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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yMTknkrf9kL89vCfHGbGvCv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900074</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200111</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200111</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sensibilidade e Especificidade de Pontos de Corte para Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Repouso de 6.794 Adolescentes Brasileiros: Um Estudo Transversal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2286-5892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Quintella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Christofaro</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Giulliano Destro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8559-7752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade-Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Alu&#237;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0327-4739</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Germano-Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6192-4667</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tebar</surname>
            <given-names>William Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Virg&#237;lio Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7883-6746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa Associado de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UPE/UFPB</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa Associado de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica UPE/UFPB, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Breno Quintella Farah &#8226; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - R. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n. CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>brenofarah@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Farah BQ, Christofaro DGD, Barros MVG, Ritti-Dias RM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Farah BQ, Christofaro DGD, Tebar WR, Ritti-Dias RM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Farah BQ, Christofaro DGD, Ritti-Dias RM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Christofaro DGD, Barros MVG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Farah BQ, Christofaro DGD, Andrade-Lima A, Germano-Soares AH, Tebar WR, Barros MVG, Ritti-Dias RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>74</fpage>
      <lpage>81</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso (FCR) pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til de triagem para o risco cardiovascular. Por&#233;m, os pontos de corte para FCR nunca foram descritos em popula&#231;&#245;es jovens.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Estabelecer os pontos de corte para FCR em adolescentes brasileiros e analisar se h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o entre pontos de corte e fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A amostra foi composta por 6.794 adolescentes (de 10 a 19 anos). A press&#227;o arterial e a FCR foram avaliadas por dispositivo oscilom&#233;trico. Tamb&#233;m foram avaliados o &#237;ndice de massa corporal e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura. Foi adotada a curva ROC para analisar a sensibilidade e especificidade, e as associa&#231;&#245;es de FCR elevada com os fatores de risco cardiovascular foram analisadas por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria. Foi considerado estatisticamente significante um valor de p &lt; 0,05 para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os valores m&#233;dios da FCR eram mais altos entre os participantes de 10 a 14 anos do naqueles de 15 a 19 anos, em meninos (p &lt; 0,001) e meninas (&lt; 0,001). Os pontos de corte de FCR propostos para detec&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular foram significativos para meninos de 10 a 14 (&gt; 92 bpm) e de 15 a 19 anos (&gt; 82 bpm) e para meninas de 15 a 19 anos (&gt; 82 bpm) (p &lt; 0,05 para todos), enquanto nenhum ponto de corte foi identificado para as meninas de 10 a 14 anos (p &gt; 0,05). Os pontos de corte propostos para a FCR foram associados com obesidade abdominal, sobrepeso e press&#227;o arterial elevada em meninos e meninas. Os pontos de corte da FCR foram associados ao conjunto de fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os pontes de corte propostos para a FCR foram associados com os fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos Transversais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso (FCR) &#233; uma medida acess&#237;vel que reflete o equil&#237;brio entre o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A FCR elevada tem sido associada a eventos cardiovasculares adversos e &#224; mortalidade em adultos.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Tem sido associada tamb&#233;m &#224; press&#227;o arterial elevada, &#224; obesidade abdominal e ao sobrepeso<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>-<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> A FCR elevada na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia parece rastrear o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular at&#233; a idade adulta.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Portanto, essa medida pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til de triagem de risco cardiovascular em popula&#231;&#245;es jovens.</p>
      <p>Em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, a FCR diminui com a idade e &#233; dependente do sexo.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>-<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Devido a isso, estudos realizados pelo <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> (NHANES 1999-2008) nos Estados Unidos,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> um estudo internacional,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> e a <italic>German Health Interview and Examination Survey on Children and Adolescents </italic>(KiGGS) t&#234;m apresentado percentis para FCR por idade e sexo, para crian&#231;as e jovens com idades de 3 a 17 anos.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar dos percentis fornecidos por estudos anteriores, nunca foram descritos os pontos de corte para FCR, o que seria uma abordagem cl&#237;nica mais interessante para melhorar a utilidade desse marcador.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>-<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, quase todos os estudos foram realizados em pa&#237;ses de alta renda,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> e n&#227;o se sabe se tais resultados poderiam ser extrapolados para adolescentes que vivem em pa&#237;ses de renda baixa a m&#233;dia (por exemplo, o Brasil). Desta maneira, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi o de estabelecer os pontos de corte da FCR em adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos. A an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria visou explorar se esses pontos de corte estavam associados a fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e amostra do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo transversal foi realizado a partir das bases de dados de tr&#234;s estudos de base escolar das seguintes popula&#231;&#245;es: 1) alunos de 14 a 19 anos da rede p&#250;blica de ensino do estado de Pernambuco (Regi&#227;o Nordeste);<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> 2) alunos de 10 a 17 anos da rede p&#250;blica de ensino da cidade de Londrina (Paran&#225;, Regi&#227;o Sul);<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> e um estudo envolvendo alunos de 10 a 17 anos de escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas da cidade de Presidente Prudente (S&#227;o Paulo, Regi&#227;o Sudeste).<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Portanto, a popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo do presente estudo foram alunos de 10 a 19 anos de idade. Os tr&#234;s estudos foram aprovados pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica da Universidade de Pernambuco, da Universidade Estadual de Londrina e da Universidade Estadual Paulista, de acordo com as Diretrizes do Sistema Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa. Os procedimentos dos estudos foram descritos anteriormente.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ambos os estudos tinham crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o semelhantes, tais como aus&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou defici&#234;ncia neurol&#243;gica ou mental conhecidos. Para as medidas cardiovasculares (FCR e press&#227;o arterial), os adolescentes foram exclu&#237;dos se relatassem qualquer um dos seguintes fatores: uso de &#225;lcool, uso de qualquer forma de tabaco e/ou drogas il&#237;citas ou realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico no dia da medi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram consideradas vari&#225;veis comportamentais como n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e comportamento n&#227;o saud&#225;vel no presente estudo devido &#224;s diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas nos instrumentos utilizados entre os estudos. Portanto, no presente estudo, foram compiladas apenas vari&#225;veis biol&#243;gicas como sexo, idade, press&#227;o arterial, FCR e medidas antropom&#233;tricas (peso, altura e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura) que foram obtidas utilizando procedimentos semelhantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso - Preditores</title>
        <p>Foram obtidas as medi&#231;&#245;es da FCR utilizando o dispositivo de monitoramento de press&#227;o arterial Omron HEM 742 (Omron, Xangai, China), que foi previamente validado.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s aproximadamente 30 minutos de repouso (tempo aproximado para responder ao question&#225;rio) e um per&#237;odo de pelo menos cinco minutos na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, todos os adolescentes tiveram sua FCR medida tr&#234;s vezes, sendo as duas &#250;ltimas medidas consideradas para an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o Arterial</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi medida com o dispositivo Omron HEM 742 (Omron, Xangai, China).<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Cada adolescente permaneceu na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada durante pelo menos cinco minutos, com as pernas descruzadas. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida no bra&#231;o direito, com manguito de tamanho adequado posicionado na altura do cora&#231;&#227;o. Para an&#225;lise, foram consideradas as m&#233;dias das &#250;ltimas duas medidas, e os adolescentes foram classificados como tendo press&#227;o arterial elevada quando a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica foi igual ou maior que o percentil 95 de refer&#234;ncia para sexo, idade e altura.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sobrepeso e obesidade abdominal</title>
