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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zyfSdf5dHRLrVnZWmRwPF3g</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000900005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190854</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190854</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Impacto da Educa&#231;&#227;o na Mortalidade por Todas as Causas ap&#243;s Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (IAMCSST): Resultados do <italic>Bras&#237;lia Heart Study</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1914-316X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Joaquim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Carlos Quinaglia e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) - Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Aterolab), Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Joaquim Barreto Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) - Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Atherolab) - R. Tess&#225;lia Vieira de Camargo, 126. CEP 13083-872, SP, Campinas &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>joaquimbarretoantunes@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira JB, Sposito AC, Carvalho LS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira JB, Quinaglia JC, Sposito AC, Carvalho LS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira JB, Carvalho LS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Sposito AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potenciais conflitos de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>5</fpage>
      <lpage>12</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A baixa escolaridade tem sido considerada um fator de risco modific&#225;vel significativo para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares h&#225; bastante tempo. Apesar disso, ainda n&#227;o se sabe muito sobre esse fator impactar ou n&#227;o os desfechos ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar se a escolaridade &#233; um fator de risco independente para mortalidade em pacientes com IAMCSST.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST foram consecutivamente inclu&#237;dos em uma coorte prospectiva (<italic>Bras&#237;lia Heart Study</italic>) e categorizados de acordo com os anos dos quartis de estudo (0-3, 4-5, 6-10 e &gt;10 anos). Os grupos foram comparados pelo teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e qui-quadrado para categ&#243;ricas. A incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade por todas as causas foi comparada com Kaplan-Meyer com regress&#227;o de Cox ajustada por idade, sexo e escore GRACE. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos. SPSS21.0 foi utilizado para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A m&#233;dia de escolaridade foi de 6,63&#177;4,94 anos. Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (m&#233;dia: 21 meses; at&#233; 6,8 anos), 83 pacientes vieram &#224; &#243;bito (mortalidade cumulativa de 15%). A taxa de mortalidade foi maior entre o quartil inferior em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles do quartil superior [18,5 vs. 6,8%; RR 2,725 (IC 95%: 1,27-5,83; p=0,01)]. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a baixa escolaridade perdeu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para mortalidade por todas as causas ap&#243;s ajuste para idade e sexo, com RR 1,305 (IC 95%: 0,538-3,16; p=0,556), e ap&#243;s ajuste pelo escore GRACE com RR 1,767 (IC 95%: 0,797-3,91; p=0,161).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Investigar se a escolaridade &#233; um fator de risco independente para mortalidade em pacientes com IAMCSST.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Coorte</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Escolaridade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, um grande esfor&#231;o tem sido feito para prevenir fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Entre outros, o baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, avaliado por anos de estudo &#233; destacado como um fator multifacetado que impacta as taxas de incid&#234;ncia e mortalidade de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Um motivo plaus&#237;vel &#233; o v&#237;nculo entre educa&#231;&#227;o e alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, que compreende a capacidade de reconhecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre sa&#250;de e realizar pr&#225;ticas de autocuidado com efici&#234;ncia.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> De acordo com essa hip&#243;tese, aqueles com maior n&#237;vel de instru&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o, provavelmente, mais aderentes &#224;s instru&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas ap&#243;s o evento causador, o que pode, em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia, favorecer o progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Por outro lado, pessoas com menor n&#237;vel de instru&#231;&#227;o podem apresentar maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> e, com frequ&#234;ncia, apresentam acesso tardio aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> o que leva ao acesso limitado a estrat&#233;gias de reperfus&#227;o e a um aumento das taxas de mortalidade.</p>
      <p>Em cuidados cardiovasculares, a hip&#243;tese mencionada &#233; apoiada por um crescente n&#250;mero de evid&#234;ncias, sugerindo que a mortalidade em longo prazo &#233; muito maior entre os pacientes com menor escolaridade. Embora essa rela&#231;&#227;o seja atualmente bem fundamentada, a maioria dos dados foi coletada em pa&#237;ses de alta renda, como a Noruega,<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> os Estados Unidos<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> e a Alemanha.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Nesses pa&#237;ses, como resultado de um excelente servi&#231;o educacional geral, a escolaridade pode desempenhar um papel mais amplo na alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de do que nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, nos quais a educa&#231;&#227;o continua enfrentando desafios devido &#224; falta de recursos e taxas de abandono implac&#225;veis nos est&#225;gios iniciais de escolaridade.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Portanto, saber se a escolaridade permanece como um fator de risco modific&#225;vel significativo para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda permanece uma quest&#227;o sem resposta.</p>
      <p>At&#233; o momento, resultados anteriores sugerem que aqueles com menor escolaridade t&#234;m uma incid&#234;ncia maior de IM no Brasil. No entanto, se a sobrevida global tamb&#233;m &#233; determinada por esses fatores, n&#227;o se sabe ao certo.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Como as doen&#231;as das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias continuam sendo a principal causa de morte no pa&#237;s, deve-se destacar o papel da escolaridade como um marcador substituto plaus&#237;vel de risco de mortalidade.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Nesse cen&#225;rio, o presente estudo investigou se a menor escolaridade &#233; um fator de risco independente para mortalidade e estimou seu impacto na sa&#250;de cardiovascular em uma coorte brasileira de pacientes com IM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
        <p>Pacientes do <italic>Bras&#237;lia Heart Study</italic> foram admitidos prospectivamente no estudo (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02062554), um estudo de coorte em andamento cujos detalhes foram publicados em outro local.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Dos 662 pacientes inclu&#237;dos entre junho de 2006 e novembro de 2016, 542 foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise e 120 foram exclu&#237;dos devido &#224; falta de dados. Resumidamente, o presente estudo envolveu pacientes de qualquer idade, internados por IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) em um hospital p&#250;blico de alta complexidade (terci&#225;rio) (Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, Distrito Federal, Brasil). Os crit&#233;rios de admiss&#227;o inclu&#237;ram: (i) menos de 24 horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas de IM; (ii) desnivelamento do segmento ST de pelo menos 1 mm (plano frontal) ou 2 mm (horizontal) em deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas; e (iii) necrose do mioc&#225;rdio, tal como evidenciado por um aumento de, pelo menos, um valor acima do percentil 99 acima do limite de refer&#234;ncia de CQ-MB (25 U/L) e troponina I (0,04 ng/mL), seguido por um decl&#237;nio de ambos.</p>
