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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3gFCDWPD9jjpz7V3wk8tbBF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210444</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210444</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Educa&#231;&#227;o como Determinante Social Associado ao Risco Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1187-8690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Precoma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande do Sul</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron - Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica, Campina Grande do Sul, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Cruz Rede D&#8217;Or Curitiba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Cruz Rede D&#8217;Or Curitiba - Cardiologia, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Dalton Bertolim Precoma &#8226; Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron &#8211; Cardiologia - Rodovia do Caqui, 1150. CEP 83430-000, Campina Grande do Sul, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>daltonprecoma@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>13</fpage>
      <lpage>14</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Determinantes Sociais da Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A pandemia do SARS-Cov2 fez o mundo refletir sobre a import&#226;ncia do relacionamento entre os pa&#237;ses na discuss&#227;o dos problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. As doen&#231;as chamadas cr&#244;nico-degenerativas s&#227;o universais e os pa&#237;ses precisam agir de maneira conjunta para o melhor enfrentamento dos problemas. Esta promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, ganhou destaque na primeira confer&#234;ncia internacional ocorrida em 1986 em Ottawa, visando a melhoria da sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o. Os chamados determinantes sociais (DS)<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> inclu&#237;ram a educa&#231;&#227;o, habita&#231;&#227;o, alimenta&#231;&#227;o, renda, ecossistema est&#225;vel, recursos sustent&#225;veis, justi&#231;a social, equidade e paz. Em 2005 a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) elaborou uma Comiss&#227;o para o delineamento dos determinantes sociais da sa&#250;de (DSS), para influenciar os governantes e a sociedade e chamar aten&#231;&#227;o ao enfrentamento dos fatores sociais que culminam com a desigualdade nos vulner&#225;veis.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> E tamb&#233;m definiu os DSS de forma bastante ampla como &#8220;as circunst&#226;ncias em que as pessoas nascem, crescem, vivem, trabalham e envelhecem, e os sistemas implantados para lidar com a doen&#231;a&#8221;. Em um documento mais recente, a OMS ressalta a educa&#231;&#227;o como fundamental fator associado a sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em 2015, o &#8220;American Heart Association&#8221; publicou um documento estabelecendo o conceito dos DS para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Este posicionamento se baseou nos fatores socioecon&#244;micos (incluindo riqueza e renda), educa&#231;&#227;o, emprego, ra&#231;a, etnia, suporte social (incluindo as redes sociais), cultura, acesso aos cuidados m&#233;dicos e ambientes residenciais. Estes fatores s&#227;o muito inter-relacionados, sendo os fatores socioecon&#244;micos os maiores determinantes (em torno de tr&#234;s quartos) e os demais, como os gen&#233;ticos, biol&#243;gicos e comportamentais, contribuindo com a menor parte.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>-<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Preocupados com o tema dos DS relacionados com as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) em nosso pa&#237;s, que possui v&#225;rios contrastes sociais e de dimens&#245;es continentais, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia atualizou a Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular, publicada em 2019 e inseriu um t&#243;pico espec&#237;fico para tratar este assunto. Direcionado aos gestores de sa&#250;de e a comunidade cient&#237;fica traz &#224; tona a Educa&#231;&#227;o e os aspectos associados a outros DS, como forma de redu&#231;&#227;o das DCV.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar de aparentemente &#243;bvio, o tema da educa&#231;&#227;o isolada como DS e a associa&#231;&#227;o com a DCV, &#233; pouco explorado, e o estudo de Barreto et al.8 foi um dos primeiros que abordam a educa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio num pa&#237;s em desenvolvimento. Neste artigo, foram inclu&#237;dos 542 pacientes internados com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, num per&#237;odo aproximado de 10 anos. Foram considerados o maior n&#237;vel de escolaridade atingido pelo paciente e divididos em quartis sendo o menor grau entre 0-3 anos de escolaridade e o maior grau acima de 10 anos. A m&#233;dia de acompanhamento foi de 21 meses e o grau m&#233;dio de escolaridade 6,63 &#177; 4,94 anos. Na an&#225;lise linear a mortalidade foi maior no grupo de menor escolaridade. Na an&#225;lise univariada os fatores que influenciaram na mortalidade foram a idade, tabagismo, classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e escolaridade. Quando avaliado pela an&#225;lise multivariada a escolaridade e outras n&#227;o foram significativas, prevalecendo somente a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar deste estudo demonstrar que a escolaridade n&#227;o teve rela&#231;&#227;o independente com a taxa de mortalidade p&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), v&#225;rios estudos citam a import&#226;ncia do n&#237;vel de educa&#231;&#227;o na evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Associada a v&#225;rios fatores de risco, a escolaridade que &#233; associada a renda familiar, influencia na ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento, no acesso a medica&#231;&#245;es com maior efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a, maior acesso a exames complementares adequados, al&#233;m, de outros elementos que impactam na sobrevida do paciente.