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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">69HDwn7y8tMCpRQV5NXKLjj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000300</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190912</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190912</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracter&#237;sticas e Tend&#234;ncias na Mortalidade em Diferentes Fen&#243;tipos de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0034-4981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4945-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbetta</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2284-8251</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Adson Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Auxiliadora Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria Sales dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Mary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4508-256X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chermont</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;rita Cunha dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">UHG</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">C.T.E.B</institution>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">C.T.E.B, UHG, - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marques de Paran&#225;, 303. CEP <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Jorge AJL, Barbetta LMS, Correia ETO, Rosa MLG, Mesquita ET; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jorge AJL, Leite AR, Saad MAN, Correia DM, Chermont S; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Jorge AJL, Martins WA, Rosa MLG; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rosa MLG, Santos CC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jorge AJL, Barbetta LMS, Correia ETO; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Jorge AJL, Martins WA, Mesquita ET, Santos MMS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>300</fpage>
      <lpage>306</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) por fen&#243;tipos possui grande relev&#226;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O estudo visou analisar a preval&#234;ncia, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e os desfechos entre os fen&#243;tipos de IC no contexto da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de uma an&#225;lise de um estudo de coorte que incluiu 560 indiv&#237;duos, com idade &#8805; 45 anos, que foram selecionados aleatoriamente em um programa de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, dosagem do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP), eletrocardiograma e ecocardiografia em um &#250;nico dia. A IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 40% foi classificado como IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr), FEVE de 40% a 49% como IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEi) e FEVE &#8805; 50% como IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp). Ap&#243;s 5 anos, os pacientes foram reavaliados quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho composto de &#243;bito por qualquer causa ou interna&#231;&#227;o por doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos 560 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 51 pacientes tinham IC (9,1%), 11 dos quais tinham ICFEr (21,6%), 10 tinham ICFEi (19,6%) e 30 tinham ICFEp (58,8%). A ICFEi foi semelhante &#224; ICFEp nos n&#237;veis de BNP (p &lt; 0,001), &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (p = 0,037) e &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (p &lt; 0,001). O fen&#243;tipo de ICFEi foi semelhante ao de ICFEr em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (p = 0,009). Ap&#243;s 5 anos, os pacientes com ICFEi apresentaram melhor progn&#243;stico quando comparados aos pacientes com ICFEp e ICFEr (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de ICFEI foi semelhante ao observado em estudos anteriores. A ICFEI apresentou caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes a ICFEP neste estudo. Nossos dados mostram que a ICFEi teve melhor progn&#243;stico em compara&#231;&#227;o com os outros dois fen&#243;tipos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria a Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) por fen&#243;tipos possui grande relev&#226;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, uma vez que diferem em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas, ao progn&#243;stico e ao tratamento do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Classicamente, dois fen&#243;tipos de IC foram descritos nas diretrizes, a saber, IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) onde a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#233; inferior a 50% e IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp) com FEVE &#8805; 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Em 2013, a American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association publicou novas diretrizes para IC, nas quais os pacientes com FEVE entre 41% e 50% foram classificados como casos lim&#237;trofes de ICFEp.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Em 2016, as diretrizes de IC da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia reconheceram a IC com FEVE entre 40% e 49% como um fen&#243;tipo distinto, denominado IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEi).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Finalmente, em 2018, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia incluiu a ICFEi nas Diretrizes de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica e Aguda de 2018.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Estudos recentes observaram que a preval&#234;ncia de pacientes com ICFEi variou de 13% a 24% de todos os pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Dados atuais de estudos de IC indicam que a ICFEi apresenta caracter&#237;sticas intermedi&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, uma metan&#225;lise que incluiu mais de 600.000 pacientes com IC concluiu que os pacientes com ICFEi apresentaram mortalidade por todas as causas mais baixa do que os pacientes com ICFEr e nenhuma diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica dos pacientes com ICFEp. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s interna&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os tr&#234;s fen&#243;tipos de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225; estudos no Brasil que avaliem esse fen&#243;tipo na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Portanto, o presente estudo visou analisar a preval&#234;ncia e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da ICFEi, bem como os desfechos entre os fen&#243;tipos de IC em pacientes no contexto da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo de coorte incluiu, na linha de base, 633 indiv&#237;duos com idade &#8805; 45 anos, cadastrados no Programa de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria do munic&#237;pio de Niter&#243;i, munic&#237;pio de m&#233;dio porte com 487.562 habitantes no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O Programa de Aten&#231;&#227;o B&#225;sica oferece cobertura a 137.463 residentes em 32 m&#243;dulos de atendimento, divididos em 110 setores. Inicialmente, foram selecionados 21 setores por meio de uma sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria, gerada por um programa de computador, em que o peso de cada setor era proporcional ao n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Os dados foram coletados de julho de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. Ap&#243;s 5 anos, os pacientes neste estudo foram reavaliados quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho composto de &#243;bito por qualquer causa ou interna&#231;&#227;o por doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Durante o seguimento, ocorreram 73 (11,5%) perdas e o n&#250;mero final de indiv&#237;duos avaliados foi 560.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi estimado a partir de uma preval&#234;ncia m&#237;nima de IC de 6%, com um erro absoluto de 2% (intervalo de confian&#231;a = 99%, 4% a 8%). Tal suposi&#231;&#227;o requeria um tamanho de amostra de 580 indiv&#237;duos. Em cada um dos 21 setores inclu&#237;dos, foram aleatoriamente selecionados 30 indiv&#237;duos entre 45 e 100 anos de idade. Foram escolhidos 20 indiv&#237;duos adicionais por unidade, para permitir a substitui&#231;&#227;o em caso de impossibilidade de participa&#231;&#227;o, totalizando 1.050 indiv&#237;duos selecionados. Dessa forma, enviamos cartas aos funcion&#225;rios das unidades de sa&#250;de para convidar 1.050 indiv&#237;duos a participarem deste estudo, sendo que 666 desses indiv&#237;duos compareceram &#224; consulta e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Foram exclu&#237;dos 33 indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o completaram todos os procedimentos da pesquisa. A popula&#231;&#227;o de base era de 633 indiv&#237;duos, no entanto, 73 (11,5%) n&#227;o foram localizados ap&#243;s 5 anos e foram subsequentemente exclu&#237;dos. A popula&#231;&#227;o final foi de 560 indiv&#237;duos. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0300-90912-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A escolha das unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de e o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos em cada unidade foram planejados de forma a representar a distribui&#231;&#227;o demogr&#225;fica. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos foi realizada por meio de uma sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria gerada por um programa de computador. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram idade &#8805; 45 anos e disponibilidade em dar consentimento informado. Sempre que ocorria uma recusa, o pr&#243;ximo sujeito da lista aleat&#243;ria era convidado a participar.</p>