          <p>A altura e o peso foram obtidos com os adolescentes descal&#231;os e sem casacos por meio de estadi&#244;metro e balan&#231;a autom&#225;tica, respectivamente. O sobrepeso foi determinado conforme proposto por Cole et al.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi obtida na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica na altura do umbigo utilizando uma fita de tens&#227;o constante, e os adolescentes com valores de circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura acima do percentil 80 referente para sexo e idade foram considerados com obesidade abdominal.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conjunto de fatores de risco cardiovascular</title>
          <p>O agrupamento dos fatores de risco cardiovascular foi determinado pela soma de obesidade abdominal, sobrepeso e press&#227;o arterial elevada. Para an&#225;lise, foram inclu&#237;dos apenas adolescentes com todas as informa&#231;&#245;es, e a pontua&#231;&#227;o do conjunto variou de 0 a 3.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os tr&#234;s bancos de dados foram compilados por um &#250;nico pesquisador em uma planilha de dados usando o software SPSS/PASW (IBM Corp, New York, EUA) e os poss&#237;veis erros foram verificados por um segundo pesquisador independente. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi analisada por an&#225;lise gr&#225;fica (histograma). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram resumidas como m&#233;dias, desvio padr&#227;o e percentis, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram resumidas como frequ&#234;ncia relativa. Foram realizadas as compara&#231;&#245;es de idade e FCR entre os sexos usando o teste t independente, enquanto o teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas (obesidade abdominal, sobrepeso, press&#227;o arterial elevada e o conjunto de fatores de risco cardiovascular).</p>
          <p>A sensibilidade e especificidade da FCR na detec&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular foram realizadas usando a curva de ROC. A associa&#231;&#227;o da FCR elevada e os fatores de risco cardiovascular separados ou em conjunto foi realizada pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria. O intervalo de confian&#231;a adotado foi de 95% e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi de 5%. Os pacotes estat&#237;sticos usados foram SPSS e Medcalc.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O n&#250;mero de adolescentes eleg&#237;veis, avaliados e exclu&#237;dos foi descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Desta maneira, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 6.794 adolescentes (4.040 meninas e 2.754 meninos) com m&#233;dia de idade de 16,0 &#177; 1,8 anos. As caracter&#237;sticas dos adolescentes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>. As meninas apresentaram maior FCR e obesidade abdominal, enquanto os meninos apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevada.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais de adolescentes brasileiros de acordo com sexo, em 2011 (n = 6.794)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total</th>
                <th>Meninos (n=2.754)</th>
                <th>Meninas (n=4.040)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">16,0 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">16,0 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">16,0 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,427<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">78,4 &#177; 12,8</td>
                <td align="center">74,4 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">81,1 &#177; 12,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup>a</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade abdominal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20,7</td>
                <td align="center">16,5</td>
                <td align="center">23,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup>b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17,9</td>
                <td align="center">18,0</td>
                <td align="center">17,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,842<sup> b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial elevada (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16,6</td>
                <td align="center">24,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup> b </sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fatores de risco (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>b</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">66,1</td>
                <td align="center">64,5</td>
                <td align="center">67,2</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0,001<sup> b</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Um</td>
                <td align="center">17,6</td>
                <td align="center">19,0</td>
                <td align="center">16,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dois</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tr&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>bpm: batimentos por minuto; <sup>a</sup>: t teste independente; <sup>b</sup>: teste do qui-quadrado.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os percentis da FCR de adolescentes por idade e sexo s&#227;o mostrados na <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> e na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>. A FCR m&#233;dia para meninos de 10 a 14 anos foi maior do que em meninos de 15 a 19 anos (80,7 &#177; 13,0 bpm versus 73,0 &#177; 12,0 bpm, p &lt; 0,001). A FCR m&#233;dia para meninas de 10 a 14 anos tamb&#233;m foi maior do que para meninas de 15 a 19 anos (83,8 &#177; 13,0 bpm versus 80,6 &#177; 12,0 bpm, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso suavizada para adolescentes brasileiros de sexo masculino e feminino (n = 6.794). bpm: batimentos por minuto.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0074-00111-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; M&#233;dio &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e valores dos percentis para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso em adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos de idade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="2">Idade (anos)</th>
                <th rowspan="2">M&#233;dio &#177; DP</th>
                <th colspan="9">Percentis para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>1</th>
                <th>2,5</th>
                <th>5</th>
                <th>10</th>
                <th>50</th>
                <th>90</th>
                <th>95</th>
                <th>97,5</th>
                <th>99</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="10">
                  <bold>Meninos (n=2.754)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">85,3 &#177; 14,6</td>
                <td align="center">61,4</td>
                <td align="center">64,9</td>
                <td align="center">68,1</td>
                <td align="center">72,1</td>
                <td align="center">83,0</td>
                <td align="center">108,4</td>
                <td align="center">115,2</td>
                <td align="center">121,4</td>
                <td align="center">129,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">85,7 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">58,7</td>
                <td align="center">62,1</td>
                <td align="center">65,2</td>
                <td align="center">69,0</td>
                <td align="center">87,5</td>
                <td align="center">104,4</td>
                <td align="center">110,9</td>
                <td align="center">117,0</td>
                <td align="center">124,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">84,4 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">56,3</td>
                <td align="center">59,6</td>
                <td align="center">62,6</td>
                <td align="center">66,3</td>
                <td align="center">83,5</td>
                <td align="center">100,7</td>
                <td align="center">107,1</td>
                <td align="center">113,0</td>
                <td align="center">120,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">80,7 &#177; 11,3</td>
                <td align="center">54,3</td>
                <td align="center">57,5</td>
                <td align="center">60,4</td>
                <td align="center">64,0</td>
                <td align="center">79,0</td>
                <td align="center">97,3</td>
                <td align="center">103,5</td>
                <td align="center">109,3</td>
                <td align="center">116,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">77,8 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td align="center">52,7</td>
                <td align="center">55,8</td>
                <td align="center">58,6</td>
                <td align="center">62,1</td>
                <td align="center">77,8</td>
                <td align="center">94,4</td>
                <td align="center">100,4</td>
                <td align="center">106,0</td>
                <td align="center">112,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">76,1 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">51,4</td>
                <td align="center">54,4</td>
                <td align="center">57,1</td>
                <td align="center">60,5</td>
                <td align="center">75,0</td>
                <td align="center">91,8</td>
                <td align="center">97,7</td>
                <td align="center">103,1</td>
                <td align="center">109,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">73,4 &#177; 12,5</td>
                <td align="center">50,4</td>
                <td align="center">53,3</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">59,2</td>
                <td align="center">73,4</td>
                <td align="center">89,6</td>
                <td align="center">95,3</td>
                <td align="center">100,5</td>
                <td align="center">107,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">72,1 &#177; 12,0</td>
                <td align="center">49,7</td>
                <td align="center">52,5</td>
                <td align="center">55,1</td>
                <td align="center">58,3</td>
                <td align="center">71,0</td>
                <td align="center">87,8</td>
                <td align="center">93,3</td>
