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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">NGW5tPBdwySkHsXChrHdh5M</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900157</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201339</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201339</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco para Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria de Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca em Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9319-0023</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vakrou</surname>
            <given-names>Styliani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vlachopoulos</surname>
            <given-names>Charalampos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gatzoulis</surname>
            <given-names>Konstantinos A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">First University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology and Electrophysiology Laboratory</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hippokration&#8221; General Hospital</institution>
        <country country="GR"/>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Athens</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GR">Gr&#233;cia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">First University Department of Cardiology and Electrophysiology Laboratory, &#8220;Hippokration&#8221; General Hospital,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine,Athens - Gr&#233;cia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Konstantinos A. Gatzoulis &#8226; </bold> National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine - Cardiology. Vasilissis Sofias 114 Athens 11527 &#8211; Gr&#233;cia. E-mail: <email>kgatzoul@med.uoa.gr</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>157</fpage>
      <lpage>159</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o e Controle</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Lemos com grande interesse o artigo de Mattos et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> sobre estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Os autores compararam as diretrizes de 2011 da American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association (ACCF/AHA) com as diretrizes de 2014 da European Society of Cardiology (ESC) em pacientes brasileiros com CMH e encontrou baixa concord&#226;ncia entre os dois sistemas. No total, 90 pacientes com CMH foram inclu&#237;dos e 15 (17%) deles receberam um cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI). Dois (2%) pacientes apresentaram choque apropriado, 6 (7%) morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) e 6 (7%) morte n&#227;o card&#237;aca. De acordo com os crit&#233;rios da ACCF/AHA de 2011, 43 (48%) pacientes receberam recomenda&#231;&#227;o de Classe IIa para CDI, 3 (3%) receberam recomenda&#231;&#227;o de Classe IIb e 44 (49%), Classe III. Se o escore de risco de MSC por MCH da ESC tivesse sido aplicado, 12 (14%) pacientes teriam recebido recomenda&#231;&#227;o de Classe IIa para CDI (alto risco, &#8805;6%), 11 (12%) teriam recebido recomenda&#231;&#227;o de Classe IIb (risco intermedi&#225;rio, &#8805;4% -&lt;6%) e 67 (74%), Classe III (baixo risco, &lt;4%). O coeficiente kappa calculado (0,355, p=0,0001) confirmou a baixa concord&#226;ncia entre as duas diretrizes. Especificamente falando, o modelo da ESC deixou desprotegidos todos os pacientes que apresentaram MSC ou abortaram MSC com apenas 2 deles (25%) sendo classificados como IIb. Os crit&#233;rios da ACCF/AHA de 2011 recomendaram CDI (Classe IIa) para metade desses pacientes, com CDI sendo recomendado em muito mais pacientes do que os que realmente necessitavam. Os resultados deste estudo destacam a inadequa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias precisas de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e contestam a tomada de decis&#227;o atual.</p>
    <p>Esta n&#227;o &#233; a primeira vez que a precis&#227;o da predi&#231;&#227;o de MSC na CMH provou ser insuficiente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <sup>-</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> A CMH &#233; a causa mais comum de MSC em jovens e a carga dessa perda devido &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o invasiva equivocada, por um lado, e a inser&#231;&#227;o desnecess&#225;ria de um dispositivo, por outro, nos obrigam a melhorar esse quadro.</p>
    <p>Nosso grupo prop&#244;s a contribui&#231;&#227;o adicional da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada (EVP) durante um estudo abrangente de eletrofisiologia (EFS) nas estrat&#233;gias de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco atuais, a fim de abordar seu baixo desempenho <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> . A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo incluiu 203 pacientes com CMH, e como no estudo de Mattos et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> a maioria foi avaliada como risco baixo a intermedi&#225;rio para MSC (60% apresentava um &#250;nico fator de risco). Implantou-se CDI em 92 (45,3%) pacientes, com ocorr&#234;ncia de desfecho prim&#225;rio (MSC e/ou terapias apropriadas com CDI) em 20 pacientes (9,9%). O achado importante do estudo foi que a EVP foi indut&#237;vel em todos, exceto um paciente que apresentou o desfecho prim&#225;rio, ao passo que as diretrizes da AACF/AHA de 2011 e da ESC de 2014 classificaram erroneamente 3 e 9 pacientes, respectivamente. Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, as diretrizes de 2011 da ACCF/AHA teriam levado &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de 171 CDIs, enquanto as diretrizes da ESC teriam levado &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de 53, e, somente a EVP, em 79 pacientes. A combina&#231;&#227;o de cada uma dessas diretrizes com o protocolo EVP aumentaria esses n&#250;meros para 187 e 110 pacientes, respectivamente, sem perder nenhum desfecho prim&#225;rio. Principalmente em conjunto com as diretrizes da ESC, a sensibilidade e a especificidade ideais foram alcan&#231;adas da maneira mais econ&#244;mica. Outra vantagem importante da EFS acabou sendo a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o adequada do mecanismo da s&#237;ncope.</p>
