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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XBfVDrwQZ69NS8rwyqZXHRj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000290</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200121</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200121</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Naringina e Trimetazidina Melhoram a Sensibilidade Barorreflexa e a Atividade El&#233;trica do Trato Solit&#225;rio do N&#250;cleo na Les&#227;o de Isquemia-Reperfus&#227;o Renal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amini</surname>
            <given-names>Negin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarkaki</surname>
            <given-names>Alireza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dianat</surname>
            <given-names>Mahin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mard</surname>
            <given-names>Seyyed Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ahangarpour</surname>
            <given-names>Akram</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2290-8565</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Badavi</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Physiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ahvaz</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Ir&#227;</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ahvaz</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="IR">Ir&#227;</country>
          <institution content-type="original">The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Ir&#227;</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mohammad Badavi</bold> &#8226; Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci &#8211; Physiology - Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Khuzestan <postal-code>6135733118</postal-code> - Ir&#227;. E-mail: <email>badavim@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Amini N, Sarkaki A, Badavi M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Amini N; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Amini N, Dianat M, Mard SA, Ahangarpour A, Badavi M; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Amini N, Badavi M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sarkaki A, Dianat M, Mard SA, Ahangarpour A, Badavi M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>290</fpage>
      <lpage>297</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O n&#250;cleo do trato solit&#225;rio (NTS) &#233; uma &#225;rea do c&#233;rebro que desempenha um papel fundamental na regula&#231;&#227;o renal e cardiovascular atrav&#233;s dos impulsos dos barorreceptores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da Naringina (NAR) e trimetazidina (TMZ), isoladamente e combinadas, na atividade el&#233;trica do NTS e na sensibilidade barorreflexa (SBR) na les&#227;o de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o (I/R) renal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados quarenta ratos machos Sprague-Dawley (200-250 g), alocados em 5 grupos com 8 ratos cada. Grupos: 1) <italic>Sham</italic>; 2) I/R; 3) TMZ 5 mg/kg; 4) NAR 100 mg/kg; e 5) TMZ5 + NAR100. A veia femoral esquerda foi canulada para infundir a solu&#231;&#227;o salina ou droga e avaliar a SBR. A I/R foi induzida por oclus&#227;o dos ped&#237;culos renais por 45 min, seguida de reperfus&#227;o de 4 horas. O eletroencefalograma local do NTS foi registrado antes, durante a isquemia e durante a reperfus&#227;o. A fenilefrina foi injetada por via intravenosa para avaliar a SBR ao final do tempo de reperfus&#227;o. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA de duas vias com medidas repetidas seguida pelo teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Tukey. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado como significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As ondas el&#233;tricas do NTS n&#227;o se alteraram durante o tempo de isquemia, mas diminu&#237;ram significativamente durante todos os tempos de reperfus&#227;o. A atividade el&#233;trica do NTS e a SBR foram reduzidas drasticamente em ratos com les&#227;o I/R; no entanto, a administra&#231;&#227;o de NAR e TMZ, isoladamente e combinadas, melhorou significativamente essas altera&#231;&#245;es em ratos com les&#227;o I/R.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os resultados mostraram que a les&#227;o de I/R leva &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade el&#233;trica da SBR e do NTS, e pode haver uma liga&#231;&#227;o entre a I/R e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da SBR. Al&#233;m disso, a NAR e a TMZ s&#227;o agentes promissores para tratar complica&#231;&#245;es de I/R.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Isquemia-Reperfus&#227;o Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Sensibilidade Barorreflexa</kwd>
        <kwd>N&#250;cleo do Trato Solit&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Naringina</kwd>
        <kwd>Trimetazidina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="44"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A les&#227;o renal aguda (LRA) &#233; um grande problema cl&#237;nico com alta preval&#234;ncia que afeta mais de 50% dos pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva e causa mortalidade superior a 60%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A isquemia/reperfus&#227;o renal (I/R) &#233; uma das causas mais importantes de LRA, e a gera&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ERO) desempenha um papel importante em eventos de les&#227;o de I/R.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A superprodu&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres na les&#227;o de I/R induz apoptose e, em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia, morte celular e disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> O estresse oxidativo (ERO sobre o sistema de defesa antioxidante) &#233; conhecido como um fator de les&#227;o de I/R.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Radicais livres de oxig&#234;nio e ERO s&#227;o transmitidos pela corrente sangu&#237;nea para &#243;rg&#227;os distantes e s&#227;o considerados agentes intermedi&#225;rios para danos a &#243;rg&#227;os distantes resultantes de I/R.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O N&#250;cleo do Trato Solit&#225;rio (NTS) atua como a porta de entrada para o sistema nervoso central para inserir informa&#231;&#245;es sensoriais que desempenham um papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Barorreceptores perif&#233;ricos, quimiorreceptores e nervos aferentes simp&#225;ticos renais criam a sinapse prim&#225;ria no NTS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o dos barorreceptores leva &#224; perda da regula&#231;&#227;o das flutua&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial e diminui&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade barorreflexa (SBR), a qual &#233; uma base fisiopatol&#243;gica bem conhecida nos dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> As evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis indicam que a degrada&#231;&#227;o do NTS leva a altern&#226;ncias da press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Portanto, o NTS &#233; um dos principais centros de regula&#231;&#227;o da SBR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A Naringina (4, 5, 7-trihidroxiflavanona-7-ramnoglucos&#237;deo, NAR) &#233; um composto polifenol encontrado principalmente na toranja e em v&#225;rias plantas c&#237;tricas. Os efeitos antimicrobianos, antimutag&#234;nicos, antic&#226;ncer, antiinflamat&#243;rios, eliminadores de radicais livres e antioxidantes da NAR foram demonstrados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Os efeitos protetores da NAR atrav&#233;s do aumento da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes foram documentados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A trimetazidina (dicloridrato de 1- [2,3,4-trimetoxibenzil] piperazina, TMZ), &#233; uma droga anti-isqu&#234;mica utilizada na angina inst&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> O poro de transi&#231;&#227;o da permeabilidade mitocondrial (mPTP, do ingl&#234;s <italic>mitochondrial permeability transition pore</italic>) localizado na membrana interna da mitoc&#244;ndria desempenha um papel poderoso na produ&#231;&#227;o de ERO e no in&#237;cio da apoptose ap&#243;s les&#227;o de I/R.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Um estudo experimental documentou que a TMZ foi capaz de inibir o mPTP e reduzir o tamanho do infarto na les&#227;o de I/R do mioc&#225;rdio e a atividade da caspase-3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, foi relatada a inibi&#231;&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica pela TMZ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da NAR e TMZ, isoladamente e em combina&#231;&#227;o, na atividade el&#233;trica de campo local do NTS, no eletroencefalograma (EEG) local e na SBR ap&#243;s les&#227;o renal de I/R.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Drogas</title>