        <p>Todos os participantes do estudo foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de um &#250;nico dia que consistiu em: (a) anamnese e exames cl&#237;nicos; (b) testes laboratoriais, incluindo dosagem do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (BNP); (c) eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es; e (d) ecocardiografia Doppler tecidual. Foi realizado o ECG em 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas. A ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual foi realizada por dois m&#233;dicos certificados, utilizando dois aparelhos port&#225;teis, o Acuson Cypress 20 (Siemens, EUA) e o AU-3 Partner (Esaote, It&#225;lia). Os m&#233;dicos foram cegados ao estado cl&#237;nico e aos resultados dos exames. Os exames foram realizados de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de quantifica&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia e da Associa&#231;&#227;o Europeia de Ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi avaliada medindo a FEVE usando o m&#233;todo de Simpson.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o dos fen&#243;tipos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Foi confirmado o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEr em indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico de IC ou a presen&#231;a de sinais ou sintomas de IC e FEVE &lt; 40%. Foi confirmado o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp em indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico de IC ou sinais ou sintomas de IC com FEVE &#8805; 50% e &#237;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final (IVDF) &lt; 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e BNP &gt; 35 pg/mL. A ICFEi foi confirmada em indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico de IC ou sinais ou sintomas de IC com FEVE entre 40% e 49% e BNP &gt; 35 pg/mL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como mediana e intervalo interquartil, uma vez que nenhuma delas foi positiva para normalidade quando testada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram resumidas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis quantitativas, as diferen&#231;as entre os fen&#243;tipos de IC foram testadas com os testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos (Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis), enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram avaliadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado. Foi estimada uma curva de Kaplan-Meier para os desfechos compostos das quatro possibilidades (sem IC, ICFEr, ICFEi e ICFEp). A diferen&#231;a entre as quatro curvas e entre o grupo ICFEi e o grupo sem IC foi testada com o teste de log rank. Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o software SPSS vers&#227;o 23.0 (Chicago, Illinois, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi realizado de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque revisada em 2000. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica institucional sob o n&#250;mero 0077.0.258.000-10.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Preval&#234;ncia e caracter&#237;sticas de pacientes com ICFEi</title>
        <p>Dos 560 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 509 n&#227;o tinham o diagn&#243;stico de IC (90,9%) e 51 foram diagnosticados com IC (9,1%). Dos 51 pacientes com IC, 11 tinham ICFEr (21,6%), 10 tinham ICFEi (19,6%) e 30 tinham ICFEp (58,8%). As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com IC s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A ICFEi foi semelhante &#224; ICFEp em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE) e ao &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (IVAE). Observamos mais doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em pacientes com fen&#243;tipo ICFEr, em compara&#231;&#227;o com ICFEi. O percentual de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica foi intermedi&#225;rio no grupo ICFEi, sendo inferior ao grupo ICFEp e superior ao grupo ICFEr. O grupo ICFEi apresentou valores intermedi&#225;rios nas seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, glicemia e rela&#231;&#227;o creatinina-albumina. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos com IC com rela&#231;&#227;o a essas caracter&#237;sticas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, de acordo com fen&#243;tipo ICFEp, ICFEi ou ICFEp</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sem IC (n=509)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEr (n=11)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEi (n=10)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEp (n=30)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Geral</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEr vs. ICFEi</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEp vs. ICFEi</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEr vs. ICFEp</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,190</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,279</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,426</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Idade, anos (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">57(51-64)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">74(57-78)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">72(60-79)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">72,5(64,7-81,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,809</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,708</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,871</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">IMC (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27,2(24,5-30,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24,9(21,3-25,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28,1(26,3-30,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26,9(22,0-30,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,156</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,057</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,319</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,496</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">FC, bpm (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">70,5(63,2-77,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">69(55,5-72,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">72 (62,1-79,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76,5(63,2-84,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,360</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,324</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,573</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PA sist&#243;lica, mmHg (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">133,3(121-147,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">146(116-161)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">130(117,9-157,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">151,7(135,2-179,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,751</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,032</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,168</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PA diast&#243;lica, mmHg (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">82(74,1-90)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">80(68,3-88,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">77,5(71,1-90,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">83,7(72,7-91,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,699</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,778</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,699</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,310</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">BNP, pg/mL (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15(10-25)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">306(153-615)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">61,5(51-95)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">87,5(52,7-120,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,002</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,281</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Glicose, mg/dL (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">100(91-113)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">103(84-119)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">97(87-106,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">100(94,7-119)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,765</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,621</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,288</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,757</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">&#193;cido &#250;rico, mg/dL (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5,1(4,2-6,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6,3(4,6-8,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5,2(4,9-6,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5,1(4,1-6,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,192</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,398</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,430</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Colesterol