        <p>Em 24h ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o hospitalar, amostras de sangue foram coletadas ap&#243;s jejum de 12h e an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas foram realizadas para as seguintes medidas: creatina quinase-MB, colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es, prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), glicemia de jejum, hemoglobina glicada, creatinina e triglicer&#237;deos. As f&#243;rmulas de Cockcroft-Gault e Friedewald foram utilizadas para estimar a depura&#231;&#227;o e o LDL-c, respectivamente. Todas as an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas foram realizadas no mesmo laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico, certificado pelo Programa de Acredita&#231;&#227;o de Laborat&#243;rios Cl&#237;nicos da Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o dos grupos</title>
        <p>Na admiss&#227;o hospitalar, os pacientes foram interrogados sobre sua escolaridade. O n&#250;mero relatado de anos de estudo foi ent&#227;o registrado quando vi&#225;vel ou presumido de acordo com o n&#237;vel de escolaridade mais alto atingido pelo paciente. Nesse ponto, os anos de escolaridade considerados segundo o sistema educacional brasileiro, como apresentado a seguir, foram: analfabetos (&lt;4<sup>&#186;</sup> ano), ensino fundamental (8<sup>&#186;</sup> ano), ensino m&#233;dio (11<sup>&#186;</sup> ano) e educa&#231;&#227;o superior (&gt;15<sup>&#186;</sup> ano). Finalmente, os participantes foram divididos em anos de quartis de estudo, da seguinte forma: 0-3, 4-5, 6-10 e &gt;10 anos de estudo (<xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma para os participantes do presente estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0005-90854-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento e est&#225;gios finais</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados por meio de consulta ambulatorial mensal ou contato telef&#244;nico. O tempo mediano de seguimento foi de 611 (IIQ:724) dias, variando de 1 a 2.504 dias. O desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo foi a mortalidade por todas as causas. O desfecho composto secund&#225;rio foram eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (MACE), definidos como IM fatal ou n&#227;o fatal, morte cardiovascular hospitalar e morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita. Outros desfechos registrados foram acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal, trombose <italic>intra-stent</italic> e angina. Para todos os desfechos, as informa&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas de registros m&#233;dicos e atestados de &#243;bito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para dados normalmente distribu&#237;dos, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como porcentagens (%). A normalidade das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi avaliada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre 0-3 e &gt;10 grupos de escolaridade foram realizadas com o teste do qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e o teste t de Student pareado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia foram analisadas com o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e comparadas com o teste Log Rank Mantel-Cox. O modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox foi adotado para examinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre escolaridade e tempo para MACE, no qual tr&#234;s modelos predefinidos foram utilizados [modelo 1: n&#227;o ajustado; modelo 2: ajustado para sexo e idade; modelo 3: ajustado para escore GRACE]. Um valor de p bilateral de &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no SPSS para Mac, vers&#227;o 20.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A m&#233;dia de escolaridade foi de 6,63&#177;4,94 anos. As caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base de acordo com os anos do quartil de estudo est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>. Um fator de maior import&#226;ncia &#233; que aqueles com menos escolaridade eram mais velhos e mostraram taxas ligeiramente mais baixas de tratamento com estatina ap&#243;s IAMCSST, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) mais baixo, al&#233;m de taxas mais altas de hipertens&#227;o. No entanto, as comorbidades [tabagismo, diabetes, dislipidemia], estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o e atraso no in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a admiss&#227;o hospitalar foram compar&#225;veis entre os diferentes grupos de escolaridade. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os quartis intermedi&#225;rios mostrou que aqueles com seis a 10 anos de escolaridade eram significativamente mais jovens e, em sua maioria, do sexo masculino, IAM pr&#233;vio e hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) quando comparados a aqueles com quatro ou cinco anos de escolaridade (<xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="4">Escolaridade, anos</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>0 - 3</th>
                <th>4 - 5</th>
                <th>6 - 10</th>
                <th>&gt; 10</th>
                <th>valor de p<sup>t</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
                <td align="center">133</td>
                <td align="center">112</td>
                <td align="center">153</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Demografia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">67,31 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">62,4 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">59,4 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">58,12 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escolaridade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">12,8 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homem, %</td>
                <td align="center">69,4</td>
                <td align="center">74,4 <sup>&#182;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">84,8</td>
                <td align="center">77,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">26,4 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">27,2 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MI anterior, %</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">9<sup>&#182;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">16,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,213</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, %</td>
                <td align="center">37,1</td>
                <td align="center">31,6</td>
                <td align="center">39,3</td>
                <td align="center">37,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,613</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Diabetes mellitus</italic>, %</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">29,3</td>
                <td align="center">29,5</td>
                <td align="center">32,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,794</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, %</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">64,7</td>
                <td align="center">61,6</td>
                <td align="center">51,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, %</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">0,886</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar para DAC, %</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
                <td align="center">43,6<sup>&#182;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">57,1</td>
                <td align="center">52,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hemodin&#226;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">132,3 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">133,5 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">138,3 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">139,9 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">0,091</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">81,9 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">83,8 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">88,5 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">87 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">77,3 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">76,2 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">77,3 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">78,6 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GRACE, unidades</td>
