<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yCqpPqH6cxJ6bhN8dbRXp4d</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200156</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200156</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Respostas Fisiol&#243;gicas &#224; Caminhada M&#225;xima e Subm&#225;xima em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica Sintom&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9857-8761</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chehuen</surname>
            <given-names>Marcel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8559-7752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade-Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Aluisio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Natan</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miyasato</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo W. Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leicht</surname>
            <given-names>Anthony</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brum</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Chakur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7101-312X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Edilamar M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1991-3507</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wolosker</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7584-4265</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Forjaz</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Lucia de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esportes</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esportes, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">James Cook University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Townsville</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Queensland</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AU">Austr&#225;lia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland - Austr&#225;lia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Aluisio Andrade-Lima</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Rua Jo&#227;o Geniton da Costa, 306. CEP <postal-code>49095-796</postal-code>, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>aluisiolima@live.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Chehuen M, Andrade-Lima A, Silva Junior N, Leicht A, Brum PC, Oliveira EM, Wolosker N, Forjaz CLM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Chehuen M, Andrade-Lima A, Silva Junior N, Miyasato R, Souza R; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Chehuen M, Andrade-Lima A, Silva Junior N, Miyasato R, Souza R, Leicht A, Brum PC, Oliveira EM, Wolosker N, Forjaz CLM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Chehuen M, Andrade-Lima A, Forjaz CLM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Forjaz CLM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Chehuen M, Andrade-Lima A, Leicht A, Brum PC, Oliveira EM, Wolosker N, Forjaz CLM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Chehuen M, Andrade-Lima A, Silva Junior N, Souza R, Leicht A, Brum PC, Oliveira EM, Wolosker N, Forjaz CLM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>309</fpage>
      <lpage>316</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Embora a caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima sejam recomendadas para pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP), a realiza&#231;&#227;o desses exerc&#237;cios pode induzir diferentes respostas fisiol&#243;gicas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Comparar os efeitos agudos de caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima na fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, a regula&#231;&#227;o e os processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos associados p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trinta pacientes do sexo masculino foram submetidos a 2 sess&#245;es: caminhada m&#225;xima (protocolo de Gardner) e caminhada subm&#225;xima (15 per&#237;odos de 2 minutos de caminhada separados por 2 minutos de repouso ereto). Em cada sess&#227;o, foram medidos a press&#227;o arterial (PA), a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca (variabilidade da FC), os fluxos sangu&#237;neos (FS) do antebra&#231;o e da panturrilha, a capacidade vasodilatadora (hiperemia reativa), o &#243;xido n&#237;trico (ON), o estresse oxidativo (a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica) e a inflama&#231;&#227;o (quatro marcadores), pr&#233; e p&#243;s-caminhada. ANOVAs foram empregadas e p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A PA sist&#243;lica e a PA m&#233;dia diminu&#237;ram ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o subm&#225;xima, mas aumentaram ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o m&#225;xima (intera&#231;&#245;es, p &lt; 0,001 para ambas). A PA diast&#243;lica n&#227;o foi alterada ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o subm&#225;xima (p &gt; 0,05), mas aumentou ap&#243;s a caminhada m&#225;xima (intera&#231;&#227;o, p &lt; 0,001). A FC, o equil&#237;brio simpatovagal e os FS aumentaram de forma semelhante ap&#243;s as duas sess&#245;es (momento, p &lt; 0,001, p = 0,04 e p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente), enquanto a capacidade vasodilatadora, o ON e o estresse oxidativo permaneceram inalterados (p &gt; 0,05). As mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o vascular e intercelular aumentaram de forma semelhante ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima (momento, p = 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nos pacientes com a DAP sintom&#225;tica, a caminhada subm&#225;xima, mas n&#227;o a m&#225;xima, reduziu a PA p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, enquanto a caminhada m&#225;xima manteve a sobrecarga card&#237;aca elevada durante o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, as sess&#245;es de caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima aumentaram a FC, o equil&#237;brio simpatovagal card&#237;aco e a inflama&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio de forma semelhante, enquanto n&#227;o alteraram a biodisponibilidade de ON e o estresse oxidativo p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Caminhada</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica</kwd>
        <kwd>Velocidade da Caminhada</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitora&#231;&#227;o Hemodin&#226;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Claudica&#231;&#227;o Intermitente</kwd>
        <kwd>estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) caracteriza-se pelo estreitamento das art&#233;rias dos membros inferiores, convencionalmente devido &#224; aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>{Norgren, 2007, Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease} Pacientes no segundo est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a (pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Fontaine) apresentam um sintoma conhecido como claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente (CI), que &#233; caracterizada pelo aparecimento de dor na parte inferior da perna durante a caminhada que &#233; aliviada com repouso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com a DAP sintom&#225;tica podem apresentar valores elevados de press&#227;o arterial (PA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> sobrecarga cardiovascular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, estresse oxidativo exacerbado e inflama&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Todas estas manifesta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas contribuem para a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e a morbimortalidade cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O treinamento de exerc&#237;cio tem sido considerado o melhor tratamento para pacientes com a CI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> O treinamento regular melhora a capacidade de locomo&#231;&#227;o, os sintomas de claudica&#231;&#227;o, a qualidade de vida e a sa&#250;de cardiovascular desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Entre as diversas modalidades de treinamento, a caminhada tem sido amplamente recomendada por v&#225;rias diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> No entanto, acredita-se que os efeitos cr&#244;nicos do treinamento resultem da soma das respostas agudas &#224;s sess&#245;es,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> o que refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da realiza&#231;&#227;o de sess&#245;es di&#225;rias de caminhada para otimizar as adapta&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas. Por&#233;m, agudamente, cada sess&#227;o de caminhada pode transitoriamente aumentar o risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> De fato, estudos pr&#233;vios t&#234;m relatado que caminhar at&#233; sintomas pr&#243;ximos ao m&#225;ximo da CI aumenta a sobrecarga card&#237;aca, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, estresse oxidativo e inflama&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> o que aumenta o risco de isquemia e arritmias em pacientes predispostos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, a caminhada m&#225;xima pode ter efeitos perigosos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com a DAP sintom&#225;tica, e a caminhada subm&#225;xima (at&#233; dor moderada nas pernas) se apresenta como uma op&#231;&#227;o potencial para promover menor sobrecarga card&#237;aca p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, acompanhada por estresse oxidativo e inflama&#231;&#227;o moderados. Novakovic et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> mostraram que caminhar com dor moderada melhorou v&#225;rios desfechos nesses pacientes, como a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular. Adicionalmente, estudos anteriores testaram um protocolo espec&#237;fico de caminhada subm&#225;xima (15 per&#237;odos de 2 minutos de caminhada no limiar da dor), relatando que induziu n&#237;veis toler&#225;veis de dor nas pernas, bem como est&#237;mulos metab&#243;licos e cardiovasculares moderados durante a sua execu&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> induziu hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> e melhorou a capacidade de caminhada e par&#226;metros cardiovasculares ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de treinamento regular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Desta maneira, o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar, em pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica, os efeitos agudos de exerc&#237;cios m&#225;ximos e subm&#225;ximos de caminhada nas seguintes vari&#225;veis p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio: i) a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, avaliada pela PA, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e o duplo-produto (DP); ii) a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, avaliada pelos componentes da variabilidade da FC de frequ&#234;ncia baixa (FB) e alta (FA) e pela rela&#231;&#227;o FB/FA; iii) a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular, avaliada pelos fluxos sangu&#237;neos (FS) do antebra&#231;o e da panturrilha e pelas respostas dos FS &#224; hiperemia reativa; iv) a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, avaliada pela biodisponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (ON); v) o estresse oxidativo, avaliado pela peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica; e vi) a inflama&#231;&#227;o, avaliada pela prote&#237;na C-reativa (CRP), o fator de necrose tumoral-&#945; (TNF-&#945;), a mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o de c&#233;lulas vasculares (VCAM) e a mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o intercelular (ICAM). As hip&#243;teses eram as seguintes: i) a sess&#227;o m&#225;xima de caminhada aumentaria a sobrecarga card&#237;aca p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (PA, FC e DP), o equil&#237;brio simpatovagal (FB e rela&#231;&#227;o FB/FA) e a disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular, enquanto a sess&#227;o de caminhada subm&#225;xima diminuiria a PA e o DP, enquanto induziria um aumento menor da FC e do equil&#237;brio simpatovagal; e ii) as sess&#245;es m&#225;ximas e subm&#225;ximas de caminhada aumentariam o estresse oxidativo p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio e a inflama&#231;&#227;o com maiores respostas ap&#243;s a caminhada m&#225;xima.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo unic&#234;ntrico seguiu um desenho de medi&#231;&#227;o repetida n&#227;o aleat&#243;ria em que cada paciente foi submetido a duas sess&#245;es experimentais conduzidas em uma ordem fixa. O protocolo do estudo estava de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Foi registrado no site Brasileiro de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br">http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br</ext-link>, RBR-3pq58k) e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; Conjunto de &#201;tica em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos da Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (processo 667.382). Foi obtido o consentimento informado por escrito de todos os participantes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram recrutados entre os atendidos na Unidade Vascular do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, de acordo com a possibilidade de entrar em contato com eles. Foram convidados pacientes do sexo masculino com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAP e CI. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: a) idade &#8805; 50 anos; b) &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial &#8804; 0,90 em pelo menos uma perna<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>; c) est&#225;gio II (a e b) de DAP pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Fontaine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>; d) &#237;ndice de massa corporal &lt; kg/m<sup>2</sup>; e) PA sist&#243;lica de repouso &lt; 160 mmHg e PA diast&#243;lica de repouso &lt; 105 mmHg; f) n&#227;o uso de &#946;-bloqueadores ou bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio n&#227;o diidropirid&#237;nicos; g) a capacidade de caminhar durante pelo menos 2 minutos a 3,2 km/h em esteira; h) a capacidade de realizar um teste incremental em esteira limitada por sintomas da CI; e i) a aus&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou arritmias complexas durante teste em esteira.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es preliminares</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o preliminar para identificar se atendiam aos crit&#233;rios do estudo. Foram entrevistados para avaliar o seguinte: idade, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, fatores de risco, comorbidades e medica&#231;&#227;o atual. O &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial foi medido conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A massa corporal e a estatura foram avaliadas com equipamento padr&#227;o (Welmy 110, Brasil) e foi calculado o &#237;ndice de massa corporal. Foi medida a PA braquial em repouso pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso sentado. Tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em cada uma das 2 visitas e foi calculado o valor m&#233;dio para cada bra&#231;o. Tamb&#233;m foi documentado o maior valor m&#233;dio. Por fim, todos os pacientes realizaram um teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira seguindo o protocolo de Gardner (3,2 km/h com aumento de 2% no grau por minuto)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> at&#233; que ocorresse dor m&#225;xima de claudica&#231;&#227;o. Este teste tamb&#233;m foi empregado como uma familiariza&#231;&#227;o ao esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo experimental</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s os procedimentos preliminares, os pacientes que preencheram todos os crit&#233;rios do estudo foram submetidos ao protocolo experimental que consistia em ambas as sess&#245;es experimentais, caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima. A sess&#227;o de caminhada subm&#225;xima foi realizada ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o m&#225;xima com intervalo de pelo menos 7 dias entre as sess&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, todos os pacientes realizaram 2 sess&#245;es de familiariza&#231;&#227;o antes de serem submetidos &#224; sess&#227;o subm&#225;xima. Para cada sess&#227;o, foram avaliadas as vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares, auton&#244;micas, endoteliais, de estresse oxidativo e inflamat&#243;rias antes e depois dos protocolos de caminhada subm&#225;xima ou m&#225;xima.</p>
