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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3hwQhVRNTBNPKMvypfZ8LZw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900149</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200983</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200983</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chegou a Hora de uma Nova Terapia Padr&#227;o para a Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4945-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbetta</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro,Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i,Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia </bold>&#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24033-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>etocorreia@outlook.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS, Mesquita ET; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>149</fpage>
      <lpage>152</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Neprilisina</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotensinas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER) leva &#224; mortalidade, piora da qualidade de vida, e tem um impacto grande no sistema de sa&#250;de. Apesar de ensaios mostrarem a superioridade dos benef&#237;cios do inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor da angiotensina (INRA) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos inibidores de enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA), e a superioridade dos inibidores do cotransportador s&#243;dio-glicose 2 (SGLT2i) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo, as diretrizes atuais ainda recomendam o uso de IECA, antagonistas de receptor mineralocorticoide (ARM), e betabloqueadores como primeira linha de terapia da ICFER.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Nesta carta, ser&#227;o discutidos os poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios e riscos de se adotar INRA e SGLT2i como primeira linha de terapia da ICFER.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Quais s&#227;o os poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios e riscos de se adotar INRA como primeira linha de terapia da ICFER?</title>
      <p>No estudo PARADIGM-HF, os pacientes de ICFER tratados com INRA tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do principal resultado de mortalidade cardiovascular ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC (21,8% vs. 26,5%; n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar (NNT) = 21) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao enalapril.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o INRA diminuiu significativa a mortalidade global (17,0% vs. 19,8%; NNT = 36).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Uma suban&#225;lise do estudo PARADIGM-HF tamb&#233;m demonstrou que o INRA melhorou significativamente a qualidade de vida em compara&#231;&#227;o com o enalapril.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seguran&#231;a, o sacubitril/valsartana levou a propor&#231;&#245;es mais altas de hipotens&#227;o e angioedema n&#227;o grave, mas a propor&#231;&#245;es mais baixas de insufici&#234;ncia renal, hipercalemia, e tosse, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o enalapril.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A superioridade dos benef&#237;cios do INRA em rela&#231;&#227;o ao enalapril tamb&#233;m foi confirmada em pacientes com ICFER hospitalizados por IC aguda descompensada, no estudo PIONEER-HF, que demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal (NT-proBNP) em pacientes tratados com INRA desde a semana 1.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC ou morte cardiovascular tamb&#233;m mostrou ser significativa em pacientes tratados com INRA em uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria do estudo PIONEER-HF.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Por &#250;ltimo, uma suban&#225;lise do estudo PIONEER demonstrou que o INRA era bem tolerado e superior ao enalapril para a melhoria dos resultados cl&#237;nicos independentemente do inibidor ECA, tratamento com BRA, ou de hist&#243;rico anterior de IC.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dados reais do registro <italic>Change the Management of Patients with Heart Failure</italic> (CHAMP-HF - Altera&#231;&#227;o da Gest&#227;o de Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca) tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tratamento com INRA e melhorias precoces no status de sa&#250;de, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes n&#227;o tratados com INRA.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> No estudo EVALUATE-HF, que tinha o objetivo de avaliar se o INRA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o enalapril, melhorou a rigidez a&#243;rtica central e remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, o INRA levou a uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de desfecho ecocardiogr&#225;fico secund&#225;rio, sugerindo que o INRA possa induzir a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca reversa.