                <td align="center">150 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">138,5 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">131,9 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">128,7 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, %</td>
                <td align="center">51,5 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">56,8 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">50 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip I, %</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">92</td>
                <td align="center">92</td>
                <td align="center">0,267</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>An&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia de jejum, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">143,6 &#177; 65</td>
                <td align="center">152 &#177; 67</td>
                <td align="center">150 &#177; 57</td>
                <td align="center">155 &#177; 77</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina glicosilada, %</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,6 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,644</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CrCl, ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">65,6 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">72,1 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">71,6 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">71,9 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">0,052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">40,2 &#177; 11,1</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 9,9</td>
                <td align="center">37,3 &#177; 10,5</td>
                <td align="center">37,2 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">125 &#177; 151</td>
                <td align="center">124,6 &#177; 66</td>
                <td align="center">119,1 &#177; 40</td>
                <td align="center">128,3 &#177; 44</td>
                <td align="center">0,894</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">137,3 &#177; 88</td>
                <td align="center">154,4 &#177; 113</td>
                <td align="center">183,7 &#177; 148</td>
                <td align="center">208,8 &#177; 258</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRP, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,390</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico de CQ-MB, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">264 &#177; 213</td>
                <td align="center">290,9 &#177; 206</td>
                <td align="center">281 &#177; 193</td>
                <td align="center">240 &#177; 169</td>
                <td align="center">0,147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa do infarto (RMC), g</td>
                <td align="center">17,5 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">15,9 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">19,5 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,192</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tratamento</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tenecteplase, %</td>
                <td align="center">60,4</td>
                <td align="center">63,2</td>
                <td align="center">65,2</td>
                <td align="center">62,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP prim&#225;ria, %</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">42,9</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">55,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,204</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo para reperfus&#227;o, min</td>
                <td align="center">160,9 &#177; 149,3</td>
                <td align="center">199,8 &#177; 194</td>
                <td align="center">167,5 &#177; 167</td>
                <td align="center">156,7 &#177; 164</td>
                <td align="center">0,139</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo at&#233; hospital, min</td>
                <td align="center">128 &#177; 111</td>
                <td align="center">134 &#177; 144</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 129</td>
                <td align="center">119 &#177; 127</td>
                <td align="center">0,344</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sinvastatina, %</td>
                <td align="center">60,1</td>
                <td align="center">65,4</td>
                <td align="center">76,9</td>
                <td align="center">70,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Resultados</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade por todas as causas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (18,5)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MACE, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (15,7)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,515</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*US$ 1 = R$ 3,91. <sup><italic>t</italic></sup>Valor de p para compara&#231;&#227;o entre o quartil mais baixo e o mais alto de escolaridade para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e cont&#237;nuas por qui quadrado e teste t de Student pareado, respectivamente. <sup><italic>&#182;</italic></sup>P&lt;0,05 para o segundo (4-5) vs. terceiro (6-10 anos) quartis. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; MI: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; CrCl: depura&#231;&#227;o da creatinina; CRP: Prote&#237;na C-reativa; CQ-MB: creatina quinase M classe B; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; VE: ventricular esquerdo; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; MACE: principais eventos cardiovasculares adversos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (m&#233;dia: 21 meses; faixa: 0-6,8 anos), 83 pacientes faleceram (mortalidade cumulativa de 15%). No modelo linear, a escolaridade reduziu significativamente a chance de &#243;bito, de acordo com nosso per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, com RR 0,927 (IC 95: 0,877-0,981; p=0,008). A taxa de mortalidade foi maior entre o quartil inferior em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com &gt;10 anos de estudo (18,5 vs 6,8%, p=0,016) (<xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref>). Na an&#225;lise univariada, as seguintes vari&#225;veis estiveram relacionadas &#224;s maiores taxas de mortalidade: idade (p=0,001), tabagismo (p=0,046), classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip (p=0,013) e escolaridade (p=0,021). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos com &gt;10 anos de escolaridade, ter &lt;3 anos de estudo foi relacionado &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas com RR 2,725 (IC 95%: 1,27-5,83; p=0,01). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas idade e Killip &gt;I permaneceram significativamente associados &#224; mortalidade. Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos, ter menos de tr&#234;s anos de estudo perdeu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ap&#243;s ajuste por idade e sexo, com RR 1,305 (IC 95%: 0,538-3,16; p=0,556) e ap&#243;s ajuste pelo escore GRACE com RR 1,767 (IC 95%: 0,797-3,91; p=0,161) (<xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref>). Da mesma forma, nenhum dos quartis intermedi&#225;rios foi significativamente relacionado aos resultados na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meyer para mortalidade por todas as causas estratificada por anos de quartis de estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0005-90854-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o de Cox para mortalidade por todas as causas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="3">Modelo 1 (bruto)</th>
                <th colspan="3">Modelo 2<sup>a</sup></th>
                <th colspan="3">Modelo 3<sup>b</sup></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>RR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th>RR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th>RR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,081</td>
