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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Dd54vBb8zbTJwBpYFMCpH4C</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900084</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190578</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190578</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>F&#237;stula da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria: Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Padr&#245;es de Trajetos, Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas e Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3177-2831</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cobo</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Batigalia</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Croti</surname>
            <given-names>Ulisses A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sciarra</surname>
            <given-names>Adilia M.P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foss</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos H.D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cobo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela G.F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Crian&#231;a e Maternidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Crian&#231;a e Maternidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Daniel L. Cobo &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416. CEP 15090-000, Vila S&#227;o Pedro, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>daniellcobo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cobo DL, Batigalia F, Croti UA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cobo DL, Batigalia F, Croti UA, Cobo RGF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cobo DL, Batigalia F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Cobo DL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cobo DL, Batigalia F, Croti UA, Sciarra AMP, Foss MHD, Cobo RGF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>84</fpage>
      <lpage>88</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (FAC) &#233; uma conex&#227;o direta entre uma ou mais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e c&#226;maras card&#237;acas ou um grande vaso; pode estar associada &#224; cardiopatia cong&#234;nita.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Estabelecer os padr&#245;es de trajetos de FAC a partir de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e correlacion&#225;-los com aspectos cl&#237;nicos e cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um total de 7.183 prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos de crian&#231;as menores de 5 anos de idade com cardiopatia submetidas a ecodopplercardiograma colorido foram analisados utilizando o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para associar sinais, sintomas e cardiopatia &#224; FAC, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Vinte e seis crian&#231;as (0,0036%) apresentaram FAC, nos seguintes trajetos: da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita para o ventr&#237;culo direito (26,92%), da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda para o ventr&#237;culo direito (23,08%), do ramo interventricular anterior para o ventr&#237;culo direito (23,08%), da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita para o &#225;trio direito (11,54%), da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda para o tronco pulmonar (7,69%) e do ramo interventricular anterior para o tronco pulmonar (7,69%). Em 57,69% dos pacientes, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre sintomas e a FAC (p = 0,445), relacionada &#224; dispneia ou cianose (53,84%). Em 96,15%, a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita estava associada &#224; FAC; principalmente, a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular e a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, em 34,62% dos casos, correlacionaram-se positivamente com a FAC (p = 0,295). O trajeto da FAC foi representado em tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es pelo software de modelagem, texturiza&#231;&#227;o e anima&#231;&#227;o Cinema 4D R19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A FAC &#233; uma entidade anat&#244;mica incomum que apresenta quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com dispneia e cianose e est&#225; associada a cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, principalmente com a CIV ou a CIA. De acordo com as an&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, as f&#237;stulas na ACD, na ACE ou no RIVA representam aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes, com trajeto priorit&#225;rio para as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>F&#237;stula Art&#233;rio-Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Anatomia</kwd>
        <kwd>Dispnea</kwd>
        <kwd>Cianose</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem Tridimensional/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (FAC) &#233; uma conex&#227;o direta entre uma ou mais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias a c&#226;maras card&#237;acas ou a um grande vaso. &#201; uma das anomalias da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria mais comuns, embora seja considerada rara na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Est&#225; presente em 0,002% da popula&#231;&#227;o e representa 0,4% de todas as malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma Doppler tem sido indicado para avalia&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas devido a sua versatilidade diagn&#243;stica, disponibilidade, custo-efetividade e quantidade de informa&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais que fornece para o cora&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido &#224; raridade da FAC e &#224; potencial contribui&#231;&#227;o da sua caracteriza&#231;&#227;o topogr&#225;fica, o presente estudo visou determinar os padr&#245;es de trajetos da FAC a partir de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e correlacion&#225;-los com aspectos cl&#237;nicos e cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica, foram considerados 7.183 prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com ou sem cardiopatia cong&#234;nita do Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular Pedi&#225;trica do Hospital de Base e do Hospital