total, mg/dL (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">213(186-244)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">185(177-253)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">199(180-240)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">208(196-231)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,629</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,623</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,453</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,502</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">118(86-169)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">115(86-190)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">106(66-152)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">101(90-136)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,481</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,571</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,851</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,482</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobina, g/dL (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13,7(12,8-14,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13,9(13,4-16,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13,7(12,1-14,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13,9(12,6-14,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,396</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,204</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,370</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,435</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Microalbumin&#250;ria, mg/L (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11,2(5,9-23,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29,5(10,1-58,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11,1(3,9-31,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14,3(6,6-38,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,265</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,178</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,457</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,371</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TFGe, mL/min/1,73m<sup>3</sup> (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">83,5(71,6-96,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76,3(47-103,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">84,1(52,7-100,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">69,4(50,5-89,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,009</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,888</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,303</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,427</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">RCA, mg/g (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9,7(5,6-22,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40,1(7,8-78,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19,8(5,9-33,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15,7(8,6-45,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,051</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,270</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,821</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,385</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,341</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,074</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,068</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,969</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">91</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,028</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,943</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,931</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DAC (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,314</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,274</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,969</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DRC (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">33,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,537</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,702</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,712</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">IECA/BRA (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">38</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,184</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,757</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,411</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,565</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Betabloqueadores (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,012</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,757</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,698</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Diur&#233;ticos (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">53</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,148</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,528</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,855</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,335</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Desfecho composto, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">39 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7(63,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3(30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15(50)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,123</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,271</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,438</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; bpm: batimentos por minuto; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEi: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PA: press&#227;o arterial; RCA: rela&#231;&#227;o creatinina-albumina; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como porcentagem (%) e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (25% e 75%); o valor p geral para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi calculado com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis; as diferen&#231;as entre ICFEp, ICFEi e ICFEr foram calculadas usando o teste de Mann-Whitney; os valores de p para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram calculados usando o qui-quadrado de Pearson.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao analisar os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, a raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; m&#233;dia, o IMVE, o IVAE e o IVDF apresentaram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise geral, com p &lt; 0,001 em todas as an&#225;lises. Os IMVE, IVAE e IVDF apresentaram valores intermedi&#225;rios no grupo ICFEi. O IMVE no grupo ICFEi foi menor do que no grupo ICFEr e semelhante ao grupo ICFEp. O IVAE no grupo ICFEi foi significativamente menor do que no grupo ICFEr e semelhante ao grupo ICFEp. O IVDF foi mais alto no grupo ICFEi quando comparado ao grupo ICFEp e menor quando comparado ao grupo ICFEr. Al&#233;m disso, quando a raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; m&#233;dia em ICFEi e ICFEr foram analisados separadamente, a raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; do grupo ICFEi foi menor do que a do grupo ICFEr. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, de acordo com fen&#243;tipo ICFEp, ICFEi ou ICFEp</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sem IC (n=509)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEr (n=11)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEi (n=10)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEp (n=30)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Geral</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEr vs. ICFEi</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEp vs. ICFEi</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICFEr vs. ICFEp</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">61(58-65)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29(23-33)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43,5(41-48)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">59,5(56,7-64,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia, (&#177;SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6,5(5,4-7,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9,6(7,5-17)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8,3(6-9,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7,9(6,1-12,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,149</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,791</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">IVAE, ml/m<sup>2</sup>, (&#177;SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">20,9(17,3-24,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">38,6(26,8-65,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30,5(18,9-42,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29,4(24,3-41,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,231</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,607</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,188</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">IMVE, g/m<sup>2</sup>, (&#177;SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">89,3(76,5-102,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">160,2(113,1-187,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">119,0(102,9-154,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">104,2(76,9-127,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,091</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,123</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">IVDF, ml/m<sup>2</sup>, (&#177;SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">62,8(54,5-71,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">106,0(82,5-150,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">93,8(75,6-114,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">68,7(54,2-76,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,360</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>E: