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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XwLRnFYGHmFVthFYK7WK6vg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900100</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190503</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Locais de Reconex&#227;o na T&#233;cnica de Reabla&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s Isolamento das Veias Pulmonares com Criobal&#227;o em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6686-1012</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nolasco</surname>
            <given-names>Rogelio Robledo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leon-Larios</surname>
            <given-names>Gerardo De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bazzini-Carranza</surname>
            <given-names>David Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8113-5158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zavaleta</surname>
            <given-names>Elias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calixto-Vargas</surname>
            <given-names>Omar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Medico Nacional 20 de Noviembre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ciudad de M&#233;xico</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Medico Nacional 20 de Noviembre - Hemodinamia y Electrofisiologua, Ciudad de M&#233;xico &#8211; M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rogelio Robledo Nolasco </bold>&#8226; Centro Medico Nacional 20 de Noviembre - Hemodinamia y Electrofisiologua - Av. F&#233;lix Cuevas 540 Ciudad de M&#233;xico Ciudad de M&#233;xico 03100 &#8211; M&#233;xico. E-mail: <email>rogelio_robledo@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Nolasco RR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bazzini-Carranza DE, Zavaleta E; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nolasco RR, Leon-Larios GD; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Leon-Larios GD, Calixto-Vargas O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>100</fpage>
      <lpage>105</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (FAP), o isolamento das veias pulmonares com criobal&#227;o (IVP-CB) tem efic&#225;cia semelhante &#224; da abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (IVP-RF). Em procedimentos de reabla&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s IVP-RF, a reconex&#227;o das VPs &#233; alta, ao passo que em pacientes com reabla&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s IVP-CB, as informa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o escassas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Determinar os locais de reconex&#227;o das VPs em pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; reabla&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s IVP-CB inicial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Pacientes que foram submetidos a um procedimento de reabla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ap&#243;s um IVP-CB inicial para FAP foram inclu&#237;dos. O mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico do AE foi utilizado. Um local de reconex&#227;o foi definido com a presen&#231;a de uma voltagem de 0,3mV ou maior nas VPs e condu&#231;&#227;o unidirecional ou bidirecional nas VPs durante o ritmo sinusal. Os locais de reconex&#227;o foram identificados por meio de corte paraesternal longitudinal e posteriormente ablacionados com radiofrequ&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Dos 165 pacientes submetidos ao IVP inicial, 27 necessitaram reabla&#231;&#245;es, dos quais 18 (66,6%) eram do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 55+12,3 anos. O tempo de recorr&#234;ncia foi de 8,9+6,4 meses. A reconex&#227;o das VPs foi encontrada em 21 (77,8%) pacientes. Houve um total de 132 lacunas de condu&#231;&#227;o, seis por paciente, 3,6 por VP. Um n&#250;mero significativo de lacunas ocorreu na regi&#227;o &#226;ntero-superior da VP superior esquerda (VPSE) e nas regi&#245;es septal e inferior da VP superior direita (VPSD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> As VPs superiores apresentaram os locais de maior reconex&#227;o, principalmente na regi&#227;o anterior da VPSE e na regi&#227;o septal da VPSD. A raz&#227;o por tr&#225;s disso pode ser devido &#224; maior espessura da parede atrial e &#224; dificuldade em alcan&#231;ar o contato de criobal&#227;o adequado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Abla&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Veias Pulmonares</kwd>
        <kwd>Ondas de R&#225;dio</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiologia Ambulatorial</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Atrial Ect&#243;pica</kwd>
        <kwd>Holter</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O isolamento das veias pulmonares (IVP) &#233; o fundamento da terapia de abla&#231;&#227;o na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) parox&#237;stica e persistente. As t&#233;cnicas mais comuns para obter IVP s&#227;o a abla&#231;&#227;o com criobal&#227;o (CB) e a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia ponto a ponto, ambas com resultados semelhantes.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> A recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s o procedimento inicial de IVP considera-se como sendo mediada pela reconex&#227;o da veia pulmonar (VP), visto que 80% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; reabla&#231;&#227;o apresentam recupera&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o da VP em pelo menos um local.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>-<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Um estudo para determinar a presen&#231;a de reconex&#245;es das VPs em pacientes submetidos &#224; reabla&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s IVP-CB inicial foi realizado. Al&#233;m disso, descreveram-se os locais com maior probabilidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o da VP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com FA que apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s um IVP com crioabla&#231;&#227;o inicial, e que foram submetidos a um procedimento de reabla&#231;&#227;o, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os pacientes que receberam terapia inicial de crioabla&#231;&#227;o inicial foram aqueles com FA resistente a f&#225;rmacos com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada, um di&#226;metro &#226;ntero-posterior (AP) do &#225;trio esquerdo de 55 mm ou menos e nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de trombos no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AE) em um ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico.</p>