        <p>Antes de ambas as sess&#245;es, os pacientes foram orientados a manter rotinas semelhantes durante as 24 horas anteriores. Adicionalmente, foram orientados a evitar exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico durantes as 48 horas anteriores, bebidas alco&#243;licas durante as 24 horas anteriores e uso de tabaco no dia das sess&#245;es. Tamb&#233;m foram orientados a tomar a medica&#231;&#227;o regularmente e a comparecer ao laborat&#243;rio em estado de jejum.</p>
        <p>As sess&#245;es foram realizadas em laborat&#243;rio com temperatura controlada (20 a 22 &#176;C). Os pacientes chegaram &#224;s 7 horas e receberam uma refei&#231;&#227;o padronizada (2 barras de cereais e 50 ml de suco).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Em seguida, um cateter foi inserido na veia antecubital do bra&#231;o esquerdo e mantido patente por solu&#231;&#227;o salina est&#233;ril. Os pacientes ent&#227;o permaneceram em posi&#231;&#227;o supina durante 20 minutos at&#233; o in&#237;cio dos procedimentos experimentais.</p>
        <p>Foram iniciados os procedimentos experimentais &#224;s 8 horas com avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio realizadas na posi&#231;&#227;o supina ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o de 10 minutos. Eletrocardiograma (ECG) e respira&#231;&#227;o foram registrados entre 10 e 20 minutos para avaliar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. Foram medidas a PA e a FC auscultat&#243;rias em triplicata entre 20 e 25 minutos e foi utilizado o valor m&#233;dio para an&#225;lise. Subsequentemente, foi coletada uma amostra de sangue venoso, seguida da avalia&#231;&#227;o dos FS dos membros inferiores e superiores e das respostas vasodilatadoras &#224; hiperemia reativa.</p>
        <p>Na sequ&#234;ncia, os pacientes realizaram o exerc&#237;cio de caminhada em esteira. Na sess&#227;o m&#225;xima, caminharam a 3,2 km/h com o aumento de grau de 2% a cada minuto at&#233; a dor m&#225;xima (protocolo de Gardner).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Durante a sess&#227;o subm&#225;xima, realizaram 15 per&#237;odos de 2 minutos de caminhada separados por 2 minutos de repouso ereto, conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> A velocidade da esteira foi mantida em 3,2 km/h com o grau ajustado para manter a FC do limiar de dor (ou seja, a FC medida quando os pacientes experimentaram dor claudicante inicial durante o teste de caminhada m&#225;xima preliminar).</p>
        <p>Ao final das sess&#245;es de caminhada, os pacientes retornaram imediatamente &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o supina para as avalia&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio que inclu&#237;ram uma amostra imediata de sangue. Dos 20 aos 30 minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o, foram registrados o ECG e os movimentos respirat&#243;rios para avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, seguida pelas avalia&#231;&#245;es da PA e FC auscultat&#243;rias em triplicata. Finalmente, foram registrados os FS e as respostas vasodilatadoras.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</title>
          <p>Foram obtidos os registros do ECG no D2 (EMG System, Brasil) com a FC determinada pelo ECG. Foi obtido o sinal respirat&#243;rio por uma cinta piezoel&#233;trica (UFI, Pneumotrace2, EUA) posicionado no t&#243;rax dos pacientes. Foi medida a PA auscultat&#243;ria no bra&#231;o dominante utilizando um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio (Unitec, Brasil), e foi calculada a PA m&#233;dia. O DP foi calculado pelo produto da FC e da PA sist&#243;lica como um marcador do consumo de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico e, portanto, da sobrecarga card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, os intervalos R-R do ECG e os sinais respirat&#243;rios da cinta tor&#225;cica foram inseridos em um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados (WinDaq, DI-720, Akron, EUA), com uma taxa de amostragem de 500 Hz/canal. Foram analisados segmentos estacion&#225;rios de 250 a 300 batimentos por meio de an&#225;lise espectral da variabilidade da FC usando o m&#233;todo autoregressivo (Heart Scope, vers&#227;o 1.3.0.1, AMPS-LLC, EUA). Os componentes da variabilidade da FC de FB (FB<sub>RR</sub>, 0,04 &#8211; 0,15 Hz) e FA (FA<sub>RR</sub>, 0,15 &#8211; 0,4 Hz) foram calculados e expressos em unidades normalizadas (un). Tamb&#233;m foi calculada a rela&#231;&#227;o FB/FA. Todos os procedimentos seguiram a <italic>Task Force for HR variability</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o vascular</title>
          <p>Foram determinados os FS simultaneamente no antebra&#231;o dominante e na perna com o menor &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial, via pletismografia de oclus&#227;o venosa (Hokanson, AI6, EUA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Resumidamente, os FS da m&#227;o e do p&#233; foram interrompidos por manguitos insuflados a 200 mmHg posicionados, respectivamente, ao redor do punho e tornozelo. Outros manguitos colocados no bra&#231;o e na coxa foram insuflados rapidamente por 10 segundos a 40 a 60 mmHg, seguidos por 10 segundos de desinsufla&#231;&#227;o. Foram detectados aumentos nos volumes do antebra&#231;o e da panturrilha por medidores de press&#227;o de merc&#250;rio, posicionados na maior circunfer&#234;ncia desses segmentos dos membros e registrados por software especializado (NIVP3; Hokanson, EUA). Foram realizadas as medi&#231;&#245;es durante 4 minutos (12 ciclos de 20 segundos) e as primeiras 2 e a &#250;ltima medi&#231;&#227;o do ciclo foram exclu&#237;das da an&#225;lise (ou seja, uma m&#233;dia de 9 ciclos). As respostas vasodilatadoras do antebra&#231;o e da panturrilha &#224; hiperemia reativa foram avaliadas imediatamente ap&#243;s a determina&#231;&#227;o dos FS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Para isso, foi oclu&#237;do o FS para cada membro durante 5 minutos com a insufla&#231;&#227;o dos manguitos da coxa e do antebra&#231;o a 200 mmHg. Em seguida, os manguitos foram desinsuflados e foram medidos os FS p&#243;s-oclus&#227;o durante 4 minutos, conforme descrito anteriormente. A resposta vasodilatadora foi calculada como a diferen&#231;a na &#225;rea sob a curva (AUCFS) das medi&#231;&#245;es de FS p&#243;s e pr&#233;-hiperemia</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de sangue</title>
          <p>Em cada momento de amostragem, foram coletados 15 ml de sangue em tubos vacutainer tratados com EDTA anticoagulante de padr&#227;o. As amostras foram centrifugadas em at&#233; 30 minutos, divididas em al&#237;quotas e armazenadas a &#8211;80 &#176;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise. Foram determinadas as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de CRP, TNF-&#945;, VCAM e ICAM por ensaios imunoenzim&#225;ticos (ELISA) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante de cada kit (Cayman Chemical, EUA para CRP; and R&amp;D Systems, EUA para TNF-&#945;, VCAM e ICAM). A peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica foi analisada por kits espec&#237;ficos (Cayman Chemical, EUA), e o ON foi analisado pelo m&#233;todo de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia com um analisador espec&#237;fico (Sievers &#174; Nitric Oxide Analyzer ONA 280, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>Considerando um poder de 90%, um erro alfa de 5% e um desvio padr&#227;o de 3 mmHg para a PA sist&#243;lica e 0,6 ml.100 ml tecido<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.min<sup>&#8722;1</sup> a para BF (ou seja, os desfechos cl&#237;nicos principais), os tamanhos m&#237;nimos de amostra necess&#225;rios para detectar uma diferen&#231;a de 4 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica e de 0,5 ml.100 ml tecido<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.min<sup>&#8722;1</sup> na BF foram calculados em 10 e 14 indiv&#237;duos, respectivamente. Tendo em vista que foram inclu&#237;das outras vari&#225;veis com maior varia&#231;&#227;o no estudo, o tamanho de amostra utilizado foi maior.</p>
        <p>Foram verificadas a normalidade e a homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncia para todos os dados pelos testes de Shapiro-Wilk e Levene, respectivamente. Quando identificada a n&#227;o normalidade dos dados, foi aplicada uma transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica e foi obtida a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As respostas &#224;s sess&#245;es de caminhada foram comparadas por ANOVA bidirecional (Statsoft, Statistic for Windows 4.3, Oklahoma, EUA) para medidas repetidas com a sess&#227;o (m&#225;xima versus subm&#225;xima) e o momento (pr&#233; versus p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio) como os fatores principais. Quando os valores pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio foram significativamente diferentes entre as sess&#245;es (para FC e DP), empregou-se uma an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA) usando o valor pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio como covari&#225;vel. Foi utilizado o teste post-hoc de Newman-Keuls para identificar as signific&#226;ncias quando apropriado. Foi considerado significativo p &lt; 0,05 e os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e como frequ&#234;ncia de aparecimento (%) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, como comorbidades e uso de medicamentos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Inicialmente, 50 pacientes se ofereceram como volunt&#225;rios para o estudo, 11 dos quais se abstiveram de participar devido &#224; falta de tempo. Deste modo, 39 pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e realizaram os exames preliminares, dos quais 9 foram exclu&#237;dos (5 devido a anormalidades de ECG no teste ergom&#233;trico e 4 devido &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico por outros motivos que n&#227;o a dor claudicante). Portanto, 30 pacientes realizaram as sess&#245;es experimentais m&#225;ximas e subm&#225;ximas e suas caracter&#237;sticas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">66 &#177; 11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">25,3 &#177; 3,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Diagn&#243;stico da DAP</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">ITB de repouso</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,62 &#177; 0,12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">DIC (m)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">218 &#177; 87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">DTC (m)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">606 &#177; 275</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Obesidade (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">73,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">26,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">93,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tabagismo (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">33,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca/acidente vascular cerebral (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">23,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Terapia farmacol&#243;gica</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Aspirina (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">93,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Estatina (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">93,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Agente antihipertensivo (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">60,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hipoglic&#234;mico oral (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">26,7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Os dados s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou porcentagem (%). DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; DIC: dist&#226;ncia do in&#237;cio da claudica&#231;&#227;o; DTC: dist&#226;ncia total da caminhada; ITB: &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial. Obesidade definida como &#237;ndice de massa corporal &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e acidente vascular cerebral definidos por diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As respostas hemodin&#226;micas e auton&#244;micas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A PA sist&#243;lica e m&#233;dia diminu&#237;ram ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o subm&#225;xima e aumentaram ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o m&#225;xima (intera&#231;&#245;es, p &lt; 0,001 para ambas). A PA diast&#243;lica aumentou apenas ap&#243;s a caminhada m&#225;xima (intera&#231;&#227;o, p &lt; 0,001). A FC e o DP pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio foram significativamente maiores na sess&#227;o subm&#225;xima de caminhada do que na m&#225;xima, e a ANCOVA revelou que estas diferen&#231;as pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o afetaram os resultados. Assim, a FC apresentou aumentos semelhantes ap&#243;s os per&#237;odos de caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima (momento, p &lt; 0,001), enquanto o DP aumentou significativamente apenas ap&#243;s a caminhada m&#225;xima (intera&#231;&#227;o, p = 0,007).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e auton&#244;micas medidas pr&#233; e p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio nas sess&#245;es de caminhada subm&#225;xima e m&#225;xima</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Subm&#225;xima</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">M&#225;xima</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pr&#233;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">P&#243;s</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pr&#233;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">P&#243;s</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p sess&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p momento</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p intera&#231;&#227;o</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="8">