velocidade de fluxo mitral precoce; E&#180;: velocidade diast&#243;lico precoce do anel mitral; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEi: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; IVDF: &#237;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como mediana e intervalo interquartil (25% e 75%); (*) o valor p geral foi calculado pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis; as diferen&#231;as entre ICFEp, ICFEi e ICFEr foram calculadas usando o teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Progn&#243;stico de fen&#243;tipos de IC</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 5 anos, ocorreram 64 desfechos compostos, especificamente, 50 &#243;bitos e 14 interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Na curva de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>), os pacientes com ICFEi apresentaram pior desfecho composto de &#243;bito por todas as causas e intera&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular do que os pacientes sem IC. No entanto, os pacientes com ICFEi tiveram melhor progn&#243;stico na an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier, quando comparados aos pacientes com ICFEp e ICFEr, enquanto os pacientes com ICFEp tiveram melhor progn&#243;stico do que aqueles com fen&#243;tipo ICFEr. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> mostra as m&#233;dias e seus intervalos de confian&#231;a de sobreviv&#234;ncia para os diferentes fen&#243;tipos de IC.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier mostram que pacientes com ICFEi tiveram um pior desfecho composto de &#243;bito por todas as causas e interna&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular do que pacientes sem IC (p &lt; 0,007), mas pacientes com ICFEi tiveram melhor progn&#243;stico em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com ICFEp e ICFEr (p &lt; 0,001). O ICFEr teve o pior progn&#243;stico dos tr&#234;s fen&#243;tipos de IC.</title>
            <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEi: IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria; ICFEp: IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; ICFEr: IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0300-90912-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia e intervalo de confian&#231;a das probabilidades de sobreviv&#234;ncia em fen&#243;tipos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Estimativa m&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Limite inferior</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Limite superior</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sem IC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">85,74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">84,357</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">87,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">ICFEr</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41,81</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25,646</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">57,990</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">ICFEi</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">72,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60,544</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">83,456</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">ICFEp</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">54,56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45,561</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">63,572</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEi: IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria; ICFEp: IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; ICFEr: IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Desde a ado&#231;&#227;o de ICFEi como um novo fen&#243;tipo de IC, o desafio maior tem sido definir as caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base, a fisiopatologia e o tratamento para este novo grupo de pacientes. O presente artigo &#233; o primeiro estudo do fen&#243;tipo de ICFEi em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, envolvendo pacientes da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Realizamos uma an&#225;lise do estudo Digitalis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> com a finalidade de avaliar a preval&#234;ncia e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de pacientes com ICFEi no Brasil.</p>
      <p>Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC, a preval&#234;ncia de ICFEi foi de 22%, semelhante a outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Os estudos de Rickenbacher et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> e Tsuji et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> mostraram que os n&#237;veis de BNP eram intermedi&#225;rios na ICFEi. Por&#233;m, em nosso estudo, o BNP no grupo ICFEi n&#227;o apresentou valores intermedi&#225;rios; foi semelhante ao grupo ICFEp e apresentou valores inferiores aos do grupo ICFEr. Por&#233;m, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia de etiologia isqu&#234;mica no grupo ICFEi, nosso estudo mostrou que ICFEi foi semelhante a ICFEr, semelhante a estudos anteriores. Resultados do estudo de Kapoor et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> e o registro sueco de IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> sugerem que a etiologia isqu&#234;mica &#233; distintamente mais comum na ICFEr e na ICFEi. O estudo TOPCAT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> avaliou o uso da espironolactona em pacientes com diferentes faixas de FEVE e mostrou que houve redu&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com IC, principalmente aqueles com FEVE entre 45% e 50%. No estudo CHARM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> concluiu que o uso de candesartana melhorou os desfechos, tanto para ICFEi quanto para ICFEr. Assim, por extrapola&#231;&#227;o, ICFEi poderia responder ao tratamento recomendado para ICFEr de etiologia isqu&#234;mica, conforme sugerido pelas diretrizes do IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Ao analisar os par&#226;metros da Doppler ecocardiografia, o IMVE, o IVAE e a raz&#227;o E/e&#8217;, no grupo ICFEi, foram semelhantes ao grupo ICFEp, enquanto o IVDF no grupo ICFEi apresentou valores intermedi&#225;rios, com diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas quando comparado aos grupos ICFEp e ICFEr. O estudo de Rastogi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> sugere que os pacientes com ICFEi s&#227;o um grupo heterog&#234;neo, com pelo menos 3 subgrupos com base na FEVE, a saber, pacientes com FEVE pr&#233;via &lt; 40% (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o recuperada), pacientes com FEVE pr&#233;via &gt; 50% (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o deteriorada) e pacientes com FEVE pr&#233;via entre 40% e 50% (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inalterada). Esses achados refor&#231;am a ideia de que a fisiopatologia da ICFEi pode ter uma contribui&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e uma contribui&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, conforme sugerido pelas diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia de 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico, nosso estudo concluiu que os pacientes com ICFEi apresentaram melhor desfecho composto de mortalidade por todas as causas e interna&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular melhor do que aqueles com ICFEr e ICFEp (p &lt; 0,001). Nossos resultados est&#227;o de acordo com uma meta-an&#225;lise de Altaie et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> que mostrou que o fen&#243;tipo ICFEi teve uma taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas significativamente menor do que ICFEr (RR, 0,9; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, 0,85 a 0,94; p &lt; 0,001). No entanto, diferentemente do presente estudo, n&#227;o verificaram nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa na mortalidade por todas as causas entre ICFEp e ICFEi (RR, 0,98; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, 0,86 a 1,12; p = 0,82).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Na meta-an&#225;lise por Altaie et al., analisando interna&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; IC, n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre ICFEr e ICFEi (RR, 0,92; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, 0,84 a 1,01; p = 0,08) ou entre ICFEp e ICFEi (RR, 1,05; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, 0,83 a 1,33; p = 0,69).</p>