      <p>O procedimento foi realizado sob seda&#231;&#227;o consciente, e as veias femorais foram utilizadas como acesso venoso. Um cateter decapolar (Webster&#174; Decapolar Catheter Deflectable) foi posicionado no seio coron&#225;rio e uma pun&#231;&#227;o transseptal atrial guiada por EIC foi realizada utilizando uma bainha 8F (Preface Braided Guiding Sheath) e uma agulha de Brockenbrough (Agulha Transseptak BRK). Uma bainha orient&#225;vel 12F (FlexCath&#174;sheath Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, EUA) e um cateter de mapeamento circular (Achieve Medtronic) foram ent&#227;o inseridos no AE. Um cateter de bal&#227;o de crioabla&#231;&#227;o de 28 mm (Arctic Front, Cryocath<sup>TM</sup>, Medtronic, CA, EUA ou Arctic Front Advance, Minneapolis, MN) foi utilizado para administrar a terapia de crioabla&#231;&#227;o no &#226;ntero de cada veia pulmonar. A terapia de crioabla&#231;&#227;o foi administrada por 180 a 300 segundos at&#233; que uma temperatura m&#237;nima de -40&#186;C fosse atingida e o IVP assegurado. A terapia foi considerada bem-sucedida se o bloqueio de entrada e sa&#237;da da VP foram ambos alcan&#231;ados. Durante a isola&#231;&#227;o da VP direita, o cateter quadripolar foi posicionado na veia cava superior para estimula&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua do nervo fr&#234;nico em ciclo de 1.800 ms e sa&#237;da de 20 mA para evitar paralisia do hemidiafragma.</p>
      <p>Durante o acompanhamento, foram prescritos eletrocardiograma e monitor de Holter de 24 horas (ou marca-passo) tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o procedimento e depois de seis meses adicionais. A medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica foi suspensa ap&#243;s os primeiros tr&#234;s meses se nenhuma FA ou taquiarritmia atrial fosse identificada. A recorr&#234;ncia foi definida com a presen&#231;a de FA ou outra taquicardia atrial, em tira de eletrocardiograma ou durante pelo menos 30 segundos em Holter ap&#243;s a primeira consulta de acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>O procedimento de reabla&#231;&#227;o foi realizado sob seda&#231;&#227;o consciente, por meio de acesso da veia femoral e apenas uma pun&#231;&#227;o transseptal atrial. O anticoagulante n&#227;o foi suspenso para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o. Sistema Carto 3&#174; (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, EUA) e um cateter multipolar (Pentaray Nav, BiosenseWebster) foram utilizados para construir mapas de tens&#227;o do AE e de cada VP, adotando &lt;0,3mV como valor de corte para tecido cicatricial e &gt;1,0mV para tecido normal. O isolamento da VP foi definido como a aus&#234;ncia de atividade el&#233;trica dentro da VP durante o ritmo sinusal ou FA e/ou a presen&#231;a de bloqueio de entrada e sa&#237;da se o paciente estivesse em ritmo sinusal.</p>
      <p>Os locais com lacunas de condu&#231;&#227;o foram identificados por meio de corte paraesternal longitudinal, sendo considerados 12 locais diferentes. Uma vez localizados os locais de reconex&#227;o das VPs, eles foram ablados com radiofrequ&#234;ncia utilizando um cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia baseada em sensor de for&#231;a de contato irrigado (ThermoCool SmartTouch, Biosense Webster). Al&#233;m disso, eletrogramas fragmentados foram ativamente pesquisados e marcados, principalmente na parede posterior e teto do AE. Se o paciente estivesse em ritmo sinusal, a estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial a uma dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo de 170ms era adotado para induzir FA a fim de buscar eletrogramas fragmentados, que eram posteriormente ablacionados. A abla&#231;&#227;o da parede anterior e rebordo foi feita a 40 W, ao passo que na parede posterior foi a 25 W, com temperatura limite de 45&#186;C. A taxa de infus&#227;o de 17 a 30 mL/min de solu&#231;&#227;o salina normal e uma for&#231;a de press&#227;o de 6-30g foram utilizadas.</p>
      <p>Se o paciente estava em FA, a abla&#231;&#227;o foi considerada bem-sucedida se houvesse uma queda de imped&#226;ncia de 8-10 ohms, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na amplitude ou elimina&#231;&#227;o de eletrogramas atriais. Se o paciente estava em ritmo sinusal, o sucesso da abla&#231;&#227;o foi determinado pela perda da captura de estimula&#231;&#227;o no local da abla&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, linhas de abla&#231;&#227;o foram feitas no teto e istmo mitral, e se <italic>flutter</italic> atrial t&#237;pico fosse detectado, a abla&#231;&#227;o do istmo cavotricusp&#237;deo tamb&#233;m era realizada.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional descritivo. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi testada com o teste de normalidade Shapiro Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;mero total e porcentagens, ao passo que as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. O programa SPSS v.20 foi utilizado para an&#225;lise de dados. