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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CzkDYTkXsVSHMSB5Zh6bJDR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900089</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210501</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>F&#237;stulas da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6062-4259</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Buccheri</surname>
            <given-names>Dario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">S. Antonio Abate Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Trapani</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IT">It&#225;lia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cardiologia Intervencionista, S. Antonio Abate Hospital,Trapani - It&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Dario Buccheri</bold> &#8226; Unidade de Cardiologia Intervencionista, S. Antonio Abate Hospital - Via Cosenza, 70, 91016. Erice - It&#225;lia. E-mail: <email>dariobuccheri@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>89</fpage>
      <lpage>90</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#233; uma anormalidade anat&#244;mica rara das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias que afeta 0,002% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral e representa 14% de todas as anomalias das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. A sua relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica concentra-se principalmente no mecanismo do fen&#244;meno do roubo coron&#225;rio, que causa isquemia funcional do mioc&#225;rdio, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de estenose; portanto, angina e dispneia aos esfor&#231;os s&#227;o sintomas comuns. A abordagem diagn&#243;stica sugerida &#233; orientada pelos sintomas dos pacientes e consiste em uma s&#233;rie de exames instrumentais, como ECG, teste de esteira, ecocardiografia, tomografia computadorizada, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e angiografia coron&#225;ria. Nos casos onde n&#227;o &#233; um achado acidental, a angiografia coron&#225;ria &#233; necess&#225;ria para o planejamento terap&#234;utico otimizado. As pequenas f&#237;stulas geralmente s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticas e o progn&#243;stico &#233; excelente se forem tratadas medicamente com acompanhamento cl&#237;nico e ecocardiografia no per&#237;odo de 2 a 5 anos. As f&#237;stulas grandes/gigantes e sintom&#225;ticas, ao contr&#225;rio, devem ser submetidas a fechamento invasivo, por via transcateter ou ligadura cir&#250;rgica, cujos resultados s&#227;o equivalentes no acompanhamento de longo prazo. A profilaxia antibi&#243;tica para a preven&#231;&#227;o da endocardite bacteriana &#233; recomendada para todos os pacientes com f&#237;stulas da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria submetidos a procedimentos dent&#225;rios, gastrointestinais ou urol&#243;gicos. O acompanhamento ao longo da vida &#233; sempre essencial para garantir que o paciente n&#227;o sofra progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ou outras complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>F&#237;stula Arterio-Arterial/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>F&#237;stula Arterio-Arterial/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Fechamento/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Antibacterianos/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (FAC) &#233; uma conex&#227;o entre uma ou mais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e uma c&#226;mara card&#237;aca (f&#237;stula coron&#225;ria-cameral) ou um vaso sangu&#237;neo maior (f&#237;stula arteriovenosa) quando o leito capilar do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; desviado. Embora sejam geralmente isolados (80%), tamb&#233;m podem estar associados a outras malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas (20%), incluindo tetralogia de Fallot, persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial, e defeitos do septo atrial e do septo ventricular.<sup>1,2</sup></p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia exata de FAC ainda &#233; desconhecida, pois a taxa de casos n&#227;o diagnosticados permanece alta, mas estima-se que, enquanto a incid&#234;ncia de anomalias coron&#225;rias &#233; de 0,2% a 1,2% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, a FAC est&#225; presente em 0,002%.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> A FAC representa cerca de 0,2% a 0,4% de todas as malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> e 14% de todas as anomalias coron&#225;rias.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Diversos estudos indicam FAC em 0,3% dos pacientes que apresentavam cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, em 0,06% das crian&#231;as submetidas &#224; ecocardiografia e em 0,13% a 0,22% dos adultos submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Cerca de 75% de todos os casos de FAC descobertos acidentalmente s&#227;o pequenos e clinicamente silenciosos.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora, no passado, a etiologia da FAC fosse predominantemente das formas cong&#234;nitas, ao longo dos anos, o desenvolvimento e a dissemina&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas intervencionistas e cir&#250;rgicas t&#234;m resultado em mudan&#231;as na sua etiologia, com maior preval&#234;ncia das formas adquiridas,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> que podem incluir formas secund&#225;rias a endocardite infecciosa, dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, cirurgia anterior, bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, angioplastia coron&#225;ria, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar, transplante card&#237;aco, trauma, coloca&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo permanente, abla&#231;&#227;o de vias acess&#243;rias com t&#243;rax fechado, neoplasias e manejo iatrog&#234;nico de doen&#231;a de Kawasaki.