      <p>S&#227;o necess&#225;rios futuros estudos que investiguem o progn&#243;stico e caracterizem a ICFEi com uma amostra maior. Al&#233;m disso, o presente estudo abre caminho para futuros ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados que investiguem tratamentos espec&#237;ficos para pacientes com ICFEi.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os resultados devem ser interpretados com v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, foi avaliado um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes com IC, o que pode n&#227;o representar toda a popula&#231;&#227;o. Em segundo lugar, a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e as vari&#225;veis laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, incluindo a FEVE, foram baseadas em uma &#250;nica medida. Al&#233;m disso, embora as caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo sejam bastante semelhantes &#224;s de outras &#225;reas urbanas em todo o mundo, as extrapola&#231;&#245;es destes resultados devem ser feitas com cautela. Por fim, como a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era composta por volunt&#225;rios, &#233; poss&#237;vel que algum vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o tenha sido introduzido, por exemplo, maior percentual de mulheres.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de ICFEI foi semelhante ao observado em estudos anteriores. O presente estudo demonstrou que a ICFEi apresenta caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas mais semelhantes &#224; ICFEp, do que &#224; ICFEr. Al&#233;m disso, nossos dados mostram que a ICFEi teve melhor progn&#243;stico em compara&#231;&#227;o com os outros dois fen&#243;tipos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Characteristics and Temporal Trends in the Mortality of Different Heart Failure Phenotypes in Primary Care</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0034-4981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4945-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbetta</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2284-8251</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Adson Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Auxiliadora Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria Sales dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Mary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4508-256X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chermont</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;rita Cunha dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">C.T.E.B, UHG, - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marques de Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Jorge AJL, Barbetta LMS, Correia ETO, Rosa MLG, Mesquita ET; Acquisition of data: Jorge AJL, Leite AR, Saad MAN, Correia DM, Chermont S; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Jorge AJL, Martins WA, Rosa MLG; Statistical analysis: Rosa MLG, Santos CC; Writing of the manuscript: Jorge AJL, Barbetta LMS, Correia ETO; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Jorge AJL, Martins WA, Mesquita ET, Santos MMS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The classification of heart failure (HF) by phenotypes has a great relevance in clinical practice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The study aimed to analyze the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes between HF phenotypes in the primary care setting.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is an analysis of a cohort study including 560 individuals, aged &#8805; 45 years, who were randomly selected in a primary care program. All participants underwent clinical evaluations, b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurements, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography in a single day. HF with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 40% was classified as HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), LVEF 40% to 49% as HF with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) and LVEF &#8805; 50% as HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). After 5 years, the patients were reassessed as to the occurrence of the composite outcome of death from any cause or hospitalization for cardiovascular disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the 560 patients included, 51 patients had HF (9.1%), 11 of whom had HFrEF (21.6%), 10 had HFmrEF (19.6%) and 30 had HFpEF (58.8%). HFmrEF was similar to HFpEF in BNP levels (p &lt; 0.001), left ventricular mass index (p = 0.037), and left atrial volume index (p &lt; 0.001). The HFmrEF phenotype was similar to HFrEF regarding coronary artery disease (p = 0.009). After 5 years, patients with HFmrEF had a better prognosis when compared to patients with HFpEF and HFrEF (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of ICFEI was similar to that observed in previous studies. ICFEI presented characteristics similar to ICFEP in this study. Our data show that ICFEi had a better prognosis compared to the other two phenotypes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Health Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Eidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The classification of heart failure (HF) by phenotypes has great relevance in clinical practice, since they differ in relation to the characteristics, prognosis, and treatment of the patient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Classically, two phenotypes of HF were described in guidelines, namely, HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) where left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is less than 50% and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) with LVEF &#8805; 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> In 2013, the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association published new guidelines for HF, in which patients with LVEF between 41% and 50% were classified as borderline HFpEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> In 2016, the HF guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology recognized HF with LVEF between 40% and 49% as a distinct phenotype, called HF with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Finally, in 2018, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology added HFmrEF to the 2018 Chronic and Acute Heart Failure Guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Recent studies have observed that the prevalence of patients with HFmrEF ranged from 13% to 24% of all patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Current data from HF studies indicates that HFmrEF presents intermediate characteristics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Moreover, a meta-analysis that included more than 600,000 patients with HF concluded that patients with HFmrEF had lower all-cause mortality than HFrEF patients and no statistical difference from patients with HFpEF. Regarding all-cause hospitalization, there was no statistical difference between all the three HF phenotypes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> There are no studies in Brazil that have evaluated this phenotype in primary care. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the prevalence and the clinical characteristics of HFmrEF, as well as the outcomes among HF phenotypes in patients from a primary care setting.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This cohort study included, at the baseline, 633 individuals aged &#8805; 45 years, who were registered in the Primary Care Program of the city of Niter&#243;i, a medium-sized city with 487,562 inhabitants in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Primary Care Program offers coverage to 137,463 residents in 32 service modules, divided into 110 sectors. Initially, 21 sectors were selected through a random sequence, generated by a computer program, in which the weight of each sector was proportional to the number of individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The data were collected from July 2011 to December 2012. After 5 years, the patients in this study were reassessed as to the occurrence of the composite outcome of death from any cause or hospitalization for cardiovascular disease. During the follow-up, there were 73 (11.5%) losses, and the final number of individuals assessed was 560.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>The survey sample size was estimated based on a minimum HF prevalence of 6%, with an absolute error of 2% (confidence interval [CI] = 99%, 4% to 8%). This assumption required a sample size of 580 individuals. In each one of the 21 sectors included, 30 individuals between 45 and 100 years of age were randomly chosen. Another 20 individuals per unit were also chosen to allow replacement in case of impossibility of participation, totaling 1,050 selected individuals. In this manner, we sent letters to health unit staff to invite 1,050 individuals to participate in this study, and 666 of these individuals attended the visit and signed the consent form. Thirty-three individuals who did not complete all of the research procedures were excluded. The baseline population was 633 individuals, 73 (11.5%) of whom were not located after 5 years and were subsequently excluded. The final population was 560 individuals. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Population selection flowchart.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0300-90912-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The choice of the primary care units and the number of individuals in each unit were planned in order to represent the demographic distribution. The selection of subjects was carried out through a random sequence generated by a computer program. The inclusion criteria were age &#8805; 45 years and willingness to provide informed consent. Whenever there was a refusal, the next subject in the randomized list was invited to participate.</p>
