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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KJxJ3qjkdZKcPm7gTGJHp6k</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210482</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210482</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Intermedi&#225;ria - Condi&#231;&#227;o Tempor&#225;ria ou um Grupo Espec&#237;fico?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8975-1182</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Min&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Pinto Cavalcante</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eduarda Quidute Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Arritmia do Cear&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Arritmia do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Fortaleza</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Fortaleza Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Arrais Rocha</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; - Cardiologia Rua Capit&#227;o Francisco Pedro, 1290. CEP <postal-code>60430-160</postal-code>, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>eduardoa@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>307</fpage>
      <lpage>308</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O &#250;ltimo levantamento epidemiol&#243;gico da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> aponta que 6,2 milh&#245;es de americanos acima de 20 anos apresentam insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), havendo proje&#231;&#227;o que esse n&#250;mero chegue a mais de 8 milh&#245;es em 2030.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> No Brasil, entre 2008 e 2017, a IC foi a principal causa cardiovascular de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, perfazendo 2,25% de todos os internamentos, com mortalidade de 14/100.000.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Segundo Fernandes et al., essa taxa chega a 19,2/100.000 em estados menos desenvolvidos da federa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Diante da preval&#234;ncia e gravidade da doen&#231;a, o estudo &#8220;Caracter&#237;sticas e Tend&#234;ncias na Mortalidade em Diferentes Fen&#243;tipos de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria&#8221; traz valiosos dados para melhor compreender, estratificar e tratar os pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>.</p>
    <p>Descrita na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEi) ocupou uma &#8220;zona cinzenta&#8221; de pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) entre 41% e 49%, compreendendo aproximadamente 7% a 25% de todos os pacientes com IC. Trata-se de um grupo com caracter&#237;sticas heterog&#234;neas, que ora apresentam semelhan&#231;as com o grupo de pacientes com FE reduzida (ICFEr), ora com o grupo de FE preservada (ICFEp) e ora apresentam-se com um fen&#243;tipo &#250;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> H&#225; quem advogue, inclusive, n&#227;o se tratar de um grupo &#224; parte, mas sim de um fen&#243;tipo de transi&#231;&#227;o entre ICFEr e ICFEp.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
    <p>No estudo de Jorge et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> a preval&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo de ICFEi observada no servi&#231;o de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria foi de 22%, pr&#243;ximo ao encontrado em outro estudo nacional, de Cavalcanti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> em que 26% dos pacientes com IC agudizada apresentavam o fen&#243;tipo intermedi&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Tais frequ&#234;ncias s&#227;o superiores ao descrito por Peterson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> quando 17% dos pacientes atendidos por IC agudizada apresentavam ICFEi.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
    <p>&#201; digno de nota citar que, dentro dessa nova categoria de IC, a literatura sugere subgrupos com diferentes progn&#243;sticos a partir da an&#225;lise do comportamento din&#226;mico da FE: ICFEi deteriorada, ICFEi recuperada e ICFEi inalterada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Em trabalho de Savarese et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> foram estudados 4.942 pacientes a partir do registro populacional <italic>Swedish Heart Failure Registry</italic> que apresentavam pelo menos dois ecocardiogramas consecutivos, realizados com intervalo m&#233;dio de 1,4 anos. Foi analisada a incid&#234;ncia de transi&#231;&#227;o entre grupos fenot&#237;picos a partir de um aumento, queda ou manuten&#231;&#227;o da FE, bem como a implica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dessas altera&#231;&#245;es. Os autores observaram os seguintes resultados: entre os pacientes com ICFEp, 21% deterioraram para ICFEi e 18% para ICFEr; entre aqueles com ICFEi, 37% deterioraram para ICFEr e 25% melhoraram para ICFEp; j&#225; entre pacientes ICFEr, 16% evolu&#237;ram para ICFEi e 10% modificaram para o grupo ICFEp. Pacientes que melhoraram a partir da ICFEr, passando a apresentar fen&#243;tipo de ICFEi ou ICFEp tiveram menor mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, sendo o desfecho oposto para aqueles que apresentavam ICFEp ou ICFEi e passaram para o fen&#243;tipo ICFEr.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
    <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o da possibilidade dos tr&#234;s subgrupos acima talvez possa explicar as diferen&#231;as nos resultados entre os diversos estudos. Caso em uma dada pesquisa predominasse subgrupo que vinha com FE reduzida em recupera&#231;&#227;o, possivelmente eles teriam caracter&#237;sticas mais similares &#224;s do grupo com FE preservada. De outra forma, caso predominasse subgrupo de ICFEi que originalmente apresentava FE melhor, por&#233;m evoluindo com gradativa piora, as caracter&#237;sticas poderiam se assemelhar mais ao grupo com ICFEr. Importante ainda considerar que c&#225;lculos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos habituais da FE realizados nesses estudos apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es, t&#234;m resultados din&#226;micos a depender das condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas do paciente e apresentam variabilidade inter e intra-observadores. Para dirimir tais limita&#231;&#245;es, novas t&#233;cnicas como o <italic>strain</italic> est&#227;o sendo incorporadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
