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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">MZ9qpsVRktSQxHWJRfPXfkj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000270</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200197</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200197</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso de Estatinas Melhora a Prote&#231;&#227;o Cardiometab&#243;lica Promovida pelo Treinamento F&#237;sico em Ambiente Aqu&#225;tico: Um Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Randomizado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0182-4936</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Rochelle Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coconcelli</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Alex de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buttelli</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Cristine Koch</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Frances</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruel</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rochelle Rocha Costa</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211;Rua Felizardo, 750. CEP <postal-code>90690-200</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>rochellerochacosta@msn.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Costa RR, Stein R, Kruel LFM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Vieira AF, Coconcelli L, Fagundes AO, Pereira LF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Costa RR, Vieira AF, Coconcelli L, Stein R,Fagundes AO, Buttelli ACK, Kruel LFM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Costa RR, Kruel LFM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Stein R, Kruel LFM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Costa RR, Vieira AF, Coconcelli L, Buttelli ACK, Pereira LF, Stein R, Kruel LFM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Costa RR, Vieira AF, Fagundes AO, Stein R, Kruel LFM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>270</fpage>
      <lpage>278</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O uso de estatinas destaca-se como a terapia mais frequentemente utilizada para o tratamento de dislipidemias e pode ser considerado a interven&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica mais eficiente para a redu&#231;&#227;o da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL). Por outro lado, o treinamento f&#237;sico pode ser considerado uma estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica eficiente e segura para promover melhorias no perfil lip&#237;dico. No entanto, n&#227;o se sabe qual seria a influ&#234;ncia das estatinas nas adapta&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas decorrentes do treinamento aqu&#225;tico em popula&#231;&#245;es com dislipidemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Analisar a influ&#234;ncia do uso de sinvastatina nas adapta&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas decorrentes do treinamento aer&#243;bico em meio aqu&#225;tico e de resist&#234;ncia em mulheres idosas com dislipidemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Sessenta e nove mulheres idosas (66,13 &#177; 5,13 anos), sedent&#225;rias e dislipid&#234;micas, tanto n&#227;o usu&#225;rias quanto usu&#225;rias de sinvastatina (20 mg e 40 mg), foram randomizadas nos 3 grupos seguintes: treinamento aer&#243;bico em meio aqu&#225;tico (WA), treinamento de for&#231;a em meio aqu&#225;tico (WR) e grupo controle (GC). A dura&#231;&#227;o total das interven&#231;&#245;es, para todos os grupos experimentais, foi de 10 semanas, com 2 sess&#245;es semanais. As an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas foram realizadas antes do in&#237;cio das interven&#231;&#245;es e repetidas ap&#243;s o final do ensaio. Foram utilizadas equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa generalizada para comparar esses dados, estabelecendo &#945; = 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise por inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar, as participantes medicadas demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de magnitude maior do colesterol total (CT) (&#8722;3,41 a &#8722;25,89 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>; p = 0,038), LDL (&#8722;5,58 a &#8722;25,18 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>; p = 0,007) e da rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL (&#8722;0,37 a &#8722;0,61; p = 0,022) quando comparadas &#224;s participantes n&#227;o medicadas, essa redu&#231;&#227;o sendo estatisticamente significativa apenas no grupo WR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O uso de estatina incrementa as adapta&#231;&#245;es promovidas pelo treinamento f&#237;sico aqu&#225;tico no CT, nos n&#237;veis de LDL e na rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL, sendo mais pronunciado ap&#243;s WR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Hidroximethilglutaril-CoA-Redutases</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Ambiente Aqu&#225;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As dislipidemias s&#227;o dist&#250;rbios do metabolismo de lip&#237;dios, resultando em altera&#231;&#245;es nas lipoprote&#237;nas e lip&#237;deos do sangue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Em mulheres idosas, os n&#237;veis reduzidos de estrog&#234;nio, que acompanham a p&#243;s-menopausa, podem favorecer o desenvolvimento da dislipidemia e contribuir para o aumento do risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A terapia com estatinas &#233; o tratamento mais comumente usado e &#233; considerada a interven&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica mais eficiente para a redu&#231;&#227;o da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> No entanto, v&#225;rios eventos adversos est&#227;o associados ao seu uso, incluindo miopatia, que surge como um efeito colateral preocupante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Por&#233;m, o treinamento f&#237;sico &#233; considerado uma estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica eficiente e segura para o tratamento das dislipidemias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> V&#225;rios estudos demonstram adapta&#231;&#245;es favor&#225;veis em lip&#237;dios e lipoprote&#237;nas em resposta ao treinamento aer&#243;bico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> e de resist&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Contudo, evid&#234;ncias sugerem que as estatinas possam atenuar as melhorias decorrentes do treinamento de exerc&#237;cio em alguns componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, como o condicionamento cardiorrespirat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> e a for&#231;a muscular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> embora estes resultados sejam conflitantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Est&#225; bem documentado que o tratamento isolado com estatinas ou o treinamento f&#237;sico pode promover melhora do perfil lip&#237;dico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> mas existem poucos estudos avaliando os seus efeitos associados. Coen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> demonstraram que 10 semanas de treinamento combinado (aer&#243;bico e de resist&#234;ncia) combinado com o uso di&#225;rio de rosuvastatina n&#227;o alterou os lip&#237;dios, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o uso de estatina sozinho. &#201; importante ressaltar que o estudo n&#227;o incluiu um grupo com apenas treinamento f&#237;sico; portanto, seus efeitos isolados n&#227;o foram investigados.</p>
      <p>Em contraste, Wittke<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> comparou os efeitos do treinamento aer&#243;bico com ou sem o uso de fluvastatina nos par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos de homens com dislipidemia. Ambas as estrat&#233;gias melhoraram os desfechos lip&#237;dicos, mas o treinamento aer&#243;bico combinado com o uso da estatina foi mais eficiente na redu&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol total (CT) e LDL.</p>
      <p>Os exerc&#237;cios aqu&#225;ticos realizados na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica est&#227;o entre as modalidades de exerc&#237;cios mais prescritas para idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas espec&#237;ficas que surgem da imers&#227;o levam a um menor impacto articular;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> menor press&#227;o arterial;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> maior volume sist&#243;lico, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e consumo de oxig&#234;nio;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> supress&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> maior libera&#231;&#227;o de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico; e aumento da capacidade oxidativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Essas adapta&#231;&#245;es resultam em benef&#237;cios importantes para pacientes idosos e para pacientes com dislipidemias.</p>
      <p>&#201;, portanto, relevante conhecer os efeitos do treinamento aer&#243;bico e de resist&#234;ncia em pacientes idosos com dislipidemia. At&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o existem estudos que investiguem a influ&#234;ncia da sinvastatina nas adapta&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas promovidas pelo treinamento f&#237;sico aqu&#225;tico nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a influ&#234;ncia do uso de sinvastatina nas adapta&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas decorrentes do treinamento aer&#243;bico em meio aqu&#225;tico e de resist&#234;ncia em mulheres idosas com dislipidemia. A nossa hip&#243;tese foi que as participantes que receberam estatinas apresentariam maior magnitude de melhora nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de CT, triglicer&#237;deos (TG) e LDL do que aquelas que n&#227;o receberam estatinas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra</title>