        <p>TMZ, NAR, cetamina, xilazina e uretano foram adquiridos da Sigma Co. USA. NAR e TMZ foram dissolvidas em &#225;gua destilada, e o uretano foi dissolvido em solu&#231;&#227;o salina normal imediatamente antes do uso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>No estudo atual, e de acordo com nossos estudos anteriores e outros semelhantes, quarenta ratos machos Sprague-Dawley (pesando 200-250 g) foram adquiridos no centro de cria&#231;&#227;o e cuidados de animais da Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS). Todos os animais foram alojados em gaiolas padr&#227;o (4 em cada gaiola) sob temperatura (22 &#177; 2&#176;C) e umidade (50-55%) controladas e ciclo claro/escuro de 12 h (luzes ligadas &#224;s 07:00 da manh&#227;), com livre acesso a <italic>pellets</italic> de ra&#231;&#227;o alimentar e &#225;gua da torneira. Os ratos foram alocados de forma simples e n&#227;o randomizada em cinco grupos com oito ratos cada. Grupos: 1) <italic>Sham</italic>, 2) I/R, 3) TMZ 5 mg/kg; ratos com les&#227;o de I/R receberam TMZ (5 mg/kg, iv) cinco minutos antes da reperfus&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> 4) NAR 100 mg/kg; ratos com les&#227;o de I/R receberam NAR (100 mg/kg, ip) uma vez por dia durante sete dias antes da I/R,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> e 5) TMZ 5 mg/kg + NAR 100 mg/kg; ratos com les&#227;o de I/R receberam TMZ 5 mg/kg + NAR 100 mg/kg. Os ratos nos grupos <italic>sham</italic> e I/R receberam ve&#237;culo (solu&#231;&#227;o salina est&#233;ril). Os ratos do grupo <italic>sham</italic> foram submetidos a procedimento cir&#250;rgico id&#234;ntico, sem clampeamento e indu&#231;&#227;o de I/R.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cirurgia estereot&#225;xica para implante de eletrodo</title>
        <p>Uma semana antes do registro do EEG, os ratos foram anestesiados com cetamina (50 mg/kg) e xilazina (5 mg/kg), por via intraperitoneal. A temperatura corporal dos ratos foi mantida em 36,5 &#177; 0,5&#176;C utilizando almofadas t&#233;rmicas com as cabe&#231;as montadas em um dispositivo estereot&#225;xico (Narishige Co., Jap&#227;o) para a cirurgia de implanta&#231;&#227;o de eletrodos. Um eletrodo bipolar de fio a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel revestido em teflon (0,005&#8221; tipo &#8220;<italic>bare</italic>&#8221;, 0,008&#8221; revestido, A-M Systems, Inc. WA) foi implantado no NTS com o atlas estereot&#225;xico de Paxinos e Watson com coordena&#231;&#227;o de AP = &#8722;14,04 mm at&#233; o bregma; ML = 0,4 mm e DV = 8 mm a partir da dura-m&#225;ter, de maneira adequada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Todos os implantes foram fixados no cr&#226;nio com resina acr&#237;lica odontol&#243;gica e dois pequenos parafusos-&#226;ncora de vidro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o (I/R) renal</title>
        <p>Os ratos foram mantidos em jejum durante a noite antes da cirurgia (por pelo menos 10 h), mas com livre acesso &#224; &#225;gua. No dia da cirurgia, os ratos de cada grupo foram anestesiados com uretano (1,7 g/kg, i.p.).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Em seguida, os ratos foram colocados sobre uma almofada t&#233;rmica (Harvard Apparatus, Reino Unido) para manter a temperatura corporal em aproximadamente 37 &#186;C. Quinze minutos ap&#243;s a anestesia, a veia femoral esquerda foi cateterizada utilizando um cateter de polietileno (PE50) para infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o salina ou TMZ, e a art&#233;ria femoral esquerda foi utilizada para medir a press&#227;o arterial e a SBR. Os rins esquerdo e direito foram expostos atrav&#233;s de uma incis&#227;o na linha m&#233;dia. A isquemia bilateral foi induzida por oclus&#227;o de ambos os ped&#237;culos renais atrav&#233;s de clampeamento n&#227;o-traum&#225;tico por 45 min. Depois disso, as pin&#231;as de clampeamento foram removidas e a reperfus&#227;o continuou por 4 horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Registro local de EEG</title>
        <p>Potenciais de campo locais (EEG local) do NTS dos ratos foram adicionados a um bio-amplificador ML135 (aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados de 4 canais, Power Lab. e software Lab Chart vers&#227;o 7, AD Instruments Co., Austr&#225;lia) com amplifica&#231;&#227;o de 1 mV, taxa de amostragem de 400 Hz e filtragem de passa-banda de 0,3&#8211;70 Hz por 5 minutos. O per&#237;odo de varia&#231;&#245;es b&#225;sicas de 5 segundos do EEG foi comparado em todos os grupos. A pot&#234;ncia el&#233;trica das bandas de frequ&#234;ncia foi medida em mV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>/Hz. O registro do EEG local foi realizado antes da isquemia por 45 min e durante o tempo de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o, de maneira adequada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medida da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia</title>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia foi registrada atrav&#233;s da cateteriza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral esquerda conectada a transdutor de press&#227;o e monitorada atrav&#233;s do Power Lab System (AD Instruments, Austr&#225;lia), antes da isquemia por 20 min para adapta&#231;&#227;o, durante o tempo de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sensibilidade barorreflexa</title>
        <p>Em todos os grupos, ao final do per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o, foram realizadas inje&#231;&#245;es intravenosas de fenilefrina (10 a 20 &#181;g/kg) e as altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram registradas com transdutor de press&#227;o e monitoradas e registradas em um PC, utilizando o software Lab Chart. Intervalos de 15 minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o foram realizados entre as inje&#231;&#245;es da droga para atingir o n&#237;vel anterior de press&#227;o arterial. Para cada inje&#231;&#227;o, a amplitude m&#225;xima da press&#227;o resultante e bradicardia foram utilizadas para calcular a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (&#916;PAM) e as altera&#231;&#245;es da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (&#916;FC). A raz&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o de &#916;FC para a varia&#231;&#227;o de &#916;PAM foi utilizada como o &#237;ndice da SBR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados obtidos para press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e EEG local foram analisados com ANOVA de duas vias com medidas repetidas seguida pelo teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Tukey para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas utilizando o software Prisma vers&#227;o 6.0 (San Diego, CA). Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados como diferen&#231;as significativas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeito da NAR, TMZ ou a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambas na atividade el&#233;trica de campo local do NTS</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na pot&#234;ncia el&#233;trica do NTS durante o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-I/R e durante os 45 minutos de isquemia. Entretanto, a pot&#234;ncia el&#233;trica do NTS diminuiu drasticamente durante toda a 1&#7491;, 2&#7491;, 3&#7491; e 4&#7491; horas do per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o no grupo I/R em compara&#231;&#227;o com os ratos do grupo <italic>sham</italic>. Por outro lado, a administra&#231;&#227;o de NAR e TMZ, isoladamente ou combinadas, melhorou sua energia em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo I/R (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito do pr&#233;-tratamento com Naringina (NAR), Trimetazidina (TMZ) ou combina&#231;&#227;o de ambas na atividade el&#233;trica do NTS ap&#243;s les&#227;o renal de I/R</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">Grupos</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="6">Pot&#234;ncia do EEG (mV2/Hz)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Pr&#233;-IR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Isquemia</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Tempo de reperfus&#227;o (h)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">1&#186;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">2&#186;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">3&#186;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">4&#186;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sham</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,723 &#177; 0,117</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,675 &#177; 0,126</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,699 &#177; 0,116</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,68 &#177; 0,104</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,673 &#177; 0,104</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,695 &#177; 0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">IR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,725 &#177; 0,081</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,652 &#177; 0,052</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,635 &#177; 0,095<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">***</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,61 &#177; 0,082<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">***</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,587 &#177; 0,042<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">***</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,592 &#177; 0,025<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">***</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">NAR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,705 &#177; 0,034</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,653 &#177; 0,051</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,673 &#177; 0,029</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,65 &#177; 0,033<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,63 &#177; 0,041<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,646 &#177; 0,038<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">##</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TMZ</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,712 &#177; 0,067</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,668 &#177; 0,085</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,673 &#177; 0,073</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,65 &#177; 0,069<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,632 &#177; 0,054<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,637 &#177; 0,069<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">NAR+TMZ</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,75 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,65 &#177; 0,069</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,673 &#177; 0,064</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,65 &#177; 0,047<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,627 &#177; 0,049<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,64 &#177; 0,053<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">##</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Os dados foram representados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 8). Sham (grupo cir&#250;rgico sham), I/R (Isquemia-reperfus&#227;o + solu&#231;&#227;o salina normal), NAR (I/R + NAR 100 mg/kg, ip, por uma semana), TMZ (I/R + TMZ 5 mg/kg, iv, antes da reperfus&#227;o). NAR + TMZ, combina&#231;&#227;o de NAR e TMZ. ANOVA de duas vias com medidas repetidas seguida pelo teste post hoc de Tukey.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>p&lt;0.001, vs. grupo sham.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p&lt;0.05</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>##</label>
              <p>p&lt;0.01, vs. grupo I/R.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeito da NAR e TMZ na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial</title>
        <p>A les&#227;o renal de I/R reduziu significativamente a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, enquanto o pr&#233;-tratamento com NAR, TMZ ou a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambas restaurou de alguma forma a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aos valores normais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, os resultados n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito do pr&#233;-tratamento com Naringina (NAR), Trimetazidina (TMZ) ou a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambas na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s les&#227;o de I/R renal (I/R). Os dados foram representados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 8). Sham (grupo cir&#250;rgico sham), I/R (Isquemia-reperfus&#227;o + solu&#231;&#227;o salina normal), NAR (I/R + NAR 100 mg/kg, ip, por uma semana), TMZ (I/R + TMZ 5 mg/kg, iv, antes da reperfus&#227;o). NAR + TMZ, combina&#231;&#227;o de NAR e TMZ. ANOVA de duas vias com medidas repetidas seguida pelo teste post hoc de Tukey. *p&lt;0,05, vs. grupo sham.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0290-00121-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito da Naringina (NAR), Trimetazidina (TMZ) ou a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambas na press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia ap&#243;s les&#227;o de I/R renal (I/R). Os dados foram representados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 8). Sham (grupo cir&#250;rgico sham), I/R (Isquemia-reperfus&#227;o + solu&#231;&#227;o salina normal), NAR (I/R + NAR 100 mg/kg, ip, por uma semana), TMZ (I/R + TMZ 5 mg/kg, iv, antes da reperfus&#227;o). NAR + TMZ, combina&#231;&#227;o de NAR e TMZ. ANOVA de duas vias com medidas repetidas seguida pelo teste post hoc de Tukey.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0290-00121-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeito de NAR e TMZ na SBR</title>
        <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>, a SBR foi significativamente reduzida no grupo com les&#227;o de I/R quando comparado ao grupo <italic>sham</italic>. No entanto, a administra&#231;&#227;o de NAR ou TMZ restaurou-a; portanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos <italic>sham</italic>, NAR e TMZ; contudo, a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambas elevou a SBR de forma mais significativa.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito do pr&#233;-tratamento com Naringina (NAR), Trimetazidina (TMZ) ou a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambas na sensibilidade barorreflexa (&#916;FC/&#916;PAM) ap&#243;s I/R renal (I/R). Os dados foram representados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 8). Sham (grupo cir&#250;rgico sham), I/R (Isquemia-reperfus&#227;o + solu&#231;&#227;o salina normal), NAR (I/R + NAR 100 mg/kg, ip, por uma semana), TMZ (I/R + TMZ 5 mg/kg, iv, antes da reperfus&#227;o). NAR + TMZ, combina&#231;&#227;o de NAR e TMZ. ANOVA de duas vias com medidas repetidas seguida pelo teste post hoc de Tukey. *p&lt;0.05, ***p&lt;0.001, vs. grupo sham, #p&lt; 0.05 vs. grupo I/R.