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dados do estudo <italic>Comparison of Pre- and Post-discharge Initiation of LCZ696 Therapy in HFrEF Patients After an Acute Decompensation Event</italic> (TRANSITION - Compara&#231;&#227;o de In&#237;cio do Tratamento com LCZ696 em Pacientes com ICFER Ap&#243;s um Evento de Descompensa&#231;&#227;o Aguda Antes e Ap&#243;s a Alta), demonstrou que o in&#237;cio do INRA como primeira linha de terapia para pacientes com reincid&#234;ncia de ICFER n&#227;o alterou o &#237;ndice de ado&#231;&#227;o de terapias de IC guiadas por diretrizes.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>Al&#233;m disso, nesse estudo, pacientes com reincid&#234;ncia de ICFER que iniciaram o INRA tiveram menos efeitos colaterais e &#237;ndices mais baixos de descontinuidade do tratamento para pacientes com ICFER anterior.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Da mesma forma nos pacientes com reincid&#234;ncia de ICFER, o INRA levou a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida e maior de biomarcadores card&#237;acos, tais como o NT-proBNP e a troponina-T de alta sensibilidade, e &#237;ndices mais baixos de IC e nova hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o global em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com ICFER pr&#233;vio.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>Por &#250;ltimo, um estudo pr&#233;vio demonstrou que o INRA tinha uma boa rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio comparado com o enalapril no tratamento da ICFER, do ponto de vista da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica do Reino Unido, da Dinamarca e da Col&#244;mbia.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Conforme analisado nesta carta, evid&#234;ncias anteriores corroboram a hip&#243;tese de que o INRA melhora a qualidade de vida geral e reduz o risco de mortalidade cardiovascular, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC, e NT-proBNP em pacientes com ICFER. Al&#233;m disso, o INRA leva &#224; melhoria do status de sa&#250;de, e &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca reversa, e n&#227;o altera a ado&#231;&#227;o de terapias guiadas por diretrizes no caso de ICFER. Entretanto, alguns autores criticam alguns aspectos do estudo PARADIGM-HF, incluindo sua dose alvo de enalapril (10 mg duas vezes ao dia),<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> enquanto as diretrizes de IC da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia prop&#245;em uma dose alvo m&#225;xima tolerada. No entanto, a dose estabelecida como meta pelo estudo acompanhou as diretrizes do <italic>American College of Cardiology </italic>(Col&#233;gio Americano de Sociologia), com pacientes tendo atingido um bom n&#237;vel de dose mediana, semelhante &#224; de estudos randomizados anteriores. Outra quest&#227;o &#233; o fato de que o estudo PARADIGM-HF investigou a efici&#234;ncia de uma dose de INRA de 100 a 200 mg, enquanto a efici&#234;ncia de doses mais baixas, tais como 50 mg, que pode ser o m&#225;ximo tolerado por alguns pacientes, ainda precisa ser testada.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora sejam necess&#225;rios futuros estudos para chegar a uma conclus&#227;o mais certa sobre a ado&#231;&#227;o do INRA como primeira linha de terapia para a ICFER, em nosso ponto de vista, os benef&#237;cios mencionados acima s&#227;o um forte argumento para a ado&#231;&#227;o do sacubitril-valsartana como primeira linha de terapia da ICFER, em vez de IECA, na falta de um hist&#243;rico de angioedema ou hipotens&#227;o significativa.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Quais s&#227;o os poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios e riscos de se adotar SGLT2i como primeira linha de terapia da ICFER?</title>
      <p>O estudo DAPA-HF comparou a dapagliflozina, um SGLT2i, com placebo em pacientes com ICFER nas classes II, III, e IV, com ou sem diabetes.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Nesse estudo, pacientes tratados com dapagliflozina tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 26% no risco de morte cardiovascular ou piora da IC, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o cuidado padr&#227;o simples, com um NNT = 21.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria do DAPA-HF tamb&#233;m confirmou a melhoria do resultado prim&#225;rio, independentemente do status do paciente de diabetes.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seguran&#231;a, a frequ&#234;ncia dos eventos adversos foi semelhante entre os grupos que utilizaram dapagliflozina e placebo.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Devido &#224; a&#231;&#227;o diur&#233;tica do SGLT2i, foram levantadas d&#250;vidas sobre o uso seguro desses f&#225;rmacos em pacientes com ICFER tratados com diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a e ARM.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Entretanto, uma suban&#225;lise publicada recentemente do estudo DAPA-HF demonstrou que a melhoria dos sintomas e a toler&#226;ncia ao tratamento n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os subgrupos com uso de diur&#233;ticos diferentes.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Estudos posteriores tamb&#233;m investigaram se os benef&#237;cios da dapagliflozina nos resultados prim&#225;rios estavam relacionados &#224; terapia de fundo da IC. Entretanto, um estudo anterior demonstrou que no estudo DAPA-HF, a dapagliflozina reduziu o resultado prim&#225;rio, independentemente da terapia de fundo.