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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RCQ7MDjrGBp9R7kMx5GKqps</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900049</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210511</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210511</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Import&#226;ncia de Reconhecer a Co-ocorr&#234;ncia de Fatores de Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico na Popula&#231;&#227;o para Estabelecer Prioridades em Pol&#237;ticas P&#250;blicas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3920-5815</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rey</surname>
            <given-names>Helena Cramer Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Helena Cramer Veiga Rey &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - R. das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP 22240-002, Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>hcramer@globo.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>49</fpage>
      <lpage>50</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome X Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbimortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;na C-Reativa</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura Intima&#8211;M&#233;dia Carot&#237;dea</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiometab&#243;lica (DCM) &#233; a principal causa de morbimortalidade em todo o mundo.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; um conjunto de fatores de risco para doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas, incluindo press&#227;o arterial elevada, hipertens&#227;o, hiperglicemia, dislipidemia e obesidade. Quando esses fatores de risco est&#227;o presentes em combina&#231;&#227;o, a probabilidade de futuros problemas cardiovasculares aumenta mais do que quando qualquer um dos riscos est&#225; presente sozinho.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A SM tem uma frequ&#234;ncia estimada entre 20% e 25% na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta em todo o mundo, e a preval&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>;<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em um estudo transversal de base populacional com dados laboratoriais da Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de de 2014-2015, a preval&#234;ncia da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (SM) foi estimada em 38,4% na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> De acordo com a Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de, os subgrupos que s&#227;o sociodemograficamente vulner&#225;veis e t&#234;m estilos de vida pouco saud&#225;veis t&#234;m uma preval&#234;ncia maior de SM.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>;<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pesquisas anteriores estabeleceram associa&#231;&#245;es entre indicadores inflamat&#243;rios, aterosclerose e componentes da SM.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>;<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> &#201; fundamental entender a co-ocorr&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica para controlar melhor os fatores de risco de uma maneira multifacetada.</p>
    <p>Com base nisso, Lima et al.,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> tiveram como objetivo caracterizar grupos de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a aterosclerose e inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica em adultos e idosos residentes no sul do Brasil. Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise transversal baseada em censo de dados de duas coortes populacionais de adultos e idosos (EpiFloripa Adult e Aging Cohost Studies) para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis como press&#227;o arterial, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, exames laboratoriais de perfil lip&#237;dico e de glicose, isoladas ou combinadas, com os resultados da espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida, placas ateroscler&#243;ticas e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de prote&#237;na C-reativa.</p>
    <p>O estudo mostrou que indiv&#237;duos com componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em grupos estavam relacionados com aumento da espessura da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com pessoas sem SM. O aumento da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi um preditor prevalente de inflama&#231;&#227;o, e o agrupamento de circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura elevada com hipertens&#227;o arterial estava associado ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de aterosclerose e prote&#237;na C-reativa. A espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia e da prote&#237;na C-reativa associada aumentaram em propor&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de fatores de risco presentes no mesmo indiv&#237;duo. Os agrupamentos de fatores de risco para inflama&#231;&#227;o e aterosclerose inclu&#237;ram obesidade central e hipertens&#227;o, ambos modific&#225;veis.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os estudos de coorte que avaliam os fatores de risco cardiovascular s&#227;o extremamente importantes para estabelecer as prioridades de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e o ponto vital &#233; que se trata de um estudo de base populacional, onde os dados foram medidos e coletados atrav&#233;s de um m&#233;todo apropriado, que incluiu adultos de renda m&#233;dia e idosos no Brasil, mas que n&#227;o deveria ser extrapolado para diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia estimada de obesidade em adultos &#233; de 23,5% no sul do Brasil<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> e, de acordo com a pesquisa nacional de sa&#250;de, esse n&#250;mero dobrou nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> De acordo com a Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em 2013 era de 22,8% e aumentou com a idade.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Interven&#231;&#245;es de base populacional para controle de peso e press&#227;o arterial s&#227;o urgentemente necess&#225;rias. Foi feita uma estimativa dos custos atribu&#237;veis &#224;s doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis a partir dos riscos relativos e preval&#234;ncia populacional de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e obesidade, considerando custos de interna&#231;&#245;es, procedimentos ambulatoriais e medicamentos distribu&#237;dos pelo sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de no Brasil (SUS) para tratar essas doen&#231;as na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta do Brasil. O custo do SUS atribu&#237;vel &#224; hipertens&#227;o foi de R$2,03 bilh&#245;es e &#224; obesidade em 2018 foi de R$1,42 bilh&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Juntos, esses custos representam cerca de 4,2% do or&#231;amento anual do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de no Brasil.</p>