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada se p&lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>De 2014 a 2018, 164 pacientes foram submetidos a IVP com a t&#233;cnica de crioabla&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o, dos quais 27 apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de FA e precisaram ser submetidos &#224; reabla&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s um acompanhamento de 10,7+7,2 meses. Desses pacientes, 18 (66,6%) eram homens com idade m&#233;dia de 55&#177;12,3 anos, escore CHA2DS2-VASc m&#233;dio de 1,9&#177;1,6 e FEVE m&#233;dia de 60,8&#177;17,2%. Caracter&#237;sticas adicionais dos pacientes podem ser observadas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>. Foi necess&#225;rio consentimento informado e por escrito antes do procedimento de reabla&#231;&#227;o de FA.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left">Homens</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">18 (66,6)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">55&#177;12,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (55,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (29,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico de infarto</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico de AVC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Portador de marca-passo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da FA (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,2&#177;13,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHA2DS-VASC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9&#177;1,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quantidade de f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos testados</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2&#177;0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">60,8&#177;17,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do AE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,2&#177;8,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo antes da recorr&#234;ncia (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9&#177;6,4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o expressos em n&#250;meros (%) ou m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada com o programa SPSS v.20.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>T&#233;cnica de reabla&#231;&#227;o e reconex&#227;o de VPs</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas de procedimentos de reabla&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o descritas na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>. O tempo para recorr&#234;ncia de FA foi de 8,8&#177;8,2 meses. Dos 27 pacientes estudados, a recorr&#234;ncia de FA foi detectada em 17 (62,9%) deles, por monitoramento de Holter, sete (25,9%) por ECG e tr&#234;s (11,1%) por monitoramento do marca-passo. Al&#233;m disso, 18 (66,6%) estavam em ritmo sinusal; os outros estavam em FA. Um local de reconex&#227;o foi definido com a presen&#231;a de uma voltagem de 0,3mV ou maior na VP e condu&#231;&#227;o unidirecional ou bidirecional na VP durante o ritmo sinusal.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento de reabla&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left">Pacientes com reconex&#227;o de VP</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">21 (77,8)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo antes da recorr&#234;ncia (meses)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5&#177;6,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de veias por paciente</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6&#177;0,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de lacunas por paciente</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0&#177;0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de lacunas por VP</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6&#177;0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lacunas da veia pulmonar superior esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (42,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lacunas da veia pulmonar inferior esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (9,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lacunas da veia pulmonar superior direita</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (26,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lacunas da veia pulmonar inferior direita</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (21,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abla&#231;&#227;o adicional realizada</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eletrogramas de complexos atriais fracionados</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (14,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isolamento do istmo cavotricusp&#237;deo</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo total do procedimento (minutos)</td>
                  <td align="center">130&#177;17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de fluoroscopia (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,5&#177;1,7</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o expressos em n&#250;meros (%) ou m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada com o programa SPSS v.20. VP: veia pulmonar.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s acessos venais foram obtidos por veias femorais. Em todos os casos, foi realizada apenas uma pun&#231;&#227;o transseptal guiada por ultrassom intracard&#237;aco; primeiro, o cateter Pentaray foi introduzido para realizar um mapeamento de tens&#227;o e condu&#231;&#227;o do AE e VP. 109 VPs foram identificadas nos 27 pacientes submetidos &#224; reabla&#231;&#227;o, dos quais 36 (33,0%) tinham pelo menos um local de reconex&#227;o. 22 pacientes (81,5%) apresentavam pelo menos uma VP com lacuna de condu&#231;&#227;o, com m&#233;dia de 1,6&#177;0,4 VP por paciente. Nove pacientes apresentaram um local de reconex&#227;o em uma VP (40,9%), 11 pacientes (50%) em duas VPs diferentes, um paciente (4,5%) em tr&#234;s VPs e um paciente (4,5%) em todas as quatro VPs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Localiza&#231;&#227;o das lacunas de condu&#231;&#227;o em VP</title>