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>Al&#233;m disso, Solomon et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> demonstraram que a efici&#234;ncia e a seguran&#231;a da dapagliflozina foram semelhantes em pacientes que estavam fazendo uso de sacubitril/valsartana a pacientes que estavam usando o placebo no estudo DAPA-HF, o que sugere que a combina&#231;&#227;o desses agentes poderia reduzir ainda mais a ocorr&#234;ncia de mortalidade ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com ICFER.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>Ademais, uma metan&#225;lise conduzida por Turgeon et al.,<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> que incluiu dois estudos que analisaram mais de 4.000 pacientes com ICFER, demonstrou que a dapagliflozina melhorou significativamente a qualidade de vida do paciente, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recentemente, outro SGLT2i, a empagliflozina, alcan&#231;ou seu desfecho prim&#225;rio no estudo EMPEROR-Reduced.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>Nesse estudo, pacientes com ICFER tratados com empagliflozina tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 25% no risco de morte cardiovascular ou piora da IC e redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% no risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o grupo tratado com empagliflozina tinha um &#237;ndice mais lendo de decl&#237;nio de taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seguran&#231;a, a infec&#231;&#227;o genital n&#227;o complicada foi mais comum em pacientes tratados com empagliflozina.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Dados do estudo EMPATROPISM tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a empagliflozina melhorou significativamente os volumes do VE, a massa do VE, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, a capacidade funcional, e a qualidade de vida, quando comparado ao grupo que utiliza o placebo em pacientes n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos com ICFER.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise, que analisou dados dos estudos DAPA-HF e EMPEROR-Reduced, demonstrou que a dapagliflozina e a empagliflozina reduziram a morte global e cardiovascular, e apresentaram melhores resultados renais, confirmando ainda mais o papel importante do SGLT2i na ICFER.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, esse estudo demonstrou que os benef&#237;cios do SGLT2i na ICFER n&#227;o dependiam o status do paciente de diabetes, idade, sexo, o terapia com INRA.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao custo-benef&#237;cio, a dapagliflozina demonstrou uma boa rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio para pacientes com ICFER, sob a perspectiva da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica do Reino Unido, Alemanha, e Espanha.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora os SGLT2i reduzam o risco de morte cardiovascular e piora do IC e sejam bem tolerados, at&#233; hoje n&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#245;es de seu uso nas diretrizes para IC. Em nosso ponto de vista, os SGLT2i podem ser seguramente institu&#237;dos como um novo pilar na primeira linha de terapia de pacientes com ICFER.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Um novo padr&#227;o de terapia na ICFER</title>
      <p>INRA e SGLT2i s&#227;o f&#225;rmacos bem tolerados e com boa rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio que reduzem o risco de mortalidade, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, melhoria da qualidade de vida, e podem levar &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca reversa, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a terapia convencional. Para ilustrar a import&#226;ncia dessas terapias, um estudo transversal comparou os efeitos de INRA, betabloqueadores, ARM, e SGLT2i (chamados de terapia abrangente) a IECA ou BRA e betabloqueador apenas (chamados de terapia convencional).<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Nesse estudo, pacientes tratados com terapia abrangente tiveram uma probabilidade 62% menor de sofrer morte cardiovascular ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a terapia abrangente foi superior na redu&#231;&#227;o da morte cardiovascular, na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o do IC, e da mortalidade global sozinha.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Esse estudo tamb&#233;m estimou que a terapia abrangente garantiu anos adicionais sem morte cardiovascular ou da primeira hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC, e estendeu a sobrevida.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>Uma proposta de uma nova terapia de primeira linha para ICFER est&#225; ilustrada na Figura 1.