                <td align="center">1,06-1,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,071</td>
                <td align="center">1,05-1,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,079</td>
                <td align="center">1,05-1,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homem, %</td>
                <td align="center">1,063</td>
                <td align="center">0,65-1,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,810</td>
                <td align="center">1,054</td>
                <td align="center">0,61-1,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,854</td>
                <td align="center">1,012</td>
                <td align="center">0,575-1,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,967</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1,218</td>
                <td align="center">0,75-1,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,428</td>
                <td align="center">1,314</td>
                <td align="center">0,756-2,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,333</td>
                <td align="center">1,356</td>
                <td align="center">0,779-2,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,282</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1,146</td>
                <td align="center">0,67-1,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,620</td>
                <td align="center">0,957</td>
                <td align="center">0,531-1,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,957</td>
                <td align="center">1,055</td>
                <td align="center">0,581-1,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,860</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,683</td>
                <td align="center">0,42-1,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,117</td>
                <td align="center">0,723</td>
                <td align="center">0,412-1,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,258</td>
                <td align="center">0,825</td>
                <td align="center">0,485-1,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,479</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">1,685</td>
                <td align="center">1,01-2,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
                <td align="center">1,102</td>
                <td align="center">0,611-1,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,747</td>
                <td align="center">1,068</td>
                <td align="center">0,607-1,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,686</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip &gt; I</td>
                <td align="center">1,912</td>
                <td align="center">1,15-3,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">1,932</td>
                <td align="center">1,13-3,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
                <td align="center">1,985</td>
                <td align="center">1,12-3,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Quartis de escolaridade</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,844</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,223</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1<sup>o</sup> vs. 4<sup>o</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,725</td>
                <td align="center">1,27-5,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">1,305</td>
                <td align="center">0,538-3,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,556</td>
                <td align="center">1,767</td>
                <td align="center">0,797-3,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,161</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2<sup>o</sup> vs. 4<sup>o</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,469</td>
                <td align="center">1,17-5,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
                <td align="center">1,470</td>
                <td align="center">0,634-3,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,369</td>
                <td align="center">2,206</td>
                <td align="center">1,01-4,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3<sup>o</sup> vs. 4<sup>o</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,386</td>
                <td align="center">0,63-3,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,419</td>
                <td align="center">1,324</td>
                <td align="center">0,579-3,024</td>
                <td align="center">0,506</td>
                <td align="center">1,018</td>
                <td align="center">1,01-1,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,497</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, a baixa escolaridade n&#227;o teve rela&#231;&#227;o independente com a mortalidade ap&#243;s IAMCSST. Apesar disso, uma taxa de mortalidade 2,7 vezes maior foi encontrada para aqueles com menor escolaridade em compara&#231;&#227;o ao quartil mais alto nos modelos brutos, resultado que foi neutralizado ap&#243;s o ajuste por idade ou escore GRACE. S&#227;o muitas as raz&#245;es poss&#237;veis para esse achado.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o se pode deixar de considerar que os pacientes menos instru&#237;dos tamb&#233;m eram significativamente mais velhos. Essa discrep&#226;ncia &#233; recorrente em outros estudos, uma vez que um aumento geral nos anos de escolaridade esperados ocorreu globalmente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. Ali&#225;s, relat&#243;rios do Programa das Na&#231;&#245;es Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD) estimam que os anos de escolaridade esperados aumentaram de 13 para 16 anos em pa&#237;ses de alta renda, e de cinco para nove anos em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> No Brasil, no mesmo per&#237;odo, a m&#233;dia de anos de escolaridade passou de 2,6 para 7,8 anos, diminuindo as taxas de analfabetismo dos &#250;ltimos 25% para os atuais 9,6%.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Visto que a idade &#233; um fator de risco bem estabelecido para mortalidade por qualquer causa, sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a escolaridade prejudica as tentativas de responder se a escolaridade &#233; um marcador substituto independente de mortalidade em pacientes infartados. Portanto, resultados conflitantes s&#227;o encontrados na literatura (<xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                <th>Dados</th>
                <th>Grupos</th>
                <th>Resultados</th>
                <th>Resultados</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Este estudo</td>
                <td align="center">n=542, coorte prospectiva de pacientes com IAMCSST, Brasil</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;3, 4-6, 7-10, &gt;10 anos de estudo</td>
                <td align="center">Mortalidade por todas as causas</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o relacionado independentemente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mehta et al., 2011</td>
                <td align="center">11.326 IAMCSST, retrospectivo, nove pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 8 vs. &gt; 16 anos de estudo</td>
                <td align="center">Taxa de mortalidade de um ano</td>
                <td align="center">cinco vezes maior naqueles pacientes com menor n&#237;vel de escolaridade; significativo ap&#243;s ajuste para caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base e pa&#237;s em que foi realizado</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Strand, Tverdal, 2004<sup>4</sup></td>
                <td align="center">n=44.684, prospectivo, Noruega</td>
                <td align="center">Escolaridade alta (n&#237;vel m&#233;dio/universidade/faculdade) vs. baixa (ensino fundamental ou sem escolaridade)</td>
                <td align="center">Mortalidade por IDH</td>
                <td align="center">O ajuste para fatores de risco reduziu o excesso de mortalidade por IDH nos grupos de baixa escolaridade em 91% para homens e 67% para mulheres.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>J. Igland et al., 2014<sup>5</sup></td>
                <td align="center">N=111.993; IAM; Noruega</td>
                <td align="center">Educa&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica vs. educa&#231;&#227;o superior</td>