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A art&#233;ria que alimenta a f&#237;stula pode drenar de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ou de um de seus ramos e, geralmente ap&#243;s um curso dilatado e tortuoso, termina em uma das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas ou em um vaso. A FAC com origem proximal &#233; frequentemente grande; pelo contr&#225;rio, se a sua origem &#233; distal, geralmente &#233; menor e mais tortuosa.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pode haver m&#250;ltiplas art&#233;rias alimentando um &#250;nico ponto de drenagem da FAC ou podem existir m&#250;ltiplos locais de drenagem. Tamb&#233;m foram relatadas m&#250;ltiplas f&#237;stulas entre as 3 principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Em alguns casos, especialmente em adultos, as f&#237;stulas podem originar-se de ambas as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, que drenam para o tronco pulmonar. Essas f&#237;stulas podem, frequentemente, causar angina e exigir o fechamento.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> A FAC surge com mais frequ&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (aproximadamente 50% a 60%) e drena com mais frequ&#234;ncia no cora&#231;&#227;o direito (aproximadamente 80%).</p>
    <p>As f&#237;stulas de grande calibre podem permitir o conhecido fen&#244;meno do roubo coron&#225;rio, no qual o sangue com escoamento diast&#243;lico &#233; direcionado para longe da circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria normal e da microcircula&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Quando o local de drenagem est&#225; localizado no &#225;trio esquerdo ou na veia pulmonar, h&#225; efetivamente um shunt esquerdo-esquerdo que determina uma sobrecarga de volume apenas para o cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Ocasionalmente, pode ser realizado um diagn&#243;stico presuntivo ao ouvir um sopro at&#237;pico sist&#243;lico, diast&#243;lico ou cont&#237;nuo, embora os sinais possam ser encontrados no ECG, na radiografia de t&#243;rax ou na ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>Os exames esclarecedores s&#227;o a tomografia computadorizada com m&#250;ltiplos detectores ou a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. A tomografia computadorizada &#233; superior &#224; ecocardiografia em pacientes com sobrepeso e permite um excelente delineamento anat&#244;mico, ao contr&#225;rio da ecocardiografia. A angiografia coron&#225;ria continua sendo a melhor t&#233;cnica diagn&#243;stica para a detec&#231;&#227;o de FAC com envolvimento estrutural card&#237;aco e para avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica; al&#233;m disso, possibilita programar o fechamento intervencionista com dispositivos dedicados.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As FAC de tamanho pequeno ou moderado devem ser fechadas apenas no caso em que os pacientes s&#227;o sintom&#225;ticos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, arritmias, dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou disfun&#231;&#227;o de origem incerta, ou se houver complica&#231;&#245;es por endocardite. Caso contr&#225;rio, os pacientes com f&#237;stulas pequenas e assintom&#225;ticas n&#227;o precisam ser submetidos a fechamento, apenas a acompanhamento cl&#237;nico com ecocardiografia no per&#237;odo de 2 a 5 anos.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com FAC submetidos a fechamento percut&#226;neo ou cir&#250;rgico t&#234;m bom progn&#243;stico, podendo variar de acordo com as poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224;s t&#233;cnicas, a gravidade do shunt e a morfologia da f&#237;stula. A expectativa de vida, no entanto, &#233; normal, com taxas de recorr&#234;ncia variando de 9% a 19% para o fechamento transcateter e 25% para a ligadura cir&#250;rgica.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Mais detalhes est&#227;o agora dispon&#237;veis gra&#231;as a recentes estudos interessantes.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Artery Fistulae</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6062-4259</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Buccheri</surname>
            <given-names>Dario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="IT">Italy</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cardiologia Intervencionista, S. Antonio Abate Hospital,Trapani - Italy</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Dario Buccheri</bold> &#8226; Interventional Cardiology Unit - S. Antonio Abate Hospital - Via Cosenza, 70, 91016. Erice - Italy. E-mail: dariobuccheri@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Coronary artery fistula is a rare anatomic abnormality of the coronary arteries that affects 0.002% of the general population and represents 14% of all anomalies of coronary arteries. Its clinical relevance focuses mainly on the mechanism of the coronary steal phenomenon, causing myocardial functional ischemia, even in the absence of stenosis; therefore, angina and effort dyspnea are common symptoms. The suggested diagnostic approach is driven by patients&#8217; symptoms, and it consists of a number of instrumental examinations like ECG, treadmill test, echocardiography, computed tomography scan, cardiac magnetic resonance, and coronary angiography. If it is not an incidental finding, coronary angiography is required in view of optimal therapeutic planning. Small fistulae are usually asymptomatic, and prognosis is excellent if they are managed medically with clinical follow-up and echocardiography every 2 to 5 years. Large/giant, symptomatic fistulae, on the contrary, should undergo invasive closure, via either transcatheter approach or surgical ligation, whose results are equivalent at long-term follow-up. Antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of bacterial endocarditis is recommended in all patients with coronary artery fistulae who undergo dental, gastrointestinal, or urological procedures. Life-long follow-up is always essential to ensure that the patient does not undergo progression of the disease or further cardiac complications.