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>As atuais diretrizes do IC ainda n&#227;o recomendam a proposta de primeira linha de terapia discutidas neste trabalho. Embora o custo de novos f&#225;rmacos seja sempre uma quest&#227;o importante na prescri&#231;&#227;o, especialmente em pa&#237;ses menos desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, tais como o Brasil, em nosso ponto de vista, evid&#234;ncias convincentes analisadas neste trabalho corroboram a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de INRA e SGLT2i como primeira linha de terapia em casos de ICFER. Dessa forma, diretrizes futuras para IC deveriam recomendar que uma combina&#231;&#227;o de INRA, betabloqueadores, ARM, e SGLT2i como o novo padr&#227;o de primeira linha de tratamento para ICFER em pacientes sem contraindica&#231;&#227;o para o uso desses medicamentos. Para garantir a ado&#231;&#227;o dessas novas terapias, m&#233;dicos podem apresentar seus benef&#237;cios e sua rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio aos pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, &#243;rg&#227;os de sa&#250;de p&#250;blicos e conv&#234;nios de sa&#250;de devem reconhecer as vantagens econ&#244;micas desses novos f&#225;rmacos e desenvolver medidas para ajudar sua implementa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic> Proposta de nova primeira linha de terapia para pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida. A barra inferior ilustra as condi&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para instituir uma combina&#231;&#227;o de inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor da angiotensina, betabloqueador, antagonista de receptor mineralocorticoide, e inibidores do cotransportador s&#243;dio-glicose 2. A barra superior ilustra os benef&#237;cios e a boa rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio dessa combina&#231;&#227;o. INRA - inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor da angiotensina; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ARM: antagonista de receptor mineralocorticoide; SGLT2i: inibidores do cotransportador s&#243;dio-glicose 2.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0149-00983-gf01.tif"/></fig>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is It Time for a New Standard Therapy for Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0454-6740</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4945-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbetta</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Mara dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia </bold>&#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Avenida Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code 24033-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: etocorreia@outlook.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS, Mesquita ET; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Correia ETO, Barbetta LMS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Modeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Neprilysin</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiotensins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) leads to mortality and impairment in one&#8217;s quality of life, and causes a major impact on the healthcare system. Despite trials showing the benefits of angiotensin receptor&#8211;neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) over angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), and the superiority of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) over placebos, current guidelines still recommend ACEi, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), and beta-blockers as first-line therapy in HFrEF.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> In this letter, we will discuss the potential benefits and risks of adopting ARNI and SGLT2i as first-line therapies in HFrEF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>What are the potential benefits and risks of adopting ARNI as a first-line therapy in HFrEF?</title>
        <p>In the PARADIGM-HF trial, HFrEF patients treated with ARNI had a significant reduction in the primary outcome of cardiovascular mortality or HF hospitalization (21.8% vs. 26.5%; number needed to treat (NNT) = 21) compared with enalapril.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Moreover, ARNI significantly reduced the all-cause mortality (17.0% vs. 19.8%; NNT = 36).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>A sub-analysis of the PARADIGM-HF trial has also shown that ARNI significantly improved one&#8217;s quality of life compared with enalapril.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Regarding safety, sacubitril/valsartan led to higher proportions of hypotension and non-serious angioedema, but lower proportions of renal impairment, hyperkalemia, and cough compared with enalapril.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> The benefits of ARNI over enalapril were further confirmed in patients with HFrEF hospitalized for acute decompensated HF in the PIONEER-HF trial, which showed a significant reduction in N-terminal pro&#8211;B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients treated with ARNI since week one.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> A reduction in a composite of HF rehospitalization or cardiovascular death was also found to be significant in patients treated with ARNI in an exploratory analysis of the PIONEER-HF trial.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Finally, a sub-analysis of the PIONEER trial showed that ARNI was well-tolerated and superior to enalapril in improving clinical outcomes, regardless of ACE inhibitor, ARB treatment, or previous HF history.