    <p>O uso da EVP na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria para MSC na CMH &#233; a Classe III nas diretrizes europeias de 2014 e nas diretrizes da ACCF/AHA de 2011, com o principal argumento sendo os riscos de tal procedimento invasivo e seu custo, com base no n&#237;vel n&#227;o suportado de evid&#234;ncia C. No entanto, nosso m&#233;todo foi vi&#225;vel e seguro em todos os casos, enquanto a classifica&#231;&#227;o incorreta ou a implanta&#231;&#227;o inadequada de CDIs s&#227;o muito mais desoladoras e caras. O baixo desempenho das diretrizes da ESC e da ACCF/AHA pode ser devido a sua incapacidade de expressar o mecanismo exato de arritmog&#234;nese nesta doen&#231;a. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) tem sido uma importante ferramenta na avalia&#231;&#227;o da CMH, uma vez que a presen&#231;a de fibrose de realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio &#233; considerada um forte preditor independente para arritmias ventriculares malignas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> O uso de achados da RMC na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco foi considerado nas diretrizes de 2020 da ACC/AHA.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a identifica&#231;&#227;o adequada de pacientes com maior risco de morte s&#250;bita indicados para a terapia com CDI, que salva vidas, com controle de tratamento excessivo, continua sendo o Santo Graal da CMH. Mattos et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> apresentam evid&#234;ncias adicionais na literatura atual sobre as inadequa&#231;&#245;es dos escores de risco e destacam a necessidade de introdu&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios mais sens&#237;veis e espec&#237;ficos. A estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada pode ser uma nova ferramenta salvadora ao nosso arsenal contra a morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Carta-resposta</title>
      <p>A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) &#233; considerada a complica&#231;&#227;o mais dram&#225;tica da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH), com uma incid&#234;ncia anual estimada de 0,5&#8211;1%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Ao longo dos anos, ACC/AHA e ESC publicaram diretrizes de consenso que apresentam diferentes abordagens para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de MSC com base em preditores cl&#237;nicos independentes. Apesar da acur&#225;cia relativamente baixa desses marcadores, as estrat&#233;gias atuais teriam razo&#225;vel poder discriminat&#243;rio para o reconhecimento de pacientes de alto risco. No entanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica &#233; um desafio na CMH, principalmente em pacientes de risco baixo a moderado. A MSC pode surgir na aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco conhecidos e algumas abordagens mostram resultados conflitantes em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, as discrep&#226;ncias metodol&#243;gicas entre as diretrizes norte-americanas e europeias podem determinar n&#237;veis discordantes de recomenda&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Portanto, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco ainda &#233; imprecisa e requer maior investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O artigo de 2018 de Gatzoulis et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> reavalia o papel do estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico para a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em uma coorte unic&#234;ntrica de CMH de risco baixo a intermedi&#225;rio, estratificada de acordo com as diretrizes atuais. Os autores concluem que a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada (EVP) combinada com os modelos atuais acrescenta sensibilidade e valor preditivo negativo &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Os resultados s&#227;o interessantes, mas precisam ser confirmados em estudos prospectivos maiores. A EVP foi reduzida &#224; classe III nas diretrizes atuais devido &#224; baixa sensibilidade e aos poss&#237;veis riscos. Da mesma forma, o fracionamento dos eletrogramas do ventr&#237;culo direito tem sido relacionado &#224; MSC, mas n&#227;o foi assimilado devido &#224; natureza invasiva do procedimento, o que pode afetar sua realiza&#231;&#227;o em alguns casos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> A instabilidade el&#233;trica &#233; transit&#243;ria na CMH e deve ser avaliada periodicamente assim como outros preditores com caracter&#237;sticas din&#226;micas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Deste modo, as diretrizes recomendam a reavalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de MSC durante o seguimento. Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica n&#227;o invasiva e de f&#225;cil aquisi&#231;&#227;o favorece a abordagem de rotina do paciente.</p>
      <p>Na &#250;ltima diretriz da ACC/AHA de 2020, foi introduzida um algoritmo com tr&#234;s novos preditores n&#227;o invasivos: fibrose na forma de realce tardio atrav&#233;s de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca com gadol&#237;nio, aneurisma apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Todos estes est&#227;o direta ou indiretamente relacionados a altera&#231;&#245;es na arquitetura mioc&#225;rdica, principalmente a fibrose de substitui&#231;&#227;o. H&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia para a assimila&#231;&#227;o de novas e mais precisas tecnologias n&#227;o invasivas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de rotina na CMH projetada para um futuro pr&#243;ximo. Talvez os protocolos invasivos entrem em desuso com base em avalia&#231;&#245;es de custo-efetividade. No entanto, a EVP pode ser aplicada em casos com estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco discordante entre as diretrizes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de CDI, podendo contribuir em casos com s&#237;ncope card&#237;aca inexplicada.</p>