                <td align="center">98,3</td>
                <td align="center">104,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">70,7 &#177; 11,5</td>
                <td align="center">49,3</td>
                <td align="center">52,1</td>
                <td align="center">56,6</td>
                <td align="center">57,7</td>
                <td align="center">70,0</td>
                <td align="center">86,4</td>
                <td align="center">91,6</td>
                <td align="center">96,5</td>
                <td align="center">102,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">72,3 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">49,8</td>
                <td align="center">54,6</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">60,0</td>
                <td align="center">70,0</td>
                <td align="center">86,0</td>
                <td align="center">90,0</td>
                <td align="center">99,4</td>
                <td align="center">111,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="10">
                  <bold>Meninas (n=4.040)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">85,9 &#177; 11,5</td>
                <td align="center">61,3</td>
                <td align="center">64,5</td>
                <td align="center">67,6</td>
                <td align="center">71,3</td>
                <td align="center">86,0</td>
                <td align="center">106,2</td>
                <td align="center">112,7</td>
                <td align="center">118,8</td>
                <td align="center">126,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">86,4 &#177; 12,4</td>
                <td align="center">60,2</td>
                <td align="center">63,4</td>
                <td align="center">66,4</td>
                <td align="center">70,0</td>
                <td align="center">84,0</td>
                <td align="center">104,2</td>
                <td align="center">110,7</td>
                <td align="center">116,7</td>
                <td align="center">124,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">87,0 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">59,3</td>
                <td align="center">62,5</td>
                <td align="center">65,4</td>
                <td align="center">68,9</td>
                <td align="center">85,5</td>
                <td align="center">102,4</td>
                <td align="center">108,7</td>
                <td align="center">114,6</td>
                <td align="center">121,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">83,4 &#177; 14,8</td>
                <td align="center">58,6</td>
                <td align="center">61,7</td>
                <td align="center">64,6</td>
                <td align="center">68,0</td>
                <td align="center">81,0</td>
                <td align="center">100,8</td>
                <td align="center">106,9</td>
                <td align="center">112,6</td>
                <td align="center">119,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">82,1 &#177; 12,0</td>
                <td align="center">58,1</td>
                <td align="center">61,1</td>
                <td align="center">63,9</td>
                <td align="center">67,3</td>
                <td align="center">81,0</td>
                <td align="center">99,2</td>
                <td align="center">105,2</td>
                <td align="center">110,7</td>
                <td align="center">117,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">82,2 &#177; 12,9</td>
                <td align="center">57,7</td>
                <td align="center">60,7</td>
                <td align="center">63,4</td>
                <td align="center">66,8</td>
                <td align="center">81,0</td>
                <td align="center">97,8</td>
                <td align="center">103,6</td>
                <td align="center">109,0</td>
                <td align="center">115,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">80,1 &#177; 11,4</td>
                <td align="center">57,5</td>
                <td align="center">60,4</td>
                <td align="center">63,1</td>
                <td align="center">66,4</td>
                <td align="center">79,0</td>
                <td align="center">96,6</td>
                <td align="center">102,2</td>
                <td align="center">107,3</td>
                <td align="center">113,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">80,5 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">57,5</td>
                <td align="center">60,4</td>
                <td align="center">63,0</td>
                <td align="center">66,2</td>
                <td align="center">79,0</td>
                <td align="center">95,5</td>
                <td align="center">100,9</td>
                <td align="center">105,8</td>
                <td align="center">112,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">79,4 &#177; 11,5</td>
                <td align="center">57,7</td>
                <td align="center">60,5</td>
                <td align="center">63,0</td>
                <td align="center">66,2</td>
                <td align="center">78,0</td>
                <td align="center">94,5</td>
                <td align="center">99,7</td>
                <td align="center">104,5</td>
                <td align="center">110,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">80,1 &#177; 11,5</td>
                <td align="center">54,0</td>
                <td align="center">59,3</td>
                <td align="center">63,6</td>
                <td align="center">67,0</td>
                <td align="center">79,0</td>
                <td align="center">95,9</td>
                <td align="center">102,5</td>
                <td align="center">107,0</td>
                <td align="center">112,7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os pontos de corte propostos para a detec&#231;&#227;o de FCR elevada em ambos os sexos de acordo com a idade s&#227;o apresentados na <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>. Para meninas de 10 a 14 anos, a &#225;rea sob a curva n&#227;o foi significante no ponto de corte encontrado (p &gt; 0,05), enquanto para meninos (de 10 a 14 e de 15 a 19 anos) e meninas de 15 a 19 anos, a &#225;rea sob a curva foi significante (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Pontos de corte propostos e indicadores da curva de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor de detec&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso para fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes (n = 6.773)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Corte</th>
                <th>AUC</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>Sensibilidade</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Especificidade</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Meninos 10 a 14 anos</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;92</td>
                <td align="center">0,632</td>
                <td align="center">0,588 &#8211; 0,675</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">44,44</td>
                <td align="center">25,5 &#8211; 64,7</td>
                <td align="center">81,00</td>
                <td align="center">77,1 &#8211; 84,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Meninos 15 a 19 anos</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;82</td>
                <td align="center">0,633</td>
                <td align="center">0,612 &#8211; 0,653</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">35,96</td>
                <td align="center">26,1 &#8211; 46,8</td>
                <td align="center">82,67</td>
                <td align="center">81,0 &#8211; 84,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Meninas 10 a 14 anos</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;94</td>
                <td align="center">0,528</td>
                <td align="center">0,486 &#8211; 0,570</td>
                <td align="center">0,635</td>
                <td align="center">32,14</td>
                <td align="center">15,9 &#8211; 52,4</td>
                <td align="center">80,78</td>
                <td align="center">77,2 &#8211; 84,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Meninas 15 a 19 anos</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;82</td>
                <td align="center">0,709</td>
                <td align="center">0,693 &#8211; 0,724</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">75,86</td>
                <td align="center">65,5 &#8211; 84,4</td>
                <td align="center">58,43</td>
                <td align="center">56,7 &#8211; 60,1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; FCR: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> mostra as associa&#231;&#245;es entre os pontos de corte da FCR e os fatores de risco cardiovascular. Em meninos de 10 a 14 anos, a FCR elevada foi associada com a obesidade abdominal e o sobrepeso. Em meninos de 15 a 19 anos, a FCR elevada foi associada com a obesidade abdominal, o sobrepeso e a press&#227;o arterial elevada. Em meninas de 15 a 19 anos, a FCR elevada foi associada com a obesidade abdominal, o sobrepeso e a press&#227;o arterial elevada. Al&#233;m disso, em meninos e meninas (de 15 a 19 anos), os pontos de corte da FCR foram associados ao conjunto de fatores de risco cardiovascular (<xref rid="t5" ref-type="table">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises brutas e ajustadas da associa&#231;&#227;o entre pontos de corte para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso e fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" scope="col">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
                <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Modelos</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">FCR elevada<sup>a</sup></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">RC (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Meninos (10 a 14 anos)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Obesidade abdominal (n&#227;o = refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td>Bruto</td>
                <td colspan="2">2,46 (1,60 &#8211; 3,79)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ajustado</td>
                <td colspan="2">2,37 (1,53 &#8211; 3,68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sobrepeso (n&#227;o = refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td>Bruto</td>
                <td colspan="2">2,06 (1,38 &#8211; 3,10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ajustado</td>
                <td colspan="2">1,87 (1,23 &#8211; 2,83)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial elevada (n&#227;o = refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td>Bruto</td>