                <bold>Hemodin&#226;mica sist&#234;mica (N = 30)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">132 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">125 &#177; 15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">134 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">138 &#177; 17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">77 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">76 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">78 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">83 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PA m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">95 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">92 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">96 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">101 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">FC (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">64 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">67 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">68 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">71 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">DP (bpm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8466 &#177; 1466<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8308 &#177; 1433<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9010 &#177; 1394</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9762 &#177; 1671<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="8">
                <bold>Modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica (n=22)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">FB (un)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">56 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">64 &#177; 20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">51 &#177; 18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">60 &#177; 21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">FA (un)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">40 &#177; 21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">31 &#177; 19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">44 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">34 &#177; 19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,19</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,02</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Rela&#231;&#227;o FB/FA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,2 &#177; 0,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,4 &#177; 0,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,1 &#177; 0,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,3 &#177; 0,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,04</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="8">
                <bold>Hemodin&#226;mica local (n = 21)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">FS do antebra&#231;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,42 &#177; 0,63</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,68 &#177; 0,68<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,41 &#177; 0,59</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,65 &#177; 0,67<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,70</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">FS da panturrilha</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12,0 &#177; 7,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13,7 &#177; 7,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12,2 &#177; 7,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14,4 &#177; 8,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">RV do antebra&#231;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">80,9 &#177; 34,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">67,2 &#177; 30,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">83,9 &#177; 40,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">73,6 &#177; 34,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">RV da panturrilha</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">56,8 &#177; 30,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">40,4 &#177; 19,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">63,9 &#177; 29,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">52,4 &#177; 26,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,02</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">AUCFS do antebra&#231;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1085 &#177; 507</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1299 &#177; 609</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1294 &#177; 676</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1218 &#177; 476</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,66</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,38</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">AUCFS da panturrilha</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1081 &#177; 606</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1152 &#177; 603</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">999 &#177; 467</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1270 &#177; 825</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,89</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,20</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Os dados s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; DP: duplo-produto; FA: frequ&#234;ncia alta; FB: frequ&#234;ncia baixa; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FS: fluxo sangu&#237;neo; PA: press&#227;o arterial; RV: resist&#234;ncia vascular; un: unidades normalizadas. Valores para FS s&#227;o ml.100 ml tecido<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.min<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>diferente do pr&#233; na mesma sess&#227;o (p &lt; 0,05)</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>diferente da sess&#227;o m&#225;xima no mesmo momento (p &lt; 0,05). An&#225;lises realizadas por ANOVA bilateral.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A FA diminuiu enquanto a FB e a rela&#231;&#227;o FB/FA aumentaram significativamente e de forma semelhante ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima (momento, p = 0,02, p = 0,05 e p = 0,04, respectivamente).</p>
      <p>Os FS do antebra&#231;o e da panturrilha aumentaram significativamente e de forma semelhante ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima (momento, p &lt; 0,001), enquanto a resist&#234;ncia vascular do antebra&#231;o e da panturrilha diminuiu de forma semelhante ap&#243;s ambos os per&#237;odos de caminhada (momento, p &lt; 0,001 e p = 0,01, respectivamente), e a AUCFS do antebra&#231;o e da panturrilha n&#227;o se alterou ap&#243;s os per&#237;odos de caminhada subm&#225;xima ou m&#225;xima (todos p &gt; 0,05).</p>
      <p>As respostas sangu&#237;neas s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. ON, peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, CRP e TNF-&#945; n&#227;o se alteraram ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de caminhada subm&#225;xima ou m&#225;xima (todos p &gt; 0,05), enquanto ICAM e VCAM exibiram um aumento semelhante e significativo ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima (momento, p = 0,001 para ambos).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, estresse oxidativo e vari&#225;veis inflamat&#243;rias medidas pr&#233; e p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio nas sess&#245;es de caminhada subm&#225;xima e m&#225;xima</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Subm&#225;xima</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">M&#225;xima</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pr&#233;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">P&#243;s</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pr&#233;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">P&#243;s</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p sess&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p momento</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p intera&#231;&#227;o</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">ON (&#956;M)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14,32&#177;5,65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13,59&#177;4,63</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13,53&#177;4,51</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13,68&#177;4,21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="3">
                <bold>Estresse oxidativo</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top" colspan="3"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PL (&#956;M)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">18,81&#177;14,69</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">19,29&#177;15,34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">18,71&#177;17,06</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">20,55&#177;19,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,81</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,44</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                <bold>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top" colspan="3"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">CRP (pg/ml)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1868&#177;1435</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1843&#177;1485</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1614&#177;1651</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1837&#177;1586</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,41</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">TNF-&#945; (pg/ml)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,18&#177;0,36</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,24&#177;0,29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,21&#177;0,28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,23&#177;0,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,75</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">ICAM (ng/ml)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">223&#177;96</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">236&#177;99<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">218&#177;92</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">244&#177;100<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,74</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">VCAM (ng/ml)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">619&#177;250</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">671&#177;286<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">592&#177;237</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">650&#177;247<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,75</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>Os dados s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. CRP: prote&#237;na C-reativa; ICAM: mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o intercelular; ON: &#243;xido n&#237;trico; PL: peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica; TNF-&#945;: fator de necrose tumoral-&#945;; VCAM: mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o de c&#233;lulas vasculares.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>diferente do pr&#233; na mesma sess&#227;o (p &lt; 0,05). An&#225;lises realizadas por ANOVA bilateral.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os achados principais do presente estudo foram que os pacientes com a DAP sintom&#225;tica apresentaram: 1) redu&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s a caminhada subm&#225;xima, bem como aumento da PA sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s a caminhada m&#225;xima; 2) aumento do DP apenas ap&#243;s a caminhada m&#225;xima; 3) aumentos semelhantes nos n&#237;veis de FC, rela&#231;&#227;o FB/FA, FB, ICAM e VCAM ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima; e 4) nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o no ON ou na capacidade vasodilatadora ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de caminhada m&#225;xima ou subm&#225;xima.</p>
      <p>Realizar caminhada at&#233; a dor subm&#225;xima, mas n&#227;o m&#225;xima, diminuiu a PA p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Estudos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> j&#225; relataram a ocorr&#234;ncia da hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (HPE, ou seja, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> em pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica ap&#243;s realizar caminhada at&#233; dor moderada. A novidade deste estudo foi fornecer evid&#234;ncias de que, em pacientes com DAP no est&#225;gio II de Fontaine, a HPE n&#227;o ocorreu quando a caminhada foi realizada at&#233; a dor m&#225;xima e a PA permaneceu elevada ap&#243;s a caminhada m&#225;xima. Visto que a HPE &#233; conhecida como um fen&#244;meno clinicamente relevante em popula&#231;&#245;es hipertensas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> a caminhada subm&#225;xima, mas n&#227;o m&#225;xima, pode produzir benef&#237;cios hipotensivos agudos em pacientes com CI e hipertens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, evid&#234;ncias recentes t&#234;m mostrado que a HPE se correlaciona com diminui&#231;&#245;es na PA ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de treinamento e &#233; um poss&#237;vel preditor da responsividade cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Desta maneira, estes resultados levantam a hip&#243;tese de que a caminhada subm&#225;xima pode produzir melhores efeitos hipotensivos cr&#244;nicos do que a caminhada m&#225;xima nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Isto precisa ser testado em estudos futuros.</p>