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista da educa&#231;&#227;o, as Na&#231;&#245;es Unidas declaram que a educa&#231;&#227;o &#233; um direito humano. O artigo 26 da Declara&#231;&#227;o Universal dos Direitos Humanos cita que todos tem direito a educa&#231;&#227;o e deve ser gratuita pelo menos na etapa elementar e fundamental. Que a educa&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; direcionada para o desenvolvimento da personalidade humana e para o fortalecimento do respeito aos direitos humanos e &#224;s liberdades fundamentais.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No Brasil, alguns estudos apontam um maior n&#250;mero de mortalidade por DCV associada ao n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, como o de Piegas et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> ao analisarem os fatores de risco para o IAM no estudo AFIRMAR, realizado em 104 hospitais e em 51 cidades do Brasil, que encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o com a educa&#231;&#227;o e renda familiar como fatores para o aumento do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Bassanesi et al.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> em estudo realizado em 73 distritos de Porto Alegre, apontaram que mais da metade da mortalidade por DCV em idade inferior a 65 anos pode ser atribu&#237;da a pobreza.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>Soares et al.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> estudaram os indicadores socioecon&#244;micos e da mortalidade cardiovascular nos estados do Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul, e encontraram forte correla&#231;&#227;o na redu&#231;&#227;o das DCV associadas ao aumento do produto interno bruto (PIB) e escolaridade.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudos internacionais, abordaram a educa&#231;&#227;o no contexto dos DS, como Jan&#223;en et al.,<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> que realizaram uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 20 estudos sobre desigualdades sociais e preven&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de na Alemanha. Demonstraram uma significativa associa&#231;&#227;o entre morbidade e mortalidade e as desigualdades denominadas horizontais (idade, g&#234;nero, estado marital e nacionalidade) e verticais (ocupa&#231;&#227;o, educa&#231;&#227;o e renda).<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>Na &#205;ndia, Jeemon et al.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> confirmaram a associa&#231;&#227;o do baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico com a presen&#231;a de maior morbidade e mortalidade pelas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes, observaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de 52% das mortes por DCV com a idade inferior a 70 anos. Os grupos de maior vulnerabilidade foram os de baixa escolaridade em comunidades mais urbanizadas.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es finais</title>
      <p>Atualmente &#233; bem estabelecida a import&#226;ncia dos DSS e a doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Apesar dos modernos recursos diagn&#243;sticos e de tratamento, a implementa&#231;&#227;o das medidas preventivas pode ser muito afetada pela n&#227;o observ&#226;ncia dos m&#250;ltiplos fatores que comp&#245;e os determinantes sociais.</p>
      <p>&#201; fundamental que os outros DSS sejam valorizados e estudados de maneira mais ampla e para que seja estabelecido a real dimens&#227;o do problema e solu&#231;&#245;es sejam propostas. Os pa&#237;ses devem proporcionar a discuss&#227;o mais ampla e colaborar na tomada de decis&#245;es de forma conjunta.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: O Impacto da Educa&#231;&#227;o na Mortalidade por Todas as Causas ap&#243;s Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (IAMCSST): Resultados do Bras&#237;lia Heart Study</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Education as a Social Determinant Associated with Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1187-8690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Precoma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron - Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica, Campina Grande do Sul, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Cruz Rede D&#8217;Or Curitiba - Cardiologia, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Dalton Bertolim Precoma </bold>&#8226; Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron &#8211; Cardiologia - Rodovia do Caqui, 1150. Postal Code 83430-000, Campina Grande do Sul, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: daltonprecoma@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Determinantes Sociais da Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The SARS-Cov2 pandemic has caused the world to reflect on the importance of the relationship between countries regarding the discussion of public health problems. Chronic-degenerative diseases are universal, and countries need to act together to better face the problems. This health promotion was highlighted at the first international conference held in 1986 in Ottawa, aimed at improving the population&#8217;s health. The so-called social determinants (SD)<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> included education, housing, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, equity and peace. In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) created a Commission to outline the social determinants of health (SDH), to influence government and society, and draw attention to coping with social factors that culminate in inequality for vulnerable individuals.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> It also defined SDH quite broadly as &#8220;the circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, and the systems implemented to deal with the disease&#8221;. In a more recent document, the WHO emphasizes education as a fundamental factor associated with population health.