        <p>A amostra foi composta por 69 mulheres idosas (66,13 &#177; 5,13 anos), sedent&#225;rias (sem atividades f&#237;sicas regulares h&#225; pelo menos 3 meses), dislipid&#234;micas (CT &gt; 200 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>, LDL &#8805; 130 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>, TG &#8805; 150 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup> ou lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade [HDL] &lt; 40 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>, isolados ou combinados)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> e n&#227;o tabagistas. Para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do uso de estatinas nas adapta&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas ao treinamento f&#237;sico, mulheres que n&#227;o estavam recebendo medicamentos para tratamento de dislipidemias e mulheres que estavam recebendo sinvastatina nas doses de 20 mg e 40 mg foram aceitas para compor o grupo n&#227;o medicado (NMED) e o grupo medicado (MED), respectivamente. As participantes foram recrutadas em dezembro de 2015 e distribu&#237;das aleatoriamente nos 3 grupos da maneira seguinte: treinamento aer&#243;bico em meio aqu&#225;tico (WA; n = 23; 10 MED e 13 NMED), treinamento de for&#231;a em meio aqu&#225;tico (WR; n = 23; 9 MED e 14 NMED) e controle (CG; n = 23; 9 MED e 14 NMED). Todas as participantes foram instru&#237;das a n&#227;o mudar seus h&#225;bitos alimentares e a n&#227;o incluir exerc&#237;cios adicionais al&#233;m do prescrito nas interven&#231;&#245;es aqu&#225;ticas.</p>
        <p>As participantes foram alocadas nos 3 grupos de estudo por randomiza&#231;&#227;o estratificada usando uma lista aleat&#243;ria gerada por computador. O valor do CT da linha de base foi usado como fator para o processo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o. A oculta&#231;&#227;o da aloca&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por envelopes sequenciais, numerados, opacos e lacrados. Esse procedimento foi realizado por um pesquisador cego, a fim de manter o sigilo da aloca&#231;&#227;o. O processo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o e aloca&#231;&#227;o foi realizado ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o das avalia&#231;&#245;es iniciais.</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi realizado de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e recebeu aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (protocolo 140547). Todas as participantes leram e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes de iniciar a sua participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo. Todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es e treinamentos foram realizados de dezembro de 2015 a abril de 2016, na Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Fisioterapia e Dan&#231;a da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e no Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre. Este ensaio foi registrado na Clinical Trials (protocolo NCT02900612).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do Estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi desenhado como um ensaio cl&#237;nico controlado randomizado de 3 bra&#231;os em paralelo, com propor&#231;&#227;o de aloca&#231;&#227;o de 1:1:1. N&#227;o foram realizadas mudan&#231;as nos m&#233;todos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do ensaio. An&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas foram usadas para medir CT, LDL (desfechos prim&#225;rios), TG, n&#237;veis de HDL e a rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL (desfechos secund&#225;rios). Para identificar os h&#225;bitos alimentares das participantes, foi adotado um registro alimentar de 3 dias. Essas medidas foram realizadas antes do in&#237;cio das interven&#231;&#245;es e repetidas 72 horas ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do per&#237;odo de 10 semanas. Previamente ao in&#237;cio dos protocolos experimentais, foram realizadas medidas antropom&#233;tricas para caracterizar a amostra.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Registro Alimentar</title>
        <p>Para garantir que as participantes n&#227;o alterassem seus h&#225;bitos alimentares, foi realizado um registro alimentar de 3 dias diferentes para monitorar os h&#225;bitos alimentares. Esse instrumento foi preenchido pelas pr&#243;prias participantes, e os dados foram calculados por meio do software de nutri&#231;&#227;o Diet Win Professional (Brubins CAS, Brasil). Os teores de carboidratos (CHO), prote&#237;nas (PTN) e lip&#237;dios (LIP) foram expressos como porcentagem do valor energ&#233;tico total (VET) di&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es Bioqu&#237;micas</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas, 4 ml de sangue foram coletados da veia antecubital. As amostras foram centrifugadas a 1.500 rpm durante 20 minutos e o plasma extra&#237;do foi armazenado a &#8722;80 &#176;C (ultra freezer NUAIRE, Plymouth, EUA). Um pesquisador cego &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais realizou a an&#225;lise do perfil lip&#237;dico. Foram analisados CT, TG e HDL pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico usando kits da Siemens (Caernarfon, EUA) e analisador qu&#237;mico autom&#225;tico Siemens Advia 1800 (Erlangen, Alemanha). Com base nesses valores, foram estimados os n&#237;veis de LDL de acordo com Friedewald et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> e foi calculada a rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste Incremental Aqu&#225;tico</title>
        <p>Foi realizado o teste incremental para determinar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca correspondente ao limiar anaer&#243;bico (FC<sub>LA</sub>), que foi utilizada como indicador da intensidade do treinamento aer&#243;bico, adotando-se o exerc&#237;cio de corrida estacion&#225;ria. O teste foi realizado antes das sess&#245;es de treinamento e repetido na quinta semana de treinamento para a readequa&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro. O teste incremental j&#225; foi descrito em detalhe no estudo de Alberton et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> A determina&#231;&#227;o do FC<sub>LA</sub> foi realizada por 3 fisiologistas do exerc&#237;cio independentes, cegos e experientes. As discord&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interven&#231;&#245;es aqu&#225;ticas</title>
        <p>Antes do in&#237;cio dos treinamentos, os indiv&#237;duos que participaram dos grupos WA e WR realizaram 2 sess&#245;es de familiariza&#231;&#227;o com os exerc&#237;cios aqu&#225;ticos utilizados no programa de treinamento, a fim de garantir a execu&#231;&#227;o adequada dos movimentos. A dura&#231;&#227;o total das interven&#231;&#245;es para todos os grupos experimentais foi de 10 semanas, com 2 sess&#245;es semanais, resultando em um total de 20 sess&#245;es.</p>
        <p>O treinamento dos grupos WA e WR foi alterado ap&#243;s 5 semanas com a finalidade de aumentar a intensidade. As sess&#245;es de treinamento desses grupos tiveram a mesma estrutura geral, com dura&#231;&#227;o total de 45 minutos, cada uma dividida da forma seguinte: aquecimento (8 minutos), parte principal (aproximadamente 30 minutos) e desaquecimento (7 minutos).</p>
        <p>Foi adotado o treinamento intervalado para o grupo WA, com intensidades variando de 90% a 100% da FC<sub>LA</sub> para o que denominamos o &#8220;per&#237;odo de est&#237;mulo&#8221; e 80% a 90% da FC<sub>LA</sub> para a recupera&#231;&#227;o. Foram realizados 6 blocos de 5 minutos, sendo 4 minutos destinados ao est&#237;mulo de treinamento e o outro 1 minuto para a recupera&#231;&#227;o. Durante as primeiras 5 semanas, adotamos 4 minutos em uma intensidade correspondente &#224; FC variando entre 90% e 95% da FC<sub>LA</sub>, intercalados por 1 minuto entre 80% e 85% da FC<sub>LA</sub>; durante as &#250;ltimas 5 semanas os sujeitos treinaram por 4 minutos entre 95% e 100% do FC<sub>LA</sub> e por 1 minuto entre 85% e 90% do FC<sub>LA</sub> durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o. O controle da intensidade do treinamento do grupo WA foi realizado por meio de monitores de FC (POLAR, FT1, Finl&#226;ndia).</p>
        <p>Durante todo o per&#237;odo de treinamento, o grupo WR realizou os exerc&#237;cios adotando a velocidade m&#225;xima de execu&#231;&#227;o dos movimentos. Tamb&#233;m mantiveram um tempo fixo de 1 minuto e 20 segundos para cada exerc&#237;cio. Os intervalos entre as s&#233;ries foram ativos e realizados em uma intensidade autosselecionada muito leve. Durante as primeiras 5 semanas, foram realizadas 4 s&#233;ries de 20 segundos, com intervalos de recupera&#231;&#227;o de 2 minutos e 45 segundos entre as s&#233;ries. Durante as 5 semanas seguintes, 8 s&#233;ries de 10 segundos foram realizadas com intervalos de 1 minuto e 40 segundos entre as s&#233;ries. Os exerc&#237;cios realizados pelos participantes dos grupos WA e WR j&#225; foram descritos detalhadamente por Costa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref></p>