    <p>O artigo que ensejou este editorial, pioneiro em territ&#243;rio nacional no estudo da ICFEi, seguiu uma metodologia adequada e trouxe diversas informa&#231;&#245;es que certamente auxiliar&#227;o em nossas abordagens cl&#237;nicas. Entretanto, h&#225; que se analisar os dados no contexto onde a popula&#231;&#227;o estava inserida, ou seja, na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, o que pode diferir de uma an&#225;lise global deste subgrupo.</p>
    <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados encontrados como: tamanho da coorte pequena diante da grande preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a, contando com apenas 51 diagn&#243;sticos em 560 pacientes; todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram feitas em uma &#250;nica ocasi&#227;o, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o desses par&#226;metros temporalmente; os dados dos f&#225;rmacos em uso para IC tamb&#233;m foram aferidos em uma ocasi&#227;o, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel a an&#225;lise se os resultados refletiram um tratamento m&#233;dico otimizado, considerando a baixa taxa de uso dos principais f&#225;rmacos na &#233;poca da an&#225;lise inicial do estudo; e a aus&#234;ncia de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o adequada dos graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>H&#225; aspectos que chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o nas caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos, sendo observado que metade dos pacientes com ICFEi usavam diur&#233;ticos, semelhante ao grupo com ICFEp e maior do que o grupo com ICFEr. Outro dado foi em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dosagem de BNP, que se mostrou menor na ICFEi do que no grupo com ICFEp. Esses achados conflitantes poderiam refletir no desfecho combinado que envolveu interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares, reduzindo a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>A baixa taxa de uso de betabloqueadores no grupo com ICFEr, com apenas 36% e 30% nos demais grupos, mostra-se bastante preocupante, al&#233;m da taxa de 60% a 70% do uso de IECA/BRA. O tratamento padr&#227;o para IC n&#227;o estaria sendo realizado nas unidades de atendimento prim&#225;rio? Ou os grupos passaram a ter conhecimento das patologias ao serem introduzidos no estudo, sendo esses percentuais reflexo de uma an&#225;lise inicial? Ambas as situa&#231;&#245;es ensejam discuss&#245;es sobre a necessidade da busca ativa desses pacientes e implementa&#231;&#227;o de medidas efetivas para garantir o pleno uso das terap&#234;uticas padr&#245;es no tratamento da IC.</p>
    <p>Diante desses coment&#225;rios, os achados do estudo precisam ser confirmados a n&#237;vel nacional em an&#225;lises maiores, em grupos n&#227;o s&#243; de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, para que possamos entender como os nossos pacientes realmente est&#227;o sendo conduzidos, se dentro das evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas maiores, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de maior gravidade.</p>
    <p>Portanto, parabenizo ao grupo pela iniciativa em trazer informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes na triagem dos fen&#243;tipos de IC na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, no contexto de uma entidade cl&#237;nica t&#227;o incidente, prevalente e com alta taxa de morbimortalidade, mesmo considerando-se os diversos recursos terap&#234;uticos conhecidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Caracter&#237;sticas e Tend&#234;ncias na Mortalidade em Diferentes Fen&#243;tipos de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction &#8211; A Temporary Condition or a Specific Group?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8975-1182</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Min&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Pinto Cavalcante</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eduarda Quidute Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Arritmia do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Fortaleza Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Arrais Rocha &#8226;</bold> Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; - Cardiologia Rua Capit&#227;o Francisco Pedro, 1290. Postal Code <postal-code>60430-160</postal-code>, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>eduardoa@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The latest epidemiological report from the American Heart Association indicates that 6.2 million Americans over 20 years of age had heart failure (HF), with the projection that this number could reach 8 million by 2030.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In Brazil, between 2008 and 2017, HF was the leading cardiovascular cause of hospitalization, accounting for 2.25% of all hospitalizations, with mortality of 14/100,000.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> According to Fernandes et al., this rate reaches 19.2/100,000 in less developed states of Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Faced with the prevalence of the severity of this disease, the study &#8220;Characteristics and temporal trends in the mortality of different heart failure phenotypes in primary care&#8221; has brought valuable data to better understand, stratify, and treat patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>.</p>
      <p>As described in the last decade, heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) has occupied a &#8220;grey zone,&#8221; in patients with ejection fraction (EF) between 41% and 49%, comprising approximately 7% to 25% of all patients with HF. It is a group with heterogeneous characteristics. At times, it shows similarities with the group of patients with HF with reduced EF (HFrEF); at other times, with the group with HF with preserved EF (HFpEF), and sometimes it presents as a unique phenotype.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Some authors even argue that it is not a separate group, but rather a transition phenotype between HFrEF and HFpEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
