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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5935HVxskyVRswNhNwpyBkh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900037</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210488</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210488</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pr&#243;tese Mec&#226;nica X Pr&#243;tese Biol&#243;gica: Uma Decis&#227;o Individualizada e Compartilhada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0371-4060</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6524-9614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de MedicinaHospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Roney Orismar Sampaio &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>37</fpage>
      <lpage>38</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Biopr&#243;tese</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Pr&#243;tese de Valva Card&#237;aca/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses Valvulares Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Febre Reum&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas valvares s&#227;o realizadas principalmente em pacientes com valvopatia grave, com sintomas associados e/ou efeitos anat&#244;micos/hemodin&#226;micos, sem contraindica&#231;&#227;o ao procedimento. A escolha da v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica deve ser baseada em um processo de tomada de decis&#227;o compartilhado que deve levar em conta as compensa&#231;&#245;es entre durabilidade (e a necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o), sangramento e tromboembolismo.</p>
    <p>O manuscrito: &#8220;Evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia das pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e mec&#226;nicas em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica&#8221;<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> &#233; um estudo observacional retrospectivo que visa avaliar o seguimento a longo prazo de pacientes (n = 202) submetidos &#224; troca valvar a&#243;rtica, comparando as pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas (65,3%) e mec&#226;nicas (34,7%). Os pacientes eram relativamente jovens (m&#233;dia de idade: 49 anos), predominantemente com doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica degenerativa. Por outro lado, 22% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentava doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, a etiologia mais prevalente de valvopatia no Brasil.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os autores n&#227;o encontraram nenhuma diferen&#231;a nas taxas de mortalidade ap&#243;s 10 anos de seguimento; entretanto, o implante de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica foi associado a uma menor taxa de reopera&#231;&#227;o (sem reopera&#231;&#227;o no grupo da pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica). Ao se analisar especificamente as reopera&#231;&#245;es de biopr&#243;teses, os pacientes com menos de 30 anos apresentaram as maiores taxas, comparados aos maiores de 50 anos, e at&#233; mesmo aos pacientes entre 30 e 49 anos. Uma meta-an&#225;lise recente descobriu que a idade mais jovem era um fator de risco significativo para degenera&#231;&#227;o estrutural da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, al&#233;m da &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, tabagismo e incompatibilidade paciente-pr&#243;tese.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> No presente estudo, 50% do subgrupo de pacientes com menos de 30 anos foi submetido a reopera&#231;&#227;o em 10 anos.</p>
    <p>Na mesma dire&#231;&#227;o, estudos baseados em seguimentos por ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cicos estimam que aproximadamente 30% dos pacientes com implante cir&#250;rgico de biopr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica desenvolvem evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar mais de 10 anos ap&#243;s o implante, sendo a idade jovem (&lt;60 anos) um dos fatores de risco associados &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o valvar acelerada (&lt;5 anos).<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> As diretrizes do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic>/<italic>American Heart Association </italic>para o tratamento de valvopatia recomendam uma avalia&#231;&#227;o por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico 5 e 10 anos ap&#243;s o implante cir&#250;rgico de uma v&#225;lvula bioprot&#233;tica, e um avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precoce se houver sintomas ou sinais cl&#237;nicos que sugiram disfun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Entretanto, os pacientes geralmente permanecem assintom&#225;ticos at&#233; que a disfun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula seja grave o suficiente para resultar em consequ&#234;ncias hemodin&#226;micas adversas ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Por&#233;m, no presente estudo, n&#227;o ficou claro se essa foi a abordagem utilizada, o que poderia ter retardado o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese.</p>