da Crian&#231;a e Maternidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Foram realizados exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos bidimensionais em cores (Philips Healthcare&#174; modelos HD 11 e HD 15) de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Crian&#231;as com outros defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos que n&#227;o FAC e crian&#231;as com mais de cinco anos de idade devido a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita sob cuidados durante os primeiros meses at&#233; os primeiros anos de vida foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Foi definida por conveni&#234;ncia o tamanho da amostra do presente estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foram obtidas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas utilizando o software SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 23.0<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> e Excel (vers&#227;o 2.016). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas consideradas no presente estudo compreenderam os seguintes sinais e sintomas: assintom&#225;tico, baixa satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>, cianose (das extremidades, labial ou generalizada), hipertermia e dispneia; as seguintes cardiopatias associadas: atresia pulmonar, coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) ou comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV), defeito do septo atrioventricular, estenose da v&#225;lvula pulmonar, ducto arterial persistente, tetralogia de Fallot e sem cardiopatia associada; bem como a topografia da FAC a partir da descri&#231;&#227;o de relat&#243;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional por pelo software de modelagem, texturiza&#231;&#227;o e anima&#231;&#227;o Cinema 4D R19.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> A normalidade dos dados foi verificada por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk, que apresentou dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. Posteriormente, foi aplicado o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para associar as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e os sinais e sintomas com a FAC, estabelecendo valor de &lt; 0,05.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, foi apresentada uma an&#225;lise descritiva (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>) e, para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi analisado o cruzamento inferencial (Tabelas 2 e 3). Foi utilizado o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman e foi apresentado um &#250;nico valor de p para cada cruzamento. Dos 7.183 prontu&#225;rios considerados, foi detectada a FAC em 26 casos (0,0036%). A <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas de trajetos de FAC detectados por ecocardiograma, demonstrando que as f&#237;stulas na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD), na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (ACE) ou no ramo interventricular anterior (RIVA) representaram aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes, com trajeto priorit&#225;rio para as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas de trajetos de f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria detectados por ecocardiograma</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Tipo de fistula</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>ACD para VD</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">26,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACD para AD</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">11,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACE para TP</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">7,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACE para VD</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">23,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RIVA para TP</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">7,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RIVA para VD</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">23,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>26</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; AD: &#225;trio direito; N: valor absoluto; RIVA: ramo interventricular anterior; TP: tronco pulmonar; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> correlacionou as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, os sinais e sintomas (assintom&#225;ticos, baixa satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub>, cianose das extremidades, labial ou generalizada, hipertermia e dispneia) com os tipos da FAC (ACD, ventr&#237;culo direito, &#225;trio direito, ACE, tronco pulmonar e RIVA) e mostra que 26,92% dos pacientes com FAC eram assintom&#225;ticos e 57,69% eram sintom&#225;ticos, expressos por dispneia (26,92%), cianose (26,92%) e hipertermia (3,86%). A baixa satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio foi detectada pelo ox&#237;metro de pulso em 15,38% dos pacientes. A partir desses dados, foi realizado o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, que observou valor de p = 0,445, demonstrando n&#227;o haver evid&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica de depend&#234;ncia entre as vari&#225;veis analisadas.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas de sinais e sintomas com os tipos de f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3" align="left">Sinais e sintomas </th>
                <th colspan="12">Tipos de f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</th>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">TOTAL</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">ACD/VD</th>
                <th colspan="2">ACD/AD</th>
                <th colspan="2">ACE/TP</th>
                <th colspan="2">ACE/VD</th>
                <th colspan="2">RIVA/TP</th>