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Real word data from the Change the Management of Patients with Heart Failure registry (CHAMP-HF) has also shown an association between ARNI therapy and early improvements in health status compared to patients not treated with ARNI.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> In the EVALUATE-HF trial, which aimed to access if ARNI compared with enalapril improved central aortic stiffness and cardiac remodeling, ARNI led to a significant reduction in secondary echocardiographic end-points, suggesting that ARNI may induce reverse cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Data from the Comparison of Pre- and Post-discharge Initiation of LCZ696 Therapy in HFrEF Patients After an Acute Decompensation Event (TRANSITION) study, showed that first-line initiation of ARNI in <italic>de novo</italic> HFrEF did not change the adoption rate of guideline-directed HF therapies.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>Moreover, in this study, patients with <italic>de novo</italic> HFrEF that initiated ARNI had fewer side-effects and lower rates of treatment discontinuations compared to patients with prior HFrEF.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Moreover, in <italic>de novo</italic> HFrEF, ARNI led to a faster and greater decrease in cardiac biomarkers, such as NT-proBNP and high-sensitivity troponin-T, and lower rates of HF and all-cause rehospitalization when compared to patients with prior HFrEF.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>Finally, a previous study showed that ARNI was cost-effective when compared with enalapril in HFrEF from the healthcare perspective of the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Colombia.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As reviewed in this letter, previous evidence supports that ARNI improves overall quality of life and reduces the risk of cardiovascular mortality, HF hospitalization, and NT-proBNP in patients with HFrEF. Furthermore, ARNI leads to an improvement in health status and to reverse cardiac remodeling, and does not change the adoption of guideline-directed therapies in HFrEF. However, some authors criticize some aspects of the PARADIGM-HF trial, including its target dose of enalapril (10 mg twice daily),<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> whereas the European Society of Cardiology and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology HF guidelines support a maximum tolerated target dose. Nonetheless, the dose targeted by the trial followed the American College of Cardiology guidelines, with patients having achieved a good level of median dose, similar to previous randomized trials. Another issue is that the PARADIGM-HF trial investigated the effectiveness of an ARNI dose of 100-200 mg, while the effectiveness of lower doses, such as 50 mg, which may be the maximum tolerated dose for some patients, has yet to be tested.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although future studies are needed to bring a strong conclusion for the adoption of ARNI as a first-line therapy in HFrEF, in our view, the benefits mentioned above make a strong case for the adoption of sacubitril-valsartan as a first-line therapy in HFrEF instead of ACEi, in the absence of a history of angioedema or significant hypotension.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>What are the potential benefits and risks of adopting SGLT2i as a first-line therapy in HFrEF?</title>
        <p>The DAPA-HF trial compared dapagliflozin, an SGLT2i, with a placebo in class II, III, and IV HFrEF patients with or without diabetes.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> In this study, patients treated with dapagliflozin had a 26% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular death or worsening HF, compared with standard care alone, with an NNT = 21.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> An exploratory analysis of the DAPA-HF has also confirmed the improvement of primary outcome, regardless of the patient&#8217;s status of diabetes.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Regarding safety, the frequency of adverse events was similar between the dapagliflozin and placebo group.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Because of the diuretic action of SGLT2i, concerns were raised about whether these drugs could be safely used in HFrEF patients treated with loop diuretics and MRA.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> However, a recently published sub-analysis of the DAPA-HF trial showed that symptom improvement and treatment toleration did not differ across subgroups with different diuretic usage.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Further studies also investigated if the benefit of dapagliflozin in primary outcomes was related to background HF therapy. However, a previous study showed that in the DAPA-HF trial, dapagliflozin reduced the primary outcome regardless of background therapy.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>Moreover, Solomon et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> showed that the effectiveness and safety of dapagliflozin were similar in patients who were taking sacubitril/valsartan with patients who were taking the placebo in the DAPA-HF trial, which suggests that the combination of these agents could further reduce the occurrence of mortality or hospitalization in patients with HFrEF.