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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">F8P6LrFDJHhYnqKVSMFvPYg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900082</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210512</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210512</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise da Sensibilidade e Especificidade dos Pontos de Corte para Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de Repouso em 6.794 Adolescentes Brasileiros: Um Estudo Transversal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0889-9909</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azoubel</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Anaisse</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5785-2114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Nilviane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Allan Kardec</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0508-0308</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as Renais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, Centro de Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as Renais do Hospital Universit&#225;rio do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Adapta&#231;&#245;es Cardiorrenais Ao Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Pinheiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, Laborat&#243;rio de Adapta&#231;&#245;es Cardiorrenais Ao Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico (LACE), Pinheiro, MA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Engenharia El&#233;trica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Processamento de Informa&#231;&#227;o Biologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, Departamento de Engenharia El&#233;trica, Laborat&#243;rio de Processamento de Informa&#231;&#227;o Biologia, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Luana Anaisse Azoubel&#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o - Rua Bar&#227;o de Itapary, 227. CEP 65020-070, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>luazoubel@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>82</fpage>
      <lpage>83</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos Transversais/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso (FCR) &#233; uma medida acess&#237;vel que pode refletir o equil&#237;brio entre o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e o parassimp&#225;tico.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> N&#237;veis elevados de FCR est&#227;o associados a eventos cardiovasculares em adultos<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> e fatores de risco cardiovascular, como sobrepeso,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>obesidade abdominal e hipertens&#227;o arterial, foram associados a FCR.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Portanto, obter um ponto de corte para FCR em crian&#231;as e adolescentes &#233; essencial para um melhor rastreamento e subsequente seguimento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce e o rastreamento das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca podem ser refletidas por medidas simples como a FCR, uma vez que adolescentes sedent&#225;rios com obesidade abdominal apresentam menor variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) e consequentemente maior estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, mantendo a FCR elevada e aumentando o risco de desenvolver les&#245;es card&#237;acas ao longo da vida.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um m&#233;todo de verifica&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica &#233; atrav&#233;s da VFC, que quando diminu&#237;da indica desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico e tem sido associada &#224; mortalidade e a v&#225;rios indicadores de risco cardiovascular (obesidade geral e abdominal, hipertens&#227;o e estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio) em adolescentes.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>-<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Um estudo anterior de Farah et al.,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> realizado com adolescentes do sexo masculino, demonstrou que os pontos de corte para VFC t&#234;m sensibilidade moderada a alta para detectar fatores de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Isso refor&#231;a a relev&#226;ncia de estudos que se prop&#245;em a estabelecer pontos de corte para vari&#225;veis de sinais biol&#243;gicos, como a FCR e suas diferentes an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas, com o objetivo de diagnosticar poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
    <p>&#201; isso que Farah et al.,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> propuseram neste estudo, ao estabelecer pontos de corte para FCR em adolescentes brasileiros e analisando associa&#231;&#245;es entre os pontos de corte e fatores de risco cardiovascular. Foram avaliados 6.794 adolescentes (com idade de 10 a 19 anos), de ambos os sexos, e aferidas a press&#227;o arterial e a FCR utilizando um aparelho oscilom&#233;trico. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura tamb&#233;m foram avaliados. A curva ROC foi utilizada para analisar a sensibilidade e a especificidade, e as associa&#231;&#245;es de FCR alta com fatores de risco cardiovascular foram analisadas atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os principais achados desse estudo, al&#233;m de determinar os pontos de corte da FCR, foram estabelecer a associa&#231;&#227;o desses pontos de corte com fatores de risco cardiovascular, como obesidade abdominal, sobrepeso e hipertens&#227;o em meninos e meninas.</p>
    <p>Um estudo de Christofaro et al.,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> encontrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica em adolescentes, e apontou que para os meninos houve influ&#234;ncia da obesidade abdominal e do IMC naqueles com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mais elevada, mas isso n&#227;o ocorreu nas meninas; assim, os autores sugeriram que padr&#245;es de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal e varia&#231;&#245;es hormonais podem influenciar esses achados.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> De fato, o padr&#227;o androide de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal est&#225; mais associado a fatores de risco cardiovascular e os horm&#244;nios femininos (estr&#243;genos) fornecem alguma prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular nas meninas.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, como esperado, h&#225; um decl&#237;nio na FCR com o aumento da idade, provavelmente devido &#224; melhora da sensibilidade barorreflexa e fun&#231;&#227;o neural com a matura&#231;&#227;o sexual. De fato, ocorre um aumento progressivo da atividade card&#237;aca vagot&#244;nica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade simp&#225;tica durante a matura&#231;&#227;o, resultando em menor FCR no final da adolesc&#234;ncia.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Esse estudo tem dois outros destaques importantes: o n&#250;mero de participantes foi consider&#225;vel (importante para fins epidemiol&#243;gicos) e foi realizado em tr&#234;s regi&#245;es diferentes do pa&#237;s (Nordeste, Sudeste e Sul) possivelmente com etnias diferentes, embora isso n&#227;o tenha sido relatado, sendo portanto representativo sob a perspectiva da variabilidade gen&#233;tica. Apesar desses resultados, o estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es: n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer um ponto de corte para as meninas de 10 a 14 anos e o motivo n&#227;o foi explicado. Fatores externos que influenciam a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (tabagismo, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas e cafe&#237;na) n&#227;o puderam ser identificados, e &#233; importante destacar essas limita&#231;&#245;es para estudos futuros.