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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ztz5DfztGZsg5gsny6yr6Qt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900108</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200028</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico Melhora as Fun&#231;&#245;es das C&#233;lulas Progenitoras Endoteliais em Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1621-4428</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tan</surname>
            <given-names>Qiang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Yang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guo</surname>
            <given-names>Yao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Qinhuangdao First Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Qinhuangdao</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Qinhuangdao First Hospital,Qinhuangdao &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Qiang Tan &#8226; </bold>Qinhuangdao first hospital &#8211; Cardiology - NO.258, wenhuaroad Qinhuangdao 066000 &#8211; China. E-mail: <email>qhdtanqiang@aliyun.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tan Q; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Tan Q, Li Y, Guo Y; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Li Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>108</fpage>
      <lpage>117</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> As c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais (CPEs) desempenham um papel importante na manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) est&#225; associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o das CPEs. Embora o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tenha um impacto ben&#233;fico na atividade das CPEs, seu mecanismo ainda n&#227;o est&#225; completamente esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo &#233; investigar os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico nas fun&#231;&#245;es das CPEs e os mecanismos subjacentes em pacientes com SM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Os volunt&#225;rios com SM foram divididos em grupo exerc&#237;cio (n=15) e grupo controle (n=15). Antes e ap&#243;s 8 semanas de treinamento f&#237;sico, as CPEs foram isoladas do sangue perif&#233;rico. Foram feitos o ensaio de unidades formadoras de col&#244;nias (UFC), o ensaio de forma&#231;&#227;o de tubos, a express&#227;o proteica do &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial (eNOS), da fosfatidilinositol-3-quinase (PI3-K) e da prote&#237;na quinase B (AKT). Considerou-se um valor de probabilidade &lt;0,05 para indicar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Ap&#243;s 8 semanas, o n&#250;mero de UFCs aumentou significativamente no grupo exerc&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p&lt;0,05). Al&#233;m disso, observamos uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (HOMA-IR), endotelina-1, prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade e dos n&#237;veis de homociste&#237;na no grupo exerc&#237;cio. A interven&#231;&#227;o com exerc&#237;cios tamb&#233;m pode aumentar a capacidade de forma&#231;&#227;o de tubos de CPEs e aumentar o n&#237;vel de fosforila&#231;&#227;o de eNOS, PI3-K e AKT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aprimorou as fun&#231;&#245;es das CPEs. O mecanismo pode estar relacionado ao exerc&#237;cio, ativando a via PI3-K/AKT/eNOS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas Progenitoras Endoteliais/citologia</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>S&amp;T program of Hebei</funding-source>
          <award-id>20377756D</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) compreende um agrupamento de anormalidades como obesidade central, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, dislipidemia e hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A SM tem preval&#234;ncia no mundo. A Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabetes (FID) estima que um quarto da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta mundial tem SM.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Pacientes com SM t&#234;m demonstrado risco aumentado de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Embora a etiologia das complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares relacionadas &#224; SM n&#227;o seja totalmente compreendida, a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ser um dos mecanismos poss&#237;veis.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais (CPEs), originadas da medula &#243;ssea, t&#234;m a capacidade de circular, se proliferar e se diferenciar em c&#233;lulas endoteliais maduras. As CPEs contribuem tanto para a reendoteliza&#231;&#227;o quanto para a neoangiog&#234;nese, desempenhando um papel vital na manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica n&#227;o apenas diminuiu o n&#237;vel de CPEs circulantes, mas tamb&#233;m prejudicou as fun&#231;&#245;es das CPEs.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Alguns estudos<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> relataram que o treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio pode melhorar o n&#250;mero de CPEs circulantes em repouso em pessoas saud&#225;veis ou adultos obesos, e as redu&#231;&#245;es na atividade f&#237;sica reduzem o n&#250;mero de CPEs circulantes.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Embora esses achados sugiram que o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio pode modular as fun&#231;&#245;es das CPEs, o mecanismo &#233; pouco compreendido.</p>
      <p>O &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) &#233; um importante fator de relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Sua produ&#231;&#227;o est&#225; comumente associada &#224; express&#227;o e atividade da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial (eNOS). Relatou-se que a SM diminuiu a express&#227;o de eNOS e a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> O aspecto principal da SM &#233; a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e hiperinsulinemia. Nosso estudo anterior demonstrou que a hiperinsulinemia prejudicou a capacidade de forma&#231;&#227;o de tubos de CPEs por deprimir a fosforila&#231;&#227;o da eNOS.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode ativar a via da eNOS das CPEs e restaurar a fun&#231;&#227;o comprometida das CPEs.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; investigar os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico nas fun&#231;&#245;es das CPEs e os mecanismos subjacentes em pacientes com SM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Os volunt&#225;rios foram recrutados no centro de exames m&#233;dicos, o primeiro hospital de Qinhuangdao. Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: 1. Idade 30&#8211;65 anos. 2. Indiv&#237;duos com SM. A SM foi definida usando os crit&#233;rios<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> do Programa Nacional de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o Colesterol &#8212; Painel de Tratamento de Adultos III (no m&#237;nimo, tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios baseados em cinco componentes: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, press&#227;o arterial, glicose sangu&#237;nea, triglicer&#237;deos (TG) e colesterol lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (colesterol HDL).<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Os participantes n&#227;o fizeram exerc&#237;cios regulares por seis meses. 4. Os participantes n&#227;o consumiram &#225;lcool por dois meses antes deste estudo. Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: 1. Indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou doen&#231;a cerebrovascular. 2. Tabagista. 3. Pacientes com c&#226;ncer. 4. Usando medicamentos que afetam a fun&#231;&#227;o das CPEs, como estatinas, probucol, metformina, bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina. Os volunt&#225;rios recrutados (n=30) foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo exerc&#237;cio (n=15) ou grupo controle (n=15). A randomiza&#231;&#227;o foi feita com o uso de envelopes lacrados contendo uma sequ&#234;ncia de randomiza&#231;&#227;o gerada por computador. Baseamos o tamanho da amostra que usamos neste estudo em dados preliminares. Nosso c&#225;lculo de pot&#234;ncia considerou um aumento de no m&#237;nimo 70% nas UFCs de CPEs com um desvio padr&#227;o de 40%. Para uma pot&#234;ncia de 0,9 (90%), usando um teste t de duas amostras para compara&#231;&#245;es, foi necess&#225;rio um tamanho de amostra de pelo menos 8 em cada grupo. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Qinhuangdao First Hospital.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Programa de exerc&#237;cios</title>