                <td align="center">Mortalidade de 28 dias e um ano</td>
                <td align="center">Aumento de 1,18 vezes em um ano e aumento de 1,04 vezes na taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias, para modelo totalmente ajustado para pacientes com idade entre 70-94 anos. Renda inclu&#237;da no modelo de ajuste.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>L. Consuegra-Sanchez et al., 2011<sup>20</sup></td>
                <td align="center">N=5.797; IAM; seguimento prospectivo de oito anos; Espanha;</td>
                <td align="center">Sem escolaridade ou educa&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica vs. ensino m&#233;dio ou ensino superior</td>
                <td align="center">Mortalidade por todas as causas</td>
                <td align="center">Risco 15% maior no grupo de menos escolaridade</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coady et al., 2014<sup>6</sup></td>
                <td align="center">N=15.972; Estados Unidos</td>
                <td align="center">Educa&#231;&#227;o inferior ao ensino m&#233;dio vs. diploma universit&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">Mortalidade de longo prazo (1-5 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">Aumento de 1,6 e 1,37 vezes na mortalidade a longo prazo para homens e mulheres com menor escolaridade, respectivamente.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Kirchberger et al., 2014<sup>7</sup></td>
                <td align="center">N=3.419; IAM; Alemanha</td>
                <td align="center">Escolaridade baixa (sem treinamento vocacional formal completo) vs. escolaridade alta</td>
                <td align="center">Mortalidade no longo prazo</td>
                <td align="center">Nenhum efeito da educa&#231;&#227;o sobre a mortalidade foi encontrado para a amostra total. Em pacientes com mais de 65 anos, aqueles com menor escolaridade tiveram taxa de mortalidade 1,4 vezes maior.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Dessa forma, Kirchberger et al.,<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> analisaram dados de 3.400 pacientes com IAM, que foram agrupados com n&#237;veis de escolaridade baixa ou alta, usando um corte de 13 anos de escolaridade. De acordo com nossos achados, embora a baixa escolaridade estivesse relacionada a um aumento de 1,46 vezes na taxa de mortalidade na an&#225;lise bruta, o ajuste por idade a tornou estatisticamente n&#227;o significativa.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, de acordo com os motivos anteriormente expostos, a escolaridade voltou a ter signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando os pacientes foram estratificados por faixas et&#225;rias.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em contraste, Mehta et al.,<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> relataram um aumento de cinco vezes na mortalidade entre os pacientes com menos escolaridade e IAMCSST, que permaneceu significativa ap&#243;s o ajuste por idade.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, ao passo que o grupo de menor escolaridade compreendia 2.249 indiv&#237;duos, aqueles com &gt;16 anos de escolaridade foram somente 469 pacientes.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Essa diferen&#231;a pode ter minado a import&#226;ncia do efeito das disparidades de idade nos resultados.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> O estudo tamb&#233;m analisou dados coletados em nove pa&#237;ses de alta renda.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Portanto, os altos padr&#245;es de educa&#231;&#227;o desses pa&#237;ses podem ter impulsionado sua contribui&#231;&#227;o para os resultados de sa&#250;de a um n&#237;vel suficiente para n&#227;o ser excedido pelo efeito das discrep&#226;ncias de idade. Nesse sentido, Mehta et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> inclu&#237;ram dados inclu&#237;dos da Noruega, atualmente o 1<sup>&#186;</sup> pa&#237;s no <italic>ranking </italic>de educa&#231;&#227;o, ao passo que o Brasil se destaca como o 87<sup>&#186;</sup> pa&#237;s em termos de educa&#231;&#227;o, portanto fornecendo explica&#231;&#245;es razo&#225;veis para as discrep&#226;ncias relatadas.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Ademais, Mehta et al.,<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> compararam seus grupos com uma escolaridade superior (&gt;16 anos) do que o que foi realizado em nosso estudo (&gt;10 anos), o que pode ter alimentado significativamente o tamanho do efeito verificado.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, &#233; importante destacar que a renda &#233;, de longe, o fator mais estreitamente relacionado aos resultados cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s IAMCSST entre os fatores socioecon&#244;micos.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, pode-se argumentar que o impacto da educa&#231;&#227;o nos resultados cl&#237;nicos resultaria em parte de sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a renda, que &#233; plausivelmente maior entre os pa&#237;ses de alta renda, onde a riqueza &#233; distribu&#237;da de forma mais justa. Ali&#225;s, a renda m&#233;dia anual dos brasileiros sem nenhum n&#237;vel de instru&#231;&#227;o &#233; de US$ 3.070,<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> cerca de 85% menor do que a renda daqueles com o mesmo n&#237;vel de instru&#231;&#227;o nos Estados Unidos (US$ 20 mil).<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, a escolaridade foi apenas ligeiramente relacionada &#224; renda (R=0,3) no presente estudo, o que se traduz plausivelmente em um impacto mais leve da escolaridade no acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e melhora geral dos resultados cl&#237;nicos, fornecendo um mecanismo vi&#225;vel para as discrep&#226;ncias relatadas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es e pontos fortes do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, o n&#250;mero de pacientes era menor do que em estudos anteriores. Em segundo lugar, nossos grupos tiveram preval&#234;ncias divergentes de fatores de risco conhecidos, principalmente a idade. A coorte n&#227;o incluiu pacientes com um suposto novo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo como IAMCSST na admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Por fim, embora seja validada e amplamente utilizada, a divis&#227;o em grupos por anos de escolaridade subestima o papel do conte&#250;do sobre a quantidade de anos estudados, o que pode adicionar um vi&#233;s indesej&#225;vel &#224; nossa an&#225;lise, conforme discutido anteriormente.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, h&#225; diversos pontos fortes no presente estudo. Mais importante ainda, &#233; um dos poucos estudos a avaliar prospectivamente o impacto da escolaridade nos resultados de IAMCSST em um pa&#237;s em desenvolvimento. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo refor&#231;ou que os resultados obtidos em pa&#237;ses de alto desenvolvimento n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para o cen&#225;rio brasileiro.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A baixa escolaridade n&#227;o foi um preditor independente de morte nem MACE ap&#243;s IAMCSST no presente estudo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Impact of Education on All-cause Mortality Following St-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Results from the Brazilian Heart Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1914-316X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Joaquim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Carlos Quinaglia e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) - Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Aterolab), Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Joaquim Barreto Oliveira &#8226;</bold> Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) - Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Atherolab) - R. Tess&#225;lia Vieira de Camargo, 126. Postal Code 13083-872, SP, Campinas &#8211; Brazil E-mail: joaquimbarretoantunes@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira JB, Sposito AC, Carvalho LS; Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Oliveira JB, Quinaglia JC, Sposito AC, Carvalho LS; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira JB, Carvalho LS; Obtaining financing: Sposito AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Low schooling has been considered an important modifiable risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease for a long time. Despite that, whether this factor impacts the outcomes following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is poorly understood.