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterio-arterial fistula/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterio-arterial fistula/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Closure Techniques/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is a connection between one or more coronary arteries and a cardiac chamber (coronary-cameral fistulae) or a major blood vessel (arteriovenous fistulae) when the myocardial capillary bed is bypassed. While they are generally isolated (80%), they may also be associated with other congenital cardiac malformations (20%) including tetralogy of Fallot, patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The exact incidence of CAF is still unknown, because the rate of undiagnosed cases remains high, but it is estimated that, whereas the incidence of coronary anomalies is 0.2% to 1.2% in the general population, CAF is present in 0.002%.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> CAF represents about 0.2% to 0.4% of all cardiac malformations<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> and 14% of all coronary anomalies.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Several other studies indicate CAF in 0.3% of patients who presented with congenital heart disease, in 0.06% of children undergoing echocardiography, and in 0.13% to 0.22% of adults undergoing coronary angiography.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>About 75% of all CAF that are discovered incidentally are small and clinically silent.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although, in the past, the etiology of CAF was prominently of the congenital forms, over the years, the development and dissemination of interventional and surgical techniques have resulted in changes to its etiology, with a higher prevalence of the acquired forms,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> which may include those secondary to infective endocarditis, aortic dissection, previous surgery, endomyocardial biopsy, coronary angioplasty, bypass surgery, valve replacement, cardiac transplant, trauma, permanent pacemaker placement, closed-chest ablation of accessory pathways, neoplasms, and iatrogenic management of Kawasaki disease.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The feeding artery of the fistula may drain from a coronary artery or one of its branches, and, usually after a dilated and tortuous course, it ends in one of the cardiac chambers or a vessel. CAF with a proximal origin is frequently large; on the contrary, if its origin is distal, it is usually tinier and more tortuous.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>There may be multiple feeding arteries to a single CAF drainage point, or multiple drainage sites may exist. Multiple fistulae between the three major coronary arteries and the left ventricle have also been reported. In some cases, especially in adults, fistulae may originate from both coronary arteries, which drain into the pulmonary trunk. These fistulae can frequently cause angina and require closure.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> CAFs arise more frequently from the right coronary artery (approximately 50% to 60%) and drain most often in the right heart (approximately 80%).</p>
      <p>Fistulae with a large caliber could allow the well-known phenomenon of coronary steal in which the blood with a diastolic runoff is directed away from the normal coronary circulation and myocardial microcirculation. When the drainage site is located in the left atrium or pulmonary vein, there is an effective left-to-left shunt that determines a volume overload to the left heart only.</p>
      <p>A presumptive diagnosis can occasionally be made upon hearing an atypical systolic, diastolic, or continuous murmur, although signs could be found on ECG, chest X-ray, or echocardiography.</p>
      <p>Clarifying exams are multidetector computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging . Computed tomography is superior to echocardiography in patients who are overweight, and they allow excellent anatomical delineation, in contrast to echocardiography. Coronary angiography remains the best diagnostic technique for CAF detection with cardiac structural involvement and for hemodynamic evaluation; furthermore, it makes it possible to program interventional closure with dedicated devices.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>CAF of small or moderate size should be closed only in the event that patients are symptomatic for myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, ventricular dilation, or dysfunction of uncertain origin, or if there are complications due to endocarditis. Otherwise, patients with small, asymptomatic fistulae should not be subjected to closure, but they should undergo clinical follow-up with echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.</p>
      <p>Patients with CAF who undergo percutaneous or surgical closure have good prognosis, which depends on the possible complications related to the techniques, the severity of the shunt, and the morphology of the fistula. Life expectancy is, however, normal, with recurrence rates ranging from 9% to 19% for transcatheter closure and 25% in surgical ligation.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Further details have just been made available thanks to recent interesting studies.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial relatec to the article: Coronary Artery Fistula: Association between Pathway Patterns, Clinical Features and Congenital Heart Disease</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