        <p>As participantes do GC realizaram um programa n&#227;o periodizado de exerc&#237;cios de relaxamento em imers&#227;o, a fim de manter a mesma quantidade de imers&#227;o semanal das participantes dos grupos WA e WR, com o objetivo de parear os efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos da imers&#227;o nos desfechos lip&#237;dicos dos tr&#234;s grupos experimentais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi determinado usando o software GPower (vers&#227;o 3.1, Universit&#228;t D&#252;sseldorf, Alemanha) para um poder de cerca 0,80 (n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,8), com base nos dados da pesquisa de Volaklis, Spassis e Tokmakidis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> e Takeshima et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Este c&#225;lculo mostrou que seriam necess&#225;rias 19 mulheres para cada grupo.</p>
        <p>Foram adotados os testes de Shapiro-Wilk e de Levene para an&#225;lise da normalidade e da homogeneidade dos dados, respectivamente. Foram realizados a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia unilateral (para vari&#225;veis escalares) e o teste do qui-quadrado (para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas) para comparar os dados dos tr&#234;s grupos (WA, WR e GC) na linha de base (caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra). Estes dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dias e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        <p>Foram usadas equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa generalizada (GEE) e testes post hoc de Bonferroni para comparar os dados de todas as vari&#225;veis dependentes (desfechos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios) e dos registros alimentares. Assim, os fatores adotados nesta an&#225;lise foram &#8220;grupo&#8221; (WA, WR e GC) e &#8220;status de medica&#231;&#227;o&#8221; (medicado e n&#227;o medicado). Estes dados foram apresentados como diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia (valores p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o menos pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o) e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%, na an&#225;lise por inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar. Al&#233;m disso, foi calculado o tamanho do efeito (d de Cohen) a partir dos valores das diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias entre WA e WR versus GC e classificado como pequeno (entre 0,2 e 0,5), moderado (entre 0,5 e 0,8) ou grande (0,8 ou mais).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> Esses resultados foram apresentados em m&#233;dias e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Para todas as an&#225;lises, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em &#945; = 0,05 e foi utilizado o software estat&#237;stico SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Mac, vers&#227;o 22.0, IBM, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Embora o experimento tenha come&#231;ado com 69 mulheres aleatoriamente designadas para WA (n = 23), WR (n = 23) e GC (n = 23), 7 participantes retiraram-se do estudo durante o per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o (3 do WA e 4 do GC), representando uma perda de 10%. Assim, 62 participantes conclu&#237;ram as interven&#231;&#245;es do estudo e completaram todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). As participantes que completaram a interven&#231;&#227;o tiveram frequ&#234;ncia de atendimento acima de 95%, demonstrando ades&#227;o ao treinamento. As caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base da amostra s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diagrama de fluxo mostrando o processo de inscri&#231;&#227;o das participantes, aloca&#231;&#227;o, acompanhamento e an&#225;lise.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0270-00197-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos grupos de treinamento aer&#243;bico em meio aqu&#225;tico (WA), treinamento de for&#231;a em meio aqu&#225;tico (WR) e de controle (GC)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">WA (n=23) M&#233;dia &#177; DP (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">WR (n=23) M&#233;dia &#177; DP (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">GC (n=23) M&#233;dia &#177; DP (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">66,80 &#177; 5,51 (64,55 a 69,05)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">66,78 &#177; 5,80 (64,41 a 69,15)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">64,63 &#177; 5,87 (62,23 a 67,03)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,316</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Peso corporal (kg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">71,18 &#177; 11,40 (66,52 a 75,84)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">71,51 &#177; 15,72 (65,09 a 77,94)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">76,91 &#177; 17,79 (69,64 a 84,18)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,168</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Altura (m)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,57 &#177; 0,06 (1,55 a 1,60)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,55 &#177; 0,06 (1,52 a 1,57)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,58 &#177; 0,07 (1,55 a 1,61)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,825</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">IMC (kg.m<sup>&#8722;2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">28,83 &#177; 4,20 (27,12 a 30,55)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">29,88 &#177; 6,04 (27,41 a 32,35)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">30,91 &#177; 6,95 (28,07 a 33,75)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,207</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Uso de estatina (n/%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10/43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9/39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9/39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,639</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Uso de estatina 20 mg (n/%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5/22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4/17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4/17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,961</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Uso de estatina 40 mg (n/%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5/22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5/22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5/22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,961</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal. Foram obtidos os valores de p a partir de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia unilateral (vari&#225;veis escalares) e do teste qui-quadrado (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Considerando o registro alimentar, n&#227;o houve efeitos significativos de grupo (VET p = 0,938; CHO p = 0,872; PTN p = 0,911; LIP p = 0,899) ou tempo (VET p = 0,708; CHO p = 0,790; PTN p = 0,799; LIP p = 0,819) e nenhuma intera&#231;&#227;o significativa entre esses fatores (VET p = 0,803; CHO p = 0,801; PTN p = 0,873; LIP p = 0,858).</p>
      <p>Foram encontrados efeitos significativos para o fator de grupo para todos os desfechos analisados no presente estudo (CT: p &lt; 0,001; TG: p &lt; 0,001; LDL: p &lt; 0,001; HDL: p &lt; 0,001; rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL: p &lt; 0,001), indicando que WA, WR e GC apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es distintas decorrentes dos treinamentos para cada desfecho. O teste de Bonferroni evidenciou comportamento estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos GC e WA e WR, sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos com treinamento f&#237;sico (WA e WR). Para os desfechos de CT, TG, LDL, HDL e rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL, o GC apresentou diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias com comportamento oposto ao observado nos outros dois grupos; ou seja, quando os grupos WA e WR mostraram redu&#231;&#245;es nos resultados, o GC apresentou um aumento (TC, TG, LDL e rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL), e quando os grupos WA e WR mostraram aumentos nos resultados, o GC apresentou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o (HDL) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia (altera&#231;&#227;o da linha de base) e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% das concentra&#231;&#245;es sangu&#237;neas do colesterol total (CT) (A), triglicer&#237;deos (TG) (B), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) (C), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) (D) e rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL (E) de participantes dos grupos de treinamento aer&#243;bico em meio aqu&#225;tico (WA), treinamento de for&#231;a em meio aqu&#225;tico (WR) e grupo controle (GC), medicadas e n&#227;o medicados com estatina. * Indica diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa do grupo WR com o mesmo status de medica&#231;&#227;o. ** Indica diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa dos outros dois grupos com o mesmo status de medica&#231;&#227;o. # Indica diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre o status da medica&#231;&#227;o dentro do mesmo grupo. As diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas foram obtidas a partir de equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa generalizadas e testes post hoc de Bonferroni.