        <p>Um total de 132 lacunas de condu&#231;&#227;o em IVP foi observado, com uma m&#233;dia de 6,0&#177;0,5 lacunas de condu&#231;&#227;o por paciente e 3,6&#177;0,3 lacunas por VP; essas reconex&#245;es foram localizadas nos seguintes locais: 56 (42,4%) na VP superior esquerda, 35 (26,5%) na VP superior direita, 29 (21,9%) na VP inferior direita e 12 (9,1%) na VP inferior esquerda (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>). O local com mais reconex&#245;es foi a jun&#231;&#227;o da VPSE com o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (rebordo endoc&#225;rdico), seguido pela regi&#227;o posteroinferior da VPSE (71%); e, por &#250;ltimo, a regi&#227;o posterior da VPSE (29%). A VPIE tinha menos lacunas de conex&#227;o, que foram distribu&#237;das uniformemente ao redor da veia. A VPSD apresentou o maior n&#250;mero de reconex&#245;es fora das veias pulmonares direitas, principalmente nas regi&#245;es &#226;ntero-superior e inferior (94% do total). As lacunas da VPID foram distribu&#237;das uniformemente ao redor da veia, favorecendo levemente as regi&#245;es inferiores.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o das lacunas de reconex&#227;o nas quatro VPs (o n&#250;mero no centro de cada c&#237;rculo). A VPSE &#233; a mais reconectada, 71% das lacunas ocorrem nas regi&#245;es &#226;ntero-superior e &#226;ntero-inferior. A VPSD teve mais reconex&#245;es nas regi&#245;es &#226;ntero-superior e septal. VPIE: veia pulmonar inferior esquerda; VPSE: veia pulmonar superior esquerda; VPID: veia pulmonar inferior direita; VPSD: veia pulmonar superior direita.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0100-90503-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Localiza&#231;&#245;es fragmentadas de eletrogramas e outras arritmias</title>
        <p>Eletrogramas atriais fragmentados foram identificados em oito (29,6%) pacientes, principalmente na parede posterior. O <italic>flutter </italic>atrial t&#237;pico foi encontrado em nove (33,3%) pacientes, submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo at&#233; a obten&#231;&#227;o do bloqueio bidirecional.</p>
        <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia dos procedimentos de reabla&#231;&#227;o de RF foi de 130&#177;17 minutos, com um tempo m&#233;dio de fluoroscopia de 8,5&#177;1,7 minutos. Ocorreram duas complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento, um hematoma inguinal submetido a tratamento conservador e um derrame peric&#225;rdico que foi prontamente resolvido ap&#243;s a pun&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O isolamento da veia pulmonar (IVP) por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) ponto a ponto demonstrou ser um tratamento eficaz para FA parox&#237;stica e, como tal, &#233; atualmente recomendado nas diretrizes cl&#237;nicas de FA.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> O fundamento da terapia de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA parox&#237;stica &#233; o IVP, que tradicionalmente tem sido realizado com radiofrequ&#234;ncia.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>-<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, a crioabla&#231;&#227;o surgiu como alternativa vi&#225;vel, com resultados semelhantes.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> No estudo de Fogo e Gelo, ambas as abordagens foram igualmente eficazes, especialmente ao comparar o criobal&#227;o de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o com o cateter de for&#231;a de contato.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pacientes submetidos a um procedimento de reabla&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s um IVP inicial, lacunas na conex&#227;o das VPs podem ser encontradas em mais de 95% das vezes. As veias pulmonares esquerdas parecem ter mais reconex&#245;es, especialmente nas &#225;reas anterior e inferior.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Katering et al.,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> publicaram uma s&#233;rie de casos de procedimentos de reabla&#231;&#227;o de FA, documentando uma m&#233;dia de 2,9 reconex&#245;es das VPs em compara&#231;&#227;o com nossos achados, 1,6. Recentemente, outro estudo publicado mostrou um tempo de recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s IVP com crioabla&#231;&#227;o e radiofrequ&#234;ncia de 7,4&#177;8,8 meses e 9,8&#177;14,5 meses, respectivamente, o que foi semelhante aos nossos achados, 8,9&#177;6,4 meses. No grupo de crioabla&#231;&#227;o desse estudo, 80,6% apresentavam pelo menos uma VP com lacunas de condu&#231;&#227;o, com m&#233;dia de 2,9 lacunas por VP, que se distribu&#237;ram igualmente entre as quatro VPs. Em nosso estudo, 81,5% dos pacientes apresentavam pelo menos uma lacuna de condu&#231;&#227;o de VP, com m&#233;dia de 6,0 lacunas por paciente e 3,6 gaps por VP. A veia com mais lacunas de condu&#231;&#227;o foi a VPSE, seguida da VPSD, VPIE e VPID. A raz&#227;o por tr&#225;s de nossos n&#250;meros de lacunas mais altos pode ser explicada pela maneira como os medimos. Identificamos 12 regi&#245;es diferentes nas VPs, em oposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;s oito utilizadas por outros autores. Em outros dois estudos, reconex&#245;es de VPs foram encontradas em 54 e 71% dos pacientes, e a regi&#227;o anterolateral da VPSE (onde a crista endoc&#225;rdica pode ser encontrada) foi o local mais frequente de lacunas de condu&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> De maneira geral, a regi&#227;o &#226;ntero-superior das veias superiores foi o local com mais lacunas, nos estudos citados e no presente estudo. Entretanto, ao passo que a VPID foi a VP inferior com mais reconex&#245;es, nossos resultados mostraram a regi&#227;o &#237;nfero-anterior como a principal fonte de reconex&#245;es, o que difere dos achados de Katering et al.,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> que observaram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o mais homog&#234;nea. Por fim, eletrogramas fracionados no AE foram encontrados em 29,6% dos pacientes, incid&#234;ncia muito superior &#224; relatada por Galand et al.