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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">f75xy3xSGp4gFmt4KT7dTdC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200241</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200241</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acur&#225;cia da Redu&#231;&#227;o do Segmento-ST P&#243;s-Tromb&#243;lise como Preditor de Reperfus&#227;o Adequada em Estrat&#233;gia F&#225;rmaco-Invasiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6746-8327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Braulio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio Tocci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stefanini</surname>
            <given-names>Edson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8360-8465</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Henrique Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Maria Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Ivo de Marqui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Delascio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2178-1518</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moises</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambrosio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Duke University Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Durham</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">North Carolina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Henrique Tria Bianco &#8226; Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Loefgren, 1350. CEP - 04040-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>henriquetria@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bianco HT, Fonseca FAH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bianco HT, Stefanini E, Barbosa AHP, Alves CMR, Gon&#231;alves Jr I, Moraes PIM, Paola AAV, Almeida D, Fonseca FAH; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Bianco HT, Povoa R, Luna Filho B, Fonseca HA, Barbosa AHP, Caixeta AM, Gon&#231;alves Jr I, Lopes RD, Paola AAV, Almeida D, Moises VA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bianco HT, Povoa R, Izar MC, Luna Filho B, Fonseca HA, Caixeta AM, Lopes RD, Moises VA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bianco HT, Izar MC, Moreira FT, Fonseca HA, Caixeta AM, Lopes RD, Moises VA, Fonseca FAH; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bianco HT, Povoa R, Izar MC, Luna Filho B, Moreira FT, Stefanini E, Fonseca HA, Alves CMR, Moraes PIM, Lopes RD, Paola AAV, Almeida D, Fonseca FAH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>15</fpage>
      <lpage>25</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria &#233; considerada o &#8220;padr&#227;o-ouro&#8221; para reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Entretanto, quando n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel, a estrat&#233;gia f&#225;rmaco-invasiva &#233; m&#233;todo alternativo, e o eletrocardiograma (ECG) tem sido utilizado para identificar sucesso na reperfus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Nosso estudo teve como objetivo examinar altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento-ST p&#243;s-lise e seu poder de prever a recanaliza&#231;&#227;o, usando os escores angiogr&#225;ficos TIMI e <italic>blush</italic> mioc&#225;rdio (MBG) como crit&#233;rio de reperfus&#227;o ideal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram estudados 2.215 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supra-ST submetidos &#224; fibrin&#243;lise [(Tenecteplase)-TNK] e encaminhados para angiografia coron&#225;ria em at&#233; 24 h p&#243;s-fibrin&#243;lise ou imediatamente encaminhados &#224; terapia de resgate. O ECG foi realizado pr&#233;-TNK e 60 min-p&#243;s. Os pacientes foram categorizados em dois grupos: aqueles com reperfus&#227;o ideal (TIMI-3 e MBG-3) e aqueles com reperfus&#227;o inadequada (fluxo TIMI &lt;3). Foi definido o crit&#233;rio de reperfus&#227;o do ECG pela redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &gt;50%. Consideramos p-valor &lt;0,05 para as an&#225;lises, com testes bicaudais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O crit&#233;rio de reperfus&#227;o pelo ECG apresentou valor preditivo positivo de 56%; valor preditivo negativo de 66%; sensibilidade de 79%; e especificidade de 40%. Houve fraca correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento-ST e os dados angiogr&#225;ficos de reperfus&#227;o ideal (r = 0,21; p &lt;0,001) e baixa precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, com AUC de 0,60 (IC-95%; 0,57-0,62).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em nossos resultados, a redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento-ST n&#227;o conseguiu identificar com precis&#227;o os pacientes com reperfus&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica apropriada. Portanto, mesmo pacientes com reperfus&#227;o aparentemente bem-sucedida devem ser encaminhados &#224; angiografia brevemente, a fim de garantir fluxo coron&#225;rio macro e microvascular adequados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Trombol&#237;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor no Peito</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICP) seja considerada tratamento &#8220;padr&#227;o-ouro&#8221; para o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento-ST (IAMCSST), ela n&#227;o est&#225; suficientemente dispon&#237;vel, principalmente nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Considerando esse cen&#225;rio, a estrat&#233;gia f&#225;rmaco-invasiva, com fibrin&#243;lise e encaminhamento para angiografia coron&#225;ria, provou ser op&#231;&#227;o vi&#225;vel, como orientado por diretrizes e observado em v&#225;rios estudos, dentre eles o STREAM, com inquestion&#225;vel benef&#237;cio quando aplicada nas primeiras horas do evento.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>-<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Desta forma, em projeto iniciado em 2010, a Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de, a Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo e o Servi&#231;o M&#243;vel de Assist&#234;ncia M&#233;dica organizaram um sistema planejado de tromb&#243;lise em n&#250;cleos perif&#233;ricos de sa&#250;de, com transfer&#234;ncia a centro universit&#225;rio para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia e tratamento da art&#233;ria culpada. Dentro deste contexto, o uso de biomarcadores &#224; beira-leito &#233; essencial para a discrimina&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que obtiveram resultados adequados e aqueles que devem ser encaminhados para a angioplastia de resgate.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) &#233; m&#233;todo acess&#237;vel na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica, n&#227;o apenas para fins diagn&#243;sticos, mas tamb&#233;m na avalia&#231;&#227;o estratificadora. Desta forma, tem sido proposta a observa&#231;&#227;o do comportamento do segmento-ST como preditor de sucesso terap&#234;utico p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise na aferi&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>Portanto, nosso estudo teve como objetivo examinar as modifica&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST p&#243;s-lise e seu poder preditivo, tendo como vari&#225;vel de desfecho os escores angiogr&#225;ficos <italic>Thrombolyis in Myocardial Infarction</italic> (TIMI-<italic>flow)</italic> e o <italic>Myocardial Blush Grade</italic> (MBG) como crit&#233;rios de reperfus&#227;o macro e microvascular adequados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo transversal, com an&#225;lise retrospectiva das vari&#225;veis de interesse. No per&#237;odo (mar&#231;o de 2010 a janeiro de 2018), 2.215 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos consecutivamente e submetidos &#224; terapia trombol&#237;tica com tenecteplase (TNK) nos centros prim&#225;rios de sa&#250;de, com confirma&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica do IAMCSST e com encaminhamento para angiografia em at&#233; 24 h p&#243;s-fibrin&#243;lise, ou imediatamente se a terapia de resgate fosse necess&#225;ria. Dispomos de banco de dados centralizado utilizado para o presente estudo, contendo informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, ECG, tratamentos, intervalos de tempo e eventos hospitalares. O estudo est&#225; em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, e o comit&#234; de &#233;tica nomeado localmente aprovou o protocolo de pesquisa, sendo o consentimento informado obtido dos pacientes ou de seus representantes legais. O estudo est&#225; inscrito e registrado no <italic>ClinicalTrials.gov</italic>, sob n&#250;mero (NCT02090712). O fluxograma da coorte estudada &#233; mostrado na <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da coorte estudada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0015-00241-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia f&#225;rmaco-invasiva</title>
        <p>A estrat&#233;gia f&#225;rmaco-invasiva foi definida como o uso de tromb&#243;lise com TNK, em dose ajustada pelo peso, seguida de cateterismo card&#237;aco em at&#233; 24 h.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>Ap&#243;s os resultados do estudo STREAM,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>em 2013, pacientes &gt;75 anos de idade receberam meia dose (1/2-TNK). Apenas pacientes com contraindica&#231;&#227;o absoluta &#224; fibrin&#243;lise foram exclu&#237;dos dessa an&#225;lise. Os pacientes foram pr&#233;-medicados com dose de ataque de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e de clopidogrel. A angiografia de resgate foi indicada por julgamento da equipe m&#233;dica local, devido &#224; suspeita de tromb&#243;lise ineficaz para tratamento da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto (ARI).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;vel eletrocardiogr&#225;fica estudada</title>
        <p>O crit&#233;rio eletrocardiogr&#225;fico para reperfus&#227;o bem-sucedida foi definido pela redu&#231;&#227;o &gt;50% do supradesnivelamento do segmento ST na deriva&#231;&#227;o com a maior eleva&#231;&#227;o. Os ECG foram realizados pr&#233; e 60 min p&#243;s-lise e obtidos em 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (velocidade 25 mm/s; 10 mm/mV). A eleva&#231;&#227;o do ST foi definida como a eleva&#231;&#227;o do ponto J em 2 ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, com limite de &#8805;0,2 mV nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-V3, e &#8805;0,1mV nas demais deriva&#231;&#245;es. A an&#225;lise dos segmentos ST foi realizada retrospectivamente e por observadores independentes que desconheciam as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis angiogr&#225;ficas estudadas</title>
        <p>Cardiologistas intervencionistas experientes realizaram as an&#225;lises angiogr&#225;ficas de acordo com os escores TIMI-fluxo e MBG descritos a seguir:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold><italic>Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction</italic></bold> (TIMI-fluxo): <bold>grau 0:</bold> obstru&#231;&#227;o completa da ARI; <bold>grau 1</bold>: o contraste penetra al&#233;m do ponto de obstru&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o opacificando completamente o vaso; <bold>grau 2</bold>: opacifica&#231;&#227;o em todo o vaso, por&#233;m com fluxo retardado; <bold>grau 3</bold>: h&#225; perfus&#227;o plena na ARI, com fluxo normal.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Myocardial Blush Grade </bold>(MBG): <bold>grau 0</bold>: opacifica&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio na regi&#227;o irrigada pela ARI; <bold>grau 1</bold>: o contraste penetra lentamente na microcircula&#231;&#227;o e permanece at&#233; a inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste subsequente; <bold>grau 2</bold>: opacifica&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e sa&#237;da lenta do contraste, persistindo at&#233; o final da fase de <italic>washout</italic>, mas n&#227;o at&#233; a pr&#243;xima inje&#231;&#227;o; <bold>grau 3</bold>: fluxo normal na microcircula&#231;&#227;o, com presen&#231;a de m&#237;nima quantidade ou aus&#234;ncia de contraste na fase de <italic>washout</italic>.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Os pacientes foram categorizados de acordo com o TIMI-fluxo e MBG em dois grupos: aqueles com reperfus&#227;o adequada (fluxo TIMI-3 e MBG-3) e aqueles sem reperfus&#227;o &#243;tima (fluxo TIMI &lt;3). Aspectos intr&#237;nsecos ao procedimento &#8211; tais como via de acesso, administra&#231;&#227;o de inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa e tromboaspira&#231;&#227;o &#8211; ficaram a crit&#233;rio dos operadores m&#233;dicos. As an&#225;lises das angiografias foram realizadas retrospectivamente por investigadores independentes, e que desconheciam as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e epidemiol&#243;gicas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (m &#177; dp) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, md (IIQ), conforme normalidade dos dados. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pressupostos de normalidade, utilizamos o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e a inspe&#231;&#227;o dos coeficientes de curtose e assimetria. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por distribui&#231;&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos, utilizamos Teste-T de Student n&#227;o pareado ou Teste-U n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e teste qui-quadrado (&#967;2) de Pearson para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, com corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates. O coeficiente de Kendall-tau, teste de hip&#243;tese n&#227;o param&#233;trico, foi utilizado para verificar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e os padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos em vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas dicot&#244;micas. Curvas ROC (<italic>receiver operating characteristic curve) </italic>foram constru&#237;das para a inspe&#231;&#227;o de sensibilidade/especificidade da regress&#227;o do segmento ST com base nos escore TIMI-fluxo e MBG. A raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva [(<italic>positive likelihood-ratio</italic>), RV (+)] foi calculada: RV (+) = sensibilidade / (1- especificidade). Bons testes de diagn&#243;stico t&#234;m RV (+) &gt;10, e seu resultado positivo tem contribui&#231;&#227;o significativa. A raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a para resultados negativos [(<italic>negative likelihood-ratio</italic>), RV (-)] &#233; um bom indicador para descartar o diagn&#243;stico. Bons testes diagn&#243;sticos t&#234;m RV (-) &lt;0,1; calculada: RV (-) = (1- sensibilidade) / especificidade. A raz&#227;o de chance diagn&#243;stica, [(<italic>diagnostic odds ratio</italic>), RCD] tamb&#233;m &#233; uma medida de precis&#227;o, usada para estimar o poder discriminativo e a compara&#231;&#227;o de precis&#245;es entre os testes. A RCD foi a raz&#227;o das chances de positividade no grupo com redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &gt;50% com as chances de positividade no grupo sem redu&#231;&#227;o ST. Consideramos p-valor &lt;0,05 estatisticamente significante <italic>a priori</italic> para todas as an&#225;lises, com testes bicaudais. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no SPSS-vers&#227;o-20 (<italic>IBM-SPSS Statistics, New York, EUA</italic>)<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes de ambos os sexos, sendo 70,2% do sexo masculino; a mediana da idade foi de 58 anos, IIQ (50-66). O tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; o centro de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria foi de 220 min, IIQ (140-345). A preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco e as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes no per&#237;odo basal s&#227;o relatadas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>. Em resumo, 60,7% eram hipertensos; 29,8% tinham diabetes; 63,1% eram fumantes. Al&#233;m disso, 11% apresentavam infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio, e 4,3%, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio. Os preditores de risco utilizados foram registrados no per&#237;odo basal. Observamos que a maioria dos pacientes apresentava-se em classe funcional baixa pela classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip-Kimball:<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup><bold>I</bold> (73%), <bold>II</bold> (16,3%), <bold>III</bold> (2,2%), <bold>IV</bold> (8,6%); e com baixo perfil de risco pelos escores de predi&#231;&#227;o, TIMI-<italic>Risk</italic>:<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> 3, IIQ (2-5); GRACE<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> 136, IIQ (117-161), ou seja, perfil de baixo risco.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da coorte estudada no per&#237;odo basal</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Todos os pacientes (N = 2215)</th>
                <th>Pacientes Com redu&#231;&#227;o ST (n = 1511)</th>
                <th>Pacientes sem redu&#231;&#227;o ST (n = 704)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Demogr&#225;ficas</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">58 (50-66)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (50-66)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (49-66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">70,2%</td>
                <td align="center">70,5%</td>
                <td align="center">69,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26 (24-29)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (24-29)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (24-30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas hemodin&#226;micas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, mmHg, MD (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (115-150)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (116-150)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (110-150)</td>
                <td align="center">0,098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica, mmHg, MD (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-93)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-94)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm, MD (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (66-90)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (66-88)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (68-95)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fatores de risco</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60,7%</td>
                <td align="center">59,2%</td>
                <td align="center">64,5%</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29,8%</td>
                <td align="center">28,1%</td>
                <td align="center">33,5%</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagistas atuais, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63,1%</td>
                <td align="center">66,1%</td>
                <td align="center">57,5%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11%</td>
                <td align="center">9,9%</td>
                <td align="center">4,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVE<bold>*</bold> pr&#233;vio, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4,3%</td>
                <td align="center">4,2%</td>
                <td align="center">4,1%</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>eGFR<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup>, mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, MD (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (67-108)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (70-110)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (63-106)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escores de risco</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TIMI-<italic>risk </italic>escore, MD (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2-5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2-5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2-6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GRACE-<italic>risk</italic> escore, MD (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">136 (117-161)</td>
                <td align="center">134 (118-157)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (115-171)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempos pivotais</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo dor-agulha, MD (IIQ), min.</td>
                <td align="center">220 (140-345)</td>
                <td align="center">220 (145-345)</td>
                <td align="center">220 (140-356)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo porta-agulha, MD (IIQ), min.</td>
                <td align="center">75 (45-135)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (45-130)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (44-150)</td>
                <td align="center">0,057</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo TNK<sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup>-cate, MD (IIQ), min.</td>
                <td align="center">740 (335-1380)</td>
                <td align="center">960 (405-1440)</td>
                <td align="center">410 (270-841)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados sobre hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico, comorbidades e tempo para a apresenta&#231;&#227;o foram amplamente derivados de entrevista m&#233;dica. As informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas e fatores de risco foram reportadas pelos pacientes e equipe treinada reviu os dados durante a admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos, utilizamos o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e testes de &#967;2 para vari&#225;veis discretas. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como mediana (MD) e intervalo interquartil (IIQ), ou n&#250;mero e porcentagem. AVE*: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; eGFR<sup>&#8224;</sup>: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada por MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease); TNK<sup>&#8225;</sup>: tenecteplase; cate: laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coron&#225;rio de acordo com o padr&#227;o TIMI/MBG</title>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do fluxo TIMI e MBG, a concord&#226;ncia interobservadores foi de 94%. Distribui&#231;&#227;o da ARI de acordo com o escore TIMI-fluxo (0-3): 21%; 3,6%; 14,4%; 61%, respectivamente. Avalia&#231;&#227;o do MBG (0-3): 42%; 3,5%; 2,5%; 52%, respectivamente, avaliadas apenas em pacientes com fluxo TIMI-3.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias relacionadas ao infarto</title>
        <p>Observamos a seguinte distribui&#231;&#227;o das ARI: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (40,3%); coron&#225;ria direita (35,3%); coron&#225;ria circunflexa esquerda (6,8%); e ramos das principais art&#233;rias (17,6%). A descri&#231;&#227;o das ARI e a an&#225;lise das regi&#245;es envolvidas no ECG e sua distribui&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com o sexo, podem ser vistas na <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Descri&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto e an&#225;lise das regi&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento-ST e sua distribui&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Todos os pacientes, N (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Homens (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mulheres (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Art&#233;ria descendente anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">893 (40,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,9</td>
                  <td align="center">36,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita</td>
                  <td align="center">782 (35,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,5</td>
                  <td align="center">39,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (6,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (tronco)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente posterior</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arter&#225;ria coron&#225;ria ventricular posterior</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (0,63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria marginal esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (1,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Art&#233;ria ramo diagonal</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (0,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Art&#233;ria n&#227;o identificada ou outras</td>
                  <td align="center">335 (15,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,4</td>
                  <td align="center">13,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento-ST (ECG)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Todos os pacientes N (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Homens (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Mulheres (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede anterosseptal</td>
                  <td align="center">892 (40,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,9</td>
                  <td align="center">36,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">782 (35,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,5</td>