                <td colspan="2">1,45 (0,93 &#8211; 2,26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ajustado</td>
                <td colspan="2">1,42 (0,90 &#8211; 2,23)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Meninos (15 a 19 anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Obesidade abdominal (n&#227;o = refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">Bruto</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,89 (1,27 &#8211; 2,82)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ajustado</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,85 (1,24 &#8211; 2,76)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Sobrepeso (n&#227;o = refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">Bruto</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,88 (1,27 &#8211; 2,78)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ajustado</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,89 (1,28 &#8211; 2,80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial elevada (n&#227;o = refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">Bruto</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">2,83 (2,01 &#8211; 3,98)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ajustado</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">3,00 (2,12 &#8211; 4,23)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Meninas (15 a 19 anos)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Obesidade abdominal (n&#227;o = refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">Bruto</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,22 (1,04 &#8211; 1,43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ajustado</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,26 (1,07 - 1,47)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Sobrepeso (n&#227;o = refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">Bruto</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,26 (1,05 &#8211; 1,50)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ajustado</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,27 (1,06 &#8211; 1,51)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial elevada (n&#227;o = refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">Bruto</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">2,86 (2,28 &#8211; 3,59)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ajustado</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">2,82 (2,25 &#8211; 3,54)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>Ajustado por idade, per&#237;odo do dia. FCR: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RC: raz&#227;o de chances. <sup>a</sup> FCR elevada: meninos de 10 a 14 anos: &gt; 83 bpm; meninos de 15 a 19 anos: &gt; 92 bpm; meninas de 10 a 14 anos: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel; meninas de 15 a 19 anos: &gt; 82 bpm.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises ajustadas da associa&#231;&#227;o entre pontos de corte para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso e agrupamento de fatores de risco cardiovascular em conjuntos em adolescentes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Fatores de risco</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">FCR elevada<sup>a</sup></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">RC (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Meninos (10 a 14 anos)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Um</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,50 &#8211; 1,49)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dois</td>
                <td align="center">2,48 (1,43 &#8211; 4,28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tr&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">2,33 (1,20 &#8211; 4,52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Meninos (15 a 19 anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Um</td>
                <td align="center">3,14 (2,12 &#8211; 4,67)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dois</td>
                <td align="center">2,22 (1,26 &#8211; 3,90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tr&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">3,72 (2,12 &#8211; 6,54)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Meninas (15 a 19 anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Um</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (1,11 &#8211; 1,60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dois</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 (1,01 &#8211; 1,54)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tr&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">3,70 (2,47 &#8211; 5,53)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>Ajustado por idade, per&#237;odo do dia. FCR: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RC: raz&#227;o de chances. <sup>a</sup> FCR elevada: meninos de 10 a 14 anos: &gt; 83 bpm; meninos de 15 a 19 anos: &gt; 92 bpm; meninas de 10 a 14 anos: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel; meninas de 15 a 19 anos: &gt; 82 bpm.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais achados do presente estudo foram: a) os pontos de corte da FCR apresentam alta especificidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular em meninos de 10 a 14 e de 15 a 19 anos; b) em meninas de 15 a 19 anos, os pontos de corte da FCR t&#234;m alta sensibilidade na detec&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular, enquanto o ponto de corte n&#227;o p&#244;de ser estabelecido em meninas de 10 a 14 anos; c) os pontos de corte da FCR identificados foram associados ao conjunto de fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, houve decl&#237;nio da FCR com o aumento da idade, de modo semelhante a outros estudos.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Isto pode ser explicado pela melhoria da sensibilidade barorreflexa e da fun&#231;&#227;o neural com a matura&#231;&#227;o sexual.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> De fato, durante a matura&#231;&#227;o ocorre um aumento progressivo da atividade card&#237;aca parassimp&#225;tica em rela&#231;&#227;o a atividade simp&#225;tica,<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> resultando em menor FCR no final da adolesc&#234;ncia.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A FCR diferiu entre meninos e meninas de 15 a 19 anos (meninos: 73,0 &#177; 12,0 bpm versus meninas: 80,6 &#177; 12,0 bpm), corroborando com estudos anteriores.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Tais diferen&#231;as podem ser causadas pela maior adiposidade nas meninas.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores tamb&#233;m mostraram que tanto a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria quanto os n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica s&#227;o mais elevados em meninos do que em meninas,<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> e estes fatores est&#227;o diretamente relacionados ao controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>-<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores reportaram valores de refer&#234;ncia da FCR em crian&#231;as e adolescentes do nascimento aos 18 anos de idade, incluindo uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica envolvendo 143.346 participantes, que mostrou valores medianos de 123 bpm em adolescentes de 12 a 18 anos.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Outros estudos que analisaram grandes popula&#231;&#245;es nacionais, como o KiGGS<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> e o NHANES,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> observaram valores medianos da FCR, em toda a faixa et&#225;ria, variando entre 69 e 104 bpm para meninos e 74 e 108 bpm para meninas. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com esses estudos, observamos uma FCR mais homog&#234;nea (valores medianos de 70 a 83 bpm para meninos e 79 a 86 bpm para meninas), o que pode ser explicado pelo menor amplitude de faixa et&#225;ria inclu&#237;da no estudo.</p>
      <p>A principal novidade do presente estudo foi a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pontos de corte para a FCR em adolescentes. Tais pontos foram associados a importantes fatores de risco cardiovascular, tais como, a obesidade abdominal, o sobrepeso e a press&#227;o arterial elevada, condi&#231;&#245;es diretamente relacionadas com o controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco. Isso Explica, pelo menos em parte, a associa&#231;&#227;o desses fatores com a FCR. Da mesma forma, os pontos de corte da FCR tamb&#233;m foram associados ao conjunto de fatores de risco cardiovascular independentemente do sexo, indicando que o ac&#250;mulo de fatores de risco leva a maiores altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Os principais pontos fortes do presente estudo s&#227;o o tamanho da amostra relativamente grande, a inclus&#227;o de uma ampla faixa et&#225;ria, o uso de uma t&#233;cnica automatizada para medi&#231;&#245;es da FCR para evitar vi&#233;s do observador e o fato de que a an&#225;lise de dados foi realizada por um &#250;nico pesquisador de maneira cega. Ademais, adolescentes com condi&#231;oes ou medicamentos que influenciam a FCR foram exclu&#237;dos. Apesar destes pontos fortes, o estudo presente apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que precisam ser consideradas. Primeiro, tivemos apenas uma &#250;nica avalia&#231;&#227;o de FCR. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar o est&#225;gio maturacional. Portanto, estudos futuros dever&#227;o considerar a matura&#231;&#227;o sexual dos adolescentes. O delineamento transversal deste estudo constitui uma limita&#231;&#227;o, pois n&#227;o se pode inferir causalidade, o que torna necess&#225;rio estudos longitudinais para validar os pontos de corte encontrados. Embora este seja o primeiro estudo com pontos de corte em adolescentes brasileiros, analisamos poucas regi&#245;es do Brasil, sendo necess&#225;rios mais estudos multic&#234;ntricos. Por &#250;ltimo, como outros potenciais confundidores que podem afetar a FCR (tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool e exerc&#237;cio antes da medi&#231;&#227;o) n&#227;o foram controlados, n&#227;o se pode desconsiderar a sua influ&#234;ncia. Apesar disso, estudos anteriores tamb&#233;m adotaram uma estrat&#233;gia semelhante.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo identificou como pontos de corte para a FCR &gt; 92 bpm para meninos de 10 a 14 anos, &gt; 82 bpm para meninos de 15 a 19 anos e &gt; 82 para meninas de 15 a 19 anos, e demonstrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre estes pontos de corte e o conjunto de fatores de risco cardiovascular. Estes pontos de corte podem auxiliar m&#233;dicos e outros profissionais de sa&#250;de a interpretar e classificar o risco cardiovascular, utilizando uma medida simples, f&#225;cil e de baixo custo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart rate variability and its relationship with central and general obesity in obese normotensive adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Einstein (Sao Paulo)</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>285</fpage>