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Acreditamos que nos locais em que h&#225; mais reconex&#245;es, o criobal&#227;o n&#227;o tem contato adequado e, portanto, a crioterapia n&#227;o atinge uma abla&#231;&#227;o mais profunda. Esse fen&#244;meno ocorre porque o formato do &#226;ntero da VP nem sempre &#233; circular, muitas vezes &#233; ovalada, e as dimens&#245;es de cada veia tamb&#233;m variam, portanto, o suporte do criobal&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; homog&#234;neo.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, uma les&#227;o de crioabla&#231;&#227;o adequada deve ter profundidade suficiente. Visto isso, locais do &#226;ntero da VP com parede mais espessa, como a jun&#231;&#227;o da VPSE com o &#243;stio do ap&#234;ndice do AE (rebordo endoc&#225;rdico), est&#227;o sujeitos a les&#245;es n&#227;o transmurais. Kowalski et al. confirmaram essa suposi&#231;&#227;o ao mostrar em cora&#231;&#245;es humanos dissecados que as lacunas de condu&#231;&#227;o da VP ocorriam quando a les&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o era transmural.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Finalmente, uma t&#233;cnica adequada &#233; importante para obter a oclus&#227;o da veia pulmonar antes de administrar a terapia de crioabla&#231;&#227;o. Diversas estrat&#233;gias diferentes foram descritas. No entanto, sempre haver&#225; casos em que o isolamento completo &#233; imposs&#237;vel.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo reside no seu car&#225;ter descritivo. Um projeto prospectivo longitudinal forneceria mais resultados clinicamente relevantes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de lacunas na condu&#231;&#227;o das VP no presente estudo foi semelhante aos achados de outros estudos. As veias pulmonares superiores apresentam a maioria das lacunas de condu&#231;&#227;o e est&#227;o na regi&#227;o &#226;ntero-superior no ap&#234;ndice da AE e na jun&#231;&#227;o da VPSE, e em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; parte do septo na VPSD. A falta de contato adequado do bal&#227;o devido a varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas na VP, t&#233;cnica inadequada e locais com parede espessa no &#226;ntero da VP s&#227;o a base das reconex&#245;es ap&#243;s o procedimento inicial de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA com criobal&#227;o. Finalmente, em pacientes com FA a recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s IVP-CB inicial, cerca de 30% t&#234;m gatilhos, que est&#227;o no corpo do AE, principalmente na parede posterior.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reconnection Sites in Redo Ablation after Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6686-1012</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nolasco</surname>
            <given-names>Rogelio Robledo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leon-Larios</surname>
            <given-names>Gerardo De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bazzini-Carranza</surname>
            <given-names>David Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8113-5158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zavaleta</surname>
            <given-names>Elias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calixto-Vargas</surname>
            <given-names>Omar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Medico Nacional 20 de Noviembre - Hemodinamia y Electrofisiologua, Ciudad de M&#233;xico &#8211; M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Rogelio Robledo Nolasco </bold>&#8226; Centro Medico Nacional 20 de Noviembre - Hemodinamia y Electrofisiologua - Av. F&#233;lix Cuevas 540 Ciudad de M&#233;xico Ciudad de M&#233;xico 03100 &#8211; M&#233;xico. E-mail: rogelio_robledo@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Nolasco RR; Acquisition of data: Bazzini-Carranza DE, Zavaleta E; Writing of the manuscript: Nolasco RR, Leon-Larios GD; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Leon-Larios GD, Calixto-Vargas O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>In paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF), pulmonary vein isolation using cryoballoon (CB-PVI) has similar efficacy as radiofrequency ablation (RF-PVI) has. In redo ablation procedures following RF-PVI, PV reconnection is high, whereas in patients with redo following CB-PVI, information is scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To determine the sites of PV reconnection in patients who underwent redo ablation after initial CB-PVI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Patients who underwent an AF redo procedure, following an initial CB-PVI for PAF were included. LA electroanatomic mapping was used. A reconnection site was defined as the presence of a voltage of 0.3mV or greater in the PV and unidirectional or bidirectional conduction in the PV during sinus rhythm. Reconnections sites were identified using a clock-face view description and were ablated with radiofrequency afterwards.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Out of the 165 patients who underwent initial PVI, 27 required redo ablations, of which 18 (66.6%) were males, with a mean age of 55+12.3 years. The time of recurrence was 8.9+6.4 months. PV reconnection was found in 21 (77.8%) patients. There was a total of 132 conduction gaps, six per patient, 3.6 per PV. A significant number of gaps were in the anterosuperior region of the left superior PV (LSPV), and in the septal and inferior regions of the right superior PV (RSPV).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The upper PVs had the most reconnection sites, mostly at the anterior region of the LSPV and the septal region of the RSPV. The reason behind this may be due to greater atrial wall thickness, and difficulty in achieving adequate cryoballoon contact.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation, Pulmonary Veins</kwd>
