO. Estimate 2018: Cancer Incidence in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Cancerologia. 2018;64(1):119-20.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>DLB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernal</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>&#205;DCC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cancer Mortality in Brazil: Temporal Trends and Predictions for the Year 2030</article-title>
          <source>Medicine</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>746</fpage>
          <lpage>746</lpage>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">10.1097/MD.0000000000000746</date-in-citation>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11. Barbosa IR, Souza DLB, Bernal MM, Costa &#205;DCC. Cancer Mortality in Brazil: Temporal Trends and Predictions for the Year 2030. Medicine. 2015;94(16):746. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000746.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Sustainable Development Goals</chapter-title>
          <source>The Global Health Observatory [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">[cited 2021 Jul 9]</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/sustainable-development-goals/GHO/sustainable-development-goals">https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/sustainable-development-goals/GHO/sustainable-development-goals</ext-link></comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12. World Health Organization. Sustainable Development Goals. The Global Health Observatory [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 [cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/sustainable-development-goals/GHO/sustainable-development-goals">https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/sustainable-development-goals/GHO/sustainable-development-goals</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Successes and Challenges in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Brazil: Living Longer and Better</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1380-7589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Galdino</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>David Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3424-9608</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5586-774X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Campos Caldeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Faculdade de Sa&#250;de e Ecologia Humana, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Centro de Telessa&#250;de, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Bruno Ramos Nascimento</bold> &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular - Rua Professor Alfredo Balena, 110, 1 andar. Postal Code <postal-code>30130-100</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ramosnas@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Successes</kwd>
        <kwd>Challenges</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Cancer</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cancer are the main causes of death in Brazil and worldwide. Considering this epidemiological relevance, the article &#8220;Mortality Rates from Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancer in the Brazilian Population aged 35 to 74 Years, 1996-2017&#8221;,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> through the analysis of mortality data from the DATASUS Vital Statistics (Mortality Information System &#8211; SIM), depicts the mortality profile of these groups of diseases, discusses their evolution between 1996 and 2017, and estimates the future contribution of these causes of death, if the trends are maintained. The main findings include the greater current contribution of CVDs to mortality in Brazil, but with a gradual reduction of their age-standardized rates. This trend did not occur for cancer mortality rates &#8211; which remain stable &#8211; so that, in a few years, cancer will become the main cause of death in the country.</p>
      <p>CVDs and cancer, despite having different etiopathogeneses, share risk factors (RF), such as smoking, obesity, diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption and low socioeconomic status. Therefore, maintaining an optimal cardiovascular health is inversely proportional to the incidence of cancer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Thus, it is important to understand the population exposure trends to these common RFs over the last decades, when lifestyle changes resulting from urbanization and population aging contributed to the high incidence and mortality of both diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> With this information in mind, Mansur and Favarato analyzed mortality data from all causes for men and women, CVD, ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CbVD) and cancer over this 21-year period.</p>
      <p>Proportional mortality rates from CVD (30%) and cancer (20%) accounted for half of the deaths between 1996 and 2017. During this period, the age-standardized mortality rate from CVD decreased by 38%, which is in line with the estimates of the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study published by Malta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> which showed a decrease of 34.8% from 2000 to 2017. The GBD study tries, when processing the country's primary mortality data through models that include corrections for underreporting and redistribution of garbage codes, to minimize the limitations of SIM &#8211; such as disparities in coverage and in the proportion of ill-defined causes of death, historically higher in less developed states.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The authors also observed that age-standardized CVD mortality rates are lower among women and that the decrease in mortality was more significant in this group. Martins et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> considering similar findings, attributed both trends to women's greater adherence to screening and prevention of these diseases in primary health care (PHC), in addition to the hormonal protection that is known to delay mortality from CVD among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
      <p>IHD and CbVD were responsible for 57% of CVD deaths, with CbVD mortality rates showing a more pronounced reduction, possibly due to better identification, management and control of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) in this period,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> a risk factor more strongly related to CbVD than IHD &#8211; that is more associated with metabolic factors than CbVD, which showed unfavorable trends in the period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The downward pattern of CVD mortality rate in both men and women in Brazil is intrinsically related to the implementation of public policies for the control of RFs &#8211; such as those aimed at smoking control or those allowing access to SAH treatment &#8211; the implementation of urgent and emergency care system in 2003, as well as improvements and expansion of the Primary Care network in the country.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> These measures promote healthy habits, allow for the early diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic CVDs, in addition to the control of its determinants &#8211; the pillars of CVD treatment. Despite this relative success, it is important to note that CVD mortality rates are still high, as mentioned by Mansur and Favarato,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> and the country still faces major challenges: the uneven reduction in mortality rates, which is lower in less developed Brazilian states and among men, the growing number of deaths due to population growth and aging, in addition to the increased prevalence of obesity and its adverse metabolic consequences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Regarding cancer, the study observed that there were no significant variations in the age-standardized mortality rate in the general population between 1996 and 2017. This occurred due to the 5.8% increase in mortality among women (Mean Annual Percentage Change [MAPC] =0.3%, p=0.2), despite the significant reduction of 3.7% among men (MAPC=-0.1%, p&lt;0.001). It is important to note that, across regions of the country, large differences in mortality patterns are observed. In the North and Northeast regions, for instance, infection-related neoplasms are more usual &#8211; a common characteristic in low- and middle-income countries &#8211; while other regions of Brazil show a pattern similar to that of high-income countries, with cancer associated with aging and to chronic conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Additionally, the North and Northeast regions show increasing trends in cancer mortality until 2030, while the trends are stable or decreasing in the other regions,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> showing how higher mortality, regardless of the cause, is closely related to poverty, which acts unfavorably on several fronts: educational, nutritional, and regarding access to diagnosis and treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Given the abovementioned facts, a proportional increase in mortality from cancer is expected as the mortality from CVD decreases, since the causes of death are competitive. Therefore, since death is unavoidable, it is worth highlighting other information disclosed by Mansur and Favarato: the more significant reduction in mortality from all causes and, especially, from CVDs, in the younger age groups, disclosing a decrease in premature mortality in Brazil in recent decades,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> one of the Sustainable Development Goals proposed by the World Health Organization for 2030.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
      <p>In short, the data from the present study show advances, but reinforce that perennial and new challenges require the implementation and renewal of public policies that promote the fight against CVDs and cancer as priorities in the health scenario in the country, so that Brazilians can live longer and better.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Cardiovascular and Cancer Death Rates in the Brazilian Population Aged 35 to 74 Years, 1996-2017</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
