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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">N33P4XrKTrYxX5Jw4HCy7Zr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210438</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210438</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reconex&#227;o das Veias Pulmonares P&#243;s Abla&#231;&#227;o. Um Desafio a ser Superado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6063-2905</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Boghossian</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Helena Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2501-302X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Americas Medical City-Hospital Vit&#243;ria</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano-Barra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Americas Medical City-Hospital Vit&#243;ria e Hospital Samaritano-Barra, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243; Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243; Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Silvia Helena Cardoso Boghossian</bold> &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - Blv. 28 de Setembro, 77. CEP 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>sbogho@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>106</fpage>
      <lpage>107</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Reconex&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Veias Pulmonares</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Crioabla&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia sustentada mais comum na popula&#231;&#227;o e sua incid&#234;ncia aumenta significativamente com a idade.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o estima-se um incremento significativo na preval&#234;ncia da FA, e seu controle adequado tem se tornado um grande desafio.</p>
    <p>Durante d&#233;cadas, at&#233; final dos anos 90, a op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica dispon&#237;vel e mais utilizada na revers&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncias da FA eram os f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos (AA) e a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica; entretanto, o tratamento cl&#237;nico com f&#225;rmacos AA, se mostrou pouco eficaz na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, com &#237;ndice de recidiva acima de 50%.</p>
    <p>O entendimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na g&#234;nese da FA atrav&#233;s da tecnologia de mapeamento atrial, bem como a pouca efetividade dos f&#225;rmacos AA e a elevada preval&#234;ncia da FA impulsionaram pesquisas na busca de novas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, para controle dessa arritmia.</p>
    <p>A descoberta de que focos ect&#243;picos situados no interior das veias pulmonares (VP) poderiam deflagrar e perpetuar a FA, inaugurou uma nova era no tratamento dessa arritmia.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, em raz&#227;o dos diversos estudos demonstrando a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o, a indica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico vem sendo cada vez mais frequente e precoce.</p>
    <p>Independentemente do tipo de energia ou da t&#233;cnica utilizada, o isolamento completo das VP, &#233; reconhecidamente base fundamental para o tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico da FA e, portanto, tem sido recomendado como passo inicial, na abla&#231;&#227;o de FA em diretrizes nacionais e internacionais.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> - <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> </sup> Inicialmente, essa t&#233;cnica era indicada apenas na FA parox&#237;stica, at&#233; que estudos subsequentes demonstraram sua n&#227;o inferioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros procedimentos mais complexos e abrangentes, em pacientes com FA persistente.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Atualmente o isolamento das VP pode ser realizado por meio da energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia com aplica&#231;&#245;es focais ponto a ponto ou por meio de congelamento, utilizando o bal&#227;o de crioenergia.</p>
    <p>Embora amplamente utilizada na Europa e Am&#233;rica do Norte, apenas esse ano a tecnologia de crioabla&#231;&#227;o foi regulamentada pela ANS para utiliza&#231;&#227;o em territ&#243;rio nacional.</p>
    <p>O Estudo &#8220;Fire and Ice&#8221;, foi o primeiro grande estudo multic&#234;ntrico randomizado comparando os resultados do uso do criobal&#227;o e da energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia na abla&#231;&#227;o da FA parox&#237;stica e demonstrou que as tecnologias foram semelhantes, tanto em rela&#231;&#227;o a efic&#225;cia quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a. Em uma an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria deste estudo, o criobal&#227;o apresentou menor taxa de reospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e re-interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Posteriormente outros ensaios compararam as tecnologias e demonstraram resultados semelhantes.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, dois estudos utilizando a crioenergia, demonstraram a superioridade da abla&#231;&#227;o como primeira linha de tratamento para controle de FA, quando comparada ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup></p>
    <p>Recentemente publicamos nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, a primeira experi&#234;ncia de um centro brasileiro, com o isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares (IEVP) utilizando o bal&#227;o de crioenergia como abordagem inicial para o tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico da FA e demonstramos resultados similares aos obtidos em grandes centros internacionais.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar de todo avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico, aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes, apresentam recidiva de arritmias atriais ap&#243;s um procedimento inicial bem-sucedido. A reconex&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o nas VP e a ocorr&#234;ncia de focos fora das veias s&#227;o os dois fatores principais que justificam a recorr&#234;ncia. Atualmente, os &#237;ndices de isolamento agudo das VP s&#227;o bastante elevados, e o grande desafio &#233; manter esse isolamento a longo prazo.</p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios, avaliando pacientes submetidos a reabla&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s um procedimento inicial bem-sucedido com radiofrequ&#234;ncia, demonstraram que a reconex&#227;o das VP &#233; o fator dominante para recorr&#234;ncia, visto que entre os pacientes encaminhados a um segundo procedimento, 80% apresentam reconex&#227;o de alguma veia.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No presente estudo, Nolasco et al.,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> relatam reconex&#227;o de VP em 77,8% dos pacientes encaminhados a um segundo procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s IEVP com criobal&#227;o, e observaram s&#237;tios de reconex&#227;o na regi&#227;o antero-superior da VP superior esquerda, e nas regi&#245;es septal e inferior da VP superior direita, e atribu&#237;ram os achados a uma maior espessura da parede dos &#225;trios, dificultando o contato adequado do bal&#227;o de crio. Estes achados diferem do estudo de Godin et al.,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> que observaram 64% de reconex&#227;o das VP em pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica encaminhados a segundo procedimento; e identificaram predom&#237;nio das lacunas de conex&#227;o na por&#231;&#227;o inferior das veias inferiores, sendo 80% na VP inferior esquerda e 67% na VP inferior direita, e tamb&#233;m diferem dos resultados de Kettering et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> em que a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos s&#237;tios de reconex&#227;o foi semelhante entre as veias.</p>