      <p>A FC p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio aumentou de forma semelhante ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima, o que &#233; consistente com o aumento semelhante observado nas altera&#231;&#245;es da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; predomin&#226;ncia simp&#225;tica ap&#243;s ambas as sess&#245;es de caminhada (ou seja, um aumento semelhante na FB e na rela&#231;&#227;o FB/FA, bem como uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na FA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> Esta aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a entre as sess&#245;es m&#225;ximas e subm&#225;ximas foi, em certa medida, inesperada, visto que, em outras popula&#231;&#245;es, as altera&#231;&#245;es na FC p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio e na modula&#231;&#227;o simpatovagal costumam estar associadas &#224; intensidade do exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Este resultado aparentemente contradit&#243;rio pode ser explicado pelo fato de a sess&#227;o de caminhada subm&#225;xima ter durado mais (30 minutos, dist&#226;ncia total percorrida = 1600 m) do que a sess&#227;o m&#225;xima (12 &#177; 5 minutos, dist&#226;ncia total percorrida = 606 &#177; 275 m). Assim, como a dor produz ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> &#233; poss&#237;vel que, apesar da intensidade moderada, o maior per&#237;odo de dor na sess&#227;o subm&#225;xima possa ter levado a um aumento sustentado da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e, consequentemente, da FC durante o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o, igualando-se ao aumento produzido pela sess&#227;o m&#225;xima mais intensa, mas mais curta. Adicionalmente, embora a FC p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio tenha aumentado em ambas as sess&#245;es de caminhada, a PA diminuiu apenas na sess&#227;o de caminhada subm&#225;xima, consequentemente levando a um DP mais elevado ap&#243;s a caminhada m&#225;xima, o que reflete maior sobrecarga card&#237;aca e, consequentemente, maior risco de eventos adversos agudos ap&#243;s a caminhada m&#225;xima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Portanto, estes resultados sugerem que a caminhada subm&#225;xima pode ser mais segura para pacientes predispostos a eventos cardiovasculares agudos.</p>
      <p>Os FS do antebra&#231;o e da panturrilha aumentaram de forma semelhante ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de caminhada subm&#225;xima e m&#225;xima, e essas respostas est&#227;o de acordo com estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> No entanto, &#233; de interesse notar que a capacidade vasodilatadora n&#227;o alterou ap&#243;s qualquer uma das duas sess&#245;es de caminhada, embora estudos anteriores tenham relatado uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ap&#243;s caminhada m&#225;xima.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> Poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre os estudos podem estar relacionadas aos m&#233;todos usados para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular (pletism&#243;grafo versus ultrassom). No entanto, no presente estudo, a aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es na capacidade vasodilatadora est&#225; de acordo com a manuten&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores do ON e do estresse oxidativo.</p>
      <p>Conforme o esperado, as sess&#245;es de caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima aumentaram os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios. Por&#233;m, diferentemente da hip&#243;tese, a inflama&#231;&#227;o aumentou de forma semelhante ap&#243;s as duas sess&#245;es. Mais uma vez, essa resposta pode estar relacionada ao fato de que a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio foi maior na sess&#227;o de caminhada subm&#225;xima, levando a uma magnitude semelhante de inflama&#231;&#227;o, apesar do menor grau da dor.</p>
      <p>A aus&#234;ncia de volume pareado entre as duas sess&#245;es de caminhada &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, o que nos impede de atribuir os resultados apenas ao grau de dor. No entanto, como um estudo inicial a comparar as respostas m&#225;ximas e subm&#225;ximas p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, o presente estudo optou pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo m&#225;ximo amplamente investigado na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> e um protocolo subm&#225;ximo, ambos os quais j&#225; demonstraram produzir benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Estudos futuros devem comparar outros protocolos m&#225;ximos e subm&#225;ximos com volume semelhante. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante mencionar que este estudo foi realizado com homens nos est&#225;gios IIa e IIb de Fountain, e as respostas p&#243;s-caminhada podem diferir em mulheres, em pacientes em outros est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a e em pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas diferentes, apesar de est&#225;gio II de Fontaine. Estudos futuros poder&#227;o superar essas limita&#231;&#245;es estudando mulheres e outros pacientes com DAP. Al&#233;m disso, as medidas foram realizadas em apenas um momento durante o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Para melhor compreens&#227;o das respostas, deve ser realizado um acompanhamento durante um per&#237;odo mais longo, com mais medidas, em investiga&#231;&#245;es futuras.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em pacientes do sexo masculino com a DAP sintom&#225;tica, caminhar at&#233; a dor subm&#225;xima, mas n&#227;o m&#225;xima, reduziu a PA p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, enquanto apenas a caminhada m&#225;xima elevou o DP p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Por outro lado, as sess&#245;es de caminhada m&#225;xima e subm&#225;xima produziram aumentos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio semelhantes na FC, equil&#237;brio simpatovagal card&#237;aco, FS e inflama&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Caminhada subm&#225;xima, mas n&#227;o m&#225;xima, reduz a PA no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Apenas a caminhada m&#225;xima aumenta a carga card&#237;aca p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Caminhada subm&#225;xima e m&#225;xima aumentam a inflama&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio de modo semelhante.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A caminhada subm&#225;xima pode ser mais adequada do que a caminhada m&#225;xima para pacientes com DAP sintom&#225;tica, porque resulta em menor risco cardiovascular agudo durante o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de p&#243;s-doutorado de Marcel Chehuen pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hirsch</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haskal</surname>
              <given-names>ZJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hertzer</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakal</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Creager</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halperin</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>e463</fpage>
          <lpage>e654</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation. 2006;113(11):e463-654.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Norgren</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hiatt</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dormandy</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nehler</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harris</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fowkes</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease</article-title>
          <source>Int Angiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>81</fpage>
          <lpage>157</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG, et al. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease. Int Angiol. 2007;26(2):81-157.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bhatt</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steg</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohman</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirsch</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ikeda</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mas</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>295</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>180</fpage>
          <lpage>189</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Ohman EM, Hirsch AT, Ikeda Y, Mas JL, et al. International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA. 2006;295(2):180-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goernig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schroeder</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roth</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Truebner</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palutke</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figulla</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Peripheral arterial disease alters heart rate variability in cardiovascular patients</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>858</fpage>
          <lpage>862</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4. Goernig M, Schroeder R, Roth T, Truebner S, Palutke I, Figulla HR, et al. Peripheral arterial disease alters heart rate variability in cardiovascular patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31(7):858-62.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brevetti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giugliano</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brevetti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hiatt</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inflammation in doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1862</fpage>
          <lpage>1875</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5. Brevetti G, Giugliano G, Brevetti L, Hiatt WR. Inflammation in doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica. Circulation. 2010;122(18):1862-75.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>From pathophysiology to targeted therapy for atherothrombosis: a role for the combination of statin and aspirin in secondary prevention</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>184</fpage>
          <lpage>196</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6. Chapman MJ. From pathophysiology to targeted therapy for atherothrombosis: a role for the combination of statin and aspirin in secondary prevention. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;113(1):184-96.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Signorelli</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mazzarino</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Pino</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malaponte</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pennisi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High circulating levels of cytokines (IL-6 and TNFalpha), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) and selectins in patients with peripheral arterial disease at rest and after a treadmill test</article-title>
          <source>Vasc Med</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7. Signorelli SS, Mazzarino MC, Di Pino L, Malaponte G, Porto C, Pennisi G, et al. High circulating levels of cytokines (IL-6 and TNFalpha), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) and selectins in patients with peripheral arterial disease at rest and after a treadmill test. Vasc Med. 2003;8(1):15-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chehuen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cucato</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>CRF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolosker</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leicht</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Walking training at the heart rate of pain threshold improves cardiovascular function and autonomic regulation in intermittent claudication: A randomized controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>J Sci Med Sport</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>886</fpage>
          <lpage>892</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8. Chehuen M, Cucato GG, Carvalho CRF, Ritti-Dias RM, Wolosker N, Leicht AS, et al. Walking training at the heart rate of pain threshold improves cardiovascular function and autonomic regulation in intermittent claudication: A randomized controlled trial. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20(10):886-92.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gerhard-Herman</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gornik</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barrett</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barshes</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corriere</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drachman</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>e686</fpage>
          <lpage>e725</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9. Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(12):e686-e725.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luttrell</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halliwill</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recovery from exercise: vulnerable state, window of opportunity, or crystal ball?</article-title>
          <source>Front Physiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <fpage>204</fpage>
          <lpage>204</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10. Luttrell MJ, Halliwill JR. Recovery from exercise: vulnerable state, window of opportunity, or crystal ball? Front Physiol. 2015;6:204.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palmer-Kazen</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Religa</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wahlberg</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise in patients with intermittent claudication elicits signs of inflammation and angiogenesis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>689</fpage>
          <lpage>696</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11. Palmer-Kazen U, Religa P, Wahlberg E. Exercise in patients with intermittent claudication elicits signs of inflammation and angiogenesis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;38(6):689-96.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silvestro</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scopacasa</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliva</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Cristofaro</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iuliano</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brevetti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vitamin C prevents endothelial dysfunction induced by acute exercise in patients with intermittent claudication</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>165</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>277</fpage>