      <p>In the study by Jorge et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>, the prevalence of the HFmrEF phenotype observed in a primary care service was 22%, close to that found in another Brazilian study, by Cavalcanti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> where 26% of patients with acute HF presented the mid-range phenotype.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> These frequencies are higher than those described in the study by Peterson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> where 17% of patients treated for acute HF had HFmrEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
      <p>It is worth mentioning that, within this new category of HF, the literature suggests subgroups with different prognoses based on the analysis of the dynamic behavior of EF, as follows: impaired HFmrEF, recovered HFmrEF, and unchanged HFmrEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> The study by Savarese et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> evaluated 4,942 patients from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry who had at least 2 consecutive echocardiogram measurements with an average interval of 1.4 years. They analyzed the incidence of transition between phenotypic groups as increased EF, decreased EF, or stable EF, in addition to the prognostic implications of these changes. The authors observed the following results: of patients with HFpEF, 21% transitioned to HFmrEF, and 18% transitioned to HFrEF; of those with HFmrEF, 37% transitioned to HFrEF, and 25% transitioned to HFpEF; of patients with HFrEF, 16% transitioned to HFmrEF, and 10% transitioned to HFpEF. Patients who improved from HFrEF, transitioning to the HFmrEF or HFpEF phenotype had less mortality and hospitalization, and the outcome was the opposite for patients with HFpEF or HFmrEF who transitioned to the HFrEF phenotype.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The description of the possibility of these 3 subgroups may explain the differences in results between different studies. If, in a given study, a subgroup with reduced EF in recovery predominated, they could possibly have characteristics that were more similar to those of the group with preserved EF. In another case, if there was a predominance of the HFmrEF subgroup that originally had better EF, but evolved with a gradual worsening, the characteristics could be more similar to the HFrEF group. It is also important to consider that the usual echocardiographic calculations of EF carried out in these studies have limitations and dynamic results that depend on the patients&#8217; hemodynamic conditions, and they have inter- and intra-observer variability. To resolve these limitations, new techniques such as strain are being incorporated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The article that gave rise to this editorial, a pioneer in the study of HFmrEF in Brazil, followed adequate methodology, and it brought diverse pieces of information that will certainly assist our clinical approaches. However, it is necessary to analyze the data in the context where the population was inserted, namely, in primary care, which may differ from global analysis of this subgroup.</p>
      <p>There are some limitations to the interpretation of the results found, including the following: small cohort size, given the high prevalence of the disease, with only 51 diagnoses in 560 patients; all clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic evaluations were performed at a single moment, and it was not possible to assess the evolution of these parameters over time; data on use of medication for HF were also collection at a single moment, and it was not possible to analyze whether the results reflected optimized medical treatment, considering the low rate of use of the main drugs at the time of the initial analysis of the study; and the lack of adequate characterization of the degrees of diastolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p>There are some aspects that warrant attention in the characteristics of the groups. It was observed that half of the patients with HFmrEF were on diuretics; this was similar to the group with HFpEF and higher than the group with HFrEF. Another piece of data was in relation to the dosage of BNP, which was lower in the HFmrEF group than in the HFpEF group. These conflicting findings could influence the combined outcome that involved hospital admissions, reducing the difference between groups.</p>
      <p>The low rate of use of beta-blockers in the group with HFrEF, with only 36% and 30% in the other groups, is rather concerning, in addition to the 60% to 70% rate of ACEi/ARB use. Is standard treatment for HF not being fulfilled in primary care units? Or did the groups become aware of the pathologies upon being included in the study, with these percentages reflecting an initial analysis? Both situations give rise to discussions regarding the need to actively search for these patients and to implement effective measures in order to guarantee the full application of standard therapies in the treatment of HF.</p>
      <p>In light of these observations, the findings of this study need to be confirmed on the national level in larger analyses, not only in primary care groups, so that we may understand how our patients are really being managed, whether in accordance with broader scientific evidence, especially in relation to groups with greater severity.</p>
      <p>Therefore, I congratulate the research group for their initiative in bringing information relevant to the screening of HF phenotypes in primary care, within the context of this clinical entity which is so incident and prevalent and which has such a high morbidity and mortality rate, even considering the many known therapeutic resources.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Characteristics and Temporal Trends in the Mortality of Different Heart Failure Phenotypes in Primary Care</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