        <p>Os volunt&#225;rios do grupo exerc&#237;cio realizaram um programa de treinos seis dias por semana durante 8 semanas. Fizeram 30 minutos de corrida em esteira mantendo 60% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima como exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio. Tamb&#233;m foram submetidos a 30 minutos de exerc&#237;cios com transpira&#231;&#227;o, incluindo agachamento, levantamento terra e supino como exerc&#237;cio anaer&#243;bico.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Eles podiam come&#231;ar a se exercitar a qualquer hora do dia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis f&#237;sicas e antropom&#233;tricas foram medidas no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s 8 semanas em ambos os grupos. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado dividindo-se o peso em quilogramas pela altura ao quadrado em metros. A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi medida na altura do umbigo por meio de fita pl&#225;stica flex&#237;vel, com os participantes em p&#233;. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida ap&#243;s os participantes terem descansado por 10 minutos (m&#233;todo da ausculta). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso de todos os participantes no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s 8 semanas (ao t&#233;rmino do programa de exerc&#237;cios, as amostras de sangue foram coletadas 48 horas depois). Mediu-se colesterol total (TC), TG, colesterol HDL, colesterol lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), homociste&#237;na (Hci), glicose e insulina. A RI foi avaliada usando o Modelo de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Homeostase da Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina (HOMA-IR) e foi calculada como <alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ztz5DfztGZsg5gsny6yr6Qt/34f15456fb5436c048d6bf5c88bd39ee8941d359.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ztz5DfztGZsg5gsny6yr6Qt/8b6ef3a4c0632720c59cfad3d414bd211322cf9e.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives>. As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de NO, ET-1, prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR) foram analisadas usando kits ELISA (Zhuocai Biotech, Xangai, China), seguindo as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante para cada kit.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cultura de c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais</title>
        <p>As CPEs foram isoladas e cultivadas, seguindo protocolos previamente descritos.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Resumidamente, coletou-se sangue perif&#233;rico (15 mL) no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s o programa de treinamento f&#237;sico. C&#233;lulas mononucleares (CMNs) foram isoladas e cultivadas em placa de seis po&#231;os revestida com fibronectina em meio MCBD/F12 com suplementos (10% FBS, VEGF10 ng/ml, bFGF 10 ng/ml, IGF 10 ng/ml, EGF 10 ng/ml, heparina 10 U/ml e antibi&#243;ticos) (Gibco) a 37 &#176;C em uma incubadora com 5% de CO<sub>2</sub>. Ap&#243;s mudan&#231;a de meio no dia 2, o meio foi substitu&#237;do a cada 3 dias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio de unidade formadora de col&#244;nias</title>
        <p>C&#233;lulas em forma de paralelep&#237;pedo surgiram 5 a 7 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da cultura de CMN.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 12 dias de cultivo, a unidade formadora de col&#244;nias (UFC) foi identificada por inspe&#231;&#227;o visual com microsc&#243;pio invertido (Leica). Um cluster central rodeado por c&#233;lulas emergentes foi reconhecido como uma UFC. Realizou-se ensaio UFC em todos os participantes (grupo exerc&#237;cio, n=15 e grupo controle, n=15).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio de forma&#231;&#227;o de tubos</title>
        <p>Realizou-se ensaio de forma&#231;&#227;o de tubos para avaliar o potencial angiog&#234;nico das CPEs in vitro.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> As CPEs foram coletadas e ressuspensas em meio MCBD/DF12 com 2% de soro fetal bovino (FBS). Essas c&#233;lulas foram semeadas (50.000 c&#233;lulas/po&#231;o) em uma placa de cultura de tecidos de 24 po&#231;os que havia sido uniformemente revestida com matrigel (BD Labware). As placas semeadas foram incubadas em uma incubadora com 5% de CO2 a 37 &#186;C durante 4 dias. Os g&#233;is foram examinados usando microscopia de contraste de fases (Leica) e utilizou-se o plugin Angiogenesis Analyzer for ImageJ para determinar o comprimento total do segmento tubular, a &#225;rea total da estrutura tubular e o n&#250;mero de jun&#231;&#245;es de rede em 5 campos selecionados aleatoriamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de western blots</title>
        <p>Extraiu-se a prote&#237;na total das CPEs com tamp&#227;o de lise para ensaio de radioimunoprecipita&#231;&#227;o (Beyotime Biotech, Xangai, China). As concentra&#231;&#245;es de prote&#237;na foram determinadas pelo kit de ensaio BCA (Beyotime Biotech). Amostras iguais de prote&#237;nas (40 &#181;g) foram carregadas em cada po&#231;o de gel proteico Pierce Precise Protein (Thermo-Fisher, Waltham, MA), tendo sido corridas em tamp&#227;o de corrida 1 &#215; Tris/HEPES/SDS a 100 V por 1 h. Em seguida, as prote&#237;nas foram transferidas para membranas de difluoreto de polivinilideno e bloqueadas com BSA a 5% durante 2 h a 25 &#176;C. As membranas foram ent&#227;o incubadas com anticorpos prim&#225;rios a 4 &#176;C durante a noite (1:1000 em BSA/TBS-T a 1%) e com anticorpos secund&#225;rios (1:2000 em BSA/TBS-T a 1%) em temperatura ambiente por 2 h. As membranas foram lavadas duas vezes com TBS-T por 10 min antes das incuba&#231;&#245;es e uma vez ap&#243;s as incuba&#231;&#245;es. O complexo ligado foi detectado pelo sistema Odyssey Infrared Imaging System (Li-Cor; Lincoln, NE). As imagens foram analisadas no Image Studio Lite vers&#227;o 5.2 (LI-COR), para obten&#231;&#227;o das intensidades integradas. Os anticorpos prim&#225;rios anti-phospho-Akt-Ser<sup>473</sup> (1:1.000), anti-Akt (1:1.000), anti-phospho-eNOS-Ser<sup>1177</sup> (1:1.000), anti-eNOS (1:1.000), anti-&#946;-actin (1:5.000), anti-PI3-K (1:1.000), anti-phospho-PI3-K (1:1.000) e anticorpo anticoelho produzido em cabras conjugado com peroxidase <italic>horseradish</italic> (1:5.000) foram adquiridos da Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o software SPSS 17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste exato de Fisher. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para testar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram feitas pelo teste t n&#227;o pareado entre grupos diferentes. E o teste t pareado foi usado para analisar a signific&#226;ncia das compara&#231;&#245;es intergrupo. Considerou-se um valor de probabilidade &lt;0,05 para indicar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas dos grupos</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas basais e de 8 semanas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>. No in&#237;cio do estudo, as caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas n&#227;o eram significativamente diferentes entre os dois grupos. Ap&#243;s 8 semanas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e o IMC diminu&#237;ram no grupo exerc&#237;cio, embora n&#227;o apresentassem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Grupo exerc&#237;cio (n=15)</th>
                  <th>Grupo controle (n=15)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,71&#177;9,68</td>
                  <td align="center">50,28&#177;11,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,819</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (feminino/masculino)</td>
                  <td align="center">12/3</td>
                  <td align="center">11/4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,664</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">170,91&#177;7,18</td>
                  <td align="center">170,66&#177;7,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,918</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (Kg) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">87,42&#177;11,56</td>
                  <td align="center">88,22&#177;12,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,849</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">85.41&#177; 10,97</td>
                  <td align="center">87,51&#177;11,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,592</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">29,86&#177;2,97</td>
                  <td align="center">30,04&#177;1,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,837</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">29,32&#177;2,59</td>
                  <td align="center">29.97&#177;1,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,415</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">96,13&#177;9,72</td>
                  <td align="center">97,27&#177;10,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,746</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">94,46&#177;9,06</td>
                  <td align="center">96,94&#177;9,69</td>
                  <td align="center">0,456</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">140,53&#177;5,66</td>