          <lpage>283</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12. Silvestro A, Scopacasa F, Oliva G, de Cristofaro T, Iuliano L, Brevetti G. Vitamin C prevents endothelial dysfunction induced by acute exercise in patients with intermittent claudication. Atherosclerosis. 2002;165(2):277-83.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meneses</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parker</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montgomery</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khurana</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardner</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular responses to walking in patients with doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2017</fpage>
          <lpage>2023</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13. Ritti-Dias RM, Meneses AL, Parker DE, Montgomery PS, Khurana A, Gardner AW. Cardiovascular responses to walking in patients with doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(11):2017-23.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Svensson</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niklasson</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ostergren</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Episodes of ST-segment depression is related to changes in ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in intermittent claudication</article-title>
          <source>J Intern Med</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>250</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>398</fpage>
          <lpage>405</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14. Svensson P, Niklasson U, Ostergren J. Episodes of ST-segment depression is related to changes in ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in intermittent claudication. J Intern Med. 2001;250(5):398-405.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Novakovic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krevel</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rajkovic</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vizintin Cuderman</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jansa Trontelj</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fras</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Moderate-pain versus pain-free exercise, walking capacity, and cardiovascular health in patients with doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>148</fpage>
          <lpage>156</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15. Novakovic M, Krevel B, Rajkovic U, Vizintin Cuderman T, Jansa Trontelj K, Fras Z, et al. Moderate-pain versus pain-free exercise, walking capacity, and cardiovascular health in patients with doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica. J Vasc Surg. 2019;70(1):148-56.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cucato</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chehuen Mda</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolosker</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saxton</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise prescription using the heart of claudication pain onset in patients with intermittent claudication</article-title>
          <source>Clinics (Sao Paulo)</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>974</fpage>
          <lpage>978</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16. Cucato GG, Chehuen Mda R, Costa LA, Ritti-Dias RM, Wolosker N, Saxton JM, et al. Exercise prescription using the heart of claudication pain onset in patients with intermittent claudication. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2013;68(7):974-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cucato</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chehuen Mda</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolosker</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saxton</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Post-walking exercise hypotension in patients with intermittent claudication</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>460</fpage>
          <lpage>467</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17. Cucato GG, Chehuen Mda R, Ritti-Dias RM, Carvalho CR, Wolosker N, Saxton JM, et al. Post-walking exercise hypotension in patients with intermittent claudication. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(3):460-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gardner</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skinner</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cantwell</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Progressive vs single-stage treadmill tests for evaluation of claudication</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>402</fpage>
          <lpage>408</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18. Gardner AW, Skinner JS, Cantwell BW, Smith LK. Progressive vs single-stage treadmill tests for evaluation of claudication. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(4):402-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vafeiadou</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hallund</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bugel</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koebnick</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reimann</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Soy-isoflavone-enriched foods and inflammatory biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women: interactions with genotype and equol production</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1260</fpage>
          <lpage>1268</lpage>
          <comment>quiz 365-6</comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19. Hall WL, Vafeiadou K, Hallund J, Bugel S, Koebnick C, Reimann M, et al. Soy-isoflavone-enriched foods and inflammatory biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women: interactions with genotype and equol production. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(6):1260-8; quiz 365-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karl</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whitney</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barrett</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farhadi</surname>
              <given-names>NF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Glycaemic regulation, appetite and ex vivo oxidative stress in young adults following consumption of high-carbohydrate cereal bars fortified with polyphenol-rich berries</article-title>
          <source>Br J Nutr</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1026</fpage>
          <lpage>1038</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20. Smith TJ, Karl JP, Wilson MA, Whitney CC, Barrett A, Farhadi NF, et al. Glycaemic regulation, appetite and ex vivo oxidative stress in young adults following consumption of high-carbohydrate cereal bars fortified with polyphenol-rich berries. Br J Nutr. 2019;121(9):1026-38.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart rate and the rate-pressure product as determinants of cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>2 Pt 2</issue>
          <fpage>50S</fpage>
          <lpage>55S</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21. White WB. Heart rate and the rate-pressure product as determinants of cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12(2 Pt 2):50S-5S.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Heart rate variability</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>354</fpage>
          <lpage>381</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22. Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J. 1996;17(3):354-81.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thijssen</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bleeker</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smits</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hopman</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reproducibility of blood flow and post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia as measured by venous occlusion plethysmography</article-title>
          <source>Clin Sci (Lond)</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>151</fpage>
          <lpage>157</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23. Thijssen DH, Bleeker MW, Smits P, Hopman MT. Reproducibility of blood flow and post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia as measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. Clin Sci (Lond). 2005;108(2):151-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Matos</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Single Bout of Arm-crank Exercise Promotes Positive Emotions and Post-Exercise Hypotension in Patients with Symptomatic Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>223</fpage>
          <lpage>228</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24. Cavalcante BR, Ritti-Dias RM, Soares AH, Lima AH, Correia MA, De Matos LD, et al. A Single Bout of Arm-crank Exercise Promotes Positive Emotions and Post-Exercise Hypotension in Patients with Symptomatic Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2017;53(2):223-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Brito</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fecchio</surname>
              <given-names>RY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pecanha</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halliwill</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forjaz</surname>
              <given-names>CLM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations in Post-exercise Hypotension: Concerns, Best Practices and Interpretation</article-title>
          <source>Int J Sports Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>487</fpage>
          <lpage>497</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25. de Brito LC, Fecchio RY, Pecanha T, Lima A, Halliwill J, Forjaz CLM. Recommendations in Post-exercise Hypotension: Concerns, Best Practices and Interpretation. Int J Sports Med. 2019;40(8):487-97.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kenney</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seals</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Postexercise hypotension. Key features, mechanisms, and clinical significance</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>653</fpage>
          <lpage>664</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26. Kenney MJ, Seals DR. Postexercise hypotension. Key features, mechanisms, and clinical significance. Hypertension. 1993;22(5):653-64.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pescatello</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franklin</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fagard</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farquhar</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kelley</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ray</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>533</fpage>
          <lpage>553</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27. Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, Farquhar WB, Kelley GA, Ray CA, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(3):533-53.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kiviniemi</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hautala</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karjalainen</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piira</surname>
              <given-names>OP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lepojarvi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ukkola</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute post-exercise change in blood pressure and exercise training response in patients with coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Front Physiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <fpage>526</fpage>
          <lpage>526</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28. Kiviniemi AM, Hautala AJ, Karjalainen JJ, Piira OP, Lepojarvi S, Ukkola O, et al. Acute post-exercise change in blood pressure and exercise training response in patients with coronary artery disease. Front Physiol. 2014;5:526.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cucato</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terra</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute blood pressure changes are related to chronic effects of resistance exercise in medicated hypertensives elderly women</article-title>
          <source>Clin Physiol Funct Imaging</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>242</fpage>
          <lpage>248</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29. Moreira SR, Cucato GG, Terra DF, Ritti-Dias RM. Acute blood pressure changes are related to chronic effects of resistance exercise in medicated hypertensives elderly women. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2016;36(3):242-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Brito</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rezende</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tinucci</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casarini</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cipolla</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Post-Exercise Hypotension and Its Mechanisms Differ after Morning and Evening Exercise: A Randomized Crossover Study</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0132458</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>30. de Brito LC, Rezende RA, da Silva Junior ND, Tinucci T, Casarini DE, Cipolla-Neto J, et al. Post-Exercise Hypotension and Its Mechanisms Differ after Morning and Evening Exercise: A Randomized Crossover Study. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0132458.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cote</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bredin</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phillips</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koehle</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warburton</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Greater autonomic modulation during post-exercise hypotension following high-intensity interval exercise in endurance-trained men and women</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Appl Physiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>81</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>31. Cote AT, Bredin SS, Phillips AA, Koehle MS, Warburton DE. Greater autonomic modulation during post-exercise hypotension following high-intensity interval exercise in endurance-trained men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115(1):81-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schlereth</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Birklein</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The sympathetic nervous system and pain</article-title>