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0290-00121-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os achados do presente estudo demonstraram que a les&#227;o de I/R enfraqueceu a atividade el&#233;trica do NTS e da SBR. Entretanto, as mudan&#231;as nas ondas cerebrais ap&#243;s a I/R mostraram que a atividade el&#233;trica do NTS foi suprimida e essas altera&#231;&#245;es foram afetadas por uma poss&#237;vel disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e renal. A atividade el&#233;trica anormal subsequente do NTS pode prejudicar ainda mais a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e agravar as complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas na fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Por outro lado, o pr&#233;-tratamento com NAR e TMZ por si s&#243; restaura as pot&#234;ncias el&#233;tricas gama e delta, enquanto sua combina&#231;&#227;o com TMZ melhora todas as outras ondas el&#233;tricas registradas do NTS e tamb&#233;m restaura a SBR. As fibras aferentes dos barorreceptores s&#227;o recebidas principalmente no NTS, que tem uma complexa rela&#231;&#227;o neuronal com outras &#225;reas do sistema nervoso central e &#225;rea vasomotora (o n&#250;cleo amb&#237;guo e a medula ventrolateral rostral).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> V&#225;rios estudos j&#225; mostraram que doen&#231;as como o diabetes, a hipertens&#227;o e a insufici&#234;ncia renal mediada por estresse oxidativo podem enfraquecer a SBR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> A LRA aumenta a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias e reduz a <italic>clearance</italic> de citocinas, levando assim &#224; respostas inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas aumentadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Um estudo anterior mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o relativa entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o dos barorreceptores e o estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Outros estudos mostraram que os antioxidantes podem melhorar a SBR em v&#225;rios modelos experimentais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Por outro lado, verificou-se que a administra&#231;&#227;o de sequestrantes de radicais livres como a enzima super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD) e a catalase (CAT) em coelhos com aterosclerose foi capaz de melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o dos barorreceptores, indicando a inibi&#231;&#227;o do efeito das ERO no desempenho dos barorreceptores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a NAR e a TMZ, isoladamente ou combinadas, melhoraram a SBR, que pode ter ocorrido atrav&#233;s de seus efeitos antioxidantes, atrav&#233;s do sequestro da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica. Nosso estudo anterior mostrou que a NAR ou a TMZ ou a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambas pode reduzir a disfun&#231;&#227;o glomerular atrav&#233;s do aumento da capacidade antioxidante e redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de microRNA-10a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> Em concord&#226;ncia com este estudo e outros achados anteriores, a SBR &#233; atenuada pelo estresse oxidativo, e os compostos polifen&#243;is a melhoram atrav&#233;s do sequestro dos radicais livres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, muitas evid&#234;ncias indicaram que a les&#227;o de I/R levou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, que &#233; um dos principais contribuintes de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, seguida pela disfun&#231;&#227;o dos barorreceptores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> A este respeito, a NAR melhora a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial sintetizando e aumentando a biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> Em um estudo realizado em humanos, tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que a TMZ melhorou a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, ao reduzir os n&#237;veis de peroxida&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Um estudo experimental mostrou que a TMZ reduziu o malondialde&#237;do, um &#237;ndice de les&#227;o oxidativa renal, em um modelo de les&#227;o de I/R renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> A TMZ estimula a oxida&#231;&#227;o da glicose ao reduzir a oxida&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;cidos graxos beta, que levam &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de ATP com menor consumo de oxig&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo mostraram a melhora da SBR com o pr&#233;-tratamento com NAR e/ou TMZ na I/R. Embora o mecanismo preciso dos efeitos antioxidantes de NAR e TMZ na SBR n&#227;o esteja claro na I/R renal, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a NAR, a TMZ ou a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambas aumentem a SBR na I/R renal devido &#224; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo. Recentemente, foi demonstrado que a administra&#231;&#227;o de antioxidantes pode melhorar a SBR atrav&#233;s da melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Os mecanismos centrais da NAR e TMZ precisam ser esclarecidos em novos estudos sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal leva ao ac&#250;mulo de toxinas e ao aumento da osmolalidade s&#233;rica, o que pode estimular diretamente a s&#237;ntese do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular. Al&#233;m disso, o aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de ERO leva ao dano endotelial e &#224; permeabilidade da barreira hematoencef&#225;lica (BHE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> V&#225;rias linhas de estudos mostraram que o desempenho da BHE foi interrompido em modelos experimentais de LRA indicados pelo corante azul de Evans sobre a permeabilidade para o tecido cerebral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> Por outro lado, modelos inflamat&#243;rios experimentais induzidos pelo fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;) aumentam a permeabilidade da BHE de forma anormal. Esses estudos experimentais apoiam a ideia de que a inflama&#231;&#227;o associada &#224; LRA aumenta as citocinas inflamat&#243;rias na corrente sangu&#237;nea e isso pode prejudicar a permeabilidade da BHE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> Muitas evid&#234;ncias demonstraram que a NAR &#233; um potente antioxidante que atravessa a BHE e reduz os fatores inflamat&#243;rios para proteger o c&#233;rebro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> Uma queda abrupta na fun&#231;&#227;o renal leva ao ac&#250;mulo de toxinas e ao aumento da osmolalidade s&#233;rica, o que pode aumentar as ERO, resultando em les&#227;o endotelial, ruptura da BHE e dos transmissores cerebrais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Um estudo experimental mostrou que a les&#227;o cerebral de I/R resulta em altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros eletrofisiol&#243;gicos card&#237;acos, bem como na redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade el&#233;trica do NTS. Entretanto, a administra&#231;&#227;o de antioxidantes evitou essas complica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> A redu&#231;&#227;o da disponibilidade de oxig&#234;nio para o sistema neuronal, seguida pela ruptura dos vasos sangu&#237;neos levou a uma cascata de eventos, incluindo ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptores de glutamato e influxo de Ca<sup>2 +</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> A ativa&#231;&#227;o dos receptores de glutamato causou um aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o citoplasm&#225;tica de Ca<sup>2+</sup> como resultado do influxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> atrav&#233;s dos canais dos receptores &#945;-amino-3-hidroxi-5-metilisoxazol-4-propionato (AMPA) e N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDA) e canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup> dependentes de voltagem (VDCC, do ingl&#234;s <italic>voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels</italic>). A abertura dos receptores inotr&#243;picos de glutamato e o consequente influxo de Na<sup>+</sup> e Ca<sup>2+</sup> s&#227;o identificados como os primeiros