        <kwd>Radio Waves</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography, Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Holter</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is the cornerstone of ablative therapy in paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). The most common techniques to achieve PVI are cryoballoon ablation and point-by-point radiofrequency ablation, both of which have shown similar results.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> AF recurrence following the initial PVI procedure is assumed to be mediated with pulmonary vein (PV) reconnection; since 80% of patients who undergo redo ablation show PV conduction recovery in at least one site.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>-<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> A study to determine the presence of PV reconnections in patients who underwent redo ablation after initial CB-PVI was conducted. In addition, the sites that were most likely to have PV conduction recovery were described.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Symptomatic patients with AF who experienced recurrence after an initial cryoablation PVI, and who underwent a redo procedure, were included. Patients who received initial cryoablation therapy were those with drug-resistant AF with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), a left atrial anteroposterior (AP) diameter of 55 mm or less, and no evidence of left atrial (LA) appendage thrombi in a transesophageal echocardiogram.</p>
        <p>The procedure was performed under conscious sedation, and the femoral veins were used as venous access. A decapolar catheter (Webster&#174; Decapolar Catheter Deflectable) was positioned in the coronary sinus and an ICE-guided atrial transseptal puncture was performed using an 8F sheath (Preface Braided Guiding Sheath) and a Brockenbrough needle (BRK Transseptal Needles). A 12F steerable sheath (FlexCath&#174;sheath Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and a circular mapping catheter (Achieve Medtronic) were then inserted in the LA. A 28-mm cryoablation balloon catheter (Arctic Front, Cryocath<sup>TM</sup>, Medtronic, CA, USA or Arctic Front Advance, Minneapolis, MN) was used to deliver cryoablation therapy at the antrum of each pulmonary vein. Cryoablation therapy was delivered for 180 to 300 seconds until a minimum temperature of -40&#186;C was reached and PVI was ensured. Therapy was considered successful if PV entrance and exit block were both achieved. During right PV isolation, the quadripolar catheter was positioned in the superior vena cava to continuous phrenic nerve stimulation at 1,800 ms cycle length and 20 mA output to avoid hemidiaphragm paralysis.</p>
        <p>During follow-up, an electrocardiogram and 24-hour Holter monitor (or pacemaker monitoring) were prescribed three months after the procedure and six months thereafter. Antiarrhythmic medication was suspended after the first three months if no AF or atrial tachyarrhythmias were identified. A recurrence was defined as the presence of AF or another atrial tachycardia, in an electrocardiogram strip, or during at least 30 seconds in a Holter monitor after the first follow-up visit.</p>
        <p>Redo procedure was performed under conscious sedation, using femoral vein access, and only one atrial transseptal puncture. Anticoagulant was not suspended to perform the ablation procedure. Carto 3&#174; System (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA) and a multipolar catheter (Pentaray Nav, BiosenseWebster) were used to construct voltage maps of the LA and of each PV, using &lt;0.3mV as a cutoff value for scar tissue and &gt;1.0mV, for normal tissue. PV isolation was defined as absence of electrical activity inside the PV during sinus rhythm or AF, and/or the presence of entrance and exit block if the patient was in sinus rhythm.</p>
        <p>Sites with conduction gaps were identified using a clock-face view description, as such 12 different places were considered. Once the sites of PV reconnection were located, they were ablated with radiofrequency using an irrigated contact-force sensor catheter (ThermoCool SmartTouch, Biosense Webster). In addition, fragmented electrograms were actively searched and tagged, especially in the posterior wall and roof of the LA. If the patient was in sinus rhythm, atrial pacing at a CL of 170ms was used to induce AF in order to search for fragmented electrograms, which were subsequently ablated. Ablation of the anterior wall and ridge was done at 40 W, whereas 25W was used for the posterior wall with a temperature limit of 45&#186;C. We used an infusion rate of 17 to 30 mL/min of normal saline, and a pressure force of 6-30g.</p>
        <p>If the patient was in AF, ablation was considered successful if there was an impedance drop of 8-10 ohms, a decrease in amplitude, or elimination of atrial electrograms. If the patient was in sinus rhythm, ablation success was determined by loss of pacing capture at the ablation site. Lastly, ablation lines were made at the roof and mitral isthmus, and if typical atrial flutter was detected, ablation of the cavotricuspid isthmus was done as well.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>This is a descriptive observational study. Data distribution was tested with the Shapiro Wilk normality test. Categorical variables were expressed as total number and percentages, whereas normally distributed variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. SPSS v.20 was used for data analysis. Statistical significance was considered if p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>From 2014 to 2018, 164 patients underwent PVI using the cryoablation balloon technique, of which 27 experienced AF recurrence and had to undergo redo procedure, after a follow up of 10.7+7.2 months. Of these patients, 18 (66.6%) were men with a mean age of 55&#177;12.3 years, a mean CHA2DS2-VASc score of 1.9&#177;1.6, and mean LVEF of 60.8&#177;17.2%. Other patients&#8217; characteristics can be seen in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. Informed and written consent was required prior to the redo AF ablation procedure.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patients&#8217; characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Men</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">18 (66.6)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">55&#177;12.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (55.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (29.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>History of infarction</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>History of stroke (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (11.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker carrier(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (11.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Duration of AF (months)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.2&#177;13.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHA2DS-VASC</td>