      <p>Por fim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do desarranjo celular com tensor de difus&#227;o por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, genotipagem, perfil de microRNAs e outros biomarcadores promissores, bem como a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, poder&#227;o assegurar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais rigorosa do substrato anat&#244;mico e el&#233;trico da doen&#231;a. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Por&#233;m, sua assimila&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o os recursos dispon&#237;veis localmente e representar&#225; um grande desafio. A busca por novos paradigmas na CMH est&#225; em curso e uma avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica mais precisa dos mecanismos da MSC &#233; necess&#225;ria, podendo complementar ou mesmo suplantar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de atual.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Beatriz Piva e Mattos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fernando Lu&#237;s Scolari</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Henrique Ianhke Garbin</bold>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risk Stratification for Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9319-0023</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vakrou</surname>
            <given-names>Styliani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vlachopoulos</surname>
            <given-names>Charalampos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gatzoulis</surname>
            <given-names>Konstantinos A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="GR">Greece</country>
        <institution content-type="original">First University Department of Cardiology and Electrophysiology Laboratory, &#8220;Hippokration&#8221; General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine,Athens - Greece</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Konstantinos A. Gatzoulis &#8226;</bold> National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine - Cardiology. Vasilissis Sofias 114 Athens 11527 &#8211; Greece. E-mail: kgatzoul@med.uoa.gr</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Sudden Cardiac Death</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators, Implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention and Control</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>We have read with great interest the article by Mattos et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> regarding risk stratification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> The authors compared the 2011 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association (ACCF/AHA) guidelines with the 2014 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines in Brazilian HCM patients and found low agreement between the two systems. A total of 90 patients with HCM were included and 15 (17%) of them received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Two (2%) patients experienced appropriate shock, 6 (7%) experienced sudden cardiac death (SCD) and 6 (7%) had non-cardiac death. According to the 2011 ACCF/AHA criteria, 43 (48%) patients received Class IIa recommendation for ICD, 3 (3%) received Class IIb and 44 (49%), Class III. If the ESC HCM risk-SCD score was applied, 12 (14%) patients received Class IIa recommendation for ICD (high risk, &#8805;6%), 11 (12%) received Class IIb (intermediate risk, &#8805;4%-&lt;6%) and 67 (74%), Class III (low risk, &lt;4%). The calculated kappa coefficient (0.355, p=0.0001) confirmed the low agreement between the two guidelines. In specific, the ESC model left unprotected all patients who experienced SCD or aborted SCD with only 2 of them (25%) being classified as IIb. The 2011 ACCF/AHA criteria recommended ICD (Class IIa) for half of these patients, but an ICD was recommended in much more patients than actually needed. The findings of this study highlight the inadequacy of precise risk stratification strategies and challenge current decision making.</p>
      <p>This is not the first time that the accuracy for prediction of SCD in HCM is proven to be underpowered. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <sup>-</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> HCM is the most common cause of SCD in young individuals and the burden of such a loss due to wrong non-invasive risk stratification on the one hand, and the unnecessary insertion of a device on the other, urge us to do better.</p>
      <p>Our group proposed the additional contribution of programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS) during a comprehensive electrophysiology study (EPS) in the current risk stratification strategies in order to address their underperformance. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> The study population included 203 HCM patients, and like in the study by Mattos et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> the majority were low-to-intermediate risk for SCD (60% had a single risk factor). An ICD was implanted in 92 (45.3%) patients and the primary endpoint (SCD and/or appropriate ICD therapies) occurred in 20 patients (9.9%). The important finding of the study was that PVS was positive in all but one patient who experienced the primary endpoint, while the 2011 AACF/AHA and the 2014 ESC guidelines misclassified 3 and 9 patients, respectively. In our population, the 2011 ACCF/AHA guidelines would have led to the implantation of 171 ICDs, while the ESC guidelines would have led to the implantation of 53, and PVS alone in 79 patients. The combination of each of these guidelines with the PVS protocol would increase these numbers to 187 and 110 patients, respectively, without missing any primary endpoint. Especially when combined with the ESC guidelines, optimal sensitivity and specificity was achieved in the most cost-effective manner. Another important advantage of EPS turned out to be the proper characterization of syncope mechanism.</p>