                  <td align="center">135,66&#177;6,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,380</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">138,56&#177;5,91</td>
                  <td align="center">134,72&#177;5,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,111</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">81,73&#177;8,95</td>
                  <td align="center">79,22&#177;9,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,441</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">84,86&#177;6,17</td>
                  <td align="center">82.11&#177; 7,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,614</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa. O valor de p se refere &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo exerc&#237;cio e o grupo controle (utilizou-se o teste t pareado ou o teste exato de Fisher).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico diminuiu a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e o marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 8 semanas, os pacientes do grupo exerc&#237;cio apresentaram menor n&#237;vel de insulina e HOMA-IR do que os do grupo controle. Esse resultado indicou que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode diminuir a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina em pacientes com SM. Os resultados tamb&#233;m mostram que marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o como PCR e ET-1 apresentavam-se menores no grupo exerc&#237;cio. O n&#237;vel de Hci mostrou-se reduzido no grupo exerc&#237;cio. No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa de glicose, NO, TG, TC, colesterol LDL e colesterol HDL entre os dois grupos. Para conferir mais detalhes, consulte a <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros laboratoriais entre os grupos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Grupo exerc&#237;cio (n=15)</th>
                  <th>Grupo controle (n=15)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT (mmol/L) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">4.61&#177;1,45</td>
                  <td align="center">4,39&#177;1,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,618</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">4,24&#177;1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">4,25&#177;1,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,980</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mmol/L) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">2,19&#177;0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">1,92&#177;0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,352</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">2,24&#177;0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">2,05&#177;0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,515</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol LDL (mmol/L) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">2,58&#177;1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">2,51&#177;0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,623</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">2,47&#177;0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">2,61&#177;0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,753</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol HDL (mmol/L) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03&#177;0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06&#177;0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,623</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06&#177;0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05&#177;1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,763</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hci (&#956;mol/L) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">14,84&#177;6,99</td>
                  <td align="center">15,13&#177;4,68</td>
                  <td align="center">0,774</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">11,31&#177;3.07<sup><bold>#</bold></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">14,91&#177;2,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR-us (mg/L) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">3,44 &#177;2,72</td>
                  <td align="center">4.98&#177; 3,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,338</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">1,75&#177;0.94<sup><bold>#</bold></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3,88&#177;2,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose (mmol/L) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">7,05&#177;1,39</td>
                  <td align="center">7,14&#177;2,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,536</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">6,51&#177;3,95</td>
                  <td align="center">6,59&#177;2,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,374</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulina (UI/mL) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">7,49&#177;4,45</td>
                  <td align="center">6,67&#177;3,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,746</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">5,48&#177;2.96<sup><bold>#</bold></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7,59&#177;3,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HOMA-IR basal</td>
                  <td align="center">2.91&#177; 1,91</td>
                  <td align="center">2,76&#177;0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">0,645</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">2,08&#177;1.25<sup><bold>#</bold></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2,81&#177;0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ON (&#956;mol/L) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">137.41&#177; 94,17</td>
                  <td align="center">154,82&#177;87,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,585</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">141,92&#177;40,62</td>
                  <td align="center">167,15&#177;119,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,139</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ET-1 (&#956;mol/L) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">2,71&#177;1,18</td>
                  <td align="center">2,61 &#177;1,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,998</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">1,62&#177;0.66<sup><bold>#</bold></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2,51&#177;1,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>HOMA-IR: modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; PCR-us: prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel. Hci: homociste&#237;na; ON: &#243;xido n&#237;trico; ET-1: endotelina-1. O valor de p se refere &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos diferentes (teste t pareado). #p&lt;0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores basais (teste t pareado).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aumentou a forma&#231;&#227;o de col&#244;nias de CPEs</title>
        <p>Surgiram col&#244;nias de CPEs 5 a 7 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da cultura de CMN. A col&#244;nia exibiu morfologia de &#8220;paralelep&#237;pedo&#8221; e padr&#227;o de crescimento em monocamada (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Col&#244;nia de CPEs cultivadas. A) Seis dias ap&#243;s a cultura, apareceram CPEs em formato de paralelep&#237;pedo (aumento de 100 &#215;). B) Doze dias ap&#243;s a cultura, col&#244;nia de CPEs (aumento de 50 &#215;).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0108-00028-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Conforme mostrado na <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>, ap&#243;s 8 semanas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, o n&#250;mero de UFCs de CPEs apresentou-se maior no grupo exerc&#237;cio do que no grupo controle (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aumentou as UFCs de CPEs. Aumento de UFCs de CPEs no grupo exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s 8 semanas. *p&lt;0,05 compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo exerc&#237;cio e o grupo controle; #p&lt;0,05 compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores basais.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0108-00028-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico melhorou a capacidade de forma&#231;&#227;o de tubos de CPEs</title>
        <p>Como mostra a <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref>, as CPEs formaram redes tubulares no matrigel. O comprimento total da rede tubular, a &#225;rea total da rede tubular e o n&#250;mero de jun&#231;&#245;es foram medidos pelo sistema de an&#225;lise de imagem. Ap&#243;s 8 semanas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, as CPEs do grupo exerc&#237;cio demonstraram forma&#231;&#227;o de rede aumentada, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p&lt;0,05) (ver <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico melhorou a capacidade de forma&#231;&#227;o de tubos das CPEs. A: grupo controle no in&#237;cio do estudo; B: grupo controle ap&#243;s 8 semanas; C: grupo exerc&#237;cio no in&#237;cio do estudo; D: grupo exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s 8 semanas. A figura mostra redes tubulares formadas por CPEs em matrigel. Ap&#243;s 8 semanas, as CPEs do grupo exerc&#237;cio tinham redes tubulares mais longas e melhores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0108-00028-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de forma&#231;&#227;o de tubos entre o grupo exerc&#237;cio e o grupo controle</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Grupo exerc&#237;cio (n=15)</th>