          <p>All participants in the study underwent a single-day evaluation that consisted of the following: (a) anamnesis and clinical examinations; (b) laboratory tests, including b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) dosage; (c) 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG); and (d) tissue Doppler echocardiography. ECG was performed in 12 simultaneous leads. Tissue Doppler echocardiography was performed by two certified physicians, using two portable devices, the Acuson Cypress 20 (Siemens, USA) and the AU-3 Partner (Esaote, Italy). The physicians were blinded from the clinical status and exam results. The exams were performed according to the recommendations of the quantification of chambers from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Systolic function was assessed by measuring LVEF using Simpson's method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of heart failure phenotypes</title>
          <p>Diagnosis of HFrEF was confirmed in individuals with a history of HF or the presence of signs or symptoms of HF and LVEF &lt; 40%. Diagnosis of HFpEF was confirmed in individuals with a history of HF or signs or symptoms of HF with LVEF &#8805; 50% and end-diastolic volume index (EDVI) &lt; 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, in the presence of diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle and BNP &gt; 35 pg/mL. HFmrEF was confirmed in individuals with a history of HF or signs or symptoms of HF with LVEF between 40% and 49% and BNP &gt; 35 pg/mL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were expressed as median and interquartile range, as none of them were positive for normality when tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical variables were summarized as absolute and relative frequencies. Regarding quantitative variables, differences between HF phenotypes were tested with the non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis), while categorical variables were assessed by chi-squared test. A Kaplan-Meier curve was estimated for the composite outcomes of the four possibilities (HF-free, HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF). The difference between the four curves and between HFmrEF and HF-free were tested with the log rank test. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software version 23.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations</title>
          <p>This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki revised in 2000. The study protocol was approved by the institution's Ethics Committee under number 0077.0.258.000-10.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Prevalence and characteristics of patients with HFmrEF</title>
          <p>Of the 560 patients included in the study, 509 were not diagnosed with HF (90.9%), and 51 were diagnosed with HF (9.1%). Of the 51 patients with HF, 11 had HFrEF (21.6%), 10 had HFmrEF (19.6%), and 30 had HFpEF (58.8%). The demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with HF are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>. HFmrEF was similar to HFpEF in left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and left atrial volume index (LAVI). We observed more coronary artery disease in patients with the HFrEF phenotype, compared to HFmrEF. The percentage of chronic kidney disease was intermediate in the HFmrEF group, being lower than HFpEF and higher than HFrEF. The HFmrEF group had intermediate values in following characteristics: heart rate, glucose levels, and creatinine-albumin ratio. However, there was no statistical difference among the groups with HF in these characteristics.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with heart failure, according to phenotype HFpEF, HFmrEF, or HFpEF</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HF-free (n=509)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HFrEF (n=11)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HFmrEF (n=10)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HFpEF (n=30)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Overall</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HFrEF vs. HFmrEF</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HFpEF vs. HFmrEF</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HFrEF vs. HFpEF</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Male sex (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.190</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.279</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.426</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Age, years (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">57(51-64)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">74(57-78)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">72(60-79)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">72.5(64.7-81.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.809</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.708</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.871</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">BMI (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27.2(24.5-30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24.9(21.3-25.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">28.1(26.3-30.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26.9(22.0-30.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.156</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.057</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.319</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.496</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HR, bpm (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">70.5(63.2-77.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">69(55.5-72.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">72 (62.1-79.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">76.5(63.2-84.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.360</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.324</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0,573</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.108</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Systolic BP, mmHg (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">133.3(121-147.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">146(116-161)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">130(117.9-157.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">151.7(135.2-179.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.751</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.032</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.168</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Diastolic BP, mmHg (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">82(74.1-90)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">80(68.3-88.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">77.5(71.1-90.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">83.7(72.7-91.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.699</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.778</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.699</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.310</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">BNP, pg/mL (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15(10-25)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">306(153-615)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">61.5(51-95)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">87.5(52.7-120.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.281</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Glucose, mg/dL (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">100(91-113)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">103(84-119)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">97(87-106.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">100(94.7-119)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.765</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.621</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.288</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.757</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Uric acid, mg/dL (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5.1(4.2-6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6.3(4.6-8.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5.2(4.9-6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5.1(4.1-6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.192</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.398</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.430</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.108</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol, mg/dL (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">213(186-244)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">185(177-253)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">199(180-240)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">208(196-231)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.629</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.623</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.453</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.502</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides, mg/dL (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">118(86-169)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">115(86-190)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">106(66-152)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">101(90-136)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.481</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.571</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.851</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.482</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobin, g/dL (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13.7(12.8-14.