    <p>O risco de sangramento foi maior no grupo da pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica (20,97% x 5,38%), enquanto n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nas taxas de acidente vascular cerebral, vazamento paravalvar, trombose ou endocardite entre os dois grupos. Curiosamente, n&#227;o houve trombose no grupo da pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, embora dois pacientes n&#227;o estivessem recebendo terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. Embora seja uma complica&#231;&#227;o incomum, a trombose valvar &#233; mais frequentemente observada em pacientes com pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isqu&#234;mico entre os grupos. No entanto, as taxas foram relativamente altas (14,1% para pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e 11,5% para pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas). Seria interessante e relevante saber se esses pacientes tinham fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial documentada antes da ocorr&#234;ncia do AVC e tamb&#233;m se faziam uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, informa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel no estudo.</p>
    <p>Em geral, este t&#243;pico &#233; muito desafiador e relevante. Apesar da taxa significativamente maior de deteriora&#231;&#227;o estrutural da v&#225;lvula bioprot&#233;tica observada em pacientes mais jovens <italic>versus</italic> pacientes mais velhos, muitos pacientes mais jovens optam por evitar receber uma pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, seja porque n&#227;o desejam considerar a terapia com varfarina em longo prazo ou devido &#224;s inconveni&#234;ncias de restri&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a monitoramento, gravidez, alimentares, intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas e a necessidade de restringir a participa&#231;&#227;o em alguns tipos de atividades atl&#233;ticas. Como mencionado anteriormente, a escolha da v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica deve ser baseada em um processo de tomada de decis&#227;o compartilhado que leva em considera&#231;&#227;o os valores e prefer&#234;ncias do paciente. Mais recentemente, a disponibilidade de procedimentos transcateter, com a crescente experi&#234;ncia com o implante <italic>valve-in-valve</italic> na v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, adiciona outra quest&#227;o a ser levada em considera&#231;&#227;o na decis&#227;o do tipo de pr&#243;tese valvar. A substitui&#231;&#227;o transcateter <italic>valve-in-valve</italic> da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica surgiu como uma alternativa menos invasiva para refazer a substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em pacientes inoper&#225;veis ou de alto risco com biopr&#243;tese degenerativa. Um estudo recente mostrou que cerca de 3 em cada 4 pacientes sobreviveram ap&#243;s um seguimento m&#233;dio de 3 anos, com a hemodin&#226;mica da v&#225;lvula permanecendo est&#225;vel ao longo do tempo, e houve uma baixa taxa de doen&#231;a valvar estrutural clinicamente relevante, apoiando o procedimento transcateter <italic>valve-in-valve</italic> da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica como uma alternativa para refazer a substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para o tratamento de falha da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bioprot&#233;tica.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante do presente estudo &#233; a falta de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o tempo na faixa terap&#234;utica para pacientes em uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. O n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico tem grande influ&#234;ncia na ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Um estudo brasileiro mostrou que apenas cerca de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes apresentava n&#237;vel adequado de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em mais da metade das consultas.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Devido ao seu desenho retrospectivo, n&#227;o-randomizado, unic&#234;ntrico e observacional, o presente estudo &#233; insuficiente para permitir conclus&#245;es robustas. Mesmo assim, ele aborda uma etapa importante da tomada de decis&#227;o no manejo da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Evolu&#231;&#227;o Tardia das Pr&#243;teses Biol&#243;gicas e Mec&#226;nicas em Posi&#231;&#227;o A&#243;rtica</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mechanical Prosthesis X Biological Prosthesis: an Individualized and Shared Decision</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0371-4060</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6524-9614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Clinicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Roney Orismar Sampaio</bold> &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Bioprosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve</kwd>
        <kwd>Rheumatic Fever</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Surgical valve interventions are performed primarily in patients with severe valve heart disease, with associated symptoms and/or anatomical/hemodynamic consequences, and no contraindication to the procedure. The choice of prosthetic valve should be based on a shared decision-making process that must account for the trade-offs between durability (and the need for reintervention), bleeding, and thromboembolism.</p>