                    <td align="center">1.9&#177;1.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Number of antiarrhythmic drugs tested</td>
                    <td align="center">1.2&#177;0.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">60.8&#177;17.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">40.2&#177;8.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Time before recurrence (months)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.9&#177;6.4</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are expressed in numbers (%) or mean &#177; standard deviation. AF: atrial fibrillation; LA: Left atrium; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction. Data analysis was performed with SPSS v.20.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Redo procedure and PV reconnection</title>
          <p>The characteristics of redo procedures are described in <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>. The time to AF recurrence was 8.8&#177;8.2 months. Of the 27 patients studied, AF recurrence was detected in 17 (62.9%), with Holter monitoring, seven (25.9%) with EKG, and three (11.1%) with pacemaker monitoring. Besides that, 18 (66.6%) were in sinus rhythm; the others were in AF. A reconnection site was defined as the presence of a voltage of 0.3mV or greater in the PV, and unidirectional or bidirectional conduction in the PV during sinus rhythm.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of redo procedure</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Patients with PV reconnection</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">21 (77.8)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Time before recurrence (months)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.56.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Number of veins per patient</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6&#177;0.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Number of gaps per patient</td>
                    <td align="center">6.0&#177;0.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Number of gaps per PV</td>
                    <td align="center">3.6&#177;0.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left superior pulmonary vein gaps</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (42.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left inferior pulmonary vein gaps</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (9.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right superior pulmonary vein gaps</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (26.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right inferior pulmonary vein gaps</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (21.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Additional ablation performed</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Complex fractionated atrial electrograms</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (14.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cavotricuspid isthmus isolation</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (11.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total procedure time (minutes)</td>
                    <td align="center">130&#177;17</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fluoroscopy time (min)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.5&#177;1.7</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are expressed in numbers (%) or mean &#177; standard deviation. Data analysis was performed with SPSS v.20. VP: pulmonary vein.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Three vein accesses were obtained in femoral veins. In all cases, only one transeptal puncture guided by intracardiac ultrasound was performed; first, the Pentaray catheter was introduced to perform a voltage and conduction map of the LA and PV. 109 PV were identified among the 27 patients who underwent redo ablation, of which 36 (33.0%) had at least one reconnection site. 22 patients (81.5%) had at least one PV with a conduction gap, with a mean of 1.6&#177;0.4 PV per patient. Nine patients had a reconnection site in one PV (40.9%), 11 patients (50%) in two different PV, one patient (4.5%) in three PV, and one patient (4.5%) in all four PV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Location of PV conduction gaps</title>
          <p>A total of 132 PV conduction gaps were observed, with a mean of 6.0&#177;0.5 conduction gaps per patient and 3.6&#177;0.3 gaps per PV; these reconnections were located at the following sites: 56 (42.4%) at the left superior PV, 35 (26.5%) at the right superior PV, 29 (21.9%) at the right inferior PV, and 12 (9.1%) at the left inferior PV (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>). The site with the most reconnections was the junction between the LSPV and the left atrial appendage (endocardial ridge) followed by the posteroinferior region of the LSPV (71%); and, lastly, the posterior region of LSPV (29%). The LIPV had the least connection gaps, which were evenly distributed around the vein. The RSPV had the most reconnections out of the right pulmonary veins, mostly at the anterior-superior and inferior regions (94% of the total). RIPV gaps were evenly distributed around the vein, slightly favoring the inferior regions.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribution of the reconnection gaps in the four PV (the number on the core of each circle). The LSPV is the most reconnected, 71% of the gaps are in the anterosuperior and anteroinferior regions. The RSPV had more reconnections in the anterosuperior and septal regions. LIPV: left inferior pulmonary vein; LSPV: left superior pulmonary vein; RIPV: right inferior pulmonary vein; RSPV: right superior pulmonary vein.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0100-90503-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fragmented electrogram locations and other arrhythmias</title>