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13.9(13.4-16.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13.7(12.1-14.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13.9(12.6-14.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.396</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.204</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.370</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.435</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Microalbuminuria, mg/L (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11.2(5.9-23.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">29.5(10.1-58.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11.1(3.9-31.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14.3(6.6-38.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.265</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.178</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.457</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.371</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">eGFR, mL/min/1.73m<sup>3</sup> (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">83.5(71.6-96.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">76.3(47-103.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">84.1(52.7-100.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">69.4(50.5-89.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.888</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.303</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.427</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">CAR, mg/g (median)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9.7(5.6-22.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40.1(7.8-78.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">19.8(5.9-33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15.7(8.6-45.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.051</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.270</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.821</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.385</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.341</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.074</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.068</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.969</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Hypertension (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">70</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">91</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">90</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">90</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.028</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.943</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.931</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">CAD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.314</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.274</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.969</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">CKD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">33.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.537</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.702</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.712</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">ACEI/ARB (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">38</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">70</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">47</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.184</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.757</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.411</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.565</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Beta-blockers (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">30</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">30</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.012</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.757</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.698</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Diuretics (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">34</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">53</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.148</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.528</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.855</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.335</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Composite outcome, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">39 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7(63.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3(30)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15(50)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.123</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.271</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.438</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; BNP: type B natriuretic peptide; BP: blood pressure; bpm: beats per minute; CAD: coronary artery disease; CAR: creatinine-albumin ratio; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF: heart failure; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HR: heart rate. Categorical variables are shown as percentage (%) and continuous variables as median and interquartile range (25% and 75%); overall p value for continuous variables were calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis test; differences between HFpEF, HFmrEF, and HFrEF were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test; p values for categorical variables were calculated using Pearson's chi-square.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>When analyzing the echocardiography parameters, the mean E/e&#8217; ratio, LVMI, LAVI, and EDVI showed statistical difference in overall analysis, with p &lt; 0.001 in all analyses. The LVMI, LAVI, and EDVI showed intermediate values in HFmrEF. The LVMI in HFmrEF was lower than in HFrEF and similar to HFpEF. The LAVI in HFmrEF was significantly lower than HFrEF and similar to HFpEF. The EDVI was higher in HFmrEF when compared to HFpEF and lower when compared to HFrEF. Moreover, when the mean E/e&#8217; ratio in HFmrEF and HFrEF were analyzed separately, the E/e&#8217; ratio of the HFmrEF group was lower than that of the HFrEF group. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>)</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical characteristics of patients with heart failure, according to phenotype HFpEF, HFmrEF, or HFpEF</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HF-free (n=509)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HFrEF (n=11)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HFmrEF (n=10)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HFpEF (n=30)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Overall</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HFrEF vs. HFmrEF</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HFpEF vs. HFmrEF</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HFrEF vs. HFpEF</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Ejection fraction, %</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">61(58-65)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">29(23-33)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">43.5(41-48)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">59.5(56.7-64.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Mean E/e' ratio, (&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6.5(5.4-7.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9.6(7.5-17)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8.3(6-9.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7.9(6.1-12.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.149</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.791</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.162</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LAVI, ml/m<sup>2</sup>, (&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">20.9(17.3-24.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">38.6(26.8-65.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">30.5(18.9-42.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">29.4(24.3-41.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.231</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.607</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.188</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LVMI, g/m<sup>2</sup>, (&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">89.3(76.5-102.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">160.2(113.1-187.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">119.0(102.9-154.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">104.2(76.9-127.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.091</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.123</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">EDVI, ml/m<sup>2</sup>, (&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">62.8(54.5-71.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">106.0(82.5-150.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">93.8(75.6-114.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">68.7(54.2-76.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.360</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>E: early mitral inflow velocity; E&#180;: mitral annular early diastolic velocity; EDVI: end-diastolic volume index; HF: heart failure; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index. Data are shown as median and interquartile range (25% and 75%); (*) overall p value were calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis test; differences between HFpEF, HFmrEF and HFrEF were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prognosis of HF phenotypes</title>