                  <th>Grupo controle (n=15)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comprimento (&#956;m/campo) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">2913.20&#177; 662,05</td>
                  <td align="center">2512,01&#177;829,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,154</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">3982,67 &#177;832.94<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2713,33&#177;705,57</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;rea (&#956;m<sup>2</sup>/campo) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">278,60&#177;93,34</td>
                  <td align="center">274,86&#177;95,57</td>
                  <td align="center">0,915</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">440,66&#177;100,74<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">276.01&#177; 72,88</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Jun&#231;&#227;o (/campo) basal</td>
                  <td align="center">8,93&#177;3,59</td>
                  <td align="center">9,06&#177;2,84</td>
                  <td align="center">0,911</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">12,60&#177;2.74<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8,93&#177;2,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>O valor de p se refere &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo exerc&#237;cio e o grupo controle (utilizou-se o teste t pareado). #p&lt;0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores basais (utilizou-se teste t pareado).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aumentou a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de PI3-K/Akt/eNOS</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na express&#227;o da prote&#237;na fosforilada de PI3-K, AKT e eNOS no in&#237;cio do estudo. Ap&#243;s o programa de 8 semanas, conforme mostram as <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">figuras 4&#8211;6</xref>, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aumentou o n&#237;vel de fosforila&#231;&#227;o de PI3-K, AKT e eNOS em CPEs em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Western blot da eNOS. O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode aumentar o n&#237;vel de fosforila&#231;&#227;o da eNOS de CPEs. N=4, *p&lt;0,05 compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo exerc&#237;cio e o grupo de controle; #p&lt;0,05 compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores basais.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0108-00028-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que oito semanas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico podem melhorar as fun&#231;&#245;es das CPEs em pacientes com SM. O mecanismo pode estar relacionado ao exerc&#237;cio de ativa&#231;&#227;o da via PI3-K/AKT/eNOS.</p>
      <p>As CPEs est&#227;o envolvidas na neovasculog&#234;nese e na manuten&#231;&#227;o da integridade vascular. Um estado alterado de CPEs circulantes representa um marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> De fato, alguns estudos indicaram que o n&#250;mero de CPEs circulantes &#233; um indicador independente da sa&#250;de cardiovascular.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Nosso estudo anterior demonstrou que os pacientes com SM tiveram um n&#237;vel significativamente reduzido de CPEs circulantes em compara&#231;&#227;o com os do grupo controle saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> O estudo de Jialal et al. mostra que CPEs de indiv&#237;duos com SM apresentam capacidade clonog&#234;nica significativamente comprometida, unidades formadoras de col&#244;nias reduzidas e capacidade comprometida de incorpora&#231;&#227;o em estruturas tubulares.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; um importante est&#237;mulo fisiol&#243;gico para mobilizar as CPEs em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Como sabemos, as CPEs s&#227;o um grupo heterog&#234;neo de c&#233;lulas.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Existem dois tipos de CPEs circulantes: as CPEs <italic>early</italic> e as c&#233;lulas endoteliais maduras (OEC, do ingl&#234;s <italic>outgrowth endothelial cell</italic>). As CPEs <italic>early</italic> s&#227;o c&#233;lulas fusiformes e n&#227;o t&#234;m capacidade de formar col&#244;nias. Os OECs t&#234;m potencial de forma&#231;&#227;o de col&#244;nias e apar&#234;ncia de paralelep&#237;pedos. Os OECs t&#234;m maior capacidade aderente e de forma&#231;&#227;o tubular. S&#227;o mais importantes na angiog&#234;nese do que as CPEs <italic>early.</italic><sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> No presente estudo, observamos col&#244;nias de c&#233;lulas em forma de paralelep&#237;pedo, mas n&#227;o de c&#233;lulas fusiformes. Nossos resultados indicaram que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aumentou a UFC de CPEs em pacientes com SM.</p>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico melhorou a capacidade de forma&#231;&#227;o de tubos das CPEs. Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com estudos anteriores. Silva et al. apontaram que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode preservar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em camundongos obesos.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Choi et al.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> demonstraram que o exerc&#237;cio regular aumentou a UFC de CPEs em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> O estudo de Landers-Ramos et al. mostrou que 10 dias de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio foram suficientes para aumentar o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas CD34<sup>+</sup>/KDR<sup>+</sup> e KDR<sup>+</sup> e melhorar a dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada em idosos previamente sedent&#225;rios.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Embora esses estudos tenham demonstrado os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, seu mecanismo ainda n&#227;o est&#225; elucidado. O presente estudo mostra que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico elevou a fosforila&#231;&#227;o da eNOS das CPEs. Como sabemos, a biodisponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico &#233; um importante regulador da reatividade vascular e da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Al&#233;m de promover o vasorrelaxamento, regula a angiog&#234;nese em resposta &#224; isquemia tecidual.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> A diabetes pode prejudicar a fun&#231;&#227;o das CPEs modificando os mecanismos relacionados ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico. Chen et al. apontaram que a fosforila&#231;&#227;o da eNOS e a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO em meio de cultura de CPEs se reduziu quando as c&#233;lulas foram incubadas em 25 mmol/L de glicose em compara&#231;&#227;o com 5 mmol/L de glicose.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> A via PI3-K/Akt/eNOS &#233; uma via cl&#225;ssica para promover a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO e desempenha um papel vital na regula&#231;&#227;o da angiog&#234;nese de CPEs. Nosso estudo anterior constatou que a hiperinsulinemia deprimiu a fosforila&#231;&#227;o da eNOS por meio da depress&#227;o da via PI3-K/Akt, associada ao comprometimento da capacidade de forma&#231;&#227;o de tubos das CPEs.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> O presente estudo indicou que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode ativar a via PI3-K/Akt/eNOS em pacientes com SM. Como resultado, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico restaurou o comprometimento da capacidade de forma&#231;&#227;o de tubos de CPEs em pacientes com SM.</p>