est&#225;gios do processo excitot&#243;xico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Outro estudo experimental mostrou que LRA induzida por I/R renal levava &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e aumento da atividade do nervo simp&#225;tico renal e aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es de norepinefrina, indicando o papel do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico no desenvolvimento da LRA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> Recentemente, o papel dos nervos renais no modelo de I/R renal mostrou que a denerva&#231;&#227;o do nervo renal simp&#225;tico melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o do &#243;rg&#227;o, reduziu a resposta dos fatores inflamat&#243;rios e a apoptose sem altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> Por outro lado, Mitaka et al. mostraram que a I/R renal levou a uma redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o que se op&#245;e aos resultados deste estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> Essa controv&#233;rsia pode estar relacionada ao modelo experimental, &#224; esp&#233;cie animal e ao per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o. Nosso estudo anterior indicou que a les&#227;o renal de I/R resulta em disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, e o pr&#233;-tratamento com NAR e TMZ, isoladamente ou combinadas, poderia ter papel protetor no efeito remoto da LRA no estresse oxidativo e les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica atrav&#233;s da regula&#231;&#227;o do Nrf-2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, ele &#233; parte de uma tese de doutorado, incluindo limita&#231;&#245;es financeiras e de tempo. Portanto, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar alguns par&#226;metros como histologia cerebral e medidas de par&#226;metros moleculares e antioxidantes no tecido cerebral. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a atividade da SBR e do NTS no modelo de LRA.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos achados, juntamente com os achados de outras pesquisas, est&#227;o de acordo com o presente estudo, que sugere que a redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal devido &#224; les&#227;o de I/R renal leva &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade el&#233;trica da SBR e do NTS. Provavelmente, existe uma liga&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da SBR, embora a NAR e a TMZ, isoladamente ou combinadas, melhorem a atividade el&#233;trica da SBR e do NTS. Entretanto, pode-se esperar que esses tipos de agentes antioxidantes possam ser utilizados para prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es renais de les&#227;o de I/R em &#225;reas al&#233;m do local da les&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Negin Amini pelo Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences..</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo IR.AJUMS.REC.1395.149. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de doutorado de Negin Amini, que &#233; estudante da Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Este trabalho recebeu apoio do Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Os autores agradecem a ajuda e apoio financeiro do Persian Gulf Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Naringin and Trimetazidine Improve Baroreflex Sensitivity and Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Electrical Activity in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amini</surname>
            <given-names>Negin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarkaki</surname>
            <given-names>Alireza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dianat</surname>
            <given-names>Mahin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mard</surname>
            <given-names>Seyyed Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ahangarpour</surname>
            <given-names>Akram</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2290-8565</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Badavi</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ahvaz</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="IR">Iran</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Iran</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ahvaz</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="IR">Iran</country>
          <institution content-type="original">The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Iran</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailig Address: Mohammad Badavi</bold> &#8226; Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci &#8211; Physiology - Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Khuzestan <postal-code>6135733118</postal-code> - Iran. E-mail: <email>badavim@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Amini N, Sarkaki A, Badavi M; Acquisition of data: Amini N; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Amini N, Dianat M, Mard SA, Ahangarpour A, Badavi M; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Amini N, Badavi M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sarkaki A, Dianat M, Mard SA, Ahangarpour A, Badavi M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is a brain area that plays a key role in kidney and cardiovascular regulation via baroreceptors impulses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of naringin (NAR) and trimetazidine (TMZ) alone and their combination on NTS electrical activity and baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) in renal ischemia- reperfusion (I/R) injury.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200- 250 g) were allocated into 5 groups with 8 in each. 1) Sham; 2) I/R; 3) TMZ 5 mg/kg; 4) NAR 100 mg/kg; and 5) TMZ5+ NAR100. The left femoral vein was cannulated to infuse saline solution or drug and the BRS was evaluated. I/R was induced by occlusion of renal pedicles for 45 min, followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. The NTS local electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded before, during ischemia and throughout the reperfusion. Phenylephrine was injected intravenously to evaluate BRS at the end of reperfusion time. The data were analyzed by two-way repeated measurement ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>NTS electrical waves did not change during ischemia time, while they significantly decreased during the entire reperfusion time. NTS electrical activity and BRS dramatically reduced in rats with I/R injury; however, administration of NAR, TMZ alone or their combination significantly improved these changes in rats with I/R injury.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The results showed that I/R injury leads to reduced BRS and NTS electrical activity and there may be an association between I/R and decreased BRS. In addition, NAR and TMZ are promising agents to treat I/R complications.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury</kwd>
        <kwd>Baroreflex sensitivity</kwd>
        <kwd>Nucleus tractus solitaries</kwd>
        <kwd>Naringin</kwd>