          <p>After 5 years, 64 composite outcomes occurred, namely, 50 deaths and 14 hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease. In the Kaplan-Meier curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>), patients with HFmrEF had a worse composite outcome of all-cause death and cardiovascular hospitalization than patients without HF. However, patients with HFmrEF had a better prognosis in the Kaplan-Meier analysis, when compared to patients with HFpEF and HFrEF, whereas patients with HFpEF had better prognosis than those with the HFrEF phenotype. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> shows the means and their confidence intervals of survival for the different HF phenotypes.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier curve showing that patients with HFmrEF had a worse composite outcome of all-cause death and cardiovascular hospitalization than patients without HF (p &lt; 0.007), but patients with HFmrEF had better prognosis compared to patients with HFpEF and HFrEF (p &lt; 0.001). HFrEF had the worst prognosis of the three phenotypes of HF. HF: heart failure; HFmrEF: HF with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: HF with reduced ejection fraction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0300-90912-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mean and confidence interval of survival probabilities in heart failure phenotypes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" style="border-right: thin solid"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Confidence interval 95%</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-right: thin solid">Means estimate</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Lower limit</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Upper limit</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">No HF</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top" style="border-right: thin solid">85.74</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">84.357</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">87.134</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HFrEF</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top" style="border-right: thin solid">41.81</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">25.646</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">57.990</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HFmrEF</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top" style="border-right: thin solid">72.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">60.544</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">83.456</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HFpEF</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top" style="border-right: thin solid">54.56</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45.561</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">63.572</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>HF: heart failure; HFmrEF: HF with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: HF with reduced ejection fraction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Since the adoption of HFmrEF as a new phenotype of HF, the major challenge has been to define the baseline characteristics, pathophysiology, and treatment for this new group of patients. The present article is the first study of HFmrEF in a Brazilian population, involving primary care patients. We conducted an analysis of the Digitalis study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> in order to evaluate the prevalence and the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with HFmrEF in Brazil.</p>
        <p>In our population of patients with HF, the prevalence of HFmrEF was 22%, similar to other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The studies by Rickenbacher et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> and Tsuji et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> showed that BNP levels were intermediate in HFmrEF. However, in our study, BNP in the HFmrEF group did not present intermediate values; it was similar to HFpEF, and it showed lower values than in HFrEF. However, regarding the prevalence of ischemic etiology in the HFmrEF group, our study showed that HFmrEF was similar to HFrEF, similar to previous studies. Results from the study by Kapoor et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> and the Swedish-HF registry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> suggest that ischemic etiology is distinctly more common in HFrEF and HFmrEF. The TOPCAT study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> evaluated the use of spironolactone in patients with different LVEF ranges and showed that there was a reduction in hospitalizations in patients with HF, especially those with LVEF between 45% and 50%. In the CHARM study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> it was concluded that the use of candesartan improved the outcomes for HFmrEF as well as HFrEF. Thus, by extrapolation, HFmrEF could respond to the recommended treatment for HFrEF of ischemic etiology, as suggested by the HF guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
        <p>When analyzing the parameters of Doppler echocardiography, the LVMI, LAVI, and the E/e&#8217; ratio, in the HFmrEF group, were similar to HFpEF, while the EDVI in HFmrEF showed intermediate values, with statistical differences when compared to HFpEF and HFrEF. The study by Rastogi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> suggests that patients with HFmrEF are a heterogeneous group, with at least 3 subgroups based on LVEF, namely, patients with previous LVEF &lt; 40% (recovered ejection fraction), patients with previous LVEF &gt; 50% (deteriorated ejection fraction), and patients with previous LVEF between 40% and 50% (unchanged ejection fraction). These findings reinforce the idea that the physiopathology of HFmrEF may have a contribution of systolic dysfunction and a contribution of diastolic dysfunction, as suggested by the 2016 European Society of Cardiology guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Regarding prognosis, our study concluded that patients with HFmrEF had a better composite outcome of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization than those with HFrEF and HFpEF (p &lt; 0.001). Our results are in agreement with a meta-analysis by Altaie et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> that showed that the HFmrEF phenotype had a significantly lower all-cause death rate than the HFrEF (RR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.85 to 0.94; p &lt; 0.001). However, differently from the present study, they found no significant difference between the all-cause mortality of HFpEF and HFmrEF (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.12; p = 0.82).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Analyzing hospitalization due to HF in the meta-analysis by Altaie et al., they found no significant differences between HFrEF and HFmrEF (RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.01; p = 0.08) or between HFpEF and HFmrEF (RR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.33; p = 0.69).</p>
        <p>Further studies that investigate the prognosis and characterize HFmrEF with a larger sample are necessary. In addition, the present study paves the way for future randomized trials that investigate specific treatments for patients with HFmrEF.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The results should be interpreted with several limitations. First, a small number of patients with HF were evaluated, which may not represent the whole population. Second, clinical evaluation and laboratory and echocardiographic variables, including LVEF, were based on a single measurement. Furthermore, although the sociodemographic characteristics of the studied population are quite similar to other urban areas worldwide, extrapolations of these results should be taken with caution. Lastly, since the study population comprised volunteers, it is possible that some selection bias was introduced, such as higher percentage of women.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The prevalence of ICFEI was similar to that observed in previous studies. The present study demonstrated that ICFEi has clinical and echocardiographic characteristics that are more similar to ICFEp than to ICFEr. In addition, our data show that ICFEi had a better prognosis compared to the other two phenotypes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