                <th colspan="2">RIVA/VD</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Assintom&#225;tico</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">66,67</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">26,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixa satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2 </sub></td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">28,57</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">15,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cianose das extremidades, labial ou generalizada</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">42,86</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">26,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertermia</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">16,67</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">28,57</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">26,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>7</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>3</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>26</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Valor (p)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>0,445</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; AD: &#225;trio direito; N: valor absoluto; RIVA: ramo interventricular anterior; TP: tronco pulmonar; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> mostra que a FAC esteve associada &#224; cardiopatia cong&#234;nita em 96,15% dos casos, principalmente com a CIV ou a CIA em 34,62% dos casos, a tetralogia de Fallot (23,08%) e a coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta (11,53%). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas de cardiopatia associada (atresia pulmonar, coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, CIA ou CIV, defeito do septo atrioventricular, estenose da v&#225;lvula pulmonar, ducto arterioso persistente, tetralogia de Fallot e sem cardiopatia associada) foram correlacionadas com os tipos de FAC (ACD, ventr&#237;culo direito, &#225;trio direito, ACE, tronco pulmonar e RIVA) e, a partir desses dados, foi realizado o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, que observou valor de p = 0,295, demonstrando n&#227;o haver evid&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica de depend&#234;ncia entre as vari&#225;veis analisadas.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas de cardiopatia associada com os tipos de f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3" align="left">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca associada </th>
                <th colspan="12">Tipos de f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</th>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">TOTAL</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">ACD/VD</th>
                <th colspan="2">ACD/AD</th>
                <th colspan="2">ACE/TP</th>
                <th colspan="2">ACE/VD</th>
                <th colspan="2">RIVA/TP</th>
                <th colspan="2">RIVA/VD</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Atresia pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">14,29</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">16,67</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">11,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CIA ou CIV</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">28,57</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">66,67</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">34,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Defeito do septo atrioventricular</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">16,67</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estenose da v&#225;lvula pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">14,29</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">16,67</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">7,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem cardiopatia associada</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">16,67</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">11,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ducto arterioso persistente</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">42,86</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">23,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>7</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>3</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>26</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Valor (p)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>0,295</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; AD: &#225;trio direito; CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; CIV: comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular; N: valor absoluto; RIVA: ramo interventricular anterior; TP: tronco pulmonar; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> mostra os padr&#245;es de trajeto encontrados para a FAC e os seus percentuais respectivos.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Representa&#231;&#227;o topografia de trajetos de f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e seus percentuais respectivos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0084-90578-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de FAC foi observada em 0,0036% dos casos, embora a frequ&#234;ncia real de anomalias da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria na popula&#231;&#227;o geral possa ser desconhecida ou extremamente rara.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia estimada varia de 0,002%<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> a 0,1% ou de 1% a 2%,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> e representa 14% de todas as anomalias da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quase um ter&#231;o dos pacientes eram assintom&#225;ticos; os sinais e sintomas foram representados por dispneia, cianose e hipertermia em 57,69% deles (<xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>). Embora a aus&#234;ncia de sintomas possa ser ainda mais prevalente, a angina devido ao fen&#244;meno de &#8220;roubo coron&#225;rio&#8221; (d&#233;bito card&#237;aco diminu&#237;do), a endocardite, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca podem estar presentes.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> As crian&#231;as com FAC s&#227;o frequentemente assintom&#225;ticas; portanto, estima-se que aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes menores de 20 anos de idade sejam assintom&#225;ticos.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a maioria das crian&#231;as (96,15%) com FAC apresentava outra cardiopatia cong&#234;nita associada, principalmente CIV ou CIA, em um ter&#231;o dos pacientes (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>). No entanto, a FAC como uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o isolada pode estar presente em 55% a 80% dos casos e foi associada &#224; cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (tetralogia de Fallot, ducto arterioso persistente, CIV ou CIA) em 20% a 45%<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em at&#233; 35% das ocorr&#234;ncias.