        <kwd>Trimetazidine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major clinical problem with high prevalence that affects more than 50% of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) and causes mortality &gt; 60%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is one of the most important causes of AKI and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in I/R injury events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The overproduction of free radicals in the I/R injury induces apoptosis and, ultimately, cell death and organ dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species over the antioxidant defense system) is known as a factor in I/R injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Free oxygen radicals and ROS are transmitted through the bloodstream to distant organs and are considered as intermediate agents of damage to distant organs resulting from I/R.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) acts as the gateway to the central nervous system for sensory information entry, which plays an important role in cardiovascular regulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Peripheral baroreceptors, chemoreceptors and renal sympathetic afferent nerves create the primary synapse in the NTS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Baroreceptor dysfunction leads to loss of regulation of blood pressure fluctuations and impaired baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS), which is a well-known pathophysiological basis of cardiovascular disturbances.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Available evidence indicates that NTS degradation leads to blood pressure alternations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Therefore, NTS is one of the main centers for BRS regulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Naringin (4, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavanone-7-rhamnoglucoside, NAR) is a polyphenol compound, which is found mainly in grapefruit and a number of citrus plants. Antimicrobial, anti-mutagenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging and antioxidant effects of NAR have been shown.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The protective effects of NAR through the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes have been documented.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p><italic>Trimetazidine</italic> (1-[2, 3, 4-trimethoxybenzyl] piperazine dihydrochloride, TMZ) is an anti-ischemic drug used in unstable angina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), located on the inner membrane of mitochondria plays a powerful role in the production of ROS and the onset of apoptosis following I/R injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> An experimental study documented that TMZ was able to inhibit mPTP and reduce the infarction size in myocardial I/R injury and caspase-3 activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Moreover, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by TMZ has been reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of NAR and TMZ alone and as a combined therapy on the local field electrical activity of the NTS at the local electroencephalography (EEG) and BRS sensitivity following renal I/R injury.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Drugs</title>
          <p>TMZ, NAR, ketamine, xylazine and urethane were purchased from Sigma Co. USA. NAR and TMZ were dissolved in distilled water and urethane was dissolved in normal saline solution just before use.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>In current study, and according to our previous study and other similar ones, forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 200- 250 g) were purchased from an animal breeding and care center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS). All animals were housed in standard cages (4 in each cage) under controlled temperature (22 &#177; 2 &#176;C), humidity (50-55%) and a 12-h light/dark cycle (lights on at 07:00 am), with free access to food chow pellets and tap water. The rats were simply and non-randomly allocated into five groups of eight animals in each. Groups: 1) Sham, 2) I/R, 3) TMZ 5 mg/kg; I/R rats received TMZ (5 mg/kg, iv) five minutes before reperfusion,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> 4) NAR 100 mg/kg; I/R rats received NAR (100 mg/kg, i.p) once daily for seven days before I/R,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> and 5) TMZ 5 mg/kg + NAR 100 mg/kg; I/R rats received TMZ 5 mg/kg + NAR 100 mg/kg. Rats in sham and I/R groups received vehicle (sterile saline solution). Rats in the sham group were submitted to the same surgical procedure as the other groups, without the use of clamps and I/R induction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Stereotaxic surgery to implant electrode</title>
          <p>A week prior to EEG recording, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg), intraperitoneally. The rats&#8217; body temperature was maintained at 36.5&#177;0.5 &#176; C using heating pads, with their heads mounted in a stereotaxic device (Narishige Co. Japan) for electrode implantation surgery. A coated stainless steel Teflon bipolar metal wire electrode (0.005&#8221; bare, 0.008&#8221; coated, A-M systems, Inc. WA) was implanted in the NTS with Paxinos and Watson stereotaxic atlas, with coordination of AP=-14.04 mm from bregma; ML= 0.4 mm, and DV=8 mm from the dura, correspondingly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> All implants were fixed to the skull using dental acrylic cement and two small glass anchor bolts.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Induction of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)</title>
          <p>Rats were kept in fasting condition overnight prior to the surgery (for at least 10 h) but had free access to water. At the day of surgery, the rats from each group were anaesthetized with urethane (1.7 g/kg, i.p).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Then, the rats were placed on heating pads (Harvard Apparatus, UK) to keep the body temperature approximately at 37 &#176; C. Fifteen minutes after the anesthesia, the left femoral vein was catheterized using a polyethylene catheter (PE50) to infuse saline solution or TMZ and the left femoral artery was used to measure blood pressure and baroreflex sensitivity. The left and right kidneys were exposed through a midline incision. Bilateral ischemia was induced by occluding both renal pedicles using non-traumatic clamps for 45 min. After that, the clamps were removed and reperfusion continued for 4 hours.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Local EEG recording</title>
          <p>The local field potentials (local EEG) from the rats&#8217; NTS were fed to a ML135 bio amplifier (4-Channels data acquisition Power Lab. and Lab Chart software version 7, AD Instruments Co., Australia) with 1 mV amplification, 400 Hz sampling rate, and 0.3&#8211;70 Hz band pass filtration for 5 minutes. The basic 5-sec EEG variation period were compared in all groups. The electrical power of frequency bands were measured as mV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>/Hz. The local EEG recording was performed before ischemia for 45 min, during ischemia and reperfusion time, correspondingly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mean arterial pressure measurement</title>
          <p>The mean arterial pressure was recorded through the catheterization of the left femoral artery that connected to a pressure transducer and monitored by a Power Lab System (AD Instruments, Australia), before ischemia for 20 min for adaptation, during ischemia and reperfusion time.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Baroreflex sensitivity</title>
          <p>In all groups, at the end of reperfusion period, intravenous injections of phenylephrine (10 to 20 &#181;g/kg) were performed and the changes in blood pressure and heart rate were recorded using pressure transducer and monitored and recorded on PC, using Lab Chart software. There were 15 minute-intervals for recovery between drug injections to reach the previous level of blood pressure. For each injection, the maximum amplitude of the resulting pressure and bradycardia were used to calculate the mean arterial pressure (&#916;MAP) and heart rate changes (&#916;HR). The ratio of &#916;HR change to &#916;MAP change was used as the BRS index.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The data obtained for mean arterial pressure, heart rate and local EEG were analyzed with two-way repeated measurement ANOVA followed by Tukey's test as a post hoc test for multiple comparisons using Prism software, version 6.0 (San Diego, CA). The data were expressed as the mean and standard deviation (SD). P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered as significant differences.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>The effect of NAR, TMZ or their combination on NTS local field electrical activity</title>