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>Furthermore, a meta-analysis of Turgeon et al.,<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> which included two trials that analyzed over 4,000 patients with HFrEF, showed that dapagliflozin significantly improved the patient&#8217;s quality of life when compared with the placebo.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recently, another SGLT2i, empagliflozin, met its primary endpoint in the EMPEROR-Reduced trial.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>In this trial, HFrEF patients treated with empagliflozin had a 25% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for HF and a 30% reduction in the risk of hospitalization for HF.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Furthermore, the empagliflozin-treated group had a slower rate of decline in the glomerular filtration rate.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Regarding safety, uncomplicated genital infection was more common in patients treated with empagliflozin.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Data from the EMPATROPISM trial has also shown that empagliflozin significantly improves LV volumes, LV mass, LV systolic function, functional capacity, and quality of life when compared with the placebo in non-diabetic patients with HFrEF.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> A meta-analysis, that analyzed data from DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced trials, showed that dapagliflozin and empagliflozin reduced all-cause and cardiovascular death, and improved renal outcomes, further confirming the important role of SGLT2i in HFrEF.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> In addition, this study showed that the benefits of SGLT2i in HFrEF were independent of the patient&#8217;s status of diabetes, age, sex, or ARNI therapy.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Regarding cost-effectiveness, dapagliflozin proved to be cost-effective for patients with HFrEF based on the UK, German, and Spanish healthcare perspective.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although the SGLT2i reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and worsening HF, and are well tolerated, to date, there are still no recommendations of its use in HF guidelines. In our view, SGLT2i can be safely instituted as a new pillar of first-line therapy in HFrEF patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A new standard therapy in HFrEF</title>
        <p>ARNI and SGLT2i are well-tolerated and cost-effective drugs that reduce the risk of mortality and hospitalization, improve the quality of life, and may lead to reverse cardiac remodeling when compared to conventional therapy. To illustrate the importance of these therapies, a cross-trial study compared the effects of ARNI, beta-blocker, MRA, and SGLT2i (called comprehensive therapy) with ACEi or ARB and beta-blocker only (called conventional therapy).<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> In this study, patients treated with comprehensive therapy were 62% less likely to experience cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Furthermore, comprehensive therapy was superior in reducing cardiovascular death, HF hospitalization, and all-cause mortality alone.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> This study also estimated that comprehensive therapy provided additional years free from cardiovascular death or first hospitalization for HF and extended survival.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>A proposal of a new first-line therapy for patients with HFrEF is illustrated in <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Proposal of a new first-line therapy for patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. The bottom bar illustrates the conditions needed to institute a combination of angiotensin receptor&#8211;neprilysin inhibitor, beta-blocker, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. The upper bar illustrates the benefits and cost-effectiveness of this combination. ARNI - angiotensin receptor&#8211;neprilysin inhibitor; HF: heart failure; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0149-00983-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Current HF guidelines still do not recommend the first-line therapy proposal discussed in this paper. Although the cost of new drugs is always an important issue in prescriptions, mainly in less developed and developing countries, such as Brazil, in our view, compelling evidence reviewed in this paper supports the recommendation of ARNI and SGLT2i as first-line therapies in HFrEF. Hence, future HF guidelines should endorse a combination of ARNI, beta-blocker, MRA, and SGLT2i as the new standard first-line therapy for HFrEF in patients without contraindications to these medications. To ensure the adoption of these new therapies, physicians can present their benefits and cost-effectiveness to patients. Beyond that, public health agencies and private insurance plans should recognize the cost-effectiveness of these new drugs and develop measures to help their implementation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