      <p>The manuscript: &#8220;<italic>Late Outcomes of Aortic Valve Replacement with Bioprosthesis and Mechanical Prosthesis</italic>&#8221;<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> is an observational retrospective study intended to evaluate the long-term follow-up of patients (n=202) who underwent aortic valve replacement, comparing biological (65.3%) and mechanical prostheses (34.7%). The patients were relatively young (mean age: 49 years), with predominantly degenerative aortic valve disease. On the other hand, 22% of the study population had rheumatic disease, the most prevalent etiology of valve disease in Brazil.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The authors found no difference in mortality rates after 10 years of follow-up; however, the implantation of a mechanical prosthesis was associated with a lower rate of reoperation (with no reoperation in the mechanical prosthesis group). When analyzing specifically the bioprosthesis reoperations, patients under 30 years old had the highest rates, compared to those older than 50 years, and even to patients between 30 and 49 years of age. A recent meta-analysis found that younger age was a significant risk factor for aortic structural valve degeneration, besides body surface area, smoking and patient-prosthesis mismatch.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> In the present study, 50% of the subgroup of patients under 30 years old was reoperated in 10 years.</p>
      <p>In the same direction, studies based on transthoracic echocardiogram follow-up estimate that approximately 30% of patients with a surgical aortic valve bioprosthesis develop evidence of valve dysfunction over 10 years after implantation, with young age (&lt;60 years) being one of the risk factors associated with accelerated (&lt;5 years) valve deterioration.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> The American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association Guideline for the management of valvular heart disease recommends a transthoracic echocardiogram evaluation 5 and 10 years after the implantation of a bioprosthetic surgical valve, and an earlier evaluation if there are clinical symptoms or signs that suggest prosthetic valve dysfunction.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> However, patients typically remain asymptomatic until valve dysfunction is severe enough to result in adverse hemodynamic consequences or atrial fibrillation. However, in the present study, it was not clear whether this was the approach used, which could have delayed the diagnosis of a prosthesis dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Bleeding risk was higher in the mechanical prosthesis group (20.97% x 5.38%), while there was no difference in the rates of stroke, paravalvular leak, thrombosis or endocarditis between the two groups. Interestingly, there was no thrombosis in the mechanical prosthesis group, even though two patients were not on oral anticoagulation therapy. Although it is an uncommon complication, valve thrombosis is more frequently observed in patients with mechanical prosthesis.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>There was no difference regarding the risk of ischemic stroke between the groups. However, the rates were relatively high (14.1% for bioprosthesis and 11.5% for mechanical prosthesis). It would be interesting and relevant to know whether those patients had documented atrial fibrillation before the occurrence of stroke and also if they were on oral anticoagulation therapy, an information not available in the study.</p>
      <p>In general, this topic is very challenging and relevant. Despite the significantly higher rate of bioprosthetic structural valve deterioration observed in younger <italic>versus</italic> older patients, many younger patients choose to avoid receiving a mechanical prosthesis, either because they are unwilling to consider long-term warfarin therapy or due to the inconvenience of monitoring, pregnancy, dietary restrictions, medication interactions, and the need to restrict participation in some types of athletic activities. As mentioned before, the choice of prosthetic valve should be based on a shared decision-making process that accounts for the patient&#8217;s values and preferences. More recently, the availability of transcatheter procedures, with the growing experience with aortic valve-in-valve procedure, adds another issue to be taken into account when deciding the type of valve prosthesis. Transcatheter valve-in-valve aortic valve replacement has emerged as a less invasive alternative to redoing surgical replacement for inoperable or high-risk patients with degenerative bioprosthesis. A recent study showed that about 3 out of 4 patients survived after a median follow-up of 3 years, with valve hemodynamics remaining stable over time, and there was a low rate of clinically relevant structural valve disease, supporting the transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve procedure as an alternative to redoing surgical replacement for treating bioprosthetic aortic valve failure.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ultimately, one important limitation of the present study is the lack of information about time in therapeutic range for patients receiving anticoagulation. The socioeconomic status has a great influence on treatment adherence. A Brazilian study showed that only approximately one-third of the patients showed an adequate anticoagulation level in more than half of the consultations.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Because of its retrospective, nonrandomized, unicentric and observational design, the present study is insufficient to allow drawing robust conclusions. Even though, it addresses an important step of decision-making in valvular heart disease management.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Late Outcomes of Aortic Valve Replacement with Bioprosthesis and Mechanical Prosthesis</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