          <p>There were no significant alterations in NTS electrical power during pre-I/R and 45-minute ischemia period. However, NTS electrical power was dramatically decreased during the entire 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> hours of reperfusion period in the I/R group compared with sham rats. On the other hand, the administration of NAR and TMZ alone or in combination improved its power compared with the I/R group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of Naringin (NAR), Trimetazidine (TMZ) or their combination pretreatment on NTS electrical activity following renal I/R injury</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3">Groups</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="6">EEG Power (mV2/Hz)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Pre-IR</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Ischemia</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Reperfusion Time (h)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">1st</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">2nd</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">3rd</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">4th</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Sham</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.723 &#177; 0.117</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.675 &#177; 0.126</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.699 &#177; 0.116</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.68 &#177; 0.104</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.673 &#177; 0.104</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.695 &#177; 0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">IR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.725 &#177; 0.081</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.652 &#177; 0.052</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.635 &#177; 0.095<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.61 &#177; 0.082<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.587 &#177; 0.042<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.592 &#177; 0.025<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">NAR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.705 &#177; 0.034</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.653 &#177; 0.051</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.673 &#177; 0.029</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.65 &#177; 0.033<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.63 &#177; 0.041<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.646 &#177; 0.038<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">##</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">TMZ</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.712 &#177; 0.067</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.668 &#177; 0.085</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.673 &#177; 0.073</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.65 &#177; 0.069<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.632 &#177; 0.054<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.637 &#177; 0.069<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">NAR+TMZ</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.75 &#177; 0.07</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.65 &#177; 0.069</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.673 &#177; 0.064</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.65 &#177; 0.047<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.627 &#177; 0.049<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.64 &#177; 0.053<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">##</xref></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Data were represented as mean &#177; SD (n=8). Sham (sham operated group), I/R (Ischemia-reperfusion + normal saline), NAR (I/R + NAR 100 mg/kg, i.p, for one week), TMZ (I/R + TMZ 5 mg/kg, iv, before reperfusion). NAR + TMZ, combination of NAR and TMZ. Repeated measure-Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>***</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.001, vs. sham group.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.05,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>##</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.01, vs. I/R group.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effect of NAR and TMZ on heart rate and arterial pressure</title>
          <p>Renal I/R injury significantly reduced the heart rate, while pretreatment with NAR, TMZ or their combination somewhat restored the heart rate to the normal values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>). Regarding the mean arterial pressure, the results showed no differences between the different groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of Naringin (NAR), Trimetazidine (TMZ) or their combination pretreatment on heart rate, following renal I/R (I/R). Data were represented as mean &#177; SD (n=8). Sham (sham operated group), I/R (Ischemia-reperfusion + normal saline), NAR (I/R + NAR 100 mg/kg, i.p, for one week), TMZ (I/R + TMZ 5 mg/kg, iv, before reperfusion). NAR + TMZ combination of NAR and TMZ. Repeated measure-Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. *p&lt;0.05, vs. sham group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0290-00121-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of Naringin (NAR), Trimetazidine (TMZ) or their combination pretreatment on mean arterial pressure following renal I/R (I/R). Data were represented as mean &#177; SD (n=8). Sham (sham operated group), I/R (Ischemia-reperfusion + normal saline), NAR (I/R + NAR 100 mg/kg, i.p, for one week), TMZ (I/R + TMZ 5 mg/kg, iv, before reperfusion). NAR + TMZ, combination of NAR and TMZ. Repeated measure-Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0290-00121-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effect of NAR and TMZ on BRS</title>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figure 3</xref>, BRS was significantly reduced in the I/R injury group when compared to the sham group. However, the administration of NAR or TMZ restored it; so there was no difference between the sham, NAR and TMZ groups; however, their combination increased the BRS more significantly.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of Naringin (NAR), Trimetazidine (TMZ) or their combination pretreatment on baroreceptor sensitivity (&#916;HR/&#916;MAP)) following renal I/R (I/R). Data were represented as mean &#177; SD (n=8). Sham (sham operated group), I/R (Ischemia-reperfusion + normal saline), NAR (I/R + NAR100 mg/kg, i.p, for one week), TMZ (I/R + TMZ 5 mg/kg, iv, before reperfusion). NAR + TMZ, combination of NAR and TMZ. Repeated measure-Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. *p&lt;0.05, ***p&lt;0.001, vs. sham group, #p&lt; 0.05 vs. I/R group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0290-00121-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The findings of the current study demonstrated that the I/R injury weakened NTS electrical activity and BRS. However, changes in brain waves after I/R showed that NTS electrical activity was suppressed and these changes were affected by possible heart and kidney dysfunction. Subsequent abnormal NTS electrical activity can further impair cardiac function and aggravate ischemic complications in renal function. On the other hand, pre-treatment with NAR and TMZ alone restored gamma and delta electrical powers, while its combination with TMZ improved all other NTS recorded electrical waves and also restored BRS. The afferent inputs of baroreceptors are primarily received in the NTS, which has a neuronal complex relationship with other areas of the central nervous system and the vasomotor area (the ambiguous core and rostral ventrolateral medulla).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Various studies have shown that diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and renal failure mediated by oxidative stress can weaken the BRS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Acute kidney injury (AKI) increases the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reduces the clearance of cytokines, thus leading to increased systemic inflammatory responses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><sup>23(19</sup><sup>,</sup> <sup>20)</sup> A previous study has shown a relative correlation between baroreceptor dysfunction and oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Other studies showed that antioxidants can improve BRS in various experimental models.