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a FAC frequentemente tem etiologia cong&#234;nita, mas pode ser secund&#225;ria a les&#227;o, infec&#231;&#227;o, causas iatrog&#234;nicas ou doen&#231;a de Kawasaki.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De acordo com as an&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, os resultados destacaram que as f&#237;stulas na ACD, na ACE ou no RIVA representam aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes, com trajeto priorit&#225;rio para as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>). Manoly et al., relataram que a FAC &#233; mais prevalente na ACD (52% dos casos avaliados), com drenagem para o lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o em mais de 90% dos casos, o que foi corroborado por outros autores.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia bidimensional colorida tem sido recomendada para avaliar a FAC, embora a angiografia,<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e a angiotomografia computadorizada apresentem resultados eficazes.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Uma poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo refere-se &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia da FAC na ACD do que no &#225;trio direito, possivelmente decorrente da forma iatrog&#234;nica ap&#243;s procedimento cir&#250;rgico para corre&#231;&#227;o da tetralogia de Fallot.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido &#224; baixa preval&#234;ncia da FAC, est&#225; dispon&#237;vel um n&#250;mero reduzido de publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas sobre o assunto. A contribui&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo aponta para o tamanho relativamente grande da amostra (26 registros) para uma anomalia card&#237;aca rara.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Enquanto as an&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;ficas nos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos apresentam representa&#231;&#227;o bidimensional, a an&#225;lise tridimensional realizada neste estudo pode ser mais eficaz.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Os esfor&#231;os para melhorar a imagem para FAC, de prefer&#234;ncia tridimensional, podem melhorar o tratamento cl&#237;nico, o planejamento cir&#250;rgico e a interven&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A FAC &#233; uma entidade anat&#244;mica incomum que apresenta quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com dispneia e cianose e est&#225; associada a cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, principalmente com a CIV ou a CIA. De acordo com as an&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, as f&#237;stulas na ACD, na ACE ou no RIVA est&#227;o presentes em aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes, com trajeto priorit&#225;rio para as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agrade&#231;o ao meu orientador Fernando Batig&#225;lia pela excelente condu&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho. Agrade&#231;o tamb&#233;m a Ulisses A. Croti pela autoriza&#231;&#227;o do estudo no setor de Cirurgia Cardiovascular Pedi&#225;trica do Hospital Infantil e Maternidade e Ad&#237;lia M. P. Sciarra, Marcos H.D. Foss e Rafaela G.F. Cobo pelo aux&#237;lio na corre&#231;&#227;o e tradu&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito.</p>
    </ack>
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              <surname>Joshi</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beache</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Slaughter</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sobieski</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stoddard</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Artery Fistula: 64-Slice Computed Tomographic Delineation and Correlation with Multiplane Transesophageal Echocardiography and Surgical Findings</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>69</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Attili A, Hensley AK, Jones FD, Grabham J, Dissesa TG. Echocardiography and Coronary CT Angiography Imaging of Variations in Coronary Anatomy and Coronary Abnormalities in Athletic Children: Detection of Coronary Abnormalities that Create a Risk for Sudden Death. Echocardiography. 2013; 30(2): 225-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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              <given-names>A</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Hensley</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Grabham</surname>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Daniel L. Cobo pela Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto-FAMERP-SP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto-FAMERP-SP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 81217417.7.0000.54. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn6">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Artery Fistula: Association between Pathway Patterns, Clinical Features and Congenital Heart Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3177-2831</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cobo</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Batigalia</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Croti</surname>
            <given-names>Ulisses A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sciarra</surname>