      <p>The use of PVS in risk stratification of primary prevention for SCD in HCM is Class III in the 2014 European and the 2011 ACCF/AHA guidelines, with the main argument being the risks of such an invasive procedure and its cost, based on unsupported level of evidence C. However, our method was feasible and safe in all cases, while misclassification or inappropriate implantation of ICDs is much more devastating and costly. The underperformance of the ESC and ACCF/AHA guidelines may be due to their inability to express the exact mechanism of arrhythmogenesis in this disease. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has been a valuable tool in the evaluation of HCM, as the presence of late gadolinium enhancement fibrosis is considered a strong independent predictor for malignant ventricular arrhythmias. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> The use of CMR findings in risk stratification has been taken into consideration in the 2020 ACC/AHA guidelines.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, proper identification of patients at highest risk for sudden death deserving lifesaving ICD therapy, while controlling overtreatment, remains the holy grail in HCM. Mattos et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> provide additional evidence in the current literature of the inadequacies of risk scores and highlight the need for the introduction of more sensitive and specific criteria. Programmed ventricular stimulation could be a life-saving addition to our armamentarium against sudden cardiac death.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Reply</title>
        <p>Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is considered the most dramatic complication of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with an estimated annual incidence of 0.5&#8211;1%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Over the years, the ACC/AHA and the ESC have published consensus guidelines providing different approaches for SCD risk stratification based on independent clinical predictors. Despite the relatively low accuracy of these markers, current strategies are considered to have a reasonable discriminatory power for the recognition of high-risk patients. However, prognostic assessment is challenging in HCM, especially in low to moderate risk patients. SCD may arise in the absence of known risk factors and some approaches show conflicting results in different populations. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Moreover, methodological discrepancies between the North American and the European guidelines may determine discordant levels of recommendation regarding implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in primary prevention. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Therefore, risk stratification is still imprecise and requires further investigation.</p>
        <p>The 2018 manuscript of Gatzoulis et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> reevaluates the role of electrophysiological study for prognostic assessment in a low to intermediate risk single-center HCM cohort stratified according to contemporary guidelines. The authors conclude that programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS) combined with current models add sensitivity and negative predictive value to risk stratification. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Results are interesting but need to be confirmed in larger prospective trials. PVS has been downgraded to class III in current guidelines due to the low sensitivity and potential risks. Similarly, fractionation of right ventricle electrograms has been related to SCD but was not assimilated due to the invasive nature of the procedure, which may impact feasibility in some settings. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Electrical instability is transitory in HCM and should be periodically evaluated such as other predictors with dynamic characteristics. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> The guidelines recommend the reassessment of SCD risk during follow-up. Clinical and more easily acquired non-invasive approaches favor routine patient evaluation.</p>
        <p>In the recent 2020 ACC/AHA guideline, an algorithm was introduced with three novel non-invasive predictors: late gadolinium enhancement fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance, left ventricular apical aneurysm and reduced ejection fraction. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> All of them are directly or indirectly related to the impaired myocardial architecture, mainly replacement fibrosis. There is a trend towards the assimilation of novel and more accurate non-invasive technologies for routine HCM prognostic evaluation projected for the near future. Perhaps, invasive protocols will be gradually neglected to the past based on a cost-effectiveness appraisal. However, PVS may find a role in cases with discordant risk stratification between guidelines regarding ICD recommendation, and may contribute in cases with cardiac-related unexplained syncope.</p>
        <p>Finally, the cell disarray evaluation with diffusion tensor cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, genotyping, microRNA profile and other promising biomarkers, as well as the non-invasive assessment of myocardial ischemia, will assure a more reliable assessment of the anatomical and electrical substrate of the disease. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Nevertheless, their incorporation into daily clinical practice should take into account locally available resources and will certainly represent another great challenge. A search for new paradigms is in course in HCM and a more precise electrical evaluation of SCD mechanisms is needed and may add or even outperform our current risk-stratification.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Beatriz Piva e Mattos</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Fernando Lu&#237;s Scolari</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Henrique Ianhke Garbin</bold>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