          <source>Neuromolecular Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>141</fpage>
          <lpage>147</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>32. Schlereth T, Birklein F. The sympathetic nervous system and pain. Neuromolecular Med. 2008;10(3):141-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roseguini</surname>
              <given-names>BT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chehuen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of oral N-acetylcysteine on walking capacity, leg reactive hyperemia, and inflammatory and angiogenic mediators in patients with intermittent claudication</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>309</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>H897</fpage>
          <lpage>H905</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>33. da Silva ND, Jr., Roseguini BT, Chehuen M, Fernandes T, Mota GF, Martin PK, et al. Effects of oral N-acetylcysteine on walking capacity, leg reactive hyperemia, and inflammatory and angiogenic mediators in patients with intermittent claudication. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015;309(5):H897-905.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stabler</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kenjale</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ham</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robbins</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duscha</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Plasma nitrite flux predicts exercise performance in peripheral arterial disease after 3months of exercise training</article-title>
          <source>Free Radic Biol Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1138</fpage>
          <lpage>1144</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>34. Allen JD, Stabler T, Kenjale A, Ham KL, Robbins JL, Duscha BD, et al. Plasma nitrite flux predicts exercise performance in peripheral arterial disease after 3months of exercise training. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;49(6):1138-44.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Physiological Responses to Maximal and Submaximal Walking in Patients with Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9857-8761</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chehuen</surname>
            <given-names>Marcel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8559-7752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade-Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Aluisio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Natan</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miyasato</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo W. Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leicht</surname>
            <given-names>Anthony</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brum</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Chakur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7101-312X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Edilamar M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1991-3507</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wolosker</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7584-4265</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Forjaz</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Lucia de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esportes, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Townsville</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Queensland</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AU">Australia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland - Australia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Aluisio Andrade-Lima</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Rua Jo&#227;o Geniton da Costa, 306. Postal Code <postal-code>49095-796</postal-code>, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>aluisiolima@live.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Chehuen M, Andrade-Lima A, Silva Junior N, Leicht A, Brum PC, Oliveira EM, Wolosker N, Forjaz CLM; Acquisition of data: Chehuen M, Andrade-Lima A, Silva Junior N, Miyasato R, Souza R; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Chehuen M, Andrade-Lima A, Silva Junior N, Miyasato R, Souza R, Leicht A, Brum PC, Oliveira EM, Wolosker N, Forjaz CLM; Statistical analysis: Chehuen M, Andrade-Lima A, Forjaz CLM; Obtaining financing: Forjaz CLM; Writing of the manuscript: Chehuen M, Andrade-Lima A, Leicht A, Brum PC, Oliveira EM, Wolosker N, Forjaz CLM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Chehuen M, Andrade-Lima A, Silva Junior N, Miyasato R, Souza R, Leicht A, Brum PC, Oliveira EM, Wolosker N, Forjaz CLM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Although maximal and submaximal walking are recommended for patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), performing these exercises may induce different physiological responses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To compare the acute effects of maximal and submaximal walking on post-exercise cardiovascular function, regulation, and associated pathophysiological processes in patients with symptomatic PAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Thirty male patients underwent 2 sessions: maximal walking (Gardner's protocol) and submaximal walking (15 bouts of 2 minutes of walking separated by 2 minutes of upright rest). In each session, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), cardiac autonomic modulation (HR variability), forearm and calf blood flows (BF), vasodilatory capacity (reactive hyperemia), nitric oxide (NO), oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation), and inflammation (four markers) were measured pre- and post-walking. ANOVAs were employed, and p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Systolic and mean BP decreased after the submaximal session, but they increased after the maximal session (interactions, p &lt; 0.001 for both). Diastolic BP did not change after the submaximal session (p &gt; 0.05), and it increased after maximal walking (interaction, p &lt; 0.001). HR, sympathovagal balance, and BF increased similarly after both sessions (moment, p &lt; 0.001, p = 0.04, and p &lt; 0.001, respectively), while vasodilatory capacity, NO, and oxidative stress remained unchanged (p &gt; 0.05). Vascular and intercellular adhesion molecules increased similarly after both maximal and submaximal walking sessions (moment, p = 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In patients with symptomatic PAD, submaximal, but not maximal walking reduced post-exercise BP, while maximal walking maintained elevated cardiac overload during the recovery period. On the other hand, maximal and submaximal walking sessions similarly increased post-exercise HR, cardiac sympathovagal balance, and inflammation, while they did not change post-exercise NO bioavailability and oxidative stress.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Walking</kwd>
        <kwd>Peripheral Arterial Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Walking Speed</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamic Monitoring</kwd>
        <kwd>Intermittent Claudication</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Byomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is characterized by the narrowing of the lower limb arteries, conventionally due to atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>{Norgren, 2007, Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease} Patients at the second stage of the disease (Fontaine classification) present a symptom known as intermittent claudication (IC), which is characterized by the appearance of pain in the lower leg during walking that is relieved with rest.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Additionally, patients with symptomatic PAD could present high blood pressure (BP) values,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> cardiovascular overload,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> cardiac autonomic dysfunction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> endothelial dysfunction, exacerbated oxidative stress, and inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> All these physiological manifestations contribute to the progression of the disease and cardiovascular morbimortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Exercise training has been considered the best treatment for patients with IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Regular training improves these patients&#8217; walking capacity, claudication symptoms, quality of life, and cardiovascular health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Among the different training modalities, walking has been widely recommended by several guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> However, the chronic effects of training are thought to result from the sum of acute bout responses,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> which reinforces the importance of performing daily walking sessions to optimize chronic adaptations. However, acutely, each walking session may transiently increase cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Indeed, previous studies have reported that walking to near-maximal IC symptoms increases cardiac overload, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> which enhances the risk for ischemia and arrhythmias in predisposed patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Accordingly, maximal walking may have hazardous post-exercise effects in patients with symptomatic PAD, and submaximal walking (until moderate leg pain) appears as a potential option that may promote lower post-exercise cardiac overload accompanied by moderate oxidative stress and inflammation. Novakovic et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> have shown that walking at moderate pain improved several outcomes in these patients, such as vascular function. Additionally, previous studies have tested a specific submaximal walking protocol (15 bouts of 2 minutes of walking at pain threshold) and reported that it induces tolerable levels of leg pain and moderate metabolic and cardiovascular stimuli during its execution,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> induces post-exercise hypotension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> and improves walking capacity and cardiovascular parameters after a period of regular training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Thus, the aim of this study was to compare, in patients with symptomatic PAD, the acute effects of maximal and submaximal walking exercises on the following post-exercise variables: i) cardiovascular function, assessed by BP, heart rate (HR) and rate-pressure product (RPP); ii) cardiac autonomic modulation, assessed by low (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components of HR variability and LF/HF ratio; iii) vascular function, assessed by forearm and calf blood flows (BF) and BF responses to reactive hyperemia; iv) endothelial function, assessed by nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability; v) oxidative stress, assessed by lipid peroxidation; and vi) inflammation, assessed by C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-&#945; (TNF-&#945;), vascular cell adhesion protein (VCAM), and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM). The following were hypothesized: i) a maximal walking session would increase post-exercise cardiac overload (BP, HR, and RPP), sympathovagal balance (LF and LF/HF ratio), and vascular dysfunction, while the submaximal walking session would decrease BP and RPP, while inducing a lower increase on HR and sympathovagal balance; and ii) maximal and submaximal walking sessions would increase post-exercise oxidative stress and inflammation with greater responses after maximal walking.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This single center study followed a non-random repeated measurement design in which each patient underwent two experimental sessions conducted in a fixed order. The study protocol followed the Declaration of Helsinki. It was registered at the Brazilian Clinical Trials website (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br">http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br</ext-link>, RBR-3pq58k) and was approved by the Joint Committee on Ethics of Human Research of the School of Physical Education and Sport at the University of S&#227;o Paulo (process 667.382). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>Patients were recruited from those assisted at the Vascular Unit of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the University of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, according to the possibility of contacting them. Male patients previously diagnosed with PAD and IC were invited. Inclusion criteria were the following: a) age &#8805; 50 years; b) ankle-brachial index &#8804; 0.90 in at least one leg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>; c) Fontaine stage II (a and b) of PAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>; d) body mass index &lt; 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; e) resting systolic BP &lt; 160 mmHg and diastolic BP &lt; 105 mmHg; f) not currently taking &#946;-blockers or non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers; g) ability to walk at least 2 minutes at 3.2 km/h on a treadmill; h) ability to undertake an incremental treadmill test limited by symptoms of IC; and i) absence of myocardial ischemia or complex arrhythmias during a treadmill test.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Preliminary evaluations</title>
          <p>All patients underwent preliminary evaluation to identify whether they met the study criteria. They were interviewed to assess the following: age, presence of cardiovascular disease, risk factors, comorbid conditions, and current medication. Ankle-brachial index was measured as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Body mass and height were assessed with standard equipment (Welmy 110, Brazil), and body mass index was calculated. Resting brachial BP was measured by the auscultatory method after 5 minutes of seated rest. Three measurements were taken in each of 2 visits, and the mean value was calculated for each arm. The highest mean value was also documented. Finally, all patients undertook an exercise test on a treadmill following Gardner's protocol (3.2 km/h with 2% increase in grade per minute)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> until maximal claudication pain was experienced. This test was also employed as a familiarization to the maximal effort.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental protocol</title>