      <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial depende do delicado equil&#237;brio entre vasodilatadores e vasoconstritores.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Como um forte vasoconstritor, a ET-1 elevada desempenha um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o exerc&#237;cio reduziu as concentra&#231;&#245;es circulantes de ET-1 na SM. Esse achado est&#225; de acordo com o estudo de Dow et al.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o da ET-1 pode ser um mecanismo importante subjacente &#224; melhora induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em primeiro lugar, n&#243;s n&#227;o exploramos a secre&#231;&#227;o par&#225;crina de CPEs. Embora tenhamos detectado citocinas como NO, PCR, Hci e ET-1 em circula&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o detectamos citocinas em meio de cultura de CPEs. Em segundo lugar, n&#227;o medimos a dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada (FMD) em pacientes com SM. A FMD &#233; um tipo de m&#233;todo ub&#237;quo para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Mas n&#227;o medimos a FMD porque a FMD n&#227;o tem sensibilidade suficiente na SM. Em terceiro lugar, a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica pode induzir apoptose de CPEs. Por&#233;m, neste estudo, n&#227;o detectamos apoptose de CPEs. Em quarto lugar, os mecanismos relacionados ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico s&#227;o muito complexos. O exerc&#237;cio pode influenciar a inflama&#231;&#227;o e o estresse oxidativo. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico diminuiu o n&#237;vel circulante de PCR e Hci, indicando que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode diminuir a inflama&#231;&#227;o e o estresse oxidativo em pacientes com SM. Mas ainda n&#227;o sab&#237;amos a correla&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o de CPEs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, este estudo demonstrou que oito semanas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico melhoraram as fun&#231;&#245;es das CPEs em pacientes com SM. O mecanismo pode estar relacionado ao exerc&#237;cio de ativa&#231;&#227;o da via PI3-K/AKT/eNOS. Este estudo tamb&#233;m revelou que o exerc&#237;cio deprimiu a inflama&#231;&#227;o e o estresse oxidativo em pacientes com SM. Mas n&#227;o sab&#237;amos a correla&#231;&#227;o de inflama&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o de CPEs.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Western blot da PI3-K. Os n&#237;veis de fosforila&#231;&#227;o de PI3-K aumentaram no grupo exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s 8 semanas. N=4, *p&lt;0,05 compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo exerc&#237;cio e o grupo de controle; #p&lt;0,05 compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores basais.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0108-00028-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Western blot da PI3-K. Os n&#237;veis de fosforila&#231;&#227;o da AKT aumentaram no grupo exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s 8 semanas. N=4, *p&lt;0,05 compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo exerc&#237;cio e o grupo de controle; #p&lt;0,05 compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores basais.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0108-00028-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por S&amp;T program of Hebei (20377756D) e parcialmente financiado Qinhuangdao Technology Supporting Projects.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exercise Training Improves Functions of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1621-4428</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tan</surname>
            <given-names>Qiang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Yang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guo</surname>
            <given-names>Yao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Qinhuangdao First Hospital, Qinhuangdao &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Qiang Tan &#8226; </bold>Qinhuangdao first hospital &#8211; Cardiology - NO.258, wenhuaroad Qinhuangdao 066000 &#8211; China. E-mail: qhdtanqiang@aliyun.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Tan Q; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Tan Q, Li Y, Guo Y; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Li Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in maintaining endothelial function. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with EPC dysfunction. Although physical exercise has a beneficial impact on EPC activity, its mechanism is not completely clear yet.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of physical exercise on the functions of EPCs and the underlying mechanisms in patients with MetS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Volunteers with MetS were divided into exercise group (n=15) and control group (n=15). Before and after 8 weeks exercise training, EPCs were isolated from peripheral blood. Colony forming unit (CFU) assay, tube-formation assay, the protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K) and protein kinase B (AKT) were determined. A probability value &lt;0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> After 8 weeks, the number of CFUs was significantly increased in the exercise group compared to the control group (p&lt;0.05). In addition, we observed a significant decrease of homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), endothelin-1, high-sensitive C-reactive protein, and homocysteine levels in the exercise group. Exercise intervention could also enhance tube-formation capacity of EPCs and increase phosphorylation level of eNOS, PI3-K and AKT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Physical exercise enhanced the functions of EPCs. The mechanism may be related to exercise, activating the PI3-K/AKT/eNOS pathway.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endothelial Progenitor Cells/citology</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>Insulin Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises a cluster of abnormalities, including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> MetS is prevalent in the world. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that one-quarter of the world&#8217;s adult population has MetS.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Patients with MetS have been shown to have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Although the etiology of MetS related to vascular complications is not fully understood, endothelial dysfunction maybe one of the possible mechanisms.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), originating in the bone marrow, have the capacity to circulate, proliferate, and differentiate into mature endothelial cells. EPCs contribute to both reendothelialization and neoangiogenesis, thereby EPCs play a vital role in maintaining endothelial function.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Previous studies demonstrated that metabolic syndrome did not only decrease the levels of circulating EPCs, but also impaired the functions of EPCs.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Some studies<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> reported that aerobic exercise training could improve the number of resting circulating EPCs in healthy people or obese adults, and reductions in physical activity reduce the number of circulating EPCs.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Although these findings suggest that aerobic exercise may modulate EPC functions, the mechanism is poorly understood.</p>
        <p>Nitric oxide (NO) is an important endothelium-dependent relaxant factor<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Its production is commonly associated with expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). It was reported that MetS decreased expression of eNOS and production of NO.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> The core of MetS is insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Our previous study demonstrated that hyperinsulinemia impaired tube-formation ability of EPCs by depressing eNOS phosphorylation.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> We hypothesized that exercise training may activate the eNOS pathway of EPCs and restore impaired function of EPCs.</p>
        <p>The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of physical exercise on the EPC functions and the underlying mechanisms in patients with MetS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials and Methods</title><sec><title>Study population</title><p>Volunteers were recruited from a medical examination center, the first hospital of Qinhuangdao. Inclusion criteria: 1. Aged 30&#8211;65. 2. Subjects with MetS. MetS was defined using the criteria<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> of the National Cholesterol Education Program &#8212; Adult Treatment Panel-III (at least three criteria based on five components: waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Subjects had no regular exercise for six months. 4. Subjects had not consumed alcohol for two months prior to this study. Exclusion criteria: 1. Subjects with cardiovascular disease or cerebrovascular disease. 2. Smokers. 3. Patients with cancer. 4. On medications known to affect EPC function, such as statins, probucol, metformin, angiotensin receptor blockers. Recruited volunteers (n=30) were randomly divided into exercise group (n=15) or control group (n=15). Randomization was done with sealed envelopes containing a computer-generated randomization sequence. Sample size was based on <italic>preliminary data</italic>. Our power calculation assumed at least a 70% increase in EPC-CFUs with a standard deviation of 40%. For a required power of 0.9 (90%), using a two-sample t-test for comparisons, a sample size of at least 8 in each group was required. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Qinhuangdao First Hospital.</p></sec>Model of Assessment of Insulin Resistance <sec><title>Exercise training program</title><p>Volunteers from the exercise group performed a training program six days per week for 8 weeks. As an aerobic exercise, they ran on a treadmill for 30 minutes while maintaining 60% of the maximum heart rate. As an anaerobic exercise, they completed 30-minute training wet with perspiration including, squats, deadlifts and bench press.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> They could start exercise at any time of the day.</p></sec><sec><title>Laboratory measurements</title><p>Physical and anthropometric variables were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks in both groups. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. Waist circumference was measured at the umbilicus level using a flexible plastic tape with the participants in the standing position. Blood pressure was measured after participants had rested for 10 minutes (auscultatory method). Venous blood samples were collected from all participants at baseline and at 8 weeks (when the exercise program finished, blood samples were collected 48 hours later). Total cholesterol (TC), TG, HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), homocysteine (HCY), glucose, and insulin were measured. IR was evaluated using the Homeostasis Model of Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and was calculated as <alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ztz5DfztGZsg5gsny6yr6Qt/34f15456fb5436c048d6bf5c88bd39ee8941d359.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ztz5DfztGZsg5gsny6yr6Qt/8b6ef3a4c0632720c59cfad3d414bd211322cf9e.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives>. Serum concentrations of NO, ET-1, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were analyzed using ELISA kits (Zhuocai Biotech, Shanghai, China), following the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions for each kit.</p></sec><sec><title>Endothelial progenitor cells culture</title><p>EPCs were isolated and cultured, following previously described protocols.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Peripheral blood (15 mL) was withdrawn at baseline and after the exercise training program. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated and cultured on a fibronectin-coated six-well chamber in MCBD/F12 medium with supplements (10% FBS, VEGF10 ng/ml, bFGF 10 ng/ml, IGF 10 ng/ml, EGF 10 ng/ml, heparin 10 U/ml, and antibiotics) (Gibco) at 37 &#176;C in a 5% CO<sub>2</sub> incubator. After changing the medium on day 2, the medium was replaced every 3 days.</p></sec><sec><title>Colony-forming unit assay</title><p>Cobblestone-shaped cells emerged 5 to 7 days after start of the MNC culture.</p><p>After 12 days of culture, the colony-forming unit (CFU) was identified by visual inspection with an inverted microscope (Leica). A central cluster surrounded by emerging cells was recognized as a CFU. The CFU assay was performed in all subjects (exercise group, n=15 and control group, n=15).</p></sec><sec><title>Tube-formation assay</title><p>Tube-formation assay was performed to assess the angiogenic potential of EPCs in vitro.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> EPCs were collected and resuspended in MCBD/DF12 medium with 2% FBS. These cells were seeded (50.000 cells/well) in a 24-well tissue culture plate, which had been evenly coated with matrigel (BD Labware). Seeded cells were incubated at 37 &#176;C in a 5% CO<sub>2</sub> incubator for 4 hours. Gels were examined using phase-contrast microscopy (leica), and the Angiogenesis Analyzer ImageJ plugin was used to determine the total tube-like segment length, the total area of the tubular structure and the number of network junctions in 5 randomly selected fields.</p></sec><sec><title>Western blot analysis</title><p>The total protein of EPCs was extracted with radioimmunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer (Beyotime Biotech, Shanghai, China). Protein concentrations were determined by BCA assay kit (Beyotime Biotech). Equal protein samples (40 &#181;g) were loaded into each well of Pierce Precise Protein gel (Thermo-Fisher, Waltham, MA) and were run in 1 &#215; Tris/HEPES/SDS running buffer at 100 V for 1 h. Proteins were then transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes and blocked with 5% BSA for 2 h at 25 &#176;C. Membranes were then incubated with primary antibodies at 4 &#176;C overnight (1:1000 in 1% BSA/TBS-T) and with secondary antibodies (1:2000 in 1% BSA/TBS-T) at room temperature for 2 h. Membranes were washed two times with TBS-T for 10 min before incubations and once after incubations. The bound complex was detected using the Odyssey Infrared Imaging System (Li-Cor; Lincoln, NE). The images were analyzed using Image Studio Lite version 5.2 (LI-COR) to obtain the integrated intensities. Primary antibodies including anti-phospho-Akt-Ser<sup>473</sup>(1:1,000), anti-Akt (1:1,000), anti-phospho-eNOS-Ser<sup>1177</sup>(1:1,000), anti-eNOS (1:1,000), anti-&#946;-actin (1:5,000), anti- PI3-K (1:1,000), anti-phospho-PI3-K (1:1,000) and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:5,000) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA).</p></sec><sec><title>Statistical Analysis</title><p>All statistical analyses were performed by SPSS 17 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation. Categorical variables were expressed as numbers. Categorical variables were compared with the Fisher&#8217;s exact test. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test for normality of distribution. Comparisons between continuous variables were made by unpaired t test between different groups. And paired t test was used to analyze the significance of within-group comparisons. A probability value &lt;0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.</p></sec></sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Physical characteristics of both groups</title>
          <p>Baseline and 8-week physical characteristics are presented in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. At baseline, the physical characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups. After 8 weeks of exercise training, waist circumference and BMI were decreased in the exercise group, although they had no statistical difference compared to the control group.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Participant characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Grupo exerc&#237;cio (n=15)</th>
                    <th>Grupo controle (n=15)</th>
                    <th>Valor de p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.71&#177;9.68</td>
                    <td align="center">50.28&#177;11.34</td>
                    <td align="center">0.819</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gender (male/female)</td>
                    <td align="center">12/3</td>
                    <td align="center">11/4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.664</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Height (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">170.91&#177;7.18</td>
                    <td align="center">170.66&#177;7.46</td>
                    <td align="center">0.918</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline weight (Kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">87.42&#177;11.56</td>
                    <td align="center">88.22&#177;12.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.849</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">85.41&#177; 10.97</td>
                    <td align="center">87.51&#177;11.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.592</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.86&#177;2.97</td>
                    <td align="center">30.04&#177;1.99</td>
                    <td align="center">0.837</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">29.32&#177;2.59</td>
                    <td align="center">29.97&#177;1.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.415</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline waist circumference (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">96.13&#177;9.72</td>
                    <td align="center">97.27&#177;10.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.746</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">94.46&#177;9.06</td>
                    <td align="center">96.94&#177;9.69</td>
                    <td align="center">0.456</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline SBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">140.53&#177;5.66</td>
                    <td align="center">135.66&#177;6.36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.380</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">138.56&#177;5.91</td>
                    <td align="center">134.72&#177;5.54</td>