    <p>As principais recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da SM s&#227;o mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida com foco na educa&#231;&#227;o, atividade f&#237;sica frequente e dieta nutritiva, bem como interven&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados indicam que programas de mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida t&#234;m benef&#237;cios no controle da SM e impacto na qualidade de vida.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em um pa&#237;s que possui um sistema de sa&#250;de universal, e a maior parte da popula&#231;&#227;o depende do financiamento p&#250;blico da sa&#250;de, saber onde alocar os recursos &#233; fundamental para um melhor controle da morbimortalidade das DCM.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Agrupamentos de Fatores de Risco Cardiometab&#243;licos e sua Associa&#231;&#227;o com Aterosclerose e Inflama&#231;&#227;o Cr&#244;nica em Adultos e Idosos em Florian&#243;polis, Sul do Brasil</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Importance of Recognizing the Co-Occurrence of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in the Population to Establish Priorities in Public Policies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3920-5815</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rey</surname>
            <given-names>Helena Cramer Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Helena Cramer Veiga Rey</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - R. das Laranjeiras, 374. Postal Code 22240-002, Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: hcramer@globo.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome X</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbimortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>C- Reactive Protein</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiometabolic disease (CMD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of risk factors for metabolic disease, including elevated blood pressure, hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity. When these risk factors are present in combination, the likelihood of future cardiovascular issues increases more than when any of these risks is present alone.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>MS has an estimated frequency between 20% and 25% in the adult population worldwide, and the prevalence increases with age.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>;<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In a cross-sectional population-based investigation using laboratory data from the 2014&#8211;2015 National Health Survey, the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) was estimated to be 38.4% in the Brazilian population.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> According to the National Health Survey, subgroups that are sociodemographically vulnerable and have unhealthy lifestyles have a higher prevalence of MS.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>;<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Previous research has established associations between inflammatory indicators, atherosclerosis, and MS components.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>;<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> It is critical to understand the co-occurrence of cardiometabolic risk factors and their association with chronic inflammation and atherosclerotic disease to better control risk factors in a multifaceted way.</p>
      <p>Based on this, Lima et al.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> aimed to characterize clusters of cardiometabolic risk factors and their relationship with atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation in adults and the elderly living in southern Brazil. A census-based, cross-sectional analysis of data from two population cohorts of adults and elderly (EpiFloripa Adult and Aging Cohost Studies) was conducted to determine the association between variables such as blood pressure, waist circumference, laboratory tests of lipid and glucose profile, isolated or in combination, with the outcomes of carotid intima-media thickness, atherosclerotic plaques, and serum levels of &#8211; C-reactive protein.</p>
      <p>The study showed that individuals with the metabolic syndrome components in groups were related with increased carotid artery thickness and C-reactive protein levels, as compared to individuals without MS. Increased waist circumference was a prevalent predictor of inflammation, and the clustering of high waist circumference with arterial hypertension was associated with increased atherosclerosis and C-reactive protein levels. The intima-media thickness and associated protein C increased in proportion to the number of risk factors present in the same individual. The clusters of risk factors for inflammation and atherosclerosis included central obesity and hypertension, which are both modifiable.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Cohort studies that assess cardiovascular risk factors are extremely important to establish public health priorities and the vital point is that this is a population-based study, where data were measured and collected using an appropriate method, which included middle-income adults and older adults in Brazil but should not be extrapolated to different populations.</p>
      <p>The estimated prevalence of obesity in adults is 23.5% in southern Brazil,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> and, according to the national health survey, this number has doubled in the last two decades.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> According to the National Health Survey, the prevalence of hypertension in 2013 was 22.8% and increased with age.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Population-based interventions for weight and blood pressure control are urgently needed. An estimate was carried out of the costs attributable to non-communicable chronic diseases based on the relative risks and population prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, considering costs of hospitalizations, outpatient procedures, and drugs distributed by the public health system in Brazil (SUS) to treat these diseases in the adult population in Brazil. The SUS cost attributable to hypertension was R$2.03 billion, and to obesity in 2018 was R$1.42 billion.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> These costs together make up about 4.2% of the annual budget of the public health system in Brazil.</p>
      <p>The key recommendations for MS prevention and treatment are lifestyle changes focused on education, frequent physical activity, and a nutritious diet, as well as drug interventions.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>;<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials indicate that lifestyle change programs have benefits for the control of MS and an impact on quality of life.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>;<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In a country that has a universal health system, and most of the population depends on public health financing, knowing where to allocate resources is crucial for better control of CMD morbidity and mortality.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Clusters of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Their Association with Atherosclerosis and Chronic Inflammation among Adults and Elderly in Florian&#243;polis, Southern Brazil</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