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0270-00197-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Por outro lado, efeitos significativos para o fator de medica&#231;&#227;o foram encontrados apenas para os desfechos de CT (p = 0,038), LDL (p = 0,007) e rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL (p = 0,022). O teste de Bonferroni demonstrou que apenas as participantes do grupo WR apresentaram melhorias de magnitudes diferentes, dependendo do seu status de medica&#231;&#227;o. As participantes medicadas obtiveram diminui&#231;&#227;o de maior magnitude em CT, LDL e rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL, quando comparadas &#224;s n&#227;o medicadas. N&#227;o foram observadas intera&#231;&#245;es significativas entre o grupo e o status de medica&#231;&#227;o para CT (p = 0,100), TG (p = 0,153), LDL (p = 0,171), HDL (p = 0,083) e rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL (p = 0,815) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise do tamanho do efeito, a compara&#231;&#227;o das participantes de WA e GC, mostrou uma grande magnitude de efeito para todos os desfechos. Da mesma forma, uma grande magnitude de efeito foi observada na compara&#231;&#227;o das participantes de WR e GC, independentemente do status de medica&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Tamanho de efeito do treinamento aer&#243;bico em meio aqu&#225;tico (WA) versus grupo controle (GC) e treinamento de for&#231;a em meio aqu&#225;tico (WR) versus grupo controle, em participantes medicadas e n&#227;o medicadas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Participantes medicadas</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Participantes n&#227;o medicadas</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Desfecho</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">WA versus GC Tamanho de efeito (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">WR versus GC Tamanho de efeito (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">WA versus GC amanho de efeito (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">WR versus GC Tamanho de efeito (IC 95%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">TC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,52 (0,87 a 2,18)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,41 (0,77 a 2,06)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,83 (0,23 a 1,44)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,78 (0,18 a 1,38)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">TG</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,82 (0,22 a 1,42)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,20 (0,57 a 1,83)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,87 (0,27 a 1,47)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,01 (0,39 a 1,62)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">HDL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,87 (0,27 a 1,47)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,94 (0,33 a 1,55)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,89 (0,28 a 1,49)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,09 (0,47 a 1,71)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">LDL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,22 (0,59 a 1,84)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,40 (0,76 a 2,04)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,88 (0,28 a 1,49)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,94 (0,33 a 1,55)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">TC/HDL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,12 (0,50 a 1,74)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,53 (0,87 a 2,18)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,25 (0,62 a 1,88)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,52 (0,86 a 2,17)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>CT: colesterol total; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;deos</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O achado principal do presente estudo refere-se &#224; influ&#234;ncia positiva do uso de estatinas nas adapta&#231;&#245;es decorrentes da WR, maximizando seus efeitos ben&#233;ficos nos n&#237;veis de CT, LDL e rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL. Portanto, foi parcialmente confirmada a hip&#243;tese de que as participantes medicadas apresentariam melhorias de magnitudes maiores nos desfechos de CT e LDL, independentemente do modelo de treinamento.</p>
      <p>Os efeitos aditivos sobre os benef&#237;cios do treinamento f&#237;sico no CT, na LDL e na rela&#231;&#227;o CT/HDL induzidos pelas estatinas podem ser explicados pelo seu mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o. Estes medicamentos s&#227;o compostos por inibidores da hidroximetilglutaril-coenzima A (HMG CoA) redutase. Esta inibi&#231;&#227;o resulta em redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol intracelular e, portanto, maior est&#237;mulo ao aumento da s&#237;ntese e da express&#227;o dos receptores de LDL, resultando em aumento da captura do colesterol circulante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico associado ao uso de estatinas no perfil lip&#237;dico foram investigados previamente em popula&#231;&#245;es com dislipidemia. Coen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> avaliaram a adi&#231;&#227;o de um programa de treinamento f&#237;sico combinado ao uso di&#225;rio de rosuvastatina (10 mg), durante 10 semanas, em indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios de ambos os sexos. O estudo mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia decrescente nos n&#237;veis de CT e LDL e um aumento nos n&#237;veis de HDL naqueles inclu&#237;dos no grupo com exerc&#237;cios mais rosuvastatina. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel comparar os resultados de Coen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> com os encontrados no presente estudo, uma vez que n&#227;o avaliaram um grupo que realizava apenas exerc&#237;cios. No entanto, Wittke<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> demonstrou que um programa de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos de intensidade moderada, 2 vezes por semana durante 3 meses, foi capaz de promover adapta&#231;&#245;es positivas nos desfechos do perfil lip&#237;dico, principalmente TG (&#8722;68,00 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>) e HDL (+7,70 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>). Quando esse modelo de treinamento f&#237;sico foi associado ao uso pr&#233;vio de fluvastatina (20 mg/dia), efeitos semelhantes foram encontrados no grupo que realizava apenas treinamento f&#237;sico e no grupo que j&#225; usava o medicamento antes do in&#237;cio do protocolo. Por outro lado, foram encontradas altera&#231;&#245;es com magnitudes pronunciadas em todos os desfechos do perfil lip&#237;dico no grupo que iniciou o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico simultaneamente ao treinamento aer&#243;bico. No entanto, houve diferen&#231;as significativas apenas no CT e no LDL em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo que realizou o treinamento isolado. Esses resultados corroboram os achados do presente estudo, onde as participantes medicadas iniciaram os protocolos de treinamento j&#225; recebendo tratamento com sinvastatina e as que realizaram treinamento aer&#243;bico em meio aqu&#225;tico n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es com magnitudes significativas nas vari&#225;veis estudadas, quando comparadas &#224;s participantes do grupo que n&#227;o fazia uso da medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>&#201; importante mencionar que nossos achados tamb&#233;m demonstram que ambos os modelos de treinamento aqu&#225;tico (WA e WR) promovem melhorias no perfil lip&#237;dico de mulheres idosas com dislipidemia, confirmando a nossa hip&#243;tese inicial. As melhorias ocorreram de forma semelhante entre as participantes que realizaram o treinamento aer&#243;bico e as que realizaram o treinamento de resist&#234;ncia, demonstrando, assim, a efic&#225;cia da prescri&#231;&#227;o e a periodiza&#231;&#227;o dos protocolos propostos.</p>
      <p>Os resultados do perfil lip&#237;dico dos treinamentos propostos corroboram a literatura que demonstra que os exerc&#237;cios aqu&#225;ticos aer&#243;bicos e de resist&#234;ncias s&#227;o eficientes em promover melhorias nesses par&#226;metros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> Estudos sugerem que os principais mecanismos explicativos para estes achados est&#227;o relacionados &#224; otimiza&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;na lipase, prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia de colesterol &#233;ster, lecitina-colesterol aciltransferase, lipase hep&#225;tica e fosfolipase A2 com treinamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Mais especificamente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao meio aqu&#225;tico, a literatura aponta que a simples imers&#227;o em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica promove (ou provoca) a supress&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> o que leva ao aumento do volume sangu&#237;neo e consequente aumento da distensibilidade das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> Isto &#233; um est&#237;mulo para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis circulantes de horm&#244;nios vasoconstritores, tais como norepinefrina e vasopressina, al&#233;m da diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade da renina plasm&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref> Com isso, &#233; sinalizada a necessidade de aumento da secre&#231;&#227;o e libera&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial (ANP), que, de fato, apresenta altas concentra&#231;&#245;es tanto nas situa&#231;&#245;es de imers&#227;o em repouso quanto na realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios em ambientes aqu&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> Engeli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> afirmam que a ativa&#231;&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do ANP contribui para o aumento da capacidade de oxida&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios, influenciando a escolha de substratos para produ&#231;&#227;o de energia durante o exerc&#237;cio. Segundo Moro e Smith,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> o ANP &#233; um poderoso regulador do metabolismo lip&#237;dico, principalmente na realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios em imers&#227;o. A sua ativa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; envolvida em uma cascata de rea&#231;&#245;es enzim&#225;ticas da lipase sens&#237;vel ao horm&#244;nio e da lipoprote&#237;na lipase, que atuam diretamente na modula&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es de lip&#237;dios no sangue. Postula-se que isto possa representar uma via explicativa para os achados ben&#233;ficos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos protocolos de exerc&#237;cios aqu&#225;ticos no perfil lip&#237;dico de pacientes com dislipidemia. Por&#233;m, embora seu efeito tenha sido relatado na literatura, parece que a imers&#227;o isolada (em repouso, sem efeito adicional do exerc&#237;cio) n&#227;o foi eficiente para promover melhora nos lip&#237;dios dos participantes do GC do presente estudo.