            <given-names>Adilia M.P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foss</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos H.D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cobo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela G.F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Crian&#231;a e Maternidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Daniel L. Cobo &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416. Postal Code 15090-000, Vila S&#227;o Pedro, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: daniellcobo@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cobo DL, Batigalia F, Croti UA; Acquisition of data: Cobo DL, Batigalia F, Croti UA, Cobo RGF; Statistical analysis: Cobo DL, Batigalia F; Obtaining financing: Cobo DL; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cobo DL, Batigalia F, Croti UA, Sciarra AMP, Foss MHD, Cobo RGF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is a direct connection of one or more coronary arteries to cardiac chambers or a large vessel; it may be associated with congenital heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To establish CAF pathway patterns from echocardiographic data and to correlate them with clinical aspects and congenital heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A total of 7.183 medical records of children under the age of five years with cardiac disease submitted to color Doppler echocardiography and Spearman&#8217;s Correlation test were used to associate signs and symptoms and cardiopathy to CAF with a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Twenty six children (0.0036%) presented CAF: from the right coronary artery (RCA) to the right ventricle (RV) 26.92%, from the left coronary artery (LCA) to the RV 23.08%, from the anterior interventricular branch (AIVB) to RV 23.08%, RCA to right atrium (RA) 11.54%, LCA for pulmonary trunk (PT) 7.69% or AIVB for PT 7.69%. In 57.69% of the patients, there was a positively correlated symptomatology to CAF with p=0.445 related to dyspnea or cyanosis (53.84%); in 96.15%, congenital heart disease associated with CAF, mainly interventricular communication (IVC) or interatrial communication (IAC) in 34.62% positively correlated to CAF with p=0.295. CAF pathway was represented in three dimensions by software modeling, texturing and animation Cinema 4D R19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> CAF is an uncommon anatomical entity that presents a clinical picture compatible with dyspnea and cyanosis, and this is associated with congenital heart disease, mainly with IVC or IAC. According to echocardiographic analyzes, fistulas in RCA, LCA, or AIVB represent about one-third of the patients, with a priority pathway for right heart chambers.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterio-Arterial Fistula, Congenital Heart Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Anatomy</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyspnea</kwd>
        <kwd>Cyanosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Imaging Three-Dimensional/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is a direct connection of one or more coronary arteries to cardiac chambers or a large vessel. It is one of the most common coronary artery (CA) anomalies, although, it is considered rare in general population.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> It is present in 0.002% of the population, and it represents 0.4% of all cardiac malformations.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Doppler echocardiogram has been indicated for the evaluation of congenital heart defects due to its diagnostic versatility, availability, cost-effectiveness and the amount of morphofunctional information of the heart.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to the rarity of CAF and the potential contribution of its topographic characterization, the present study aims at determining CAF pathway patterns from echocardiographic data as well as to correlate them with clinical aspects and congenital heart disease.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <p>After ethical approval, 7,183 electronic medical records of pediatric patients with or without congenital heart disease from the Cardiology and Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Service of Hospital de Base (HB) and the Children Hospital and Maternity Hospital (CHMH) of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto &#8211; SP &#8211; Brazil were considered. Two-dimensional color echocardiographic examinations (Philips Healthcare&#174; HD 11 and HD 15 model) were performed according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Children with congenital heart defects without CAF, and children over five years of age due to congenital heart defect under care during initial months up to the first years of life were excluded from the study. The sample size used in the study was defined by convenience.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The statistical analyzes were obtained using the SPSS Statistics software version 23.0<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> and the Excel tool (version 2.016). Variables considered in the study are categorical and comprised signs and symptoms such as: asymptomatic, low O<sub>2</sub> saturation, cyanosis of the extremities, labial or generalized, hyperthermia and dyspnea; cardiopathy associated with: Pulmonary Atresia, Coarctation of the Aorta, IAC or IVC, Atrioventricular Septal Defect, Pulmonary Valve Stenosis, Persistence Ductus Arteriosus, Tetralogy of Fallot or no associated heart disease, and CAF topography from the description of echocardiographic reports for three-dimensional reconstruction by modeling, texturing and animation software Cinema 4D R19.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> The normality of the data was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test, which showed nonparametric data. Afterwards, the Spearman&#8217;s Correlation test was applied to associate congenital heart disease and signs and symptoms to the CAF, which observed p value &lt;0.05.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the present study, a descriptive analysis was presented (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>), and for categorical variables, inferential crossover was analyzed (Tables 2 and 3). Spearman&#8217;s correlation test was used, and for each crossing a single p value was presented. From the 7,183 medical records considered, CAF was detected in 26 cases (0.0036%). <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> shows categorical variables of pathways for CAF detected according to the echocardiogram, and shows that fistulas in the right coronary artery (RCA), left coronary artery (LCA) or in the anterior interventricular branch (AIVB) represent about one third of the patients, with priority pathway for the right heart chambers.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Categorical variables of coronary artery fistula pathways detected by echocardiogram</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Type of fistula</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA for RV</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">26.92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA for RA</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">11.