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To investigate whether schooling stands as an independent risk factor for mortality in STEMI patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> STEMI-diagnosed patients were consecutively enrolled from a prospective cohort (Brasilia Heart Study) and categorized according to years of study quartiles (0-3, 4-5, 6-10 and &gt;10 years). Groups were compared by student&#8217;s t test for continuous variables and qui-square for categorical. Incidence of all-cause mortality was compared with Kaplan-Meyer with Cox regression adjusted by age, gender, and GRACE score. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. SPSS21.0 was used for all analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The mean schooling duration was 6.63&#177;4.94 years. During the follow-up period (mean: 21 months; up to 6.8 years), 83 patients died (cumulative mortality of 15%). Mortality rate was higher among the lowest quartile compared to those in the highest quartile [18.5 vs 6.8%; HR 2.725 (95% CI: 1.27-5.83; p=0.01)]. In multivariate analysis, low schooling has lost statistical significance for all-cause mortality after adjustment for age and gender, with HR of 1.305 (95% CI: 0.538-3.16; p=0.556), and after adjustment by GRACE score with an HR of 1.767 (95% CI: .797-3.91; p=0.161).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Low schooling was not an independent risk factor for mortality in STEMI patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Scholarity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Over the past decades, a great effort has been spared towards the prevention of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Among others, low socioeconomic status, assessed by years of study, stands as a multifaceted factor that impacts both incidence and mortality rates of myocardial infarction (MI).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> One plausible reason is the link between education and health literacy, which comprises the capacity to acknowledge health information and efficiently perform self-care practices.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> According to this hypothesis, those with higher level of instruction are more likely adherent to therapeutical instructions following the index event, which may ultimately favor prognosis.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> On the other hand, those least instructed may present a higher prevalence of comorbidities<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> and frequently show delayed access to healthcare facilities,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> leading to limited access to reperfusion strategies and increased rates of death.</p>
        <p>In cardiovascular care, the aforementioned hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence, suggesting that long-term mortality among the least educated patients is greatly increased. Though such link is now well-supported, most data were collected from high-income nations, such as Norway,<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> the United States,<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> and Germany.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> In these countries, as a result of an overall excellent educational service, schooling may play a wider role on health literacy than it does in developing countries, in which education remains challenged by lack of resources and relentless drop-out rates in the earlier stages of instruction.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Therefore, whether schooling stands as a significant modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease in low-to-middle income countries remains unanswered.</p>
        <p>To date, previous results suggest that those least educated have a higher incidence of MI in Brazil. Nonetheless, whether overall survival is also determined by this factors remains unknown.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> As coronary artery diseases remain the main cause of death in this country, elucidating the role of schooling as a plausible surrogate marker of mortality risk is mandatory.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> In this scenario, the present study investigated if lower schooling stands as an independent risk factor for mortality and estimated its impact on cardiovascular health in a Brazilian cohort of MI patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>We prospectively enrolled patients from the Bras&#237;lia Heart Study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02062554), an ongoing cohort study of which details are published elsewhere.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Out of 662 consecutive patients included between June/2006 and November/2016, 542 were included in this analysis and 120 were excluded due to missing data. Briefly, this study enrolled patients of any age admitted for ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) at a public high-complexity (tertiary) hospital (Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia City, Federal District, Brazil). The admission criteria included: (i) less than 24 hours from the onset of symptoms of MI; (ii) ST-segment elevation of at least 1 mm (frontal plane) or 2 mm (horizontal) in contiguous leads; and (iii) myocardial necrosis, as evidenced by an increase to at least one value above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile above the reference limit of CK-MB (25 U/L) and troponin I (0.04 ng/mL), followed by a decline of both.</p>
          <p>Within 24h of hospital admission, blood samples were collected after 12h fasting and biochemical analysis was performed for the following measurements: creatine kinase-MB, total cholesterol and fractions, C-reactive protein, fasting glucose, glycated haemoglobin, creatinine, and triglycerides. Cockcroft-Gault and Friedewald formulas were used to estimate clearance and LDL-c, respectively. All biochemical analyses were performed in the same clinical laboratory certified by the Accreditation Program of Clinical Laboratories of the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Groups Definition</title>
          <p>At hospital admission, patients were asked about their schooling. The informed number of schooling years was then registered when feasible or presumed according to the highest level of education achieved by the patient. In this matter, schooling years according to the Brazilian educational system, as follows, were considered: illiterate (&lt;4<sup>th</sup> year), primary education (8<sup>th</sup> year), high school (11<sup>th</sup> year), and college education (&gt;15<sup>th</sup> year). Finally, subjects were divided in years of study quartiles, as follows: 0-3, 4-5, 6-10, and &gt;10 years of study (<xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart for participants in the present study.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0005-90854-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow up and endpoints</title>