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, a amostra foi composta exclusivamente por mulheres idosas; portanto, os resultados n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para homens ou mulheres mais jovens. Em segundo lugar, n&#227;o se sabia por quanto tempo a sinvastatina foi usada por toda a amostra antes do in&#237;cio do experimento e n&#227;o foram testadas outras doses de sinvastatina (10 ou 80 mg). Uma vez que a dosagem do medicamento experimental foi intermedi&#225;ria e sua efic&#225;cia demonstrou ser menor em compara&#231;&#227;o com as estatinas &#8220;mais novas&#8221;, o efeito de 80 mg de sinvastatina ou a prescri&#231;&#227;o de outra estatina (atorvastatina, rosuvastatina ou pitavastatina) poderia fornecer um efeito mais positivo sobre o perfil lip&#237;dico da amostra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> Finalmente, por motivos financeiros, n&#227;o foram testadas as concentra&#231;&#245;es de ANP e a atividade das enzimas de metabolismo lip&#237;dico. Estas an&#225;lises podem fornecer uma vis&#227;o abrangente dos mecanismos reais pelos quais o perfil lip&#237;dico &#233; alterado como resultado dos diferentes modelos de treinamento aqu&#225;tico. Contudo, nosso objetivo n&#227;o foi o de desenvolver um estudo mecan&#237;stico, mas sim o de avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da sinvastatina nas adapta&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas decorrentes do treinamento aqu&#225;tico em uma amostra espec&#237;fica com dislipidemia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Mulheres idosas dislipid&#234;micas n&#227;o medicadas ou intolerantes &#224; sinvastatina podem adotar o treinamento f&#237;sico aqu&#225;tico como uma ferramenta de tratamento para melhorar o perfil lip&#237;dico. Por outro lado, pacientes idosas do sexo feminino com dislipidemia que est&#227;o em uso de sinvastatina, mas persistem com n&#237;veis n&#227;o controlados de CT e LDL, tamb&#233;m podem se beneficiar dos efeitos do treinamento aer&#243;bico em meio aqu&#225;tico e de resist&#234;ncia, aumentando o efeito hipolipemiante do medicamento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FIPE/HCPA.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Esta pesquisa foi apoiada pelo Fundo Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa e Eventos do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre. N&#227;o foram relatados potenciais conflitos de interesse relevantes para este artigo.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Statin Use Improves Cardiometabolic Protection Promoted By Physical Training in an Aquatic Environment: A Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0182-4936</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Rochelle Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coconcelli</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Alex de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buttelli</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Cristine Koch</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Frances</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruel</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Maling Address: Rochelle Rocha Costa &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Rua Felizardo, 750. Postal Code <postal-code>90690-200</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil. E-mail: <email>rochellerochacosta@msn.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Costa RR, Stein R, Kruel LFM; Acquisition of data: Vieira AF, Coconcelli L, Fagundes AO, Pereira LF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Costa RR, Vieira AF, Coconcelli L, Fagundes AO, Buttelli ACK, Stein R, Kruel LFM; Statistical analysis: Costa RR, Kruel LFM; Obtaining financing: Stein R, Kruel LFM; Writing of the manuscript: Costa RR, Vieira AF, Coconcelli L, Buttelli ACK, Pereira LF, Stein R, Kruel LFM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Costa RR, Vieira AF, Fagundes AO, Stein R, Kruel LFM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Statin use is highlighted as the most commonly utilized therapy for the treatment of dyslipidemias and can be considered as the most efficient pharmacological intervention for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) reduction. On the other hand, physical training can be considered an efficient and safe non-pharmacological strategy to promote improvements in lipid profile. However, the influence of statins on lipid adaptations arising from water-based training in populations with dyslipidemia is not known.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To analyze the influence of simvastatin use on lipid adaptations arising from water-based aerobics and resistance training in elderly women with dyslipidemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Sixty-nine elderly (66.13 &#177; 5.13 years), sedentary, and dyslipidemic women, both non-users and users of simvastatin (20 mg and 40 mg), were randomized into the following 3 groups: water-based aerobic training (WA), water-based resistance training (WR), and control group (CG). Total duration of interventions, for all experimental groups consisted of 10 weeks, with 2 weekly sessions. Biochemical analyses were performed before the beginning of the interventions and repeated after the end of the trial. Generalized estimating equations were used to compare these data, setting &#945; = 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In intention-to-treat analysis, the medicated participants obtained a greater magnitude of decrease in total cholesterol (TC) (&#8722;3.41 to &#8722;25.89 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>; p = 0.038), LDL (&#8722;5.58 to &#8722;25.18 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>; p = 0.007) and TC/HDL ratio (&#8722;0.37 to &#8722;0.61; p = 0.022) when compared to the non-medicated participants, and this decrease was statistically significant only in the WR group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Statin use enhances the adaptations promoted by water-based physical training in CT, LDL levels, and CT/HDL ratio, and it is more pronounced after WR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-Reductases Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Aquatic Environment</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Dyslipidemias are lipid metabolism disorders resulting in altered blood lipoproteins and lipids.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In elderly women, reduced estrogen levels, which accompany post-menopause, can favor the development of dyslipidemia and contribute to increased cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Statin therapy is the most commonly used treatment, and it is considered the most efficient pharmacological intervention for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) reduction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> However, several adverse events are associated with its use, including myopathy, which arises as a concerning side-effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> However, physical training is considered an efficient and safe non-pharmacological strategy for the treatment of dyslipidemias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Several studies demonstrate favorable adaptations in lipids and lipoproteins in response to aerobic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> and resistance training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Nevertheless, evidence suggests that statins can attenuate the improvements resulting from exercise training in some physical fitness components, such as cardiorespiratory conditioning<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> and muscle strength,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> although these results are conflicting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <p>It is well documented that isolated treatment with statins or physical training can promote lipid profile improvements,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> but there are few studies assessing their associated effects. Coen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> demonstrated that 10 weeks of combined training (aerobic and resistance) combined with daily use of rosuvastatin did not alter lipids, compared to statin use alone. It is important to emphasize that this study did not include a group with only physical training; therefore, its isolated effects were not investigated.</p>