          <lpage>290</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Palmeira AC, Farah BQ, Soares AHG, Cavalcante BR, Christofaro DGD, Barros MVG, et al. Association between Leisure Time and Commuting Physical Activities with Heart Rate Variability in Male Adolescents. Ver Paul Pediatr. 2017;35(3):302-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Palmeira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farah</surname>
              <given-names>BQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>AHG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christofaro</surname>
              <given-names>DGD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barros</surname>
              <given-names>MVG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between Leisure Time and Commuting Physical Activities with Heart Rate Variability in Male Adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Ver Paul Pediatr</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>302</fpage>
          <lpage>308</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Farah BQ, Barros MV, Balagopal B, Ritti-Dias RM. Heart rate variability and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescent boys. J Pediatr. 2014;165(5):945-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Farah</surname>
              <given-names>BQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barros</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balagopal</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart rate variability and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescent boys</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>165</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>945</fpage>
          <lpage>950</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq e parcialmente financiado pela CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sensitivity and Specificity of Cutoff Points of Resting Heart Rate from 6,794 Brazilian Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2286-5892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Quintella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Christofaro</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Giulliano Destro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8559-7752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade-Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Alu&#237;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0327-4739</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Germano-Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6192-4667</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tebar</surname>
            <given-names>William Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Virg&#237;lio Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7883-6746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritti-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa Associado de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica UPE/UFPB, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Adress: Breno Quintella Farah </bold>&#8226; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - R. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n. Postal Code 52171-900, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: brenofarah@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Farah BQ, Christofaro DGD, Barros MVG, Ritti-Dias RM; Acquisition of data: Farah BQ, Christofaro DGD, Tebar WR, Ritti-Dias RM; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Farah BQ, Christofaro DGD, Ritti-Dias RM; Obtaining financing: Christofaro DGD, Barros MVG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Farah BQ, Christofaro DGD, Andrade-Lima A, Germano-Soares AH, Tebar WR, Barros MVG, Ritti-Dias RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Resting heart rate (RHR) may be a useful screening tool for cardiovascular risk. However, RHR cutoff points, an interesting clinical approach, have never been described in young populations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To establish RHR cutoff points in Brazilian adolescents and to analyze whether cutoff points are associated with cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The sample was composed of 6,794 adolescents (10 to 19 years old). Blood pressure and RHR were assessed by oscillometric device. Body mass index and waist circumference were also assessed. Receiver operating characteristic curve was adopted to analyze the sensitivity and specificity, and associations of high RHR with cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed by binary logistic regression. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all the analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Mean RHR values were higher among participants ages 10 to 14 years than 15 to 19 years, for boys (p &lt; 0.001) and girls (&lt; 0.001). The proposed RHR cutoff points for cardiovascular risk factors detection were significant for boys ages 10 to 14 (&gt; 92 bpm) and 15 to 19 years (&gt; 82 bpm), as well as for girls ages 15 to 19 years (&gt; 82 bpm) (p &lt; 0.05 for all), whereas no cutoff point was identified for girls ages 10 to 14 years (p &gt; 0.05). Proposed RHR cutoff points were associated with abdominal obesity, overweight, and high blood pressure in boys in girls. RHR cutoff points were associated with the cluster of cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents ages 15 to 19 years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The proposed RHR cutoff points were associated with cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposity</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Cross-Sectional Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Resting heart rate (RHR) is an accessible measure that reflects the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Elevated RHR has been associated with adverse cardiovascular disease events and mortality in adults.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> It has also been associated with high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, and overweight,<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>-<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> including in children and adolescents.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Elevated RHR in childhood and adolescence seems to track long-term risk of cardiovascular disease to adulthood.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Therefore, RHR may be a useful screening tool for cardiovascular risk in young populations.</p>
        <p>In children and adolescents, RHR decreases with age and is sex dependent.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>-<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Thus, RHR percentiles derived in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2008) in the United States,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> an international study,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> and the German Health Interview and Examination Survey on Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) have presented RHR percentiles by age and sex, from the ages of 3 to 17 years.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the percentiles provided in previous studies, RHR cutoff points, which would be a more interesting clinical approach to improve the usefulness of this marker,<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>-<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> have never been described. Likewise, as almost all of the studies were conducted in high-income countries,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> it is still unknown whether such results can be extrapolated for adolescents living in low- to middle-income countries (e.g., Brazil). Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to establish RHR cutoff points in 10 to 19 year olds. Secondary analysis aimed to explore whether these critical values were associated with cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and sample</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study was performed using the databases from three school-based studies in the following populations: 1) students ages 14 to 19 years from the public school system in the state of Pernambuco (Northeast Region of Brazil)<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>; 2) students ages 10 to 17 years from the public school system in the city of Londrina (state of Paran&#225;, South Region of Brazil);<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> and students ages 10 to 17 years from both public and private schools in the city of Presidente Prudente (state of S&#227;o Paulo, Southeast Region of Brazil).<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Therefore, the target population in the current study was students ages 10 to 19 years old. The three studies were approved by the ethics committees of the University of Pernambuco, Londrina State University, and S&#227;o Paulo State University, in compliance with the Brazilian National Research Ethics System Guidelines. The study procedures have been previously described.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Both studies had similar inclusion criteria, such as without known diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, or neurological or mental disabilities. Due to cardiovascular measures (RHR and blood pressure), adolescents were excluded if they reported any of the following: alcohol use, use of any form of tobacco and/or illicit drugs, and participation in any physical exercise training on the day of measurement.</p>
          <p>Behavioral variables such as physical activity level and unhealthy behavior were not considered in the present study due to methodological differences in the instruments used among studies. Therefore, only biological variables such as sex, age, blood pressure, RHR, and anthropometric measurements (weight, height, and waist circumference) with similar procedures were compiled in the current study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resting heart rate - Predictors</title>
          <p>RHR measurements were obtained using the Omron HEM 742 blood pressure monitoring device (Omron, Shangai, China), which has been previously validated <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup>. After approximately 30 minutes at rest (approximate time to answer the questionnaire) and a period of at least five minutes in a seated position, all adolescents had their RHR measured three times, and the last two measurements were considered for analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Blood pressure</title>