                    <td align="center">0.111</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline DBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">81.73&#177;8.95</td>
                    <td align="center">79.22&#177;9.38</td>
                    <td align="center">0.441</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">84.86&#177;6.17</td>
                    <td align="center">82.11&#177; 7.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.614</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure. p value refers to comparison between exercise group and control group (unpaired t test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test were used).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise training decreased insulin resistance and inflammation marker</title>
          <p>After 8 weeks, patients from the exercise group had lower levels of insulin and HOMA-IR than those in the control group. This result indicated that exercise training could decrease insulin resistance in patients with MetS. The results also show that inflammation markers, including CRP and ET-1, were decreased in the exercise group. HCY were decreased in the exercise group. However, there were no significant differences in glucose, NO, TG, TC, LDL-c and HDL-c between the two groups. For more details, see <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of laboratory parameters between groups</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Exercise group (n=15)</th>
                    <th>Control group (n=15)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline TC (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.61&#177;1.45</td>
                    <td align="center">4.39&#177;1.23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.618</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">4.24&#177;1.24</td>
                    <td align="center">4.25&#177;1.34</td>
                    <td align="center">0.980</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline TG (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.19&#177;0.71</td>
                    <td align="center">1.92&#177;0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.352</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">2.24&#177;0.83</td>
                    <td align="center">2.05&#177;0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">0.515</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.58&#177;1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">2.51&#177;0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.623</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">2.47&#177;0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">2.61&#177;0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.753</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline HDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03&#177;0.21</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06&#177;0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.623</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06&#177;0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05&#177;1.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.763</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline HCY (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.84&#177;6.99</td>
                    <td align="center">15.13&#177;4.68</td>
                    <td align="center">0.774</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">11.31&#177;3.07<sup><bold>#</bold></sup></td>
                    <td align="center">14.91&#177;2.96</td>
                    <td align="center">0.020</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline Hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.44 &#177;2.72</td>
                    <td align="center">4.98&#177; 3.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.338</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">1.75&#177;0.94<sup><bold>#</bold></sup></td>
                    <td align="center">3.88&#177;2.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.047</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline glucose (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.05&#177;1.39</td>
                    <td align="center">7.14&#177;2.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.536</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">6.51&#177;3.95</td>
                    <td align="center">6.59&#177;2.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.374</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline insulin (UI/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.49&#177;4.45</td>
                    <td align="center">6.67&#177;3.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.746</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">5.48&#177;2.96<sup><bold>#</bold></sup></td>
                    <td align="center">7.59&#177;3.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.039</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline HOMA-IR</td>
                    <td align="center">2.91&#177; 1.91</td>
                    <td align="center">2.76&#177;0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">0.645</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">2.08&#177;1.25<sup><bold>#</bold></sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2.81&#177;0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">0.037</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline NO (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">137.41&#177; 94.17</td>
                    <td align="center">154.82&#177;87.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.585</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">141.92&#177;40.62</td>
                    <td align="center">167.15&#177;119.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.139</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline ET-1 (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.71&#177;1.18</td>
                    <td align="center">2.61 &#177;1.28</td>
                    <td align="center">0.998</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">1.62&#177;0.66<sup><bold>#</bold></sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2.51&#177;1.17</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Hs-CRP: high-sensitive C-reactive protein; HCY: homocysteine; NO: nitric oxide; ET-1: endothelin-1. p value refers to comparison between different groups (unpaired t test). #p&lt;0.05 compared with baseline (paired t test).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise training increased EPC colony formation</title>
          <p>Colonies of EPC emerged 5 to 7 days after start of MNC culture. The colony exhibited &#8220;cobblestone&#8221; morphology and monolayer growth pattern (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Figure 1 &#8212; Colony of cultured EPCs. A) 6 days after culture, cobblestone-shaped EPCs appeared (100 &#215; magnification). B) 12 days after culture, colony of EPCs (50 &#215; magnification).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0108-00028-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>As shown in <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>, after 8 weeks exercise training, the number of EPC-CFUs was bigger in the exercise group than in the control group (p&lt;0.05).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Exercise training increased EPC-CFU. EPC-CFU was increased in the exercise group after 8 weeks. * p&lt;0.05 comparison between exercise group and control group; #p&lt;0.05 compared with baseline.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0108-00028-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise training improved tube-formation ability of EPCs</title>
        <p>As shown in <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref>, EPCs formed tubular networks on matrigel. Total length of tubular network, total area of tubular network and number of junctions were measured by image analysis system. After 8 weeks exercise training, EPCs in the exercise group demonstrated increased network formation, compared with the control group (p&lt;0.05) (see <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Exercise training improved tube-formation ability of EPCs. A: control group at baseline; B: control group after 8 weeks; C: exercise group at baseline; D: exercise group after 8 weeks. The figure show that EPCs formed tubular networks on matrigel. After 8 weeks, exercise group EPCs had longer and better tubular networks.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0108-00028-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of tube-formation ability between the exercise group and control group</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Exercise group (n =15)</th>
                  <th>Control group (n = 15)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline length (&#956;m/field)</td>
                  <td align="center">2913.20&#177; 662.05</td>
                  <td align="center">2512.01&#177;829.46</td>
                  <td align="center">0.154</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 weeks</td>