                  <td align="center">39,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede anterior extensa</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (6,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede inferolateral</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o identificada ou outras</td>
                  <td align="center">314 (14,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,8</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o expressos em frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem (%). Uma equipe de especialistas independentes revisou os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. A concord&#226;ncia entre pares de observa&#231;&#227;o e o &#237;ndice Kappa foi utilizada como medida de variabilidade. Os revisores de ECG desconheciam as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes. A eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST foi medida 20 ms ap&#243;s o ponto J. O infarto foi considerado: anterosseptal (V1-V4); anterior: (V1-V6); anterior extenso: (V1-V6 + DI, aVL); inferior: (DII, DIII, aVF); inferolateral: (DII, DIII, aVF + V5-V6); lateral: (V5-V6). A art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto foi identificada de acordo com a presen&#231;a de trombo, oclus&#227;o total ou retardo do fluxo anter&#243;grado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das medidas pelo crit&#233;rio ECG de acordo com o fluxo TIMI/MBG</title>
        <p>A predi&#231;&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria adequada utilizando o crit&#233;rio ECG (redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &gt;50%) mostrou valor preditivo positivo de 56% [IC 95% (0,54-0,59)]; valor preditivo negativo de 66% [IC 95% (0,62-0,70)]; sensibilidade de 79% [IC 95% (0,76-0,81)]; e especificidade de 40% [IC 95% (0,38-0,44)]. Raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva (RV +) de 1,32; raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa (RV &#8211;) de 0,52. A raz&#227;o de chance diagn&#243;stica [RCD (<italic>diagnostic odds ratio</italic>)] foi de 2,55 (raz&#227;o entre chances de positividade no grupo com redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s chances de positividade no grupo sem redu&#231;&#227;o ST). Assim, observamos correla&#231;&#227;o positiva fraca entre a redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e o padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico de reperfus&#227;o, considerando TIMI-3 e MBG-3, (r = 0,21; p &lt;0,001) como observado na <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>. Destacamos, ainda, o comportamento do crit&#233;rio ECG para recanaliza&#231;&#227;o e sua correspond&#234;ncia com os escores angiogr&#225;ficos, estratificados por sexo, que n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>). A <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref> mostra a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) de 0,60 [IC-95% (0,57-0,62)] naqueles com redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e o padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico (TIMI-3/MBG-3): [(<bold>A</bold>-geral; <bold>B</bold>-feminino; <bold>C</bold>-masculino)].</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos (TIMI-3 e MBG-3) e o crit&#233;rio eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de reperfus&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0015-00241-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o entre redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e os escores TIMI- 3/Blush- 3, estratificados por sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="6" scope="col">Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (&#237;ndice de Kendall)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1" scope="col">Sexo</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">TIMI-3/Blush-3</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4">
                    <bold>Homens</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">Coeficiente de Kendall</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Redu&#231;&#227;o-ST</td>
                  <td align="center">Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,203</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>*</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">1537</td>
                  <td align="center">1506</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">TIMI- 3/Blush-3</td>
                  <td align="center">Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,203</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>*</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">1506</td>
                  <td align="center">1523</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <bold>Mulheres</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">Coeficiente de Kendall</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Redu&#231;&#227;o-ST</td>
                  <td align="center">Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,231</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>*</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">652</td>
                  <td align="center">637</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">TIMI- 3/Blush-3</td>
                  <td align="center">Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,231</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>*</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">637</td>
                  <td align="center">643</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>* A correla&#231;&#227;o foi significativa no n&#237;vel 0,05 (teste bicaudal).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; &#193;rea sob a curva em pacientes que apresentaram TIMI-fluxo -3/MBG- 3 e redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise. Todos os pacientes, grupo resgate e estratificado pelo sexo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0015-00241-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes encaminhados para terapia de resgate</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram encaminhados para a terapia de resgate pelo julgamento da equipe m&#233;dica local, com taxa de 24,28%. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicas entre o grupo resgate e o grupo angiografia eletiva podem ser observadas na <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref>. No grupo resgate, encontramos sensibilidade e especificidade de 59% e 53%, respectivamente, para a redu&#231;&#227;o do ST na predi&#231;&#227;o de (TIMI-3/MBG-3). A AUC foi de 0,56 [IC-95% (0,51-0,62)] conforme mostrado na Figura 3: [(grupo <bold>D</bold>-resgate)].</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicas dos pacientes do grupo angiografia eletiva e dos encaminhados para angioplastia de resgate</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Angiografia eletiva (n = 1677)</th>
                  <th>Angioplastia de resgate (n = 538)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, (anos), m &#177; dp</td>
                  <td align="center">58,26 &#177; 11,61</td>
                  <td align="center">58,67 &#177; 11,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1178 (71, 7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">358 (66,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fatores de risco</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">218 (11,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (10,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVE<bold>*</bold> pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (2,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagistas atuais, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">589 (35, 9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">211 (39, 2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">678 (41, 3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">186 (34, 7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes melito, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">490 (27, 8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">186 (34, 5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> sist&#243;lica, (mmHg), m &#177; dp</td>
                  <td align="center">134,3 &#177; 27,56</td>
                  <td align="center">130,91 &#177; 29,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> diast&#243;lica, (mmHg), m &#177; dp</td>
                  <td align="center">82,78 &#177; 18,36</td>
                  <td align="center">81,16 &#177; 19,50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, (bpm), m &#177; dp</td>
                  <td align="center">78 &#177; 17,55</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#177; 19,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia (m) &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (dp) ou porcentagem (%). Informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas e fatores de risco foram revisadas durante a admiss&#227;o hospitalar. AVE<bold>*</bold>: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; PA<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup>: press&#227;o arterial.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Um aspecto cr&#237;tico da redu&#231;&#227;o dos danos associados ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; a garantia de acesso &#224; emerg&#234;ncia, na qual a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e a obten&#231;&#227;o de ECG inicial s&#227;o fundamentais. Com ICP indispon&#237;vel em unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de e em muitos hospitais, a estrat&#233;gia f&#225;rmaco-invasiva &#233; alternativa recomendada no IAMCSST.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> O melhor m&#233;todo para obten&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o tem sido tema de debate, essencialmente enviesado pela percep&#231;&#227;o competitiva entre as possibilidades de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Encontra-se bem fundamentada que a melhor estrat&#233;gia &#233; aquela que est&#225; dispon&#237;vel dentro de prazos bem estabelecidos, sendo indiferentes nas primeiras horas de in&#237;cio dos sintomas isqu&#234;micos. O grupo dos trialistas demonstrou que, entre os pacientes com dor dentro de 6 horas, 30 mortes foram prevenidas/1.000; entre 7 a 12 horas, seriam evitadas aproximadamente 20 mortes/1.000.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Destacam-se, portanto, a import&#226;ncia do r&#225;pido reconhecimento dos sintomas isqu&#234;micos e a prontid&#227;o no tratamento. Desta forma, tanto a ICP prim&#225;ria quanto a fibrin&#243;lise s&#227;o tratamentos bem estabelecidos, e os benef&#237;cios s&#227;o maximizados quando o tratamento ocorre precocemente.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>Metan&#225;lise relatou risco aumentado de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de in&#237;cio recente, com aumento relativo na incid&#234;ncia por hora de atraso nas estrat&#233;gias de reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo foi uma tentativa de fornecer, por meio da interpreta&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG p&#243;s-fibrin&#243;lise &#224; beira-leito, uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, determinando quais pacientes deveriam ser encaminhados para estudo angiogr&#225;fico urgenciado e quais poderiam ser encaminhados de maneira eletiva. De fato, o ECG tem papel fundamental na precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, devendo ser obtido o mais precocemente poss&#237;vel. No cen&#225;rio das s&#237;ndromes agudas, biomarcadores de reperfus&#227;o, obtidos &#224; beira-leito, s&#227;o cruciais na estratifica&#231;&#227;o. Assim, a utilidade do crit&#233;rio de redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em prever a reperfus&#227;o tem sido empregada como desfecho substituto em alguns ensaios cl&#237;nicos. Em an&#225;lise de subgrupo proveniente da coorte DANAMI-2 (<italic>DANish trial in Acute Myocardial Infarction-2</italic>), a resolu&#231;&#227;o do ST ap&#243;s 4 h associou-se &#224;s maiores taxas de reinfarto entre os pacientes que receberam fibrinol&#237;tico, enquanto n&#227;o foi observada nos pacientes que receberam tratamento percut&#226;neo.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>O tempo para obter ECG p&#243;s-fibrin&#243;lise &#233; vari&#225;vel. No estudo REACT, foi definida a redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% do ST aos 90 min p&#243;s-fibrin&#243;lise, j&#225; o estudo MERLIN definiu reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria usando o mesmo crit&#233;rio aos 60 min. O tempo m&#233;dio desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; o resgate para a ICP foi de 414 min no estudo MERLIN e 327 min no REACT.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> A reperfus&#227;o bem-sucedida foi considerada quando o fluxo distal esteve restaurado na art&#233;ria culpada utilizando-se do escore angiogr&#225;fico TIMI-fluxo, descrito previamente.</p>