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LCA for PT</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">7.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LCA for RV</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">23.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIVB for PT</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">7.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIVB for RV</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">23.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>26</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AIVB: anterior interventricular branch, LCA: left coronary artery, N: absolute value, PT: pulmonary trunk, RA: right atrium, RCA: right coronary artery, RV: right ventricle.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> correlated categorical variables, signs and symptoms (asymptomatic, low O<sub>2</sub> saturation, cyanosis of the extremities, labial or generalized, hyperthermia and dyspnea) with types of CAF (RCA, RV, RA, LCA, PT and AIVB) and shows that in patients with CAF asymptomatology is present in 26.92% of the patients and symptomatology in 57.69%, expressed by dyspnea (26.92%), cyanosis (26.92%) and hyperthermia (3.86%). Low oxygen saturation detected by pulse oximeter; in 15.38% of the patients. From these data, the Spearman Correlation Test was performed, which observed p value = 0.445 and it is understood that there is no statistical evidence of dependence between the variables analyzed.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation of the categorical variables of signs and symptoms with the types of coronary artery fistula</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Signs and symptoms</th>
                  <th colspan="12">Types of coronary artery fistula</th>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">TOTAL</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">RCA/RV</th>
                  <th colspan="2">RCA/RA</th>
                  <th colspan="2">LCA/PT</th>
                  <th colspan="2">LCA/RV</th>
                  <th colspan="2">AIVB/PT</th>
                  <th colspan="2">AIVB/RV</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asymptomatic</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">66.67</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">33.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">33.33</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">26.92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low O<sub>2 </sub>saturation</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">28.57</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">33.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">15.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extremities, labial, or generalized cyanosis</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">42.86</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">26.92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperthermia</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">16.67</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">3.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyspnea</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">28.57</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">33.33</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">33.33</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">26.92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Value (p)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.445</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AIVB: anterior interventricular branch, LCA: left coronary artery, N: absolute value, PT: pulmonary trunk, RA: right atrium, RCA: right coronary artery, RV: right ventricle.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> shows that CAF and associated congenital heart disease in 96.15% of the cases; mainly with interventricular communication (IVC) or interatrial communication (IAC) in 34.62% of the cases, tetralogy of Fallot (23.08%) and coarctation of aorta (11.53%). The categorical variables Associated Heart Disease (Pulmonary Atresia, Coarctation of the Aorta, IAC or IVC, Atrioventricular Septal Defect, Pulmonary Valve Stenosis, no associated heart disease, Persistence Ductus Arteriosus, Tetralogy of Fallot) were correlated with the types of CAF (RCA, RV, RA, LCA, PT and AIVB) and from these data, the Spearman Correlation Test was performed, which observed p value = 0.295 and it is understood that there is no statistical evidence of dependence between the variables analyzed.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation of categorical variables of associated heart disease with types of CAF</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Associated heart disease</th>
                  <th colspan="12">Types of coronary artery fistula</th>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">TOTAL</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">RCA/RV</th>
                  <th colspan="2">RCA/RA</th>
                  <th colspan="2">LCA/PT</th>
                  <th colspan="2">LCA/RV</th>
                  <th colspan="2">AIVB/PT</th>
                  <th colspan="2">AIVB/RV</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulmonary atresia</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">14.29</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">3.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coarctation of the aorta</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">16.67</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">11.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAC or IVC</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">28.57</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">66.67</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">33.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">34.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrioventricular septal defect</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">16.67</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">3.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulmonary valve stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">14.29</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">16.67</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">7.