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para fins de triagem epidemiol&#243;gica, o estabelecimento de pontos de corte que possibilitem a identifica&#231;&#227;o do aumento do risco cardiovascular &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia, pois podem melhorar as estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica para a popula&#231;&#227;o que presumivelmente apresenta maior risco. Al&#233;m disso, no que diz respeito &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o jovem, essas estrat&#233;gias podem ser implementadas at&#233; mesmo nas escolas (incentivo &#224; pr&#225;tica de esportes e alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel) com o refor&#231;o de um substrato fisiol&#243;gico, a FCR, para ratificar a import&#226;ncia dessas estrat&#233;gias. Portanto, por ser uma vari&#225;vel simples e ter baixo custo de mensura&#231;&#227;o, seu uso pode melhorar e aumentar a utilidade cl&#237;nica para os profissionais de sa&#250;de na determina&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico dos jovens brasileiros.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Sensibilidade e Especificidade de Pontos de Corte para Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Repouso de 6.794 Adolescentes Brasileiros: Um Estudo Transversal</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis of Sensitivity and Specificity of Cutoff Points for Resting Heart Rate in 6,794 Brazilian Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0889-9909</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azoubel</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Anaisse</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5785-2114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Nilviane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Allan Kardec</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0508-0308</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, Centro de Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as Renais do Hospital Universit&#225;rio do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, Laborat&#243;rio de Adapta&#231;&#245;es Cardiorrenais Ao Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico (LACE), Pinheiro, MA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, Departamento de Engenharia El&#233;trica, Laborat&#243;rio de Processamento de Informa&#231;&#227;o Biologia, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Luana Anaisse Azoubel</bold>&#8226; Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o - Rua Bar&#227;o de Itapary, 227. Postal Code 65020-070, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: luazoubel@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Rate/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposity</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cross-sectional studies/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Resting heart rate (RHR) is an accessible measure that may reflect the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Elevated RHR levels are associated with cardiovascular events in adults<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> and cardiovascular risk factors, such as overweight,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> abdominal obesity and high blood pressure have been associated with high RHR.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Therefore, obtaining a cutoff point for the RHR in children and adolescents is essential for better screening and subsequent clinical follow-up.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, the early identification and screening of cardiovascular changes and cardiac autonomic modulation can be reflected by simple measures such as the RHR, since sedentary adolescents with abdominal obesity have lower heart rate variability (HRV) and, consequently, greater sympathetic stimulation, maintaining the RHR high and increasing the risk of developing heart damage throughout life.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>One method of verifying autonomic modulation is through the HRV, which when decreased indicates autonomic imbalance and has been associated with mortality and various cardiovascular risk indicators (general and abdominal obesity, high blood pressure and sedentary lifestyle) in adolescents.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>-<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> A previous study by Farah et al.,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> carried out with male adolescents, demonstrated that cutoff points for HRV have moderate-to-high sensitivity for detecting cardiovascular risk factors.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> This reinforces the relevance of studies that propose establishing cutoff points for biological signal variables, such as the RHR and its different clinical analyses, aiming to diagnose possible cardiovascular alterations in children and adolescents.</p>
      <p>This is what Farah et al.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> proposed in this study, by establishing cutoff points for RHR in Brazilian adolescents and analyzing associations between cutoff points and cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 6,794 adolescents (aged 10 to 19 years), of both genders, were evaluated and blood pressure and RHR were measured using an oscillometric device. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were also evaluated. The ROC curve was used to analyze sensitivity and specificity, and associations of high RHR with cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed by binary logistic regression.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The main findings of this study, in addition to determining the RHR cutoff points, was to establish the association of these cutoff points with cardiovascular risk factors, such as abdominal obesity, overweight and high blood pressure in boys and girls.</p>
      <p>A study by Christofaro et al.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> found an association between heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adolescents, and it was pointed out that, for boys, there was an influence of abdominal obesity and BMI in those with a higher heart rate, but this did not occur in girls; thus, the authors suggested that patterns of body fat distribution and hormonal variations may influence these findings.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> In fact, the android body fat distribution pattern is more associated with cardiovascular risk factors and female hormones (estrogens) provide some cardiovascular protection in girls.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Furthermore, as expected, there is a decline in RHR with increasing age, probably due to the improvement in the baroreflex sensitivity and neural function with sexual maturation. Indeed, there is a progressive increase in vagotonic cardiac activity in relation to sympathetic activity during maturation, resulting in lower RHR in late adolescence.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This study also has two other important highlights: the number of participants was considerable (important for epidemiological purposes) and it was carried out in three different regions of the country (northeast, southeast and south), possibly with different ethnicities, although it was not reported, therefore being representative from the perspective of genetic variability. Despite these results, the study has limitations: it was not possible to establish a cutoff point for girls aged 10-14 years and the reason was not explained. External factors that influence heart rate (smoking, level of physical activity, consumption of alcoholic beverages and caffeine) could not be identified, and it is important to highlight these limitations for future studies.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>For epidemiological screening purposes, establishing cutoff points that allow the identification of increased cardiovascular risk is of utmost importance, since it can improve public health strategies for a population that is presumably at higher risk. Also, regarding the young population, these strategies can be implemented even in schools (encouraging the practice of sports and healthy eating) with the reinforcement of a physiological substrate, the RHR, to ratify the importance of these strategies. Therefore, since it is a simple and low-cost variable to measure, its use can improve and increase the clinical practicality for health professionals in determining diagnosis and prognosis of young Brazilians.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Sensitivity and Specificity of Cutoff Points of Resting Heart Rate from 6,794 Brazilian Adolescents: A CrossSectional Study</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