      <p>Dentro deste contexo, postulou-se a teoria da &#8220;art&#233;ria aberta&#8221;, indicando impacto progn&#243;stico se a art&#233;ria fosse recanalizada.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Nesse amplo espectro, Gibson et al.18 introduziram um refinado m&#233;todo na avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, o TIMI-fluxo, onde a reperfus&#227;o era considerada angiograficamente bem-sucedida quando o TIMI-3 fosse alcan&#231;ado.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> No entanto, mesmo quando alcan&#231;ado esse escore, alguns pacientes apresentam perfus&#227;o tissular inadequada e v&#225;rios mecanismos t&#234;m sido sugeridos &#8211; dentre outros, a emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal e o fen&#244;meno <italic>no-reflow</italic>.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>-<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>Posteriormente, Hoffmann et al.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>divulgaram o conceito de rubor mioc&#225;rdio (MBG) como &#237;ndice angiogr&#225;fico do fluxo microvascular, posto que pacientes com fluxo TIMI-3 e MBG normal apresentavam menores taxas de mortalidade. A restaura&#231;&#227;o da perviedade vascular coron&#225;ria n&#227;o &#233; garantia de perfus&#227;o tecidual, portanto, entendemos que a presen&#231;a de MBG adequado &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica progn&#243;stica relevante e deveria ser adicionada &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o fluxo-TIMI, comumente usada para definir reperfus&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica bem-sucedida.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>-<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup>Anormalidades avaliadas pelo MBG correlacionam-se com remodelamento ventricular desfavor&#225;vel, mesmo ap&#243;s ajustes para a presen&#231;a de fluxo TIMI-3.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>-<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Utilizada como crit&#233;rio de reperfus&#227;o, identificamos ensaios associando a persist&#234;ncia da eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST com progn&#243;sticos. Em interessante estudo, foi observado que, em pacientes submetidos a ICP-prim&#225;ria, a redu&#231;&#227;o do ST n&#227;o previu mortalidade a longo prazo.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> Outro estudo n&#227;o encontrou altera&#231;&#227;o no valor progn&#243;stico da redu&#231;&#227;o de ST p&#243;s-ICP em acompanhamento de longo prazo para os principais desfechos.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup>Por sua vez, o comportamento do segmento-ST dentro de 60 minutos ap&#243;s ICP-prim&#225;ria bem-sucedida tamb&#233;m foi avaliado por sua associa&#231;&#227;o com menores taxas de mortalidade em curto e longo prazo, com grada&#231;&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o do ST (&gt;70%; 30-70%; &lt;30%). Neste estudo, na aus&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, foram identificados pacientes com menor probabilidade de benef&#237;cio da restaura&#231;&#227;o precoce do fluxo na ARI, provavelmente devido a danos microvasculares e subsequente menor preserva&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup>Todavia, grande parte destes estudos contemplou pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP-prim&#225;ria, e n&#227;o p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise, al&#233;m de n&#227;o consideraram o padr&#227;o MBG como definidor de melhor padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico de reperfus&#227;o. A presen&#231;a de resolu&#231;&#227;o precoce da eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST p&#243;s ICP-prim&#225;ria angiograficamente bem-sucedida identifica pacientes com maior probabilidade de se beneficiar da restaura&#231;&#227;o precoce do fluxo na ARI. Destaca-se, ainda, que as medidas TIMI-fluxo superestimam muito o sucesso na ICP-prim&#225;ria. Nos estudos p&#243;s-fibrin&#243;lise, a defini&#231;&#227;o de sucesso angiogr&#225;fico era caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de TIMI 2 e 3. Entretanto, pacientes com TIMI-fluxo &lt;3 apresentam pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, sobretudo a m&#233;dio e longo prazo, quando comparados ao grupo de pacientes com TIMI-fluxo-3.</p>
      <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o exata da eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &#233; complexa e poderia prejudicar a simplicidade do modelo, sobretudo na sala de emerg&#234;ncia. No entanto, na maioria dos casos, mensura&#231;&#245;es precisas n&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rias, pois podem ser facilmente obtidas em compara&#231;&#227;o visual dos ECG.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup>V&#225;rios m&#233;todos para avaliar a resolu&#231;&#227;o de ST s&#227;o descritos, a maior parte deles inclui a resolu&#231;&#227;o porcentual; alguns utilizam uma &#250;nica deriva&#231;&#227;o, enquanto outros mensuram a somat&#243;ria de desvios em m&#250;ltiplos canais. Em nossos apontamentos, a detec&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o usando crit&#233;rios mais rigorosos, como a resolu&#231;&#227;o completa do segmento ST ou redu&#231;&#227;o &gt;70%, apresentou melhor especificidade, por&#233;m com baixa sensibilidade e pouca capacidade preditiva. A acur&#225;cia progn&#243;stica de distintos m&#233;todos na avalia&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST p&#243;s ICP foi analisada no estudo <italic>Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications</italic> (CADILLAC), demonstrando que a an&#225;lise do ST em valores absolutos em deriva&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica no ECG p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o foi ao menos equivalente, do ponto de vista progn&#243;stico, a algoritmos mais complexos.<sup><xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica pode ser prevista por altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST e foi descrita em nossa coorte. Quando aplicamos o &#237;ndice de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o crit&#233;rio TIMI-3 e MBG-3 e reperfus&#227;o, pelo crit&#233;rio de ECG, obtivemos valor semelhante ao observado quando consideramos apenas a classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica fluxo TIMI-3. Mesmo agrupando e comparando pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas em parede anterior <italic>versus</italic> infarto &#8220;n&#227;o anterior&#8221;, a redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &gt;50% n&#227;o previu de forma acurada os melhores padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
      <p>Embora existam terapias eficazes, ainda h&#225; car&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es qualitativas dispon&#237;veis para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o, notadamente no modelo de estrat&#233;gia f&#225;rmaco-invasiva, em que a avalia&#231;&#227;o preliminar em centros e unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de pode ser impactante a um melhor progn&#243;stico. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de modelos multivariados na forma de escores representa uma forma interessante na predi&#231;&#227;o, superior &#224; obtida de maneira subjetiva apenas pela impress&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Ferramentas que auxiliem a capacidade m&#233;dica em avaliar r&#225;pida e precisamente o risco s&#227;o, portanto, de grande interesse. N&#227;o obstante a exist&#234;ncia de preditores bem caracterizados, a estimativa de risco &#233; desafiadora, em virtude de perfis complexos que demandam integra&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis e com calibra&#231;&#227;o para popula&#231;&#245;es locais.<sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nossa coorte, registramos 116 &#243;bitos (5,3%) e de maneira esperada, com maior incid&#234;ncia no grupo resgate (11,5% <italic>vs.</italic> 2,4%). Complica&#231;&#245;es como choque cardiog&#234;nico e instabilidades el&#233;tricas graves foram as principais causas de mortalidade, com os pacientes pertencentes &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional IV (Killip-Kimball) com as maiores taxas de letalidade. No modelo de regres&#227;o multivari&#225;vel, a classe Killip-Kimball foi o preditor mais poderoso, com risco crescente de mortalidade a cada piora de categoria. Outro importante ponto a se destacar &#233; que menores taxas de mortalidade foram observadas no grupo que recebeu a tromb&#243;lise mais cedo, refor&#231;ando o conceito de que reperfus&#227;o precoce atenua o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es, pelo menos em curto prazo.</p>
      <p>Idealmente, um indicador de reperfus&#227;o deve ser prontamente obtido e aplic&#225;vel principalmente &#224; beira-leito. Em nossa coorte, o encaminhamento para o estudo angiogr&#225;fico precoce deveu-se possivelmente frente &#224;s modifica&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST, pois pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise foram referenciados &#224; terapia de resgate mais rapidamente. No grupo com redu&#231;&#227;o do ST &gt;50%, o tempo mediano entre a tromb&#243;lise e o laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo foi de 960 min <italic>versus</italic> 410 min no grupo sem redu&#231;&#227;o do ST. Entretanto, essa pode ter sido uma op&#231;&#227;o equivocada, pois 24,5% apresentavam TIMI-3/MBG-3 caracterizando diagn&#243;stico de gravidade falso-positivo. Al&#233;m disso, 38,5% do grupo que apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o &gt;50% apresentava padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico TIMI-fluxo &lt;3, subestimando o risco real. Em recente estudo de nosso grupo, com a inclus&#227;o de 104 pacientes e an&#225;lise da mensura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT e sua dispers&#227;o nas 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, e tamb&#233;m apenas na regi&#227;o com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (nominada dispers&#227;o regional do intervalo QT) pr&#233; e 60 min p&#243;s-lise, observamos aumento da dispers&#227;o regional do intervalo QT (dQT-Reg) p&#243;s-lise em infartos de parede anterior nos casos fluxo TIMI-3/MBG-3, com sensibilidade e especificidade de 93% e 71%, respectivamente. Embora com n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes avaliados, estes dados sugerem a dQT-Reg um instrumento promissor na identifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva de reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; clinicamente reconhecida a capacidade em predi&#231;&#227;o do al&#237;vio dos sintomas isqu&#234;micos durante a reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></sup> No entanto, este relato fica sujeito &#224;s influ&#234;ncias idiossincr&#225;ticas, assim como poss&#237;vel mascaramento dos sintomas pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos (nitratos, analgesia, seda&#231;&#227;o). Um grave problema identificado em alguns centros &#233; a fibrin&#243;lise inadvertida pela leitura incorreta dos ECG, com reportagem de que 5,7% a 11,0% dos pacientes tratados como IAMCSST n&#227;o apresentavam infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup> Em nossa coorte, identificamos sete casos que, inadvertidamente, receberam trombol&#237;ticos pelas seguintes causas: pericardite aguda, anormalidades n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta.</p>