          <p>Following the preliminary procedures, patients who fulfilled all study criteria underwent the experimental protocol that consisted of both experimental sessions, maximal and submaximal walking. The submaximal walking session was performed after the maximal session with an interval of at least 7 days between sessions. Moreover, all patients underwent 2 familiarization sessions before undergoing the submaximal session. During each session, cardiovascular, autonomic, endothelial, oxidative stress, and inflammatory variables were evaluated prior to and after the submaximal or maximal walking protocols.</p>
          <p>Before both sessions, the patients were instructed to maintain similar routines for the prior 24 hours. In addition, they were instructed to avoid physical exercise for the previous 48 hours, alcoholic beverages for the previous 24 hours, and smoking on the day of the sessions. They were also instructed to take their medication regularly and to attend to the laboratory in a fasted state.</p>
          <p>The sessions were conducted in a temperature-controlled laboratory (20 to 22 &#176;C). Patients arrived at 7 am and received a standardized meal (two cereal bars and 50 ml of juice).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> A catheter was then inserted into the antecubital vein of the left arm and kept patent by sterile saline. The patients then rested in the supine position for 20 minutes until the commencement of the experimental procedures.</p>
          <p>Experimental procedures were initiated at 8 am with pre-exercise assessments performed in the supine position after a 10-minute stabilization period. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration were recorded between 10 and 20 minutes to assess cardiac autonomic modulation. Auscultatory BP and HR were measured in triplicate between 20 and 25 minutes, and the mean value was used for analysis. A venous blood sample was then collected followed by the assessment of lower and upper limb BF and vasodilatory responses to reactive hyperaemia.</p>
          <p>Subsequently, patients performed the walking exercise on a treadmill. In the maximal session, they walked at 3.2 km/h with grade increased 2% every minute until maximal pain (Gardner's protocol).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> During the submaximal session, they performed 15 bouts of 2 minutes of walking separated by 2 minutes of upright rest, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Treadmill speed was maintained at 3.2 km/h with the grade adjusted to maintain the HR of the pain threshold (i.e. the HR measured when the patients had experienced initial claudication pain during the preliminary maximal walking test).</p>
          <p>At the end of the walking sessions, the patients immediately returned to supine position for the post-exercise assessments that included an immediate blood sampling. At 20 to 30 minutes of recovery, ECG and breathing movements were recorded for cardiac autonomic modulation assessment, followed by the assessments of auscultatory BP and HR in triplicate. Finally BF and vasodilatory responses were recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurements</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Cardiovascular function</title>
            <p>Recordings of ECG were obtained at D2 (EMG System, Brazil) with HR determined by the ECG. Respiratory signal was obtained by a piezoelectric belt (UFI, Pneumotrace2, USA) positioned at the patients&#8217; thorax. Auscultatory BP was measured in the dominant arm using a mercury sphygmomanometer (Unitec, Brazil), and mean BP was calculated. RPP was calculated by the product of HR and systolic BP as a marker of myocardial oxygen consumption and, thus, of cardiac overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Cardiac autonomic modulation</title>
            <p>For cardiac autonomic evaluation, R-R intervals from the ECG and respiratory signals from the thoracic belt were inputted into a data acquisition system (WinDaq, DI-720, Akron, USA) at a sampling rate of 500 Hz/channel. Stationary segments of 250 to 300 beats were analyzed via spectral analysis of HR variability using the autoregressive method (Heart Scope, version 1.3.0.1, AMPS-LLC, USA). LF (LF<sub>RR</sub>, 0.04 &#8211; 0.15 Hz) and HF (HF<sub>RR</sub>, 0.15 &#8211; 0.4 Hz) components of HR variability were calculated and expressed in normalized units (nu). The LF/HF ratio was also calculated. All procedures followed the Task Force for HR variability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Vascular function</title>
            <p>BF were simultaneously determined in the dominant forearm and the leg with the lowest ankle-brachial index, via venous occlusion plethysmography (Hokanson, AI6, USA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Briefly, BF to the hand and the foot were interrupted by cuffs inflated to 200 mmHg positioned, respectively, around the wrist and the ankle. Other cuffs placed at the arm and the thigh were rapidly inflated for 10 seconds at 40 to 60 mmHg, followed by 10 seconds of deflation. Increases in forearm and calf volumes were detected by mercury strain gauges positioned at the largest circumference of these limb segments and recorded by specialized software (NIVP3; Hokanson, USA). Measurements were taken for 4 minutes (twelve 20-second cycles) and the first 2 and the last cycle measurement were excluded from analysis (i.e. mean of 9 cycles). Forearm and calf vasodilatory responses to reactive hyperemia were assessed immediately after determination of BF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> For this, BF to each limb was occluded for 5 minutes by inflating the thigh and forearm cuffs to 200 mmHg. Afterwards, the cuffs were released and post-occlusion BF were measured for 4 minutes as previously described. Vasodilatory response was calculated as the difference in the area under the curve (AUCBF) of the post- and pre-hyperemia BF measurements.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Blood analysis</title>
            <p>In each sampling moment, 15 ml of blood were collected in standard anticoagulant EDTA-treated vacutainer tubes. Samples were centrifuged within 30 minutes, divided into aliquots and stored at &#8211;80 &#176;C until analysis. Plasma concentrations of CRP, TNF-&#945;, VCAM, and ICAM were determined by enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assays (ELISA) according to the manufacturer's instructions in each kit (Cayman Chemical, USA for CRP; and R&amp;D Systems, USA for TNF-&#945;, VCAM, and ICAM). Lipid peroxidation was analyzed by specific kits (Cayman Chemical, USA), and NO was analyzed by the chemiluminescence method with a specific analyzer (Sievers &#174; Nitric Oxide Analyzer NOA 280, USA).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>Considering a power of 90%, an alpha error of 5%, and a standard deviation of 3 mmHg for systolic BP and 0.6 ml.100 ml tissue<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.min<sup>&#8722;1</sup> for BF (i.e. the main clinical outcomes), the minimal sample sizes necessary to detect a difference of 4 mmHg in systolic BP and 0.5 ml.100 ml tissue<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.min<sup>&#8722;1</sup> in BF were calculated to be 10 and 14 subjects, respectively. As other variables with greater variation were included in the study, the sample size used was greater.</p>
          <p>Normality and homogeneity of variance for all data were checked using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively. When non-normality of data was identified, a logarithmic transformation was applied, and normal distribution was obtained. Responses to walking sessions were compared by two-way ANOVA (Statsoft, Statistic for Windows 4.3, Oklahoma, USA) for repeated measures with session (maximal versus submaximal) and moment (pre- versus post-exercise) as the main factors. When pre-exercise values were significantly different between the sessions (i.e. for HR and RPP), an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was employed using the pre-exercise value as a covariate. The Newman-Keuls post-hoc test was used to identify significances when appropriate. P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant, and data were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables and as frequency of appearance (%) for categorical variables, such as comorbidities and medication use.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Fifty patients volunteered for the study, and 11 refrained from participating due to lack of time. Thus, 39 patients signed the informed consent and performed the preliminary examinations, 9 of which were excluded (5 due to ECG abnormalities in the exercise test and 4 due to interruption of exercise test for reasons other than claudication pain). Therefore, 30 patients underwent both the maximal and submaximal experimental sessions and their characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Patient characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mean &#177; standard deviation</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">66 &#177; 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25.3 &#177; 3.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Diagnosis of PAD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">ABI at rest</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.62 &#177; 0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">COD (m)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">218 &#177; 87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TWD (m)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">606 &#177; 275</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Obesity (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hypertension (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">73.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">93.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Current smokers (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">33.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Heart disease/stroke (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">23.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Drug therapy</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Aspirin (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">93.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Statin (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">93.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Antihypertensive agent (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Oral hypoglycemic (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26.7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Data are mean &#177; standard deviation or percentage (%). ABI: ankle-brachial index; COD: claudication onset distance; PAD: peripheral artery disease; TWD: total walking distance. Obesity defined as body mass index &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart disease, and stroke defined by previous medical diagnosis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Hemodynamic and autonomic responses are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>. Systolic and mean BP decreased after the submaximal session and increased after the maximal session (interactions, p &lt; 0.001 for both). Diastolic BP increased only after maximal walking (interaction, p &lt; 0.001). Pre-exercise HR and RPP were significantly higher in the submaximal session than the maximal walking one, and ANCOVA revealed that these pre-exercise differences did not affect the results. Thus, HR displayed similar increases after both the maximal and the submaximal walking bouts (moment, p &lt; 0.001), while RPP increased significantly only after maximal walking (interaction, p = 0.007).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamic and autonomic variables measured pre- and post-exercise in the submaximal and maximal walking sessions</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Submaximal</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Maximal</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pre</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Post</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pre</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Post</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p session</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p moment</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p interaction</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="8">
                  <bold>Systemic hemodynamics (N = 30)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">132 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">125 &#177; 15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">134 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">138 &#177; 17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">77 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">78 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">83 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mean BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">95 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">92 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">96 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">101 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">67 &#177; 9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">68 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">71 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">RPP (bpm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8466 &#177; 1466<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8308 &#177; 1433<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9010 &#177; 1394</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9762 &#177; 1671<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="8">
                  <bold>Autonomic modulation (n=22)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LF (nu)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">56 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64 &#177; 20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">51 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60 &#177; 21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">HF (nu)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31 &#177; 19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34 &#177; 19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.02</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LF/HF ratio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.2 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.4 &#177; 0.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.1 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.3 &#177; 0.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="8">