        <p>In contrast, Wittke<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> compared the effects of aerobic training with or without fluvastatin use on lipid parameters of men with dyslipidemia. Both strategies improved lipid outcomes, but combined aerobic training and statin use was more efficient in reducing total cholesterol (TC) and LDL concentrations.</p>
        <p>Water-based exercises performed in the orthostatic position are among the most prescribed exercise modalities for the elderly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Specific physiological adaptations which arise from immersion lead to lower joint impact;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> lower blood pressure;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> greater systolic volume, cardiac output, and oxygen consumption;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> suppression of the renin-angiotensin system;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> greater release of natriuretic peptide; and increased oxidative capacity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> These adaptations result in important benefits for elderly patients and patients with dyslipidemias.</p>
        <p>It is, therefore, relevant to know the effects of aerobic and resistance training in elderly patients with dyslipidemia. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies investigating the influence of simvastatin on lipid adaptations promoted by water-based physical training in this population. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the influence of simvastatin use on lipid adaptations arising from water-based aerobic and resistance training in elderly women with dyslipidemia. We hypothesized that participants receiving statin would show greater magnitude of improvement in TC, triglycerides (TG), and LDL concentrations than those who did not receive statins.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample</title>
          <p>The sample comprised 69 elderly (66.13 &#177; 5.13 years), sedentary (without regular physical activities for at least 3 months), dyslipidemic (TC &gt; 200 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>, LDL &#8805; 130 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>, TG &#8805; 150 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>, or high-density lipoprotein [HDL] &lt; 40 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>, isolated or combined),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> non-smoking women. In order to assess the influence of statin use on lipid adaptations to physical training, women who were not receiving medication to treat dyslipidemias and women who were receiving simvastatin in dosages of 20 mg and 40 mg were accepted to compose the non-medicated group (NMED) and the medicated group (MED), respectively. Participants were recruited in December 2015, and they were randomly assigned into the following 3 groups: water-based aerobic training (WA; n = 23; 10 MED and 13 NMED), water-based resistance training (WR; n = 23; 9 MED and 14 NMED), and control (CG; n = 23; 9 MED and 14 NMED). All participants were instructed not to change their dietary habits and not to include additional exercise beyond that prescribed in the water-based interventions.</p>
          <p>Participants were allocated into the 3 study groups by stratified randomization using a computer-generated random list. The baseline TC value was used as factor for the randomization process. Allocation concealment was performed by sequential, numbered, opaque and sealed envelopes. This procedure was performed by a blinded researcher, in order to maintain the confidentiality of allocation. The process of randomization and allocation were carried out after the completion of initial assessments.</p>
          <p>This study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and it received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (protocol 140547). All participants read and signed an informed consent form before starting their participation in the study. All the evaluations and the training sessions were performed from December 2015 to April 2016, at the Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Fisioterapia e Dan&#231;a of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and at Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre. This trial has been registered at Clinical Trials (protocol NCT02900612.).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design</title>
          <p>This study was designed as a 3-arm randomized controlled clinical trial in parallel, with allocation ratio of 1:1:1. No changes were made to the methods after trial commencement. Biochemical analyses were used to measure TC, LDL (primary outcomes), TG, HDL levels, and the TC/HDL ratio (secondary outcomes). In order to identify the dietary habits of the participants, a 3-day dietary record was adopted. These measurements were performed before the beginning of the interventions and repeated 72 hours after the conclusion of the 10-week period. Prior to the beginning of the experimental protocols, anthropometric measurements were carried out to characterize the sample.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dietary Record</title>
          <p>To ensure that the participants did not alter their dietary habits, a dietary record of 3 different days was conducted to monitor eating habits. This instrument was completed by the participants themselves, and data were calculated adopting the nutrition software Diet Win Professional (Brubins CAS, Brazil). Carbohydrate (CHO), protein (PTN) and lipid (LIP) content were expressed as percentages of the daily total energy value (TEV).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biochemical Assessments</title>
          <p>After a 12-hour fasting period, 4 ml of blood were taken from the antecubital vein. Samples were centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for 20 minutes and the extracted plasma was stored at &#8722;80 &#176;C (ultra freezer NUAIRE, Plymouth, USA). A researcher who was blinded to the experimental conditions conducted the lipid profile analysis. TC, TG, and HDL were analyzed by enzymatic method using kits from Siemens (Caernarfon, USA) and a Siemens Advia 1800 automated chemistry analyzer (Erlangen, Germany). Based on these values, LDL levels were estimated according to Friedewald et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> and the TC/HDL ratio was calculated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aquatic Incremental Test</title>
          <p>The incremental test was performed to determine the heart rate corresponding to the anaerobic threshold (HR<sub>AT</sub>), which was used as an indicator of the intensity of aerobic training, adopting the stationary running exercise. The test was performed prior to the training sessions, and it was repeated in the fifth training week in order to readjust this parameter. The incremental test has been described in detail in the study by Alberton et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> HR<sub>AT</sub> determination was carried out by 3 independent, blinded, experienced exercise physiologists. Disagreements were decided by consensus.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aquatic Interventions</title>
          <p>Before training sessions begins, individuals who participated in the WA and WR groups held 2 familiarization sessions with the aquatic exercises utilized in the training program, in order to ensure proper execution of the movements. Total duration of interventions for all experimental groups consisted of 10 weeks, with 2 weekly sessions, resulting in a total of 20 sessions.</p>
          <p>Training of WA and WR groups was changed after 5 weeks in order to increase the intensity. The training sessions of these groups comprised the same general structure, with a total duration of 45 minutes, each divided as follows: warm-up (8 minutes), main part (approximately 30 minutes) and cool-down (7 minutes).</p>
          <p>Interval training was adopted for WA group, with intensities ranging from 90% to 100% of the HR<sub>AT</sub> for what we called &#8220;stimulus period&#8221; and 80% to 90% of the HR<sub>AT</sub> for recovery. Six blocks of 5 minutes were performed, in which 4 minutes were intended for training stimulus, and the other 1 minute to recovery. In the first 5 weeks, we adopted 4 minutes at an intensity corresponding to HR ranging between 90% and 95% of the HR<sub>AT</sub>, interspersed by 1 minute between 80% and 85% HR<sub>AT</sub>; for the last 5 weeks the subjects trained for 4 minutes between 95% and 100% of the HR<sub>AT</sub> and for 1 minute between 85% and 90% of the HR<sub>AT</sub> during recovery. The training intensity control of WA group was conducted using HR monitors (POLAR, FT1, Finland).</p>
          <p>During the whole training period, the WR group performed the exercises adopting the maximum execution speed of the movements. They also kept a fixed time of 1 minute and 20 seconds for each exercise. The intervals between the sets were active and performed at a very light self-selected intensity. During the first 5 weeks, 4 sets of 20 seconds were performed, with recovery intervals of 2 minutes and 45 seconds between sets. During the following 5 weeks, 8 sets of 10 seconds were accomplished with intervals of 1 minute and 40 seconds between the sets. The exercises performed by the participants of the WA and WR groups were described in detailed by Costa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>.</p>