      <p>A institui&#231;&#227;o da terapia trombol&#237;tica precoce continua sendo pedra angular para melhorar a sobrevida p&#243;s-IAMCSST. No entanto, como evidenciado em nossas anota&#231;&#245;es, o atraso, entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a admiss&#227;o nas unidades de sa&#250;de foi prolongado, n&#227;o havendo, entretanto, diferen&#231;as quanto ao comportamento do segmento ST p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise. No modelo de regress&#227;o multinomial, nossos dados sinalizam para os melhores resultados angiogr&#225;ficos aos pacientes encaminhados precocemente ao estudo hemodin&#226;mico, de forma independente do comportamento do segmento ST. Portanto, acreditamos que a melhor estrat&#233;gia p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise &#233; a r&#225;pida condu&#231;&#227;o ao centro de angiografia referenciado.<sup><xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref></sup> No entanto e desafortunadamente, o tempo dispon&#237;vel para esses pacientes permanece inadequado, possivelmente devido aos s&#233;rios problemas log&#237;sticos enfrentados nas grandes cidades. Por esse motivo, reduzir esses tempos continua sendo um desafio em projetos de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<sup><xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo devem ser declaradas. Esta foi uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria e de centro &#250;nico. Al&#233;m disso, os ECG e as angiografias foram analisadas de forma retrospectiva. Nas redes cl&#237;nicas, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; apenas um dos par&#226;metros que determinam atraso para a angiografia. No estudo STREAM,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> citado previamente, o tempo m&#233;dio para angiografia foi de 2,2 h para pacientes que necessitaram de interven&#231;&#227;o urgente, e 17 h para os 64% restantes. No entanto, nossos achados apontam para tempos mais altos, sobretudo para o grupo-resgate, presumivelmente face &#224;s dificuldades na transfer&#234;ncia para o centro de hemodin&#226;mica (ambul&#226;ncia n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel imediatamente). Todavia, indicam a express&#227;o pragm&#225;tica do atendimento p&#250;blico em uma grande cidade. Como &#250;ltimo ponto a ser destacado, nosso estudo n&#227;o testou especificamente o desempenho do ECG para reperfus&#227;o, mas analisou o crit&#233;rio de ECG recomendado por diretrizes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados sugerem que a redu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, analisada conforme recomendado, n&#227;o conseguiu identificar com precis&#227;o os pacientes com reperfus&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica adequada, com base nos escores TIMI-fluxo e MBG. Acreditamos, portanto, que o estudo angiogr&#225;fico precoce oferece a oportunidade na identifica&#231;&#227;o de falhas na fibrin&#243;lise. Desta forma, na aus&#234;ncia de melhores biomarcadores, mesmo pacientes com reperfus&#227;o aparentemente bem-sucedida devem ser encaminhados para o laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica o mais breve poss&#237;vel, vislumbrando garantir fluxo coron&#225;rio adequado, considerando os aspectos macro e microvasculares.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem aos m&#233;dicos, enfermeiros e t&#233;cnicos dos laborat&#243;rios de hemodin&#226;mica, unidades coron&#225;rias e servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos regionais de emerg&#234;ncia. Ainda neste espa&#231;o, gostar&#237;amos de expressar nossa homenagem e rever&#234;ncia ao professor Antonio Carlos de Camargo Carvalho, idealizador deste projeto tem&#225;tico, que nos deixou t&#227;o cedo (*1947-2019<sup>&#8224;</sup>).</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de p&#243;s-doutorado de Henrique Tria Bianco pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Accuracy of Post-thrombolysis ST-segment Reduction as an Adequate Reperfusion Predictor in the Pharmaco-Invasive Approach</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6746-8327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Braulio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio Tocci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stefanini</surname>
            <given-names>Edson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8360-8465</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Henrique Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Maria Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Ivo de Marqui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Delascio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2178-1518</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moises</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambrosio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Henrique Tria Bianco </bold>&#8226; Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Loefgren, 1350. Postal Code - 04040-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: henriquetria@uol.com.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Bianco HT, Fonseca FAH; Acquisition of data: Bianco HT, Stefanini E, Barbosa AHP, Alves CMR, Gon&#231;alves Jr I, Moraes PIM, Paola AAV, Almeida D, Fonseca FAH; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Bianco HT, Povoa R, Luna Filho B, Fonseca HA, Barbosa AHP, Caixeta AM, Gon&#231;alves Jr I, Lopes RD, Paola AAV, Almeida D, Moises VA, Fonseca FAH; Statistical analysis: Bianco HT, Povoa R, Izar MC, Luna Filho B, Fonseca HA, Caixeta AM, Lopes RD, Moises VA; Writing of the manuscript: Bianco HT, Izar MC, Moreira FT, Fonseca HA, Caixeta AM, Lopes RD, Moises VA, Fonseca FAH; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bianco HT, Povoa R, Izar MC, Luna Filho B, Moreira FT, Stefanini E, Fonseca HA, Alves CMR, Moraes PIM, Lopes RD, Paola AAV, Almeida D, Fonseca FAH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Primary percutaneous coronary intervention is considered the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for coronary reperfusion. However, when not available, the drug-invasive strategy is an alternative method and the electrocardiogram (ECG) has been used to identify reperfusion success.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> Our study aimed to assess ST-Segment changes in post-thrombolysis and their power to predict recanalization and using the angiographic scores TIMI-flow and Myocardial Blush Grade (MBG) as an ideal reperfusion criterion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> 2,215 patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) undergoing fibrinolysis [(Tenecteplase)-TNK] and referred to coronary angiography within 24 h post-fibrinolysis or immediately referred to rescue therapy were studied. The ECG was performed pre- and 60 min-post-TNK. The patients were categorized into 2 groups: those with ideal reperfusion (TIMI-3 and MBG-3) and those with inadequate reperfusion (TIMI and MBG &lt;3). The ECG reperfusion criterion was defined by the reduction of the ST-Segment &gt;50%. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered for the analyses, with bicaudal tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The ECG reperfusion criterion showed a positive predictive value of 56%; negative predictive value of 66%; sensitivity of 79%; and specificity of 40%. There was a weak positive correlation between ST-Segment reduction and ideal reperfusion angiographic data (r = 0.21; p &lt;0.001) and low diagnostic accuracy, with an AUC of 0.60 (95%CI: 0.57-0.62).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The ST-Segment reduction was not able to accurately identify patients with adequate angiographic reperfusion. Therefore, even patients with apparently successful reperfusion should be referred to angiography soon, to ensure adequate macro and microvascular coronary flow.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombolytic Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Chest Pain</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Although primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is considered the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; treatment for ST-Segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), it is not always available, especially in developing countries.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Considering this scenario, the drug-invasive strategy, with fibrinolysis and referral for coronary angiography, has proved to be a viable option, according to the guidelines and observed in several studies, including STREAM, with unquestionable benefits when applied within the first hours of the event.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>-<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Therefore, a project was started in 2010, by the Municipal Health Department, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo and the Itinerant Health Care Service, which organized a planned system of thrombolysis in suburban health centers, including transfer to the university center for angiography and treatment of the related artery. Hence, the use of bedside biomarkers is essential for the discrimination of patients who have obtained adequate results and those who should be referred for rescue angioplasty.</p>
        <p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an accessible method to evaluate patients with chest pain, not only for diagnostic purposes, but also in the stratification assessment. Thus, observing the behavior of the ST-Segment as a predictor of post-thrombolysis therapeutic success in reperfusion has been proposed.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>Therefore, our study aimed to assess the modifications of the post-fibrinolysis ST-Segment and its predictive power, with the angiographic scores &#8220;Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction&#8221; (TIMI-flow) as the outcome variable and the &#8220;Myocardial Blush Grade&#8221; (MBG) as the appropriate macro and microvascular reperfusion criteria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a cross-sectional study, with retrospective analysis of the variables of interest, carried out from March-2010 to January-2018. A total of 2,215 patients were consecutively enrolled and submitted to thrombolytic therapy with tenecteplase (TNK) in primary health centers, with electrocardiographic confirmation of STEMI and referred for angiography within 24 hours post-fibrinolysis, or immediately if rescue therapy was necessary. A centralized database was used for the present study. It contained demographic, and clinical information, ECG results, treatments, time intervals and hospital events. This study is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, was approved by the local Ethics Committee, and the free and informed consent was obtained from patients or their legal representatives. The study is registered in the <italic>ClinicalTrials.gov </italic>database, under number NCT02090712. The study flowchart is shown in <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of the studied cohort.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0015-00241-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Drug-invasive strategy</title>
          <p>The drug-invasive strategy was defined as the use of thrombolysis with TNK, using a weight-adjusted dose , followed by cardiac catheterization within 24 hours.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>After the STREAM <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>study results in 2013, patients aged &gt;75 years received half a dose (1/2-TNK). Only patients with an unquestionable contraindication to fibrinolysis were excluded from this analysis. The patients were premedicated with a loading dose of acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel. Rescue angiography was indicated by the local medical staff due to the suspected ineffective thrombolysis for the treatment of the infarct-related artery (IRA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessed electrocardiographic variable</title>
          <p>The electrocardiographic criterion for successful reperfusion was defined by the reduction &gt;50% of ST-Segment elevation in the lead with the highest elevation. The ECGs were performed pre-and 60-minutes post-fibrinolysis and obtained in 12 leads (velocity 25 mm/s; 10 mm/mV). The ST-Elevation was defined as the elevation of the J-point in 2 or more contiguous leads, with a limit of &#8805;0.2 mV in the V1-V3 and &#8805;0.1mV in the other leads. The analysis of the ST-Segment was performed retrospectively and by independent observers who were unaware of the patients&#8217; clinical and angiographic characteristics.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessed angiographic variables</title>