          <p>Patients were followed with monthly outpatient clinic visit or telephone contact. The median follow-up time was of 611 (IQR:724) days, ranging from 1 to 2,504 days. The primary endpoint of the study was all-cause mortality. The secondary composite outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as fatal or non-fatal MI, in-hospital cardiovascular death and sudden cardiac death. Other outcomes registered comprised: non-fatal stroke, intra-stent thrombosis, and angina. For all endpoints, information was obtained from medical records and death certificates.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data are mean &#177; standard deviation for normally distributed data, and categorical variable are presented as percentages (%). The normality of the quantitative variables was assessed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Comparisons between 0-3 and &gt;10 schooling groups were performed using the chi-square test for categorical variables, and paired student&#8217;s t-test, for continuous variables. Survival curves were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the Log Rank Mantel-Cox test. Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the association between schooling and time to MACE, in which three pre-defined models were used [model 1: unadjusted; model 2: adjusted for sex, age; model 3: adjusted for GRACE score]. A two-sided p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Mac, version 20.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The mean schooling duration was 6.63&#177;4.94 years. Baseline characteristics according to years of study quartile are detailed in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. Most importantly, those least educated were older and showed slightly lower rates of statin treatment following STEMI, lower body mass index (BMI) as well as higher rates of hypertension. However, comorbidities [smoking, diabetes, dyslipidaemia], reperfusion strategy, and delay from symptoms onset to hospital admission were all comparable across schooling groups. Comparison between intermediate quartiles showed that those with 6-10 years of schooling were significantly younger and were mostly male, prior MI, and family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) when compared to those with 4-5 years of schooling (<xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sample characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th colspan="4">Schooling, years</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th>0 - 3</th>
                  <th>4 - 5</th>
                  <th>6 - 10</th>
                  <th>&gt;10</th>
                  <th>p-value<sup>t</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>N</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>144</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>133</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>112</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>153</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Demographics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">67.31 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">62.4 &#177; 12<sup>&#182;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">59.4 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">58.12 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Schooling, years</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4 &#177; 0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 0.5<sup>&#182;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7.5 &#177; 0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">12.8 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, %</td>
                  <td align="center">69.4</td>
                  <td align="center">74.4<sup>&#182;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">84.8</td>
                  <td align="center">77.1</td>
                  <td align="center">.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">26.4 &#177; 4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">27.2 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medical History</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior MI, %</td>
                  <td align="center">11.1</td>
                  <td align="center">9<sup>&#182;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">16.1</td>
                  <td align="center">8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">.213</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, %</td>
                  <td align="center">37.1</td>
                  <td align="center">31.6</td>
                  <td align="center">39.3</td>
                  <td align="center">37.3</td>
                  <td align="center">.613</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Diabetes mellitus</italic>, %</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">29.3</td>
                  <td align="center">29.5</td>
                  <td align="center">32.7</td>
                  <td align="center">.794</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, %</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7</td>
                  <td align="center">64.7</td>
                  <td align="center">61.6</td>
                  <td align="center">51.6</td>
                  <td align="center">.039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, %</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">.886</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Family history for CAD, %</td>
                  <td align="center">33.3</td>
                  <td align="center">43.6<sup>&#182;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">57.1</td>
                  <td align="center">52.3</td>
                  <td align="center">.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemodynamics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">132.3 &#177; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">133.5 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">138.3 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">139.9 &#177; 32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.091</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">81.9 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">83.8 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">88.5 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">87 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart Rate, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">77.3 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">76.2 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">77.3 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">78.6 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GRACE, units</td>
                  <td align="center">150 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">138.5 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">131.9 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">128.7 &#177; 26</td>
                  <td align="center">.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV Ejection fraction, %</td>
                  <td align="center">51.5 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">56.8 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">50 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Killip class I, %</td>
                  <td align="center">83</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                  <td align="center">92</td>
                  <td align="center">92</td>
                  <td align="center">.267</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Biochemical Analyses</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting glucose, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">143.6 &#177; 65</td>
                  <td align="center">152 &#177; 67</td>
                  <td align="center">150 &#177; 57</td>
                  <td align="center">155 &#177; 77</td>
                  <td align="center">.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glycosylated hemoglobin, %</td>
                  <td align="center">6.5 &#177; 1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">6.6 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">6.5 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">.644</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CrCl, ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">65.6 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">72.1 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">71.6 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">71.9 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">.052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">40.2 &#177; 11.1</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 9.9<sup><italic>&#182;</italic></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">37.3 &#177; 10.5</td>
                  <td align="center">37.2 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">.045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">125 &#177; 151</td>
                  <td align="center">124.6 &#177; 66</td>
                  <td align="center">119.1 &#177; 40</td>
                  <td align="center">128.3 &#177; 44</td>
                  <td align="center">.894</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">137.3 &#177; 88</td>
                  <td align="center">154.4 &#177; 113</td>
                  <td align="center">183.7 &#177; 148</td>
                  <td align="center">208.8 &#177; 258</td>