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No associated heart disease</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">33.33</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">16.67</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">11.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Persistent ductus arteriosus</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">3.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">42.86</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">23.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>7</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>3</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>26</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Value (p)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>0.295</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AIVB: anterior interventricular branch; IAC: interatrial communication; IVC: interventricular communication; LCA: left coronary artery; N: absolute value; PT: pulmonary trunk; RA: right atrium; RCA: right coronary artery; RV: right ventricle.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> shows the pathway patterns found for CAF and their respective percentages.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Topographic representation of coronary artery fistula pathways and their respective percentages.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0084-90578-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, CAF prevalence was observed in 0.0036% of the cases. Although the real frequency of coronary artery anomalies in the general population could be unknown or extremely rare.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Estimated prevalence ranges from 0.002%<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> to 0.1% to 1 or from 1% to 2%<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> and represents 14% of all coronary artery anomalies.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Asymptomatology was present in almost a third of the patients; signs and symptoms were represented by dyspnea, cyanosis and hyperthermia in 57.69% of the patients (<xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). Although the lack of symptoms could be even more prevalent, angina due to the phenomenon of &#8220;coronary steal&#8221; (decreased cardiac output), endocarditis, acute myocardial infarction or heart failure could be present.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Children with CAF are often asymptomatic, therefore, it is estimated that about 80% of patients under 20 years of age are asymptomatic.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Most of the children (96.15%) of the study had another congenital heart disease associated with CAF, mainly IVC or IAC in one third of the patients (<xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>). However, CAF as an isolated manifestation could be present in 55% to 80% of the cases, and it was associated with congenital heart disease (Tetralogy of Fallot, persistence of the ductus arterious, IVC or IAC) in 20% to 45%,<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> or coronary artery disease in up to 35% of the occurrences.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> In addition, CAF has frequently congenital etiology, but could be secondary to injury, infection, iatrogenic or Kawasaki disease.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to echocardiographic analyzes, the results have stood out that fistulas in RCA, LCA or AIVB represent about one third of the patients, with priority pathway for right cardiac chambers (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). Manoly et al. reported that CAF is more prevalent in RCA (52% of the cases evaluated), with drainage to the right side of the heart in more than 90% of the cases, which has been corroborated by other authors.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Two-dimensional color Echocardiography has been recommended to evaluate CAF, although angiography,<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>transthoracic echocardiogram or computerized angiotomography present effective results.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> A possible limitation of this study refers to a further higher CAF prevalence of RCA to RA, resulting from iatrogenic form after a surgical procedure to correct Tetralogy of Fallot.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Because of the low prevalence of CAF, reduced amount of related scientific publications on the subject are available. The contribution of the present study points out to the relatively high sample size (26 records) for a rare cardiac anomaly.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Even though echocardiographic analyzes on electronic records present two-dimensional representation; the three-dimensional analysis performed in this study could be more effective.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Efforts to improve CAF imaging, preferably in three dimensions, can improve clinical treatment, surgical planning or intraoperative intervention.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>CAF is an unusual anatomical entity that presents a clinical picture compatible with dyspnea and cyanosis, and it is associated with congenital heart disease, mainly with IVC or IAC. According to echocardiographic analyzes, fistulas in RCA, LCA, or AIVB are present in about one-third of the patients, with a priority pathway to right heart chambers.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>I thank my advisor Fernando Batig&#225;lia for the excellent conduct of this work. Thanks also to Ulisses A. Croti for authorizing the study in the Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery sector of the Children and Maternity Hospital and Ad&#237;lia M. P. Sciarra, Marcos H.D. Foss and Rafaela G.F. Cobo for assistance in the correction and translation of the manuscript.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Daniel L. Cobo, from Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto-FAMERP-SP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto-FAMERP-SP under the protocol number 81217417.7.0000.54. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn7001">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