          <p>Experienced interventionist cardiologists performed the angiographic analyses according to the TIMI-flow and MBG scores described below:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction</bold> (TIMI-flow):<bold>grade 0:</bold> complete obstruction of IRA; <bold>grade 1</bold>: contrast penetrates beyond the point of obstruction, not completely opacifying the vessel; <bold>grade 2:</bold> opacification throughout the vessel, but with delayed flow; <bold>grade 3:</bold> full perfusion in the IRA, with normal flow.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Myocardial Blush Grade</bold> (MBG): <bold>grade 0:</bold> no myocardial blush or contrast density; <bold>grade 1:</bold> minimal myocardial blush or contrast density; <bold>grade 2</bold>: moderate myocardial blush or contrast density but less than that obtained during angiography of a contralateral or ipsilateral non&#8211;infarct-related coronary artery; and <bold>grade 3</bold>: normal myocardial blush or contrast density, comparable with that obtained during the angiography of a contralateral or ipsilateral non&#8211;infarct-related coronary artery.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The patients were categorized according to the TIMI-flow and MBG into two groups: those with adequate perfusion (TIMI-3 and MBG-3 flow) and those without optimal reperfusion (TIMI flow &lt;3). Intrinsic aspects to the procedure, such as access route, administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and thrombus-aspiration, were a medical team choice. The analyses of the angiography were performed retrospectively by independent researchers, who were unaware of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the patients included in the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were described as mean &#177; standard deviation (m &#177; sd) or median and interquartile range, md (IQR), when the data did not show a normal distribution. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and analyses of the coefficients of kurtosis and asymmetry were performed to assess the normal distribution. The categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequency distributions. For comparisons between the groups, independent Student&#8217;s t Test or Mann-Whitney non-parametric U-test was used for continuous variables and Pearson chi-square test (&#967;2) was used for categorical variables, with Yates correction. Kendall&#8217;s tau coefficient, a nonparametric hypothesis test, was used to verify the correlation between ST-Segment reduction and the angiographic patterns in dichotomous categorical variables. ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves were developed for the analysis of sensitivity/specificity of the ST-Segment regression based on the TIMI-flow and MBG scores. The positive likelihood ratio (LR) was calculated: LR (+): V = sensitivity / (1- specificity). Good diagnostic tests have a LR (+) &gt;10 and its positive result has a significant contribution. The likelihood ratio for a negative LR (-) is a good indicator to rule out the diagnosis. Good diagnostic tests have LR (-) &lt;0.1; calculated: LR (-) = (1- sensitivity) / specificity. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), is also a measure of accuracy, used to estimate the discrimination power and comparison of accuracy between the tests. The DOR was the ratio of the chance of positivity in the group with ST-Segment reduction &gt;50% with the chances of positivity in the group without ST-segment reduction. A priori, a p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses, with bicaudal tests. The analyses were performed using the SPSS software, version-20 (IBM-SPSS Statistics, New York, USA)<sup>&#174;</sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Patients of both genders, 70.2% of which were men were included; the median age was 58 years, IQR (50-66). The time from symptom onset to the primary care center was 220 minutes, IQR (140-345). The prevalence of risk factors and the patients&#8217; characteristics in the basal period is reported in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. Briefly, 60.7% were hypertensive; 29.8% had diabetes; 63.1% were smokers. In addition, 11% had a previous myocardial infarction and 4.3% had a previous stroke. The risk predictors used were recorded at the baseline period. Most patients were in low functional class by the Killip-Kimball classification:<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup><bold>I</bold> (73%), <bold>II</bold> (16.3%), <bold>III</bold> (2.2%), <bold>IV</bold> (8.6%); and had a low risk profile according to the prediction scores, TIMI-Risk:<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> 3, IQR(2-5); GRACE<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>: 136, IQR (117-161), meaning a low risk profile.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the cohort studied in the basal period</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>All Patients (N = 2215)</th>
                  <th>Patients With ST-Reduction (n = 1511)</th>
                  <th>Patients Without ST-Reduction (n = 704)</th>
                  <th>P-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Demographics</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years; MD (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (50-66)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (50-66)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (49-66)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.62</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male; (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">70.5%</td>
                  <td align="center">69.6%</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.41</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body Mass Index, Kg/m<sup>2</sup>; MD (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (24-29)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (24-29)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (24-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.004</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemodynamic Characteristics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg; MD (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (115-150)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (116-150)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (110-150)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.098</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg; MD (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70-93)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70-94)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70-93)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.23</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate, bpm; MD (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (66-90)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (66-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (68-95)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>&lt;0.001</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risk Factors</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension; (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">59.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">64.5%</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.01</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus<italic>;</italic> (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1%</td>
                  <td align="center">33.5%</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.01</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smokers; (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.1%</td>
                  <td align="center">66.1%</td>
                  <td align="center">57.5%</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>&lt;0.001</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous myocardial infarction; (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11%</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9%</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9%</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.02</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous Stroke; (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3%</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1%</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.98</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup>, mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>; MD (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (67-108)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (70-110)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (63-106)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.015</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Risk Scores</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMI-Risk score; MD (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2-5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2-5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2-6)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>&lt;0.001</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GRACE-score; MD (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (117-161)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (118-157)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (115-171)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.004</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pivotal Times</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pain-Needle Time; MD (IQR) min.</td>
                  <td align="center">220 (140-345)</td>
                  <td align="center">220 (145-345)</td>
                  <td align="center">220 (140-356)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.34</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Door-Needle Time; MD (IQR) min.</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (45-135)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (45-130)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (44-150)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.057</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time TNK<sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup>-Cath-lab; MD (IQR) min.</td>
                  <td align="center">740 (335-1380)</td>
                  <td align="center">960 (405-1440)</td>
                  <td align="center">410 (270-841)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data on medical history, comorbidities and presentation time were largely derived from medical interviews. Demographic information and risk factors were reported by patients and trained staff reviewed the data during hospital admission. For comparisons between groups, the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test for continuous variables and &#967;2 test for discrete variables were used. The data are expressed as median (MD) and interquartile range (IQR), or number and percentage. eGFR<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup>: glomerular filtration rate estimated by MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease); TNK<sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup>: Tenecteplase; Cath-lab: catheterization laboratory.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Distribution of coronary flow according to TIMI / MBG</title>
          <p>In the subjective evaluation of TIMI flow and MBG, the inter-observer agreement was 94%. The ARI distribution according to the TIMI-flow score (0-3) was: 21%; 3.6%; 14.4%; and 61% respectively. MBG grade was (0-3): 42%; 3.5%; 2.5%; and 52%, respectively, evaluated only in patients with TIMI-3 flow.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Distribution of the infarct-related arteries</title>
          <p>We observed the following distribution of the IRA: left anterior descending artery (40.3%); right coronary artery (35.3%); left circumflex coronary artery (6.8%); and branches of the main arteries (17.6%). The description of the IRA and the analysis of the regions involved in the ECG and their distribution, according to gender, can be seen in <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Description of the infarct-related artery and analysis of electrocardiographic regions with ST-segment elevation and its distribution according to gender</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th scope="col" align="left">Infarct-related artery</th>
                    <th scope="col">All Patients N (%)</th>
                    <th scope="col">Men (%)</th>
                    <th scope="col">Women (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterior Descending Artery</td>
                    <td align="center">893 (40.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">41.9</td>
                    <td align="center">36.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right Coronary Artery</td>
                    <td align="center">782 (35.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.5</td>
                    <td align="center">39.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Circumflex Coronary Artery</td>
                    <td align="center">151 (6.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.5</td>
                    <td align="center">7.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left Coronary Artery (Trunk)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Posterior Descending Coronary Artery</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (0.36)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Posterior Ventricular Coronary Artery</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (0.63)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left Marginal Coronary Artery</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (1.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.2</td>
                    <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diagonal Artery</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (0.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unidentified artery or other</td>
