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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">d86hSyFh9JK7phwbMy9W7rs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900072</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210496</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210496</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>IDH, Recursos Humanos e Tecnol&#243;gicos para o Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento das Malforma&#231;&#245;es do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio no Brasil - An&#225;lise da Realidade no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3367-5779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina Britto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Isabel Cristina Britto Guimar&#227;es &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia - Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia - Pra&#231;a Ramos de Queiros, s/n. CEP 40026-010, Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>isabelcbguimaraes@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>72</fpage>
      <lpage>73</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;o de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Infantil</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Perinatal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>No Brasil, em 2019, as doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio (DAC) foram a principal causa de morte.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Em crian&#231;as menores de um ano, a DAC &#233; a nona causa de morte e, na faixa et&#225;ria de 1 a 9 anos, a oitava.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade infantil para 11,9 / 1.000 nascidos vivos (NV) em 2019.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva observada nos &#250;ltimos anos, essa taxa continua elevada quando comparada &#224; de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. Na Su&#233;cia, a taxa de mortalidade infantil no per&#237;odo de 2015/2020 foi de 2,0/1.000 NV. No Brasil, em crian&#231;as menores de cinco anos, a mortalidade foi de 14,0/1.000 NV, ocorrendo principalmente no primeiro ano de vida.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As principais causas de mortalidade neonatal s&#227;o asfixia perinatal, prematuridade extrema e malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas. Dentre as malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas (MC), as DAC t&#234;m maior impacto na mortalidade, por serem classificadas como causas de morte evit&#225;veis, que poderiam ser reduzidas atrav&#233;s de interven&#231;&#245;es precoces.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> As altas taxas de mortalidade por malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio (MAC) decorrem da falta de diagn&#243;stico pr&#233; e p&#243;s-natal, resultando em tratamento inadequado e maior n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>-<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo de Salim et al. objetivou verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de MAC ao nascimento e &#243;bito por MAC no primeiro ano de vida com o &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) e recursos tecnol&#243;gicos e humanos para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de MAC por macrorregi&#245;es do Brasil, utilizando dados obtidos junto ao DATASUS, no per&#237;odo de 2000/2015.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entre 2000/2015, os autores encontraram uma taxa de MC de 660,8/100.000 NV, sendo 18.444 devido a MAC, e uma taxa de diagn&#243;stico de 38,55/100.000 NV. Considerando as cinco macrorregi&#245;es brasileiras, as regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste apresentaram as maiores taxas de diagn&#243;stico de MAC ao nascimento e &#243;bito por MAC, enquanto as regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste apresentaram as menores taxas de diagn&#243;stico de MAC ao nascimento e &#243;bito por MAC no primeiro ano de vida. A regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste, com recursos semelhantes aos das regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste, apresentou baixo &#237;ndice de diagn&#243;stico de MAC ao nascimento e melhora no diagn&#243;stico de MAC ap&#243;s o &#243;bito. Esses dados s&#227;o preocupantes, demonstrando o impacto negativo que as desigualdades sociais t&#234;m na aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o, onde os melhores resultados s&#227;o descritos nas regi&#245;es com maiores valores de IDH, recursos tecnol&#243;gicos e humanos. Entretanto, as taxas nacionais de diagn&#243;stico de MC e MAC s&#227;o ainda menores quando comparadas &#224;s taxas globais no mesmo per&#237;odo e para a mesma faixa et&#225;ria: 1,40 e 1,78, respectivamente.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> As diferen&#231;as permanecem quando comparadas aos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, onde h&#225; maior investimento em recursos de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ainda vivenciamos uma lacuna significativa no n&#250;mero de cirurgias card&#237;acas pedi&#225;tricas realizadas anualmente no pa&#237;s.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Considerando uma preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (CC) de 9: 1.000 NV, a estimativa &#233; de 28.846 casos novos / ano de CC, dos quais aproximadamente 50% necessitar&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca no primeiro ano de vida, correspondendo a uma necessidade m&#233;dia de cirurgia card&#237;aca em CC de cerca de 23.077 procedimentos/ano.