                  <bold>Local hemodynamics (n = 21)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Forearm BF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.42 &#177; 0.63</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.68 &#177; 0.68<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.41 &#177; 0.59</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.65 &#177; 0.67<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Calf BF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12.0 &#177; 7.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13.7 &#177; 7.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12.2 &#177; 7.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14.4 &#177; 8.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Forearm VR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">80.9 &#177; 34.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">67.2 &#177; 30.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">83.9 &#177; 40.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">73.6 &#177; 34.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Calf VR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">56.8 &#177; 30.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40.4 &#177; 19.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">63.9 &#177; 29.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52.4 &#177; 26.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.02</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Forearm AUCBF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1085 &#177; 507</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1299 &#177; 609</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1294 &#177; 676</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1218 &#177; 476</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.66</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.38</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Calf AUCBF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1081 &#177; 606</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1152 &#177; 603</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">999 &#177; 467</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1270 &#177; 825</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.89</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.20</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Data are mean &#177; standard deviation. AUC: area under the curve; BF: blood flow; BP: blood pressure; HF: high frequency; HR: heart rate; LF: low frequency; nu: normalized units; RPP: rate-pressure product; VR: vascular resistance. Values for BF are ml.100 ml tissue-1.min-1.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>different from pre in the same session (p &lt; 0.05)</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>different from the maximal session at the same moment (p &lt; 0.05). Analyses performed by two-way ANOVA.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>HF decreased while LF and the LF/HF ratio increased significantly and similarly after both the maximal and the submaximal walking sessions (moment, p = 0.02, p = 0.05, and p = 0.04, respectively).</p>
        <p>Forearm and calf BF increased significantly and similarly after the maximal and the submaximal walking bouts (moment, p &lt; 0.001), while forearm and calf vascular resistance decreased similarly after both walking bouts (moment, p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively), and forearm and calf AUCBF did not change after either submaximal or maximal walking bouts (all p &gt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>Blood responses are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>. NO, lipid peroxidation, CRP, and TNF-&#945; did not change after either submaximal or maximal walking bouts (all p &gt; 0.05), while ICAM and VCAM displayed a similar and significant increase after the maximal and the submaximal walking sessions (moment, p = 0.001 for both).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Plasma concentrations of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and inflammatory variables measured pre- and post-exercise in the submaximal and the maximal walking sessions</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Submaximal</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Maximal</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pre</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Post</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pre</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Post</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p session</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p moment</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p interaction</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">NO (&#956;M)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14.32&#177;5.65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13.59&#177;4.63</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13.53&#177;4.51</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13.68&#177;4.21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Oxidative stress</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top" colspan="3"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LPO (&#956;M)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18.81&#177;14.69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19.29&#177;15.34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18.71&#177;17.06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">20.55&#177;19.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.81</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Inflammation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top" colspan="3"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">CRP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1868&#177;1435</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1843&#177;1485</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1614&#177;1651</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1837&#177;1586</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TNF-&#945; (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.18&#177;0.36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.24&#177;0.29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.21&#177;0.28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.23&#177;0.25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.75</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">ICAM (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">223&#177;96</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">236&#177;99<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">218&#177;92</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">244&#177;100<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">VCAM (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">619&#177;250</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">671&#177;286<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">592&#177;237</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">650&#177;247<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.75</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>Data are mean &#177; standard deviation. CRP: C-reactive protein; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; LPO: lipid peroxidation; NO: nitric oxide; TNF-&#945;: tumor necrosis factor-&#945;; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion protein.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>different from pre in the same session (p &lt; 0.05). Analyses performed by two-way ANOVA.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of this study were that patients with symptomatic PAD presented the following: 1) a reduction in systolic BP after submaximal walking, as well as an increase in systolic BP after maximal walking; 2) an increase in RPP only after the maximal walking; 3) similar increases in HR, LF/HF ratio, LF, ICAM, and VCAM levels after the maximal and submaximal walking sessions; and 4) no changes in NO and vasodilatory capacity after either maximal or submaximal walking sessions.</p>
        <p>Walking to submaximal, but not maximal pain decreased post-exercise BP. Previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> have already reported the occurrence of post-exercise hypotension (PEH, i.e., a decrease in BP after an exercise bout in comparison to pre-exercise values)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> in patients with symptomatic PAD after walking to moderate pain. The novelty of this study was to provide evidence that, in patients with PAD at Fontaine stage II, PEH did not occur when walking was performed to maximal pain, and BP remained elevated after maximal walking. As PEH is known as a clinically relevant phenomenon in hypertensive populations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> submaximal, but not maximal walking may produce acute hypotensive benefits in patients with IC and hypertension. Moreover, recent evidence has shown that PEH correlates with decreases in BP after a training period, and it is a possible predictor of the chronic responsiveness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Thus, these results raise the hypothesis that submaximal walking might produce better chronic hypotensive effects than maximal walking in this population. This needs to be tested by future studies.</p>
        <p>Post-exercise HR increased similarly after the maximal and submaximal walking sessions, which is consistent with the similar increase observed in cardiac autonomic modulation changes towards sympathetic predominance after both walking sessions (i.e. a similar increase in LF and the LF/HF ratio, as well as a decrease in HF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> This lack of difference between the maximal and submaximal sessions was, to a certain extent, unexpected, given that, in other populations, changes in post-exercise HR and sympathovagal modulation are usually associated with exercise intensity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> This apparently contradictory result may be explained by the fact that the submaximal walking session lasted longer (30 minutes, total distance walked = 1600 m) than the maximal session (12 &#177; 5 minutes, total distance walked = 606 &#177; 275 m). Thus, as pain produces sympathetic activation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> it is possible that, despite the moderate intensity, the longer period of pain in the submaximal session may have led to a sustained increase in sympathetic modulation and, consequently, HR during the recovery period, matching the increase produced by the more intense but shorter maximal session. Additionally, although post-exercise HR increased in both walking sessions, BP decreased only in the submaximal walking session, consequently leading to higher RPP after maximal walking, which reflects greater cardiac overload, and, consequently, greater risk of acute adverse events after maximal walking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Thus, these results suggest that submaximal walking may be safer for patients predisposed to acute cardiovascular events.</p>
        <p>Forearm and calf BF increased similarly after the submaximal and maximal walking sessions, and these responses are in agreement with previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> However, interestingly, vasodilatory capacity did not change after either walking session, whereas previous studies reported decreased endothelial function after maximal walking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> Possible differences among the studies may be related to the methods used to assess vascular function (plethysmograph versus ultrasound). Nevertheless, in the current study, the absence of change in vasodilatory capacity is in accordance with the maintenance of NO and oxidative stress markers.</p>
        <p>As expected, maximal and submaximal walking sessions increased inflammatory markers. However, different from the hypothesis, inflammation increased similarly after both sessions. Once again, this response may be related to the fact that exercise duration was longer in the submaximal walking session, leading to similar magnitude of inflammation, in spite of lower pain.</p>
        <p>The absence of paired volume between the two walking sessions is a limitation to this study, which precludes us from attributing the results solely to the degree of pain. However, as a first study comparing post-exercise maximal and submaximal responses, this study opted to use a maximal protocol extensively investigated in literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> and a submaximal protocol, both of which have already been demonstrated to elicit cardiovascular benefits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Future studies should compare other maximal and submaximal protocols with similar volume. Additionally, it is important to mention that this study was conducted with men at Fountain stage IIa and IIb, and post-walking responses may differ in women, in patients at other stages of the disease, and in patients with different clinical characteristics, notwithstanding Fontaine stage II. Future studies can overcome these limitations by studying women and other patients with PAD. In addition, measurements were performed only in one time-point during the post-exercise period. For a better understanding of responses, a follow-up for a longer period, with more measurements, should be performed in future investigations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In male patients with symptomatic PAD, walking to submaximal, but not maximal pain reduces post-exercise BP, while only maximal walking elevates post-exercise RPP. On the other hand, maximal and submaximal walking sessions produce similar post-exercise increases in HR, cardiac sympathovagal balance, BF, and inflammation.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Practical implications</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Submaximal, but not maximal walking reduces BP in the post-exercise period.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Only maximal walking increases post-exercise cardiac load.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Submaximal and maximal walking similarly increase post-exercise inflammation.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Submaximal walking might be more adequate than maximal walking for patients with symptomatic PAD, because it results in lower acute cardiovascular risk during the recovery period.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of postdoctoral submitted by Marcel Chehuen, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