            <p>Blood pressure was measured using the Omron HEM 742 blood pressure monitoring device (Omron, Shanghai, China).<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Each adolescent rested in a seated position for at least five minutes, with legs uncrossed. Blood pressure was measured in the right arm placed at the heart level, with an appropriate cuff size. For analysis, the means of the two last measurements were considered, and adolescents were classified as having high blood pressure if they had systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure equal to or greater than the reference sex-, age-, and height-specific 95th percentile.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Overweight and abdominal obesity</title>
            <p>Height and weight were obtained from adolescents without shoes and coats using a stadiometer and an autonomic scale, respectively. Overweight was determined as proposed by Cole et al.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Waist circumference was obtained in the standing position at the level of the umbilicus using a constant tension tape, and adolescents with waist circumference values above the 80th percentile considering sex and age were considered as having abdominal obesity.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Cluster of cardiovascular risk factors</title>
            <p>The clustering of cardiovascular risk factors was determined by the sum of abdominal obesity, overweight, and high blood pressure. For analysis, only adolescents with all information were included and the cluster score ranged from 0 to 3.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The three databases were compiled by a single researcher in a data sheet using SPSS/PASW software (IBM Corp, New York, USA) and possible errors were checked by a second independent researcher. Normal distribution was analyzed by graphical analysis (histogram). Continuous variables were summarized as means, with standard deviation and percentiles, whereas categorical variables were summarized as relative frequency. Comparisons of age and RHR between sexes were performed using independent t test, whereas the chi-square test was used for comparing categorical variables (abdominal obesity, overweight, high blood pressure, and Cluster of cardiovascular risk factors).</p>
        <p>The sensitivity and specificity of RHR in the detection of cardiovascular risk factors was performed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The association between the adolescents classified with high RHR and the cardiovascular risk factors separated or in the form of a cluster was enhanced by binary logistic regression. The confidence interval adopted was 95%, and the statistical significance was 5%. The statistical packages used were SPSS and Medcalc. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The number of adolescents available, evaluated, and excluded was described previously.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Thus, a total of 6,794 adolescents (4,040 girls and 2,754 boys) with a mean age of 16.0 &#177; 1.8 years old were included in the study. Characteristics of adolescents are shown in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. Girls showed higher RHR and abdominal obesity, whereas boys had a higher prevalence of high blood pressure.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; General characteristics of Brazilian adolescents by sex, in 2011 (n = 6,794)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>Boys (n=2,754)</th>
                  <th>Girls (n=4,040)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.0 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">16.0 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">16.0 &#177; 1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.427<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Resting heart rate (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">78.4 &#177; 12.8</td>
                  <td align="center">74.4 &#177; 12.6</td>
                  <td align="center">81.1 &#177; 12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abdominal obesity (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.7</td>
                  <td align="center">16.5</td>
                  <td align="center">23.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.9</td>
                  <td align="center">18.0</td>
                  <td align="center">17.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.842<sup> b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High blood pressure (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.6</td>
                  <td align="center">24.0</td>
                  <td align="center">11.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup> b </sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Risk factors (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>b</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>None</td>
                  <td align="center">66.1</td>
                  <td align="center">64.5</td>
                  <td align="center">67.2</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt;0.001<sup> b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>One</td>
                  <td align="center">17.6</td>
                  <td align="center">19.0</td>
                  <td align="center">16.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Two</td>
                  <td align="center">11.3</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Three</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>bpm: beats per minute; <sup>a</sup>: independent t test; <sup>b</sup>: Chi-square test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Smoothed RHR percentiles from adolescents by age and sex are shown in <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> and <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>. Mean RHR for boys ages 10 to 14 was higher than in boys ages 15 to 19 (80.7 &#177; 13.0 bpm versus 73.0 &#177; 12.0 bpm, p &lt; 0.001). Mean RHR for girls ages 10 to 14 was also higher than in girls ages 15 to 19 (83.8 &#177; 13.0 bpm versus 80.6 &#177; 12.0 bpm, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Smoothed resting heart rate for Brazilian adolescent boys and girls (n = 6,794). bpm: beats per minute.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0074-00111-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mean &#177; standard deviation and percentile values for resting heart rate in adolescents ages 10 to 19 years</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Age (years)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  <th colspan="9">Resting heart rate percentiles</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>1</th>
                  <th>2.5</th>
                  <th>5</th>
                  <th>10</th>
                  <th>50</th>
                  <th>90</th>
                  <th>95</th>
                  <th>97.5</th>
                  <th>99</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="10">
                    <bold>Boys (n=2,754)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">85.3 &#177; 14.6</td>
                  <td align="center">61.4</td>
                  <td align="center">64.9</td>
                  <td align="center">68.1</td>
                  <td align="center">72.1</td>
                  <td align="center">83.0</td>
                  <td align="center">108.4</td>
                  <td align="center">115.2</td>
                  <td align="center">121.4</td>
                  <td align="center">129.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">85.7 &#177; 12.6</td>
                  <td align="center">58.7</td>
                  <td align="center">62.1</td>
                  <td align="center">65.2</td>
                  <td align="center">69.0</td>
                  <td align="center">87.5</td>
                  <td align="center">104.4</td>
                  <td align="center">110.9</td>
                  <td align="center">117.0</td>
                  <td align="center">124.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">84.4 &#177; 13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">56.3</td>
                  <td align="center">59.6</td>
                  <td align="center">62.6</td>
                  <td align="center">66.3</td>
                  <td align="center">83.5</td>
                  <td align="center">100.7</td>
                  <td align="center">107.1</td>
                  <td align="center">113.0</td>
                  <td align="center">120.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">80.7 &#177; 11.3</td>
                  <td align="center">54.3</td>
                  <td align="center">57.5</td>
                  <td align="center">60.4</td>
                  <td align="center">64.0</td>
                  <td align="center">79.0</td>
                  <td align="center">97.3</td>
                  <td align="center">103.5</td>
                  <td align="center">109.3</td>
                  <td align="center">116.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">77.8 &#177; 12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">52.7</td>
                  <td align="center">55.8</td>
                  <td align="center">58.6</td>
                  <td align="center">62.1</td>
                  <td align="center">77.8</td>
                  <td align="center">94.4</td>
                  <td align="center">100.4</td>
                  <td align="center">106.0</td>
                  <td align="center">112.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">76.1 &#177; 11.6</td>
                  <td align="center">51.4</td>
                  <td align="center">54.4</td>
                  <td align="center">57.1</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5</td>
                  <td align="center">75.0</td>
                  <td align="center">91.8</td>
                  <td align="center">97.7</td>
                  <td align="center">103.1</td>
                  <td align="center">109.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">73.4 &#177; 12.5</td>
                  <td align="center">50.4</td>
                  <td align="center">53.3</td>
                  <td align="center">56.0</td>
                  <td align="center">59.2</td>
                  <td align="center">73.4</td>
                  <td align="center">89.6</td>
                  <td align="center">95.3</td>
                  <td align="center">100.5</td>
                  <td align="center">107.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">72.1 &#177; 12.0</td>