          <p>Fragmented atrial electrograms were identified in eight (29.6%) patients, mostly in the posterior wall. Typical atrial flutter was found in nine (33.3%) patients and underwent cavotricuspid-isthmus ablation until bidirectional block was achieved.</p>
          <p>The mean duration of the RF redo ablation procedures was 130&#177;17 minutes, with a mean fluoroscopy time of 8.5&#177;1.7 minutes. There were two procedure-related complications, an inguinal hematoma which underwent conservative treatment, and a pericardial effusion, which was promptly resolved following pericardial puncture.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Point-by-point radiofrequency pulmonary vein isolation has shown to be an effective treatment for paroxysmal AF, and as such is currently recommended in AF clinical guidelines.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>The cornerstone of paroxysmal AF ablative therapy is PVI, which has traditionally been performed with radiofrequency.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>-<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Most recently, cryoablation therapy emerged as a viable alternative, with similar results.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> In the Fire and Ice Study; both approaches were equally effective, especially when comparing second-generation cryoballoon with contact-force catheter.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In patients who undergo a redo procedure after an initial PVI, PV connection gaps can be found in more than 95% of the time. The left pulmonary veins seem to have the most reconnections, especially at the anterior and inferior areas.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>Katering et al.,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>published a case series of AF redo procedures which documented an average of 2.9 PV reconnections in comparison to our findings, 1.6. Recently, another study published showed a recurrence time after PVI with cryoablation and radiofrequency of 7.4&#177;8.8 months and 9.8&#177;14.5 months, respectively, which was similar to our findings, 8.9&#177;6.4 months. In the cryoablation group of such study, 80.6% had at least one PV with conduction gaps, with an average of 2.9 gaps per PV, which were equally distributed among the four PV. In our study, 81.5% of patients had at least one PV conduction gap, with a mean of 6.0 gaps per patient and 3.6 gaps per PV. The vein with most conduction gaps was the LSPV, followed by the RSPV, the LIPV, and the RIPV. The reason behind our higher gap numbers may be explained by the way we measured them. We identified 12 different regions in the PV, as opposed to the eight used by other authors. In other two studies, PV reconnections were found in 54 and 71% of patients, and anterolateral region of the LSPV (where the endocardial ridge can be found) was the most frequent site of conduction gaps.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>Overall, the anterosuperior region of the superior veins was the site with the most gaps, in the aforementioned studies and in the present study. However, whereas the RIPV was the inferior PV with the most reconnections, our results showed the inferoanterior region as the main source of reconnections, which differs from the findings of Katering et al.,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> which saw a more homogenous distribution. Lastly, fractionated electrograms in the LA were found in 29.6% of patients, a much higher incidence than that reported by Galand et al.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We believe that in places in which there are more reconnections, the cryoballoon does not have adequate contact and, therefore, cryotherapy does not reach a deeper ablation. This phenomenon occurs because PV antrum shape is not always circular, are oval in many, and the dimensions of each vein also varies, therefore the support of the cryoballoon is not homogeneous.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> In addition, an adequate cryoablation lesion must have sufficient depth. As such, sites of the PV antrum with a thicker wall, like junction of the LSPV and the ostium of the LA appendage (endocardial ridge) are prone to have non-transmural lesions. Kowalski et al. confirmed this assumption by showing in dissected human hearts, that PV conduction gaps occurred when the radiofrequency lesion was not transmural.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Finally, an adequate technique is important to achieve pulmonary vein occlusion prior to delivering the cryoablation therapy. Several different strategies have been described. However, there will always be cases when complete isolation is impossible.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One limitation of the present study relays on its descriptive nature. A longitudinal prospective design would provide further clinically relevant results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The incidence of PV conduction gaps in our study was similar to the findings of other studies. The superior pulmonary veins have the most conduction gaps and are in the anterosuperior region at the LA appendage and LSPV junction, and towards the part of the septum in the RSPV. Lack of adequate balloon contact due to anatomical variations in PV, inadequate technique and sites with thick wall in the PV antrum underlie reconnections after initial cryoballoon AF ablation procedure. Finally, in patients with AF recurrence following the initial CB-IVP, roughly 30% have triggers, which are in the body of the LA, mainly in the posterior wall.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