                    <td align="center">335 (15.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.4</td>
                    <td align="center">13.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ST-Segment- elevation (ECG) </bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>All Patients N (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Men (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Women (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anteroseptal wall</td>
                    <td align="center">892 (40.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">41.9</td>
                    <td align="center">36.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterior Wall</td>
                    <td align="center">782 (35.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.5</td>
                    <td align="center">39.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Extensive Anterior wall</td>
                    <td align="center">151 (6.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.5</td>
                    <td align="center">7.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Posterior wall</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inferolateral wall</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1</td>
                    <td align="center">2.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lateral wall</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unidentified or other</td>
                    <td align="center">314 (14.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.8</td>
                    <td align="center">4.7</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>The data are expressed as frequency and percentage (%). A team of independent experts reviewed the electrocardiographic findings. The agreement between observation pairs and the Kappa index was used as a measure of variability. The ECG reviewers were unaware of the patients&#8217; baseline characteristics. ST-Segment elevation was measured 20 ms after point J. Infarction was considered as: anteroseptal (V1-V4); anterior: (V1-V6); extensive anterior: (V1-V6 + DI. aVL); inferior (DII, DIII, aVF); inferolateral: (DII, DIII, aVF + V5-V6); lateral (V5-V6). The infarct-related artery was identified according to the presence of thrombus, total occlusion or delayed anterograde flow.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Distribution of measurements by ECG criterion according to TIMI flow / MBG</title>
          <p>The prediction of adequate coronary reperfusion using the ECG criterion (ST-Segment reduction &gt;50%) showed a positive predictive value of 56% [95% CI (0.54-0.59)]; a negative predictive value of 66% [95% CI (0.62-0.70)]; sensitivity of 79% [95% CI (0.76-0.81)]; and specificity of 40% [95% CI (0.38-0.44)], a Positive likelihood ratio (LR +) of 1.32; and a negative likelihood ratio (LR -) of 0.52. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 2.55 (odds ratio of positivity in the group with ST-Segment reduction in relation to the chances of positivity in the group without ST-segment reduction). Thus, a weak positive correlation was observed between the ST-Segment reduction and the angiographic pattern of reperfusion, considering TIMI-3 and MBG-3, (r =0.21; <italic>p&lt;0.001</italic>) as shown in <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>. We also highlight the behavior of the ECG criterion for arterial recanalization and its association with angiographic scores, stratified by gender, which were not significantly different (<xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table-3</xref>). <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref> shows the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.60 [95% CI (0.57-0.62)] in those with ST-Segment reduction and the angiographic pattern (TIMI-3 / MBG-3):[(<bold>A</bold>-overall; <bold>B</bold>-female; <bold>D-</bold>male)].</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correlation between angiographic patterns (TIMI-3 and MBG-3) and the electrocardiographic criteria for reperfusion.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0015-00241-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correlation between ST-Segment reduction and TIMI-3 / Blush-3 scores, stratified by gender</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="6" scope="col" align="left">Correlation Coefficient (Kendall index)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4" align="left">Sex</td>
                    <td align="center">ST Segment Reduction</td>
                    <td align="center">TIMI-3 / Blush-3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4" align="left">Men</td>
                    <td rowspan="4" align="center">Kendall coefficient</td>
                    <td rowspan="2" align="center">ST-Reduction</td>
                    <td align="center">Correlation Coefficient</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.203</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>*</bold>
                      </sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">N</td>
                    <td align="center">1537</td>
                    <td align="center">1506</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2" align="center">TIMI-3 / Blush-3</td>
                    <td align="center">Correlation Coefficient</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.203</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>*</bold>
                      </sup>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">N</td>
                    <td align="center">1506</td>
                    <td align="center">1523</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">
                      <bold>Women</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="4" align="center">Kendall coefficient</td>
                    <td rowspan="2" align="center">ST-Reduction</td>
                    <td align="center">Correlation Coefficient</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.231</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>*</bold>
                      </sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">N</td>
                    <td align="center">652</td>
                    <td align="center">637</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2" align="center">TIMI-3 / Blush-3</td>
                    <td align="center">Correlation Coefficient</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.231</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>*</bold>
                      </sup>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">N</td>
                    <td align="center">637</td>
                    <td align="center">643</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*The correlation was significant at the level of 0.05 (bicaudal test).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Area under the curve of patients with TIMI-flow 3 / Myocardial Blush Grade 3 and ST-Segment reduction for all patients and stratified by gender. A) Overall; B) Women; C) Rescue group; D) Men.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0015-00241-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of patients referred for rescue therapy</title>
          <p>Patients were referred for rescue therapy after consensus of the local medical team, with a rate of 24.28%. The clinical-epidemiological characteristics between the rescue group and the elective angiography group is shown in <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref>. In the rescue group, the sensitivity and specificity was 59% and 53%, respectively, for the ST-segment reduction in the prediction of TIMI-3 / MBG-3. The AUC was 0.56 [95% CI (0.51-0.62)] as shown in Figure-3, (<bold>C</bold>-rescue group).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients in the elective angiography group and those referred for rescue angioplasty</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Elective Angiography (n = 1677)</th>
                    <th>Rescue Angioplasty (n = 538)</th>
                    <th>P-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Demographic</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, (years), m &#177; sd</td>
                    <td align="center">58.26 &#177; 11.61</td>
                    <td align="center">58.67 &#177; 11.53</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1178 (71. 7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">358 (66.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Risk Factors</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous Myocardial Infarction, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">218 (11.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (10.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous stroke, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">108 (0.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (2.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current smokers, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">589 (35. 9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">211 (39. 2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">678 (41. 3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">186 (34. 7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes <italic>mellitus, </italic> n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">490 (27. 8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">186 (34. 5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hemodynamic Variables</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic BP<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup>, (mmHg), m &#177; sd</td>
                    <td align="center">134.3 &#177; 27.56</td>
                    <td align="center">130.91 &#177; 29.65</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diastolic BP<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup>, (mmHg), m &#177; sd</td>
                    <td align="center">82.78 &#177; 18.36</td>
                    <td align="center">81.16 &#177; 19.50</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart rate, (bpm). m &#177; sd</td>
                    <td align="center">78 &#177; 17.55</td>
                    <td align="center">81 &#177; 19.70</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are expressed as mean (m) &#177; standard deviation (sd) or percentage (%). Clinical demographic and risk factors were reviewed during hospital admission. BP<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup>: Blood Pressure.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>A critical aspect of damage reduction associated with myocardial infarction is the guarantee of access to the emergency care, in which the identification of symptoms and the performance of the initial ECG are fundamental. With primary PCI unavailable in basic health units and in many hospitals, the drug-invasive strategy is recommended in STEMI.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>The best method to obtain reperfusion has been widely debated, essentially skewed by the competitive perception regarding the possibilities of revascularization. It is well established that the best strategy is the one available within well-established deadlines, being indifferent within the first hours of the onset of ischemic symptoms. The trialist group demonstrated that in patients with pain within 6 hours, 30 deaths were prevented/1,000; between 7 and 12 hours, approximately 20 deaths/1,000 would be prevented.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>Thus, the importance of the fast identification of ischemic symptoms and prompt care are highlighted. Consequently, even the primary PCI, as well as fibrinolysis, are well-established treatments and the benefits are maximized when treatment occurs as soon as possible.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>A meta-analyses reported an increased risk of recent-onset heart failure, with a relative increase in the incidence per one hour-delay in reperfusion strategies.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study was an attempt to provide a risk stratification through the interpretation of changes in bedside post-fibrinolysis ECG, determining which patients should be referred for urgent angiographic study and the ones that could be electively referred. In fact, the ECG plays a fundamental role in diagnostic accuracy and should be obtained as soon as possible. In the scenario of acute syndromes, reperfusion biomarkers, obtained at the bedside, are crucial for the stratification. Thus, the usefulness of the ST-Segment reduction criterion in predicting reperfusion has been used as a substitute outcome in some clinical trials. In a subgroup analysis from the DANAMI-2 cohort (DANish trial in Acute Myocardial Infarction-2), ST resolution after 4 hours was associated with higher reinfarction rates among patients receiving fibrinolytics, while it was not observed in patients receiving percutaneous treatment.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup>The time to obtain the ECG after fibrinolysis is variable. In the REACT study, an ST-reduction of 50% was defined at 90 minutes post-fibrinolysis, while the MERLIN study defined coronary reperfusion using the same criterion at 60 minutes. The mean time from symptom onset to PCI rescue was 414-minutes in the MERLIN study and 327 minutes in the REACT trial.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Successful reperfusion was considered when the distal flow was restored to the infarct-related artery using the previously described TIMI-flow angiographic score.</p>