                  <td align="center">49.7</td>
                  <td align="center">52.5</td>
                  <td align="center">55.1</td>
                  <td align="center">58.3</td>
                  <td align="center">71.0</td>
                  <td align="center">87.8</td>
                  <td align="center">93.3</td>
                  <td align="center">98.3</td>
                  <td align="center">104.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">70.7 &#177; 11.5</td>
                  <td align="center">49.3</td>
                  <td align="center">52.1</td>
                  <td align="center">56.6</td>
                  <td align="center">57.7</td>
                  <td align="center">70.0</td>
                  <td align="center">86.4</td>
                  <td align="center">91.6</td>
                  <td align="center">96.5</td>
                  <td align="center">102.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">72.3 &#177; 10.9</td>
                  <td align="center">49.8</td>
                  <td align="center">54.6</td>
                  <td align="center">56.0</td>
                  <td align="center">60.0</td>
                  <td align="center">70.0</td>
                  <td align="center">86.0</td>
                  <td align="center">90.0</td>
                  <td align="center">99.4</td>
                  <td align="center">111.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="10">
                    <bold>Girls (n=4,040)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">85.9 &#177; 11.5</td>
                  <td align="center">61.3</td>
                  <td align="center">64.5</td>
                  <td align="center">67.6</td>
                  <td align="center">71.3</td>
                  <td align="center">86.0</td>
                  <td align="center">106.2</td>
                  <td align="center">112.7</td>
                  <td align="center">118.8</td>
                  <td align="center">126.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">86.4 &#177; 12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">60,2</td>
                  <td align="center">63.4</td>
                  <td align="center">66.4</td>
                  <td align="center">70.0</td>
                  <td align="center">84.0</td>
                  <td align="center">104.2</td>
                  <td align="center">110.7</td>
                  <td align="center">116.7</td>
                  <td align="center">124.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">87.0 &#177; 13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">59,3</td>
                  <td align="center">62.5</td>
                  <td align="center">65.4</td>
                  <td align="center">68.9</td>
                  <td align="center">85.5</td>
                  <td align="center">102.4</td>
                  <td align="center">108.7</td>
                  <td align="center">114.6</td>
                  <td align="center">121.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">83.4 &#177; 14.8</td>
                  <td align="center">58.6</td>
                  <td align="center">61.7</td>
                  <td align="center">64.6</td>
                  <td align="center">68.0</td>
                  <td align="center">81.0</td>
                  <td align="center">100.8</td>
                  <td align="center">106.9</td>
                  <td align="center">112.6</td>
                  <td align="center">119.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">82.1 &#177; 12.0</td>
                  <td align="center">58.1</td>
                  <td align="center">61.1</td>
                  <td align="center">63.9</td>
                  <td align="center">67.3</td>
                  <td align="center">81.0</td>
                  <td align="center">99.2</td>
                  <td align="center">105.2</td>
                  <td align="center">110.7</td>
                  <td align="center">117.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">82.2 &#177; 12.9</td>
                  <td align="center">57.7</td>
                  <td align="center">60.7</td>
                  <td align="center">63.4</td>
                  <td align="center">66.8</td>
                  <td align="center">81.0</td>
                  <td align="center">97.8</td>
                  <td align="center">103.6</td>
                  <td align="center">109.0</td>
                  <td align="center">115.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">80.1 &#177; 11.4</td>
                  <td align="center">57.5</td>
                  <td align="center">60.4</td>
                  <td align="center">63.1</td>
                  <td align="center">66.4</td>
                  <td align="center">79.0</td>
                  <td align="center">96.6</td>
                  <td align="center">102.2</td>
                  <td align="center">107.3</td>
                  <td align="center">113.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">80.5 &#177; 12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">57.5</td>
                  <td align="center">60.4</td>
                  <td align="center">63.0</td>
                  <td align="center">66.2</td>
                  <td align="center">79.0</td>
                  <td align="center">95.5</td>
                  <td align="center">100.9</td>
                  <td align="center">105.8</td>
                  <td align="center">112.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">79.4 &#177; 11.5</td>
                  <td align="center">57.7</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5</td>
                  <td align="center">63.0</td>
                  <td align="center">66.2</td>
                  <td align="center">78.0</td>
                  <td align="center">94.5</td>
                  <td align="center">99.7</td>
                  <td align="center">104.5</td>
                  <td align="center">110.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">80.1 &#177; 11.5</td>
                  <td align="center">54.0</td>
                  <td align="center">59.3</td>
                  <td align="center">63.6</td>
                  <td align="center">67.0</td>
                  <td align="center">79.0</td>
                  <td align="center">95.9</td>
                  <td align="center">102.5</td>
                  <td align="center">107.0</td>
                  <td align="center">112.7</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SD: Standard deviation.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The proposed cutoff points and ROC curve indicators of detection of elevated RHR in both sexes according to age are shown in <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>. For girls ages 10 to 14, the area under the curve was not significant at the cutoff point found (p &gt; 0.05), whereas, for boys (10 to 14 and 15 to 19 years old) and girls ages 15 to 19, the area under the curve was significant (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Proposed cutoff points and receiver operating characteristic curve indicators of detection of resting heart rate for cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents (n = 6,773)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Cutoff</th>
                  <th>AUC</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Sensitivity</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>Specificity</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Boys 10 &#8211; 14 yo</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;92</td>
                  <td align="center">0.632</td>
                  <td align="center">0.588 &#8211; 0.675</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  <td align="center">44.44</td>
                  <td align="center">25.5 &#8211; 64.7</td>
                  <td align="center">81.00</td>
                  <td align="center">77.1 &#8211; 84.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Boys 15 &#8211; 19 yo</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;82</td>
                  <td align="center">0.633</td>
                  <td align="center">0.612 &#8211; 0.653</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">35.96</td>
                  <td align="center">26.1 &#8211; 46.8</td>
                  <td align="center">82.67</td>
                  <td align="center">81.0 &#8211; 84.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Girls 10 &#8211; 14 yo</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.528</td>
                  <td align="center">0.486 &#8211; 0.570</td>
                  <td align="center">0.635</td>
                  <td align="center">32.14</td>
                  <td align="center">15.9 &#8211; 52.4</td>
                  <td align="center">80.78</td>
                  <td align="center">77.2 &#8211; 84.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Girls 15 &#8211; 19 yo</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;82</td>
                  <td align="center">0.709</td>
                  <td align="center">0.693 &#8211; 0.724</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">75.86</td>
                  <td align="center">65.5 &#8211; 84.4</td>
                  <td align="center">58.43</td>
                  <td align="center">56.7 &#8211; 60.1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AUC: area under curve; CI: confidence interval; RHR: resting heart rate; yo: years old.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> shows the associations between RHR cutoff points and cardiovascular risk factors. In boys ages 10 to 14, there were associations between elevated RHR and abdominal obesity and overweight. In boys ages 15 to 19, there were associations between elevated RHR and abdominal obesity, overweight, and high blood pressure. In girls ages 15 to 19, as well, elevated RHR was associated with abdominal obesity, overweight, and high blood pressure. In addition, in boys and girls (ages 15 to 19), the RHR cutoff points were independently associated with the cluster of cardiovascular risk factors (<xref rid="t5001" ref-type="table">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Crude and adjusted analyses of the association among cutoff points for resting heart rate and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" scope="col">Independent variables</th>
                  <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Models</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Elevated RHR<sup>a</sup></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">OR (95% CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Boys (10 to 14 years old)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Abdominal obesity (no = reference)</td>
                  <td>Crude</td>