    <p>O conhecimento de locais com maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o para reconex&#227;o poderia servir de orienta&#231;&#227;o para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que auxiliem a vencer este grande desafio, no entanto, os resultados discrepantes com rela&#231;&#227;o aos s&#237;tios de reconex&#227;o nos diferentes estudos n&#227;o nos permitem definir uma regi&#227;o mais propensa &#224; reconex&#227;o, e nos levam a crer que os locais de maior dificuldade para isolamento das veias se relacionam a varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas individuais.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Locais de Reconex&#227;o na T&#233;cnica de Reabla&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s Isolamento das Veias Pulmonares com Criobal&#227;o em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reconnection of Pulmonary Veins After Ablation. A Challenge to be Overcome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6063-2905</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Boghossian</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Helena Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2501-302X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Americas Medical City-Hospital Vit&#243;ria e Hospital Samaritano-Barra, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243; Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Silvia Helena Cardoso Boghossian</bold> &#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - Blv. 28 de Setembro, 77. Postal Code 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: sbogho@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Reconnection</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Veins</kwd>
        <kwd>Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cryoablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in the population and its incidence significantly increases with age.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>As life expectancy rises, it is estimated that AF prevalence will suffer a significant increase, and its adequate control will continue to be a major challenge.</p>
      <p>Until the end of the 90s, the therapeutic options available and most used in the reversion and prevention of AF recurrences were antiarrhythmic drugs (AA) and electrical cardioversion; however, clinical treatment with AA drugs has been shown ineffective in maintaining sinus rhythm, with a recurrence rate above 50%.</p>
      <p>The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the genesis of AF through atrial mapping technology, as well as the low effectiveness of AA drugs and the high prevalence of AF, have stimulated research in the search for new therapeutic options to control this arrhythmia.</p>
      <p>The discovery that ectopic foci located inside the pulmonary veins (PV) could trigger and perpetuate AF, ushered a new era in the treatment of this arrhythmia.</p>
      <p>Due to the various studies demonstrating the efficacy and safety of the ablation procedure in recent years, non-pharmacological treatment is being indicated earlier and more frequently.</p>
      <p>Regardless of the type of energy or the technique used, complete isolation of the PV is recognized as a fundamental basis for the non-pharmacological treatment of AF and, therefore, has been recommended as an initial step in the ablation of AF in national and international guidelines.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> - <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> </sup>Initially, this technique was indicated only in paroxysmal AF, until subsequent studies demonstrated its non-inferiority in relation to other more complex and comprehensive procedures, in patients with persistent AF.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Currently, PV can be isolated using radiofrequency energy with focal point-to-point applications, or through freezing, using the cryoprobe.</p>
      <p>Although widely used in Europe and North America, it was only this year that cryoablation technology was regulated by the ANS - the national health agency - for use in Brazil.</p>
      <p>The &#8220;Fire and Ice&#8221; Study was the first large randomized multicenter study comparing the results of the use of cryoballoon and radiofrequency energy in the ablation of paroxysmal AF and it demonstrated that the technologies were similar, both in terms of effectiveness and safety. In a secondary analysis of this study, the cryo balloon showed a lower rate of rehospitalization and re-intervention.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>Subsequently, other trials compared the technologies and demonstrated similar results.</p>
      <p>Recently, two studies using cryoenergy have demonstrated the superiority of ablation as the first line of treatment for the control of AF when compared to pharmacological treatment.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>We recently published in the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology the first experience of a Brazilian center using the cryoballoon for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) as an initial approach for the non-pharmacological treatment of AF, and we demonstrated results similar to those obtained in large international centers.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite all the technological advances, approximately one-third of the patients present recurrence of atrial arrhythmias after a successful initial procedure. The reconnection of the PV and the occurrence of foci outside the veins are the two main factors that justify the recurrence. Currently, the rates of acute PVI are quite high, and the major challenge is to maintain this isolation in the long term.</p>
      <p>Previous studies evaluating patients undergoing redo ablation after a successful initial radiofrequency procedure have shown that the reconnection of the PV is the dominant factor for recurrence, since, among patients referred for a second procedure, 80% demonstrated reconnection of some vein.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the present study, Nolasco et al.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>reported reconnection of PV in 77.8% of patients referred for a second ablation procedure after PVI with cryoballoon, and observed sites of reconnection in the anterosuperior region of the upper left PV, and in the septal and inferior regions of the right upper PV, and attributed the findings to a greater thickness of the atrial wall, hindering the proper contact of the cryo balloon. These findings differ from the study by Godin et al.,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>who observed 64% of reconnection of the PV in patients with paroxysmal AF referred for the second procedure; and identified a predominance of connection gaps in the lower portion of the lower veins, 80% in the lower-left PV and 67% in the lower right PV - also differing from the results of Kettering et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>which saw that the distribution of the reconnection sites was similar between the veins.</p>
      <p>The knowledge of sites with a greater predisposition for reconnection could serve as a guide for the development of technologies that would help overcome this great challenge, however, the discrepant results in relation to the sites of reconnection in the different studies do not allow us to define regions that are more prone to reconnection and lead us to believe that difficulty in achieving permanent PVI is due to individual anatomical variations.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Reconnection Sites in Redo Ablation after Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