          <p>CG participants performed a non-periodized program comprising relaxation exercises in immersion, in order to maintain the same weekly immersion amount of the WA and WR participants, with the aim of matching the physiological effects of immersion on lipid outcomes for the 3 experimental groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The sample size was determined using GPower software (version 3.1, Universit&#228;t D&#252;sseldorf, Germany) for a power of about 0.80 (significance level of 0.05 and correlation coefficient of 0.8), based on data from research by Volaklis, Spassis, and Tokmakidis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> and Takeshima et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> This calculation showed that 19 women would be needed in each group.</p>
          <p>Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests were adopted for analysis of the normality and homogeneity of the data, respectively. One-way analysis of variance (for scalar variables) and chi-square test (for categorical variables) were performed to compare data from the 3 groups (WA, WR, and CG) at baseline (sample characterization). These data were shown as means and 95% confidence intervals.</p>
          <p>Generalized estimating equations (GEE) and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to compare the data of all dependent variables (primary and secondary outcomes) and of the dietary recalls. Thus, the factors adopted in this analysis were &#8220;group&#8221; (WA, WR, and CG) and &#8220;medication status&#8221; (medicated and non-medicated). These data were presented as mean difference (post-intervention minus pre-intervention values) and 95% confidence intervals, in intention-to-treat analysis. Furthermore, the effect size (Cohen's d) was calculated from mean differences values between WA and WR <italic>versus</italic> CG, and classified as small (between 0.2 and 0.5), moderate (between 0.5 and 0.8), or large (0.8 or more).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> These results were shown as means and 95% confidence interval. For all analyses, significance level was set at &#945; = 0.05, and the statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Mac, version 22.0, IBM, USA) was used.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Although the experiment started with 69 women randomly assigned to WA (n = 23), WR (n = 23), and CG (n = 23), 7 participants withdrew from the study during the intervention period (3 from WA and 4 from CG), representing a dropout of 10%. Thus, 62 participants finished the study interventions and completed all assessments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>). The participants who completed the intervention had an attendance frequency above 95%, demonstrating adherence to training. Sample baseline characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flow diagram showing the participants enrollment process, allocation, follow-up and analysis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0270-00197-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the water-based aerobic trainings (WA), water-based resistance traininge (WR) and control (CG) groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">WA (n=23) Mean &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">WR (n=23) Mean &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CG (n=23) Mean &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">66.80 &#177; 5.51 (64.55 to 69.05)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">66.78 &#177; 5.80 (64.41 to 69.15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64.63 &#177; 5.87 (62.23 to 67.03)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.316</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Body weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">71.18 &#177; 11.40 (66.52 to 75.84)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">71.51 &#177; 15.72 (65.09 to 77.94)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76.91 &#177; 17.79 (69.64 to 84.18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.168</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Height (m)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.57 &#177; 0.06 (1.55 to 1.60)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.55 &#177; 0.06 (1.52 to 1.57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.58 &#177; 0.07 (1.55 to 1.61)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.825</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg.m<sup>&#8722;2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28.83 &#177; 4.20 (27.12 to 30.55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29.88 &#177; 6.04 (27.41 to 32.35)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30.91 &#177; 6.95 (28.07 to 33.75)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.207</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Statin use (n/%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10/43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9/39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9/39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.639</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Statin 20 mg use (n/%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5/22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4/17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4/17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.961</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Statin 40 mg use (n/%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5/22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5/22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5/22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.961</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; CI: Confidence interval. P values were obtained from one-way analysis of variance (scalar variables) and chi-square test (categorical variables).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Considering the dietary record, there were no significant effects of group (TEV p = 0.938; CHO p = 0.872; PTN p = 0.911; LIP p = 0.899) or time (TEV p = 0.708; CHO p = 0.790; PTN p = 0.799; LIP p = 0.819) and no significant interactions between these factors (TEV p = 0.803; CHO p = 0.801; PTN p = 0.873; LIP p = 0.858).</p>
        <p>Significant effects were found in factor of group for all outcomes analyzed in the present study (TC: p &lt; 0.001; TG: p &lt; 0.001; LDL: p &lt; 0.001; HDL: p &lt; 0.001; TC/HDL ratio: p &lt; 0.001), indicating that WA, WR, and CG showed distinct alterations resulting from trainings for each outcome. Bonferroni test evidenced a statistically different behavior between the CG and the WA and WR groups, without difference between the groups with physical training (WA and WR). For the outcomes of TC, TG, LDL, HDL, and TC/HDL ratio, the CG presented mean differences with the opposite behavior of those observed in the 2 other groups; that is, when WA and WR groups showed decreases in the outcomes, CG showed an increase (TC, TG, LDL, and TC/HDL ratio), and when WA and WR groups showed increases in the outcomes, CG showed a decrease (HDL) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean difference (change from baseline) and 95% confidence interval of blood concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) (A), triglycerides (TG) (B), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (D) and TC/HDL ratio (E) of water-based aerobic training (WA), water-based resistance training (WR) and control group (CG) participants medicated and non-medicated with statin. * Indicates statistically significant difference from the WR group with the same medication status. ** Indicates statistically significant difference from the other 2 groups with same medication status. # Indicates statistically significant difference between medication status within the same group. Statistical differences were obtained from generalized estimating equations and Bonferroni post hoc tests.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0270-00197-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>On the other hand, significant effects for the factor of medication were only found for the outcomes of TC (p = 0.038), LDL (p = 0.007), and TC/HDL ratio (p = 0.022). The Bonferroni test demonstrated that only WR group participants showed improvements of different magnitudes, depending on their medication status. The medicated participants obtained a decrease of greater magnitude in TC, LDL, and TC/HDL ratio when compared to the non-medicated ones. Significant interactions between group and medication status were not observed for TC (p = 0.100), TG (p = 0.153), LDL (p = 0.171), HDL (p = 0.083) and TC/HDL ratio (p = 0.815) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>The analysis of the effect size, comparison of the participants of WA and CG showed a large magnitude of effect for all the outcomes. Similarly, a large magnitude of effect was observed in the comparison of participants of WR and CG, regardless of medication status (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect size of the water-based aerobic training (WA) versus control group (CG) and water-based resistance training (WR) versus control group, in medicated and non-medicated participants</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Medicated participants</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Non-medicated participants</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Outcome</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">WA versus CG Effect size (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">WR versus CG Effect size (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">WA versus CG Effect