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> On the other hand, it was found that the administration of free radical scavengers, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in rabbits suffering from atherosclerosis was able to improve baroreceptor function, indicating the inhibition of ROS effect on the baroreceptor performance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In the present study, NAR and TMZ alone or in combination improved baroreceptor sensitivity, which may have occurred due to their antioxidant effects through lipid peroxidation scavenging. Our previous study has shown that NAR, TMZ or their combination can reduce glomerular dysfunction by enhancing antioxidant capacity and reducing the microRNA-10a level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> In line with this study and other previous findings, BRS is attenuated by oxidative stress, and polyphenol compounds improve it by scavenging free radicals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> In addition, extensive evidence indicated that I/R led to the reduction of nitric oxide synthesis, which is a major contributor of endothelial dysfunction, followed by baroreceptor dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> In this regard, NAR improves endothelial dysfunction by synthesizing and increasing nitric oxide bioavailability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> In a human study, it has also been shown that TMZ improved endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure by reducing lipid peroxidation levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> An experimental study showed that TMZ reduced malondialdehyde, a renal oxidative injury index in a renal I/R injury model.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> TMZ stimulates glucose oxidation by reducing the oxidation of beta-fatty acids, which leads to the production of ATP with less oxygen consumption.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The results of this study showed BRS improvement with NAR and TMZ pretreatment in I/R. Although the precise mechanism of the antioxidant effects of NAR and TMZ on BRS is unclear in renal I/R, it is possible that NAR, TMZ or their combination increase BRS in renal I/R by improving the autonomic nervous system function. Recently, it has been shown that the administration of antioxidants can improve BRS by improving autonomic function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> The central mechanisms of NAR and TMZ need to be clarified in further studies on the autonomic nervous system function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The reduction in renal function leads to the accumulation of toxins and increased serum osmolality, which can directly stimulate vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis. In addition, the increase in ROS production leads to endothelial damage and permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> Several lines of studies have shown that BBB performance was disrupted in experimental models of AKI indicated by Evans blue dye over the permeability into the brain tissue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> On the other hand, experimental inflammatory models induced by alpha tumor necrosis factor (TNF-&#945;) abnormally increases the permeability of the BBB. These experimental studies support the idea that inflammation associated with AKI elevates the inflammatory cytokines in the bloodstream and this can impair BBB permeability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> Extensive evidence showed that NAR is a potent antioxidant that crosses the BBB and reduces inflammatory factors to protect the brain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> A sudden drop in kidney function leads to toxin accumulation and increased serum osmolality, which can increase ROS, resulting in endothelial injury, BBB and brain transmitter disruption.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref></p>
        <p>An experimental study showed that cerebral I/R injury results in changes in cardiac electrophysiological parameters, as well as reduction in NTS electrical activity. However, the administration of anti-oxidants prevented these complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> The reduction in oxygen availability to the neuronal system, followed by the ruptured blood vessels, led to a cascade of events, including activation of glutamate receptors and Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> The activation of glutamate receptors caused an increase in cytoplasmic Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentrations, as the result of Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through &#945;-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole- 4-propionate (AMPA) and <italic>N</italic>-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels, and voltage-dependent Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels (VDCC). The opening of inotropic glutamate receptors, and the consequent influx of Na<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup>, is identified as the first stages in the excitotoxic process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Another experimental study showed that AKI induced by renal I/R led to renal dysfunction and increased renal sympathetic nerve activity and increased norepinephrine concentrations, indicating the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the development of AKI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> Recently, the role of renal nerves in the renal I/R model showed that renal sympathetic nerve denervation improved renal function, reduced the response of inflammatory factors and apoptosis without changes in blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> While Mitaka et al. showed that renal I/R led to a reduction in blood pressure and no changes in heart rate, which is opposed to the results of this study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> This controversy may be related to the experimental model, the animal species and the reperfusion period. Our previous study indicated that renal I/R injury result in kidney dysfunction and myocardial injury and pre-treatment with NAR and TMZ alone or their combination might have a protective role on the remote effect of AKI on oxidative stress and myocardial injury through Nrf-2 regulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study had some limitations. Firstly because it is part of a Ph.D. thesis, including financial and time limitations. Therefore, we could not identify some parameters such as brain histology and measurement of molecular and antioxidant parameters in the brain tissue. Our aim was to investigate BRS and NTS activity in the AKI model.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our findings, along with other research findings, are in line with the present study, which suggest the reduction in renal function due to renal I/R injury, leading to a reduction in BRS and NTS electrical activity. Probably, there is an association between renal function reduction and BRS decrease, although NAR and TMZ alone or their combination improved the BRS and the NTS electrical activity. However, it can be hoped that these antioxidant agents can be used to prevent renal I/R complications in areas beyond the injury site.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Negin Amini, from Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences under the protocol number IR.AJUMS.REC.1395.149. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This article is a part of Ms. Negin Amini's Ph.D. thesis, who is a student at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. This work was supported by the Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. The authors gratefully acknowledge the help and financial support of the Persian Gulf Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