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Pinto Jr et al., ao analisarem a situa&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia cardiovascular brasileira quanto ao n&#250;mero de procedimentos realizados em 2002, encontraram um d&#233;ficit de 65%, sendo as maiores taxas sendo encontradas nas regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste (93,5% e 77,4%, respectivamente) e os menores nas regi&#245;es Sul e Centro-Oeste (46,4% e 57,4%, respectivamente).<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Caneo et al. compararam a necessidade e o n&#250;mero de cirurgias card&#237;acas realizadas no primeiro ano de vida em 2010 entre o estado de S&#227;o Paulo e a Pol&#244;nia, que possu&#237;am IDH e tamanho populacional semelhantes &#224; &#233;poca. Na Pol&#244;nia, crian&#231;as menores de 1 ano foram submetidas &#224; 100% das cirurgias necess&#225;rias, enquanto em S&#227;o Paulo, apenas 50% o fizeram. Isso demonstra que mesmo em num dos principais centros de cirurgia card&#237;aca do pa&#237;s, ainda temos um longo caminho a percorrer em termos de diagn&#243;stico e interven&#231;&#227;o precoces.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Vale destacar alguns aspectos do estudo de Salim et al., como maior mortalidade por MAC nas regi&#245;es Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, entre os casos de MC no primeiro ano de vida.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Isso ocorre devido a diversas condi&#231;&#245;es: a CC considerada cr&#237;tica requer diagn&#243;stico pr&#233; e p&#243;s-natal precoce, assist&#234;ncia ao parto e acesso garantido a centros de refer&#234;ncia para os casos indicados, o que requer recursos humanos e tecnol&#243;gicos especializados.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> De acordo com os dados encontrados, existe um significativo d&#233;ficit de recursos humanos com forma&#231;&#227;o adequada para realizar o diagn&#243;stico e o atendimento de crian&#231;as com cardiopatia, principalmente nas regi&#245;es Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, relacionado n&#227;o apenas aos pediatras, mas tamb&#233;m aos cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos com forma&#231;&#227;o em ecocardiografia, cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares e disponibilidade de centros cir&#250;rgicos cardiol&#243;gicos pedi&#225;tricos por macrorregi&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade infantil ainda &#233; um grande desafio no Brasil para os governos, profissionais de sa&#250;de e sociedade como um todo. &#201; necess&#225;rio o aprimoramento das estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e maior aten&#231;&#227;o ao rec&#233;m-nascido, visando obter o diagn&#243;stico precoce e tratamento das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De acordo com Ottersen et al., o objetivo da pol&#237;tica de equidade em sa&#250;de n&#227;o &#233; eliminar todas as diferen&#231;as de sa&#250;de para que todos tenham a mesma qualidade de atendimento, mas reduzir ou eliminar aquelas decorrentes de fatores considerados evit&#225;veis e injustos.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
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          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: IDH, Recursos Tecnol&#243;gicos e Humanos para Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento das Malforma&#231;&#245;es do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio no Brasil</italic>
        </p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>HDI, Technological and Human Resources for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory System Malformations in Brazil - Analysis of the Reality in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3367-5779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina Britto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Isabel Cristina Britto Guimar&#227;es</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia - Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia - Pra&#231;a Ramos de Queiros, s/n. Postal Code 40026-010, Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: isabelcbguimaraes@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health Service</kwd>
        <kwd>Infant Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Perinatal Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In Brazil in 2019, circulatory system diseases (CSD) were the leading cause of death.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> In children under one year of age, CSD is the ninth leading cause of death and, in the age group from 1 to 9 years old, the eighth.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> In recent decades, there has been a reduction in the infant mortality rate to 11.9/1,000 live births (LB) in 2019.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Despite the progressive reduction observed in recent years, this rate remains high when compared to that in developed countries. In Sweden, the infant mortality rate in the period of 2015/2020 was 2.0/1,000 LB. In Brazil, in children under five years of age, mortality was 14.0/1,000 LB, which occurred mainly in the first year of life.