size (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">WR versus CG Effect size (95% CI)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.52 (0.87 a 2.18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.41 (0.77 a 2.06)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.83 (0.23 a 1.44)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.78 (0.18 a 1.38)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TG</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.82 (0.22 a 1.42)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.20 (0.57 a 1.83)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.87 (0.27 a 1.47)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.01 (0.39 a 1.62)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">HDL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.87 (0.27 a 1.47)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.94 (0.33 a 1.55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.89 (0.28 a 1.49)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.09 (0.47 a 1.71)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LDL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.22 (0.59 a 1.84)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.40 (0.76 a 2.04)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.88 (0.28 a 1.49)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.94 (0.33 a 1.55)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TC/HDL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.12 (0.50 a 1.74)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.53 (0.87 a 2.18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.25 (0.62 a 1.88)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.52 (0.86 a 2.17)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main finding of the present study refers to the positive influence of statin use on the adaptations arising from WR, maximizing its beneficial effects on TC, LDL, and TC/HDL ratio levels. Therefore, the hypothesis that the medicated participants would show improvements of greater magnitudes in TC and LDL outcomes, regardless of the training model, was partially confirmed.</p>
        <p>The additive effects on the benefits of physical training in TC, LDL, and TC/HDL ratio induced by statins can be explained by its mechanism of action. These drugs are composed by hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors. This inhibition results in intracellular cholesterol reduction, and, thus, a greater stimulus to the increase of the synthesis and expression of LDL receptors, resulting in increased capture of circulating cholesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The effects of physical training associated to the use of statins on lipid profile were previously investigated in the dyslipidemic population. Coen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> evaluated the addition of a combined physical training program to the daily use of rosuvastatin (10 mg), during 10 weeks in sedentary individuals of both sexes. The study showed a decreasing tendency in TC and LDL levels and an increase in HDL levels in those enrolled to exercise plus rosuvastatin. However, it is not possible to compare the results from Coen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> with those found in the present study, since they did not evaluate a group that performed only exercise. Nevertheless, Wittke<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> demonstrated that a moderate intensity aerobic exercise program, twice a week during 3 months, was able to promote positive adaptations in lipid profile outcomes, mainly TG (&#8722;68.00 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>) and HDL (+7.70 mg.dl<sup>&#8722;1</sup>). When this model of physical training was associated with the previous use of fluvastatin (20 mg/day), similar effects were found in the group that performed only physical training and the group that already used the medicine prior to the beginning of the protocol. On the other hand, alterations with marked magnitudes in all lipid profile outcomes were found in the group that begun the drug treatment simultaneously to aerobic training. However, there were significant differences only in TC and LDL in relation to the group that performed isolated training. These results corroborate the findings of the present study, where the medicated participants started the training protocols while already receiving treatment with simvastatin, and those who performed water-based aerobic training did not show alterations with significant magnitudes in the studied variables, when compared with the participants from the group that did not use medication.</p>
        <p>It is important to mention that our findings also demonstrate that both water-based training models (WA and WR) promote improvements in the lipid profile of elderly women with dyslipidemia, confirming our initial hypothesis. The improvements occurred in a similar manner among the participants that underwent aerobic training and those who performed resistance training, thus showing efficacy of the prescription and periodization of the proposed protocols.</p>
        <p>Lipid profile results of the proposed trainings corroborate the literature that demonstrated that water aerobics and water resistance exercises are efficient in promoting improvements in these parameters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> Studies suggest that the main explanatory mechanisms for these findings are related to lipoprotein lipase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase, hepatic lipase, and phospholipase A2 optimization with training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref></p>
        <p>More specifically regarding the aquatic environment, the literature points out that simple immersion in orthostatic position promotes (or causes) the suppression of the rennin-angiotensin system,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> which leads to an increased blood volume, and consequent increase in the distensibility of cardiac chambers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> This is a stimulus for the reduction in circulating levels of vasoconstrictor hormones, such as norepinephrine and vasopressin, in addition to the decrease of plasmatic renin activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref> Consequently, the need for increased secretion and release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is signaled, which, in fact, presents high concentrations in both situations of immersion at rest and in the performance of exercises in aquatic environments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> Interestingly, Engeli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> claim that the activation of ANP signaling contributes to the increase of lipid oxidative capacity, influencing the choice of substrates for energy production during exercise. According to Moro and Smith,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> ANP is a powerful regulator of lipid metabolism, especially in the accomplishment of exercises in immersion. Its activation is involved in a cascade of enzymatic reactions of the hormone-sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase, which directly act on the modulation of blood lipid concentrations. It is postulated that this might represent an explanatory route for the beneficial findings in regard to water-based exercise protocols in the lipid profile of patients with dyslipidemia. However, although its effect has been reported in the literature, it seems that immersion alone (at rest, with no additional effect of exercise) was not efficient to promote improvements in the lipids of CG participants of the present study.</p>
        <p>This study has some limitations. First, the sample was composed exclusively of elderly women; therefore, the results cannot be extrapolated to men or younger women. Second, it was not known for how long simvastatin was used by the entire sample prior to the experiment entry, and other simvastatin doses (10 or 80 mg) were not tested. Since the dosage of the experimental drug was intermediate and its efficacy has been shown to be lower in comparison to &#8220;newer&#8221; statins, the effect of 80 mg of simvastatin or the prescription of another statin (atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, or pitavastatin) may provide a more positive effect on the lipid profile of the sample.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> Finally, for financial reasons, ANP concentrations and the activity of lipid metabolism enzymes were not tested. These analyses could provide a comprehensive overview of the real mechanisms by which lipid profile is altered, as a result of different water-based training models. However, our goal was not to develop a mechanistic study, but to evaluate the influence of simvastatin in lipid adaptations arising from water-based training in a specific sample with dyslipidemia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Non-medicated dyslipidemic or simvastatin-intolerant elderly women can adopt water-based physical training as a treatment tool to improve lipid profile. On the other hand, elderly female patients with dyslipidemia who are on simvastatin, but persist with uncontrolled levels of TC and LDL can also benefit from the effects of water-based aerobic and resistive training, enhancing the drug's lipid-lowering effect.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by FIPE/HCPA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This research was supported by the Fundo Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa e Eventos from Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre. No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