                  <td align="center">3982.67 &#177;832.94<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2713.33&#177;705.57</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline area (&#956;m<sup>2</sup>/field)</td>
                  <td align="center">278.60&#177;93.34</td>
                  <td align="center">274.86&#177;95.57</td>
                  <td align="center">0.915</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 weeks</td>
                  <td align="center">440.66&#177;100.74<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">276.01&#177; 72.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline junction (/field)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.93&#177;3.59</td>
                  <td align="center">9.06&#177;2.84</td>
                  <td align="center">0.911</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 weeks</td>
                  <td align="center">12.60&#177;2.74<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8.93&#177;2.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>p value refers to comparison between exercise group and control group (unpaired t test was used). #p&lt;0.05 compared with baseline (paired t test was used).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise training increased PI3-K/Akt /eNOS phosphorylation</title>
          <p>There were no differences of phosphorylated protein expression of PI3-K, AKT and eNOS at baseline. After 8 weeks, as shown in <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">figures 4&#8211;6</xref>, exercise training increased phosphorylation level of PI3-K, AKT and eNOS in EPCs compared with THE control group (p&lt;0.05).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Western blot of eNOS. Exercise training could increase eNOS phosphorylation level of EPCs. N=4, *p&lt;0.05 comparison between exercise group and control group; #p&lt;0.05 compared with baseline.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0108-00028-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study demonstrated that eight weeks of exercise training could improve EPC functions in patients with MetS. The mechanism may be related to exercise activating the PI3-K/AKT/eNOS pathway.</p>
        <p>EPCs are involved in neovasculogenesis and maintenance of vascular integrity. An altered status of circulating EPCs represents a marker of endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> In fact, some studies indicated that the number of circulating EPCs is an independent indicator of overall cardiovascular health.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Our previous study demonstrated that patients with MetS had significantly decreased levels of circulating EPCs compared with healthy controls.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> A study by Jialal et al. found that EPCs from MetS subjects presented significantly impaired clonogenic capacity, decreased colony-forming units, and impaired capacity to incorporate into tubular structures.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Exercise training is an important physiological stimulus to mobilize EPCs in healthy individuals.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> As we know, EPCs are a heterogeneous group of cells.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> There are two types of EPCs in circulation: early EPCs and outgrowth endothelial cells (OEC). Early EPCs are spindle-shaped cells and have no colony-forming ability. OECs have colony-forming potential and cobblestone shape. OECs have higher adhesive capacity and tubular forming capacity, and are more important in angiogenesis than early EPCs.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> In the current study, we observed a colony of cobblestone-shape cells but not spindle-shape cells. Our findings indicated that exercise training increased CFUs of EPCs in patients with MetS.</p>
        <p>The results of this study indicated that exercise training improved the tube-formation ability of EPCs. These findings are consistent with previous studies. Silva et al. reported that exercise training could preserve endothelial function in obese mice.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Choi et al.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> demonstrated that regular exercise increased EPC-CFUs in healthy individuals.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> A study by Landers-Ramos et al. showed that 10 days of aerobic exercise training was sufficient to increase CD34<sup>+</sup>/KDR<sup>+</sup> and KDR<sup>+</sup> cells number and improve flow-mediated dilation in previously sedentary older adults.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Although these studies have demonstrated the benefits of exercise training, its mechanism is not elucidated yet. The current study shows that exercise training elevated phosphorylation of eNOS of EPCs. As we know, nitric oxide bioavailability is an important regulator of vascular reactivity and endothelial function. It does not only promote vasorelaxation but also regulates angiogenesis in response to tissue ischemia.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Diabetes may impair EPC function by modifying nitric oxide-related mechanisms. Chen et al. found that eNOS phosphorylation and NO production in EPC culture media was reduced when cells were incubated in 25 mmol/L glucose compared with 5 mmol/L glucose.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> The PI3-K/Akt /eNOS pathway is a classical pathway to promote NO production and plays a vital role in regulating angiogenesis of EPCs. Our previous study testified that hyperinsulinemia depressed eNOS phosphorylation by depressing the PI3-K/Akt pathway, which was associated with the impaired tube-formation ability of EPCs.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> The current study indicated that exercise training could activate PI3-K/Akt /eNOS pathway in patients with MetS. As a result, exercise training restored impaired tube-formation ability of EPCs in patients with MetS.</p>
        <p>Endothelial function depends on the delicate balance between vasodilators and vasoconstrictors.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> As a strong vasoconstrictor, high ET-1 plays a key role in the development of endothelial dysfunction. Our results demonstrated that exercise reduced circulating concentrations of ET-1 in MetS. This finding was consistent with a study by Dow et al.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> Reduction of ET-1 may be an important mechanism underlying the exercise-induced improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilator function.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Firstly, we did not explore paracrine secretion of EPCs. Although we detected cytokines including NO, CRP, HCY and ET-1 in circulation, we did not detect cytokines in the EPC culture medium. Secondly, we did not measure flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in patients with MetS. FMD is a kind of ubiquitous method to evaluate endothelial function. But we did not measure FMD because FMD has not enough sensibility in MetS. Thirdly, metabolic syndrome may induce EPC apoptosis. But in this study, we did not detect apoptosis of EPCs. Fourthly, exercise training-related mechanisms are very complex. Exercise may influence inflammation and oxidative stress. Results of this study show that exercise training decreased circulating levels of CRP and HCY, which indicated that exercise training could depress inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with MetS. But we still did not know the correlation of inflammation and EPC dysfunction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In conclusion, this study demonstrated that eight weeks of exercise training improved EPC functions in patients with MetS. The mechanism may be related to exercise activating the PI3-K/AKT/eNOS pathway. This study also revealed that exercise depressed inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with MetS. But we did not know the correlation of inflammation and EPC dysfunction.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Western blot da PI3-K. Os n&#237;veis de fosforila&#231;&#227;o de PI3-K aumentaram no grupo exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s 8 semanas. N=4, *p&lt;0,05 compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo exerc&#237;cio e o grupo de controle; #p&lt;0,05 compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores basais.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0108-00028-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Western blot of PI3-K. AKT phosphorylation levels were increased in the exercise group after 8 weeks. N=4, *p&lt;0.05 comparison between exercise group and control group; #p&lt;0.05 compared with baseline.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0108-00028-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was funded by S&amp;T program of Hebei (20377756D) and partially funded by Qinhuangdao Technology Supporting Projects.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