        <p>In this context, the &#8220;open artery&#8221; hypothesis was postulated, indicating the prognostic impact if the artery was recanalized.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Within this broad spectrum, Gibson et al.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>introduced a refined method for the myocardial perfusion value: TIMI-flow and reperfusion therapy were considered angiographically successful when TIMI-3 was reached.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>However, even when this score is reached, some patients have inadequate tissue perfusion and several mechanisms have been suggested, among others, distal embolization and the no-reflow phenomenon.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>-<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>Subsequently, Hoffmann et al.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> disclosed the MBG concept with the angiographic index of the microvascular flow, since patients with TIMI-3 and normal MBG flow had lower mortality rates. The restoration of the coronary patency is not a guarantee of tissue perfusion; therefore, we understand that the presence of adequate MBG is a relevant prognostic characteristic and should be added to the TIMI- flow classification, commonly used to define successful angiographic reperfusion.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>-<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup>The abnormalities evaluated by MBG correlate with unfavorable ventricular remodeling, even after adjustment for the presence of TIMI-3 flow.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>-<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Used as a reperfusion criterion, trials associated the persistence of ST-Segment elevation with the prognoses. In an interesting study, it was observed that in patients undergoing primary PCI, the ST-segment reduction did not predict long-term mortality.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup>Another study found no changes in the prognostic value of post-PCI ST-segment reduction in long-term follow-up for the main outcomes.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup> In turn, the ST-Segment behavior within 60 minutes after successful primary PCI was also evaluated according to its association with lower short-and long-term mortality rates, with gradation of the ST-segment reduction (&gt;70%; 30-70%; &lt;30%). In this study, in the absence of ST-Segment reduction, patients with a lower chance of benefiting from early flow restoration of IRA were identified, probably due to microvascular damage and subsequent lower myocardial preservation.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> However, most of these studies enrolled patients submitted to primary PCI, not post-thrombolysis, and did not consider the MBG pattern as a defining variable of a better angiographic pattern of reperfusion. The presence of angiographically verified early resolution of the ST-Segment elevation post-primary PCI successfully identifies patients that are more likely to benefit from early restoration of flow in the IRA. It is also noteworthy that the TIMI-flow measures greatly overestimate the success in the primary PCI. In the post-fibrinolysis studies, the definition of angiographic success was characterized by the presence of TIMI 2 and 3. However, patients with TIMI-flow &lt;3 show a worse clinical evolution, especially in the medium and long-term, when compared to the group of patients with TIMI-flow 3.</p>
        <p>The accurate measurement of ST-Segment elevation is complex and could impair the simplicity of the model, especially in the emergency room. However, in most cases, accurate measurements are not necessary, as they can be easily obtained through the visual comparison of ECGs.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup>Several methods for evaluating ST-segment resolution are described, most of which include percentage of resolution; some use a single lead, while others measure the sum of deviations in multiple channels. In our notes, the detection of reperfusion using more rigorous criteria, such as complete resolution of the ST-Segment or reduction &gt;70%, showed better specificity, but with low sensitivity and low predictive capacity. The prognostic accuracy of different methods in the evaluation of the ST-Segment after PCI was analyzed in the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) study, demonstrating that the ST-segment analysis as absolute values in a single lead on the post-intervention ECG was at least equivalent, from the prognostic point of view, to more complex algorithms.<sup><xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup>The evaluation of angiographic reperfusion as predicted by the ST-Segment changes was reported in our cohort. When we applied the correlation index between the TIMI-3 and MBG-3 criterion and the reperfusion, according to the ECG criterion, we obtained a value similar to that observed when only the angiographic classification of TIMI-3 flow was considered. Even after grouping and comparing patients with ischemic alterations in anterior wall vs. &#8220;non-anterior&#8221; infarction, the ST-Segment reduction &gt;50% did not accurately predict the best angiographic patterns.</p>
        <p>Even with effective therapies, there is still a lack of qualitative information available for stratification, specifically in the drug-invasive strategy model, where preliminary evaluation in centers and basic health units can be used to develop a better prognosis. The use of multivariate models as scores represents an interesting approach in prediction, superior to the obtained subjectively only by clinical impression. Tools that assist medical capacity by quickly and accurately assessing risk are therefore of great interest. Despite the existence of well-characterized predictors, risk estimation is challenging, due to complex profiles that require integration of variables and with calibration for local populations.<sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this cohort, we recorded 116 deaths (5.3%) and as expected, with a higher incidence in the rescue group (11.5% <italic>vs</italic>. 2.4%). Complications such as cardiogenic shock and severe electrical instabilities were the main causes of mortality, with patients with the highest lethality rates belonging to functional classification IV (Killip-Kimball). In the multivariate regression model, the Killip-Kimball class was the most powerful predictor, with an increasing risk of mortality with each degree of worsening of the category. Another important information to note is that the group that received earlier thrombolysis showed lower mortality rates, reinforcing the concept that early reperfusion attenuates the risk of complications, at least in the short term.</p>
        <p>Ideally, a reperfusion indicator should be readily obtained and applicable mainly at the bedside. In our cohort, referral to the early angiographic study was possibly due to changes in the ST-Segment, because patients who did not have post-thrombolysis reduction were more rapidly referred to rescue therapy. In the group with ST-segment reduction &gt;50%, the mean time between thrombolysis and the catheterization laboratory was 960 minutes <italic>vs</italic>. 410 minutes in the group without ST-segment reduction. However, this may have been a mistaken option, because 24.5% had TIMI-3 / MBG-3, characterizing a diagnosis of false-positive severity. In addition, 38.5% of the group with a reduction &gt;50% showed an angiographic pattern of TIMI-flow &lt;3, underestimating the real risk. In a recent study by our group, which assessed 104 patients, the analysis of the measurement of the QT interval and its dispersion in the 12 leads, and also only in the region with ST-segment elevation (named regional dispersion of the QT interval) pre and 60-minutes post-lysis, showed an increase in the regional dispersion of the QT interval (dQT-Reg) post-lysis in anterior wall infarctions in the cases with TIMI-3 / MBG-3 flow, with sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 71%, respectively. Although the study evaluated a small number of patients, these data suggest dQT-Reg as a promising instrument in the noninvasive identification of reperfusion.<sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The ability to predict relief of ischemic symptoms during reperfusion is clinically recognized.<sup><xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></sup> However, this report is linked to idiosyncratic influences, as well as possible masking of symptoms by drugs (nitrates, analgesia, sedation). A serious problem identified in some centers is the inadvertent fibrinolysis by incorrect reading of ECGs, with reports that 5.7% to 11.0% of patients treated for STEMI did not have a myocardial infarction.<sup><xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup> In our cohort, we identified 7 cases that inadvertently received thrombolytics for the following causes: acute pericarditis, non-ischemic abnormalities of ventricular repolarization, and aortic dissection.</p>
        <p>The implementation of early thrombolytic therapy remains a cornerstone to improve post-STEMI survival. However, as evidenced in our notes, the delay between symptom onset and admission to health units was prolonged, but there were no differences in the behavior of the ST-Segment after thrombolysis. In the multinomial regression, our data indicate the best angiographic results in patients referred early to hemodynamic study, regardless of the behavior of the ST-Segment. Therefore, we believe that the best post-thrombolysis strategy is the rapid referral to the angiography unit.<sup><xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref></sup> Unfortunately the time available for these patients remains inadequate, possibly due to the serious logistical problems faced in large cities. For this reason, reducing these times remains a challenge in public health projects.<sup><xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of the study</title>
          <p>The limitations of the present study should be stated. This was an exploratory and single-center analysis. In addition, ECGs and angiographies were retrospectively analyzed. In clinical networks, risk stratification is only one of the parameters that determine the delay to the angiography. In the STREAM study,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> the mean time until the angiography was 2.2 hours for patients who required urgent intervention and 17 hours for the remaining 64%. However, our findings indicate higher times, especially for the rescue group, maybe due to difficulties in transporting patients to the hemodynamic center (ambulance not immediately available). However, this is a common situation of public services in a large city. As a last point to be mentioned, our study did not specifically test ECG performance for reperfusion but analyzed the recommended ECG guidelines criteria.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our results suggest that the ST-Segment reduction, analyzed as recommended, could not accurately identify patients with adequate angiographic reperfusion, based on TIMI-flow and MBG scores. We believe that an early angiographic study offers the opportunity to identify fibrinolysis failures. Thus, in the absence of better biomarkers, even patients with apparently successful reperfusions should be referred to the hemodynamics laboratory as soon as possible, aiming to ensure adequate coronary flow, considering the macro and microvascular aspects.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank the doctors, nurses, and technicians working at the hemodynamics laboratories, coronary units and regional emergency medical services. Also, we would like to express our tribute and reverence to Professor Antonio Carlos de Camargo Carvalho, who designed this thematic project, and who left us too soon (*1947-2019&#8224;).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of post-doctoral submitted by Henrique Tria Bianco, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4001">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