                  <td colspan="2">2.46 (1.60 &#8211; 3.79)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adjusted</td>
                  <td colspan="2">2.37 (1.53 &#8211; 3.68)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Overweight (no = reference)</td>
                  <td>Crude</td>
                  <td colspan="2">2.06 (1.38 &#8211; 3.10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adjusted</td>
                  <td colspan="2">1.87 (1.23 &#8211; 2.83)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">High blood pressure (no = reference)</td>
                  <td>Crude</td>
                  <td colspan="2">1.45 (0.93 &#8211; 2.26)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adjusted</td>
                  <td colspan="2">1.42 (0.90 &#8211; 2.23)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Boys (15 to 19 years old)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Abdominal obesity (no = reference)</td>
                  <td align="center">Crude</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1.89 (1.27 &#8211; 2.82)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Adjusted</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1.85 (1.24 &#8211; 2.76)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Overweight (no = reference)</td>
                  <td align="center">Crude</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1.88 (1.27 &#8211; 2.78)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Adjusted</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1.89 (1.28 &#8211; 2.80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">High blood pressure (no = reference)</td>
                  <td align="center">Crude</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">2.83 (2.01 &#8211; 3.98)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Adjusted</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">3.00 (2.12 &#8211; 4.23)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Girls (15 to 19 years old)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Abdominal obesity (no = reference)</td>
                  <td align="center">Crude</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1.22 (1.04 &#8211; 1.43)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Adjusted</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1.26 (1.07 - 1.47)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Overweight (no = reference)</td>
                  <td align="center">Crude</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1.26 (1.05 &#8211; 1.50)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Adjusted</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1.27 (1.06 &#8211; 1.51)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">High blood pressure (no = reference)</td>
                  <td align="center">Crude</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">2.86 (2.28 &#8211; 3.59)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Adjusted</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">2.82 (2.25 &#8211; 3.54)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Adjusted for age, period of the day. CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; RHR: resting heart rate. <sup>a</sup> Elevated RHR: boys 10 to 14 years old: &gt; 83 bpm; boys 15 to 19 years old: &gt; 92 bpm; girls 10 to 14 years old: unavailable; girls 15 to 19 years old: &gt; 82 bpm.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Adjusted analyses of the association between cutoff points for resting heart rate and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Risk factors</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Elevated RHR<sup><bold>a</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">OR (95% CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Boys (10 to 14 years old)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>None</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>One</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86 (0.50 &#8211; 1.49)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Two</td>
                  <td align="center">2.48 (1.43 &#8211; 4.28)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Three</td>
                  <td align="center">2.33 (1.20 &#8211; 4.52)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Boys (15 to 19 years old)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>None</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>One</td>
                  <td align="center">3.14 (2.12 &#8211; 4.67)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Two</td>
                  <td align="center">2.22 (1.26 &#8211; 3.90)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Three</td>
                  <td align="center">3.72 (2.12 &#8211; 6.54)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Girls (15 to 19 years old)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>None</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>One</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33 (1.11 &#8211; 1.60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Two</td>
                  <td align="center">1.24 (1.01 &#8211; 1.54)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Three</td>
                  <td align="center">3.70 (2.47 &#8211; 5.53)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Adjusted for age, period of the day. CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; RHR: resting heart rate. <sup>a</sup> Elevated RHR: boys 10 to 14 years old: &gt; 83 bpm; boys 15 to 19 years old: &gt; 92 bpm; girls 10 to 14 years old: unavailable; girls 15 to 19 years old: &gt; 82 bpm.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of the current study were threefold: a) RHR cutoff points have high specificity in detecting the cardiovascular risk in boys ages 10 to 14 and 15 to 19; b) in girls ages 15 to 19, the RHR cutoff points have high sensibility in detecting cardiovascular risk, whereas, in girls ages 10 to 14, the cutoff point could not be established; c) RHR cutoff points identified were independently associated with the cluster of cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
        <p>In this study, there was a decline in RHR with increasing age from infancy into adolescence, similarly to others studies.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> This may be explained by improvements in baroreflex sensitivity and neural function with sexual maturation.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> In fact, during maturation there is a progressive increase in parasympathetic cardiac activity related to sympathetic activity,<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> which supports a lower RHR in late adolescence.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>RHR differed between boys and girls ages 15 to 19 (boys: 73.0 &#177; 12.0 bpm versus girls: 80.6 &#177; 12.0 bpm), corroborating with previous studies.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> These differences may be caused by the higher adiposity in girls.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Previous studies have also shown that both cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels are higher in boys than girls,<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> and these factors are directly related to cardiac autonomic control.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>-<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previous studies have investigated RHR reference values in children and adolescents from birth to age 18, including a systematic review involving 143,346 participants, which showed median values of 123 bpm in adolescents ages 12 to 18.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Others studies analyzing large national populations, such as the KiGGS<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> and NHANES<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> surveys, observed RHR median values, throughout the age range, varying between 69 and 104 bpm for boys and 74 and 108 bpm for girls. In comparison with these studies, we observed a narrower RHR (median values 70 to 83 bpm for boys and 79 to 86 bpm for girls), which can be explained by the narrow age range.</p>
        <p>The main novelty of this study was the identification of cutoff points for RHR in adolescents that were associated with important cardiovascular risk factors for adolescents, namely, abdominal obesity, overweight, and high blood pressure, all of which are independently associated with cardiac autonomic dysfunction,<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> therefore explaining, at least in part, the association with RHR. Likewise, RHR cutoff points were also associated with the cluster of risk factors in a sex-dependent manner, indicating that the accumulation of risk factors leads to more alterations in autonomic function in a dose-dependent manner.</p>
        <p>The major strengths of the current study are the relatively large sample size, the coverage of a wide age range, the use of an automated technique for RHR measurements to avoid observer bias, and the fact that data analysis was performed by a single researcher in a blinded fashion. Adolescents with conditions or medication that influencing RHR were excluded. Despite these strengths, this study presents some limitations that need to be considered. First, we had only a single assessment of RHR. We could not determine the Tanner stage. Therefore, future studies should consider the sexual maturation of adolescents. The cross-sectional design of this study is a limitation, as no causality can be inferred, making longitudinal studies necessary to validate the cut points found. Although this is the first study with cutoff points in Brazilian adolescents, we have analyzed few regions in Brazil, making more multicenter studies necessary. Finally, as other potential confounders that may affect RHR (use of tobacco, alcohol consumption, and exercise prior to measurement) were not controlled, their influence cannot be disregarded. Despite that, prior studies have also adopted a similar strategy to the current one.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The current study identified &gt; 92 bpm for boys ages 10 to 14, &gt; 82 bpm for boys ages 15 to 19, and &gt; 82 for girls ages 15 to 19 as cutoff points for RHR and demonstrated the association between these cutoff points and the cluster of cardiovascular risk factors. These cutoff points may help physicians and other health professionals to interpret and stage cardiovascular risk, using a simple, easy and low-cost measure.</p>
      </sec>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>: This study was funded by CNPq and partially funded CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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