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In 2015, the American Heart Association published a document establishing the concept of SD for cardiovascular diseases. This position was based on socioeconomic factors (including wealth and income), education, employment, race, ethnicity, social support (including social networks), culture, access to medical care and residential environments. These factors are very interrelated, with socioeconomic factors being the main determinants (around three-quarters) and the others, such as genetic, biological and behavioral factors, contributing with the smallest part.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>-<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Concerned with the topic of SD related to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in our country, which has several social contrasts and continental dimensions, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology updated the Cardiovascular Prevention Guideline published in 2019 and included a specific topic to address this subject. Aimed at health managers and the scientific community, it brings up Education and the aspects associated with other SDs as a way to reduce CVD.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although apparently obvious, the topic of isolated education as an SD and the association with CVD is little explored, and the study by Barreto et al.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> was one of the first to address education in relation to acute myocardial infarction in a developing country. In this article, 542 patients hospitalized with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) were included, during an approximate period of 10 years. The highest level of schooling attained by the patients was considered and divided into quartiles, with the lowest being between 0-3 years of schooling and the highest being &gt;10 years of schooling. The mean time of follow-up was 21 months, and the mean level of schooling was 6.63 &#177; 4.94 years. In the linear analysis, mortality was higher in the group with fewer years of schooling. In the univariate analysis, the factors that influenced mortality were age, smoking, Killip classification and schooling. When assessed by the multivariate analysis, the level of schooling and others were not significant, prevailing only the Killip classification.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although this study demonstrates that schooling had no independent relationship with the mortality rate after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), several studies mention the importance of education for coronary heart disease evolution.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Associated with several risk factors, the level of schooling, which is associated with family income influences adherence to treatment, access to medications with greater efficacy and safety, greater access to appropriate complementary exams, in addition to other elements that impact patient survival.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>From the point of view of education, the United Nations have declared that it constitutes a human right. Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to education, and that it should be free at least at the level of Elementary School and that the education shall be directed towards the development of the human personality and to strengthen the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In Brazil, some studies indicate a higher number of CVD mortality associated with socioeconomic status, such as that by Piegas et al.,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> when analyzing the risk factors for AMI in the AFIRMAR study, carried out in 104 hospitals and in 51 cities in Brazil, which found a relationship with education and family income as factors for the increase in myocardial infarction.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Bassanesi et al.,<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> in a study carried out in 73 districts of Porto Alegre, found that more than half of CVD mortality cases under the age of 65 years could be attributed to poverty.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Soares et al.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> studied the socioeconomic and cardiovascular mortality indicators in the states of Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, and found a strong correlation between CVD reduction and the increase in gross domestic product (GDP) and level of schooling.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>International studies have addressed education in the context of SD, such as Jan&#223;en et al.,<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> who carried out a systematic review of 20 studies on social inequalities and health prevention in Germany. They demonstrated a significant association between morbidity and mortality and the so-called &#8220;horizontal&#8221; (age, gender, marital status and nationality) and &#8220;vertical&#8221; inequalities (occupation, education and income).<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> In India, Jeemon et al.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> confirmed the association of low socioeconomic level with the presence of greater morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases and diabetes and observed the occurrence of 52% of deaths from CVD at the age &lt; 70 years. The most vulnerable groups were those with low level of schooling in more urbanized communities.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Final considerations</title>
        <p>Currently, the importance of SDH and cardiovascular disease is well established. Despite the modern diagnostic and treatment resources, the implementation of preventive measures can be greatly affected by the non-observance of the multiple factors that comprise the social determinants.</p>
        <p>It is essential that the other SDH are taken into account and more broadly studied, aiming to establish the real dimension of the problem and then, solutions can be proposed. Countries must provide the broadest discussion and collaborate in joint decision-making.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: The Impact of Education on All-cause Mortality Following St-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Results from the Brazilian Heart Study</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