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> The main causes of neonatal mortality are perinatal asphyxia, extreme prematurity, and congenital malformations. Among the congenital malformations (CM), CSD have the greatest impact on mortality, as they are classified as preventable causes of death, which could be reduced through early interventions.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> High mortality rates due to malformations of the circulatory system (MCS) result from the lack of pre and postnatal diagnosis, resulting in inadequate treatment and a higher number of deaths.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>-<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study by Salim et al. aimed to verify the association of MCS diagnosis at birth and death from MCS in the first year of life with the human development index (HDI) and technological and human resources for the diagnosis and treatment of MCS by the macroregions of Brazil, using data obtained from DATASUS, in the period of 2000/2015.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Between 2000/2015, the authors found a CM rate of 660.8/100,000 LB, being 18,444 due to MCS, and a diagnosis rate of 38.55/100,000 LB. Considering the five Brazilian macro-regions, the South and Southeast regions had the highest rates of diagnosis of MCS at birth and death from MCS, while the North and Northeast regions had the lowest rates of diagnosis of MCS at birth and death from MCS in the first year of life. The Midwest region, with resources similar to those of the South and Southeast regions, had a low rate of diagnosis of MCS at birth and an improvement in the diagnosis of MCS after death. These data are a matter of concern, demonstrating the negative impact that social inequalities have on the population&#8217;s health care, where the best results are described in the regions with the highest HDI values, technological and human resources. However, the national rates of CM and MCS diagnosis are even lower when compared to the global rates in the same period and for the same age group: 1.40 and 1.78, respectively.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Differences remain when compared to developed countries, where there is greater investment in health care resources.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>We still experience a significant gap in the number of pediatric cardiac surgeries performed annually in the country.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Considering a prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) of 9:1,000 LB, the estimate is of 28,846 new cases/year of CHD, of which approximately 50% will need cardiac surgery in the first year of life, corresponding to an average need for cardiac surgery in CHD of around 23,077 procedures/year.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Pinto Jr et al., when analyzing the situation of Brazilian cardiovascular surgery, regarding the number of procedures carried out in 2002, found a deficit of 65%, with the highest rates being found in the North and Northeast regions (93.5% and 77.4%, respectively) and the lowest ones in the South and Midwest regions (46.4% and 57.4%, respectively).<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Caneo et al. compared the need and number of cardiac surgeries performed in the first year of life in 2010 between the state of S&#227;o Paulo and Poland, which had similar HDI and population size at the time. In Poland, children under 1 year of age underwent 100% of the necessary surgeries, while in S&#227;o Paulo, only 50% did. This demonstrates that even in one of the main cardiac surgical centers of the country, we still have a long way to go in terms of early diagnosis and intervention.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is worth highlighting some aspects in the study by Salim et al, such as a higher mortality rate from MCS in the North, Northeast, and Midwest regions, among cases of CM in the first year of life.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> This occurs due to several conditions: the CHD considered critical requires early pre and postnatal diagnosis, childbirth care, and guaranteed access to reference centers for the indicated cases, which requires specialized human and technological resources.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> According to the data found, there is a significant deficit of human resources with adequate training to carry out the diagnosis and care of children with heart disease, especially in the North, Northeast, and Midwest regions, related not only to pediatricians but also to pediatric cardiologists with training in echocardiography, cardiovascular surgeons and the availability of pediatric cardiac surgical centers by macroregion.</p>
      <p>The reduction of infant mortality is still a major challenge in Brazil for governments, health professionals, and society as a whole. The improvement of public health strategies and greater attention to newborns, aiming at early diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart disease is necessary.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>According to Ottersen et al., the objective of the policy for equity in health is not to eliminate all differences in health so that everyone has the same quality of care, but to reduce or eliminate the ones that result from factors considered preventable and unfair.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: HDI, Technological and Human Resources in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Malformations of the Circulatory System in Brazil</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