                  <td align="center">.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">.390</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB peak, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">264 &#177; 213</td>
                  <td align="center">290.9 &#177; 206</td>
                  <td align="center">281 &#177; 193</td>
                  <td align="center">240 &#177; 169</td>
                  <td align="center">.147</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarction mass (CMR), g</td>
                  <td align="center">17.5 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">15.9 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">19.5 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">14 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">.192</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Treatment</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tenecteplase, %</td>
                  <td align="center">60.4</td>
                  <td align="center">63.2</td>
                  <td align="center">65.2</td>
                  <td align="center">62.7</td>
                  <td align="center">.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Primary PCI, %</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">42.9</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">55.6</td>
                  <td align="center">.204</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time to reperfusion, min</td>
                  <td align="center">160.9 &#177; 149.3</td>
                  <td align="center">199.8 &#177; 194</td>
                  <td align="center">167.5 &#177; 167</td>
                  <td align="center">156.7 &#177; 164</td>
                  <td align="center">.139</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time to hospital, min</td>
                  <td align="center">128 &#177; 111</td>
                  <td align="center">134 &#177; 144</td>
                  <td align="center">130 &#177; 129</td>
                  <td align="center">119 &#177; 127</td>
                  <td align="center">.344</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Simvastatin, %</td>
                  <td align="center">60.1</td>
                  <td align="center">65.4</td>
                  <td align="center">76.9</td>
                  <td align="center">70.7</td>
                  <td align="center">.032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Outcomes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>All-cause death, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (18.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (17.3)<sup> &#182;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">16 (9.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">.016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MACE, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (15.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (13.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (10.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">.515</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>*US$ 1 = R$ 3.91. <sup>t</sup>P-value for comparison between lowest and highest quartile of schooling for categorical and continuous variables by qui square and paired student&#8217;s t-test, respectively. <sup>&#182;</sup>P&lt;0.05 for second (4-5) vs. third (6-10 years) quartiles. BMI: body mass index; MI: myocardial infarction; CAD: coronary artery disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; CrCl: creatinine clearance; CRP: C-reactive protein; CK-MB: creatine kinase M class B; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; LV: left ventricular; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>During the follow-up period (mean: 21 months; range: 0-6.8 years), 83 patients died (cumulative mortality of 15%). In linear model, schooling significantly reduced the chance of dying, according to our follow up period, with HR of 0.927 (95CI: 0.877-0.981; p=0.008). Mortality rate was higher among the lowest quartile compared to those with &gt;10 years of study (18.5 vs 6.8%, p=0.016) (<xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>). In univariate analysis, the following variables were related to higher mortality rates: age (p=0.001), smoking (p=0.046), Killip class (p=0.013), and schooling (p=0.021). Compared to individuals with &gt;10 years of schooling, having &lt;three years of study was related to all-cause mortality with an HR of 2.725 (95% CI: 1.27-5.83; p=0.01). In multivariate analysis, only age and Killip &gt; I remained significantly associated to mortality. In group comparison, having less than three years of study has lost statistical significance after adjustment by age and gender, with HR of 1.305 (95% CI: 0.538-3.16; p=0.556), and after adjustment by GRACE score with HR of 1.767 (95% CI: .797-3.91; p=161) (<xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). Similarly, neither of intermediate quartiles were significantly related to outcomes in multivariate analysis.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meyer of all-cause mortality stratified by years of study quartiles</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-01-0005-90854-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cox regression of all-cause mortality</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Model 1 (Crude)</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Model 2<sup>a</sup></th>
                  <th colspan="3">Model 3<sup>b</sup></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                  <th>p<italic>-value</italic></th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                  <th>p<italic>-value</italic></th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                  <th>p<italic>-value</italic></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.081</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06-1.11</td>
                  <td align="center">.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.071</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05-1.10</td>
                  <td align="center">.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.079</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05-1.11</td>
                  <td align="center">.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">1.063</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65-1.75</td>
                  <td align="center">.810</td>
                  <td align="center">1.054</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61-1.85</td>
                  <td align="center">.854</td>
                  <td align="center">1.012</td>
                  <td align="center">.575-1.78</td>
                  <td align="center">.967</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1.218</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75-1.99</td>
                  <td align="center">.428</td>
                  <td align="center">1.314</td>
                  <td align="center">.756-2.28</td>
                  <td align="center">.333</td>
                  <td align="center">1.356</td>
                  <td align="center">.779-2.36</td>
                  <td align="center">.282</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1.146</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67-1.96</td>
                  <td align="center">.620</td>
                  <td align="center">.957</td>
                  <td align="center">.531-1.72</td>
                  <td align="center">.957</td>
                  <td align="center">1.055</td>
                  <td align="center">.581-1.91</td>
                  <td align="center">.860</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">0.683</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42-1.10</td>
                  <td align="center">.117</td>
                  <td align="center">.723</td>
                  <td align="center">.412-1.27</td>
                  <td align="center">.258</td>
                  <td align="center">.825</td>
                  <td align="center">.485-1.40</td>
                  <td align="center">.479</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">1.685</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01-2.81</td>
                  <td align="center">.046</td>
                  <td align="center">1.102</td>
                  <td align="center">.611-1.99</td>
                  <td align="center">.747</td>
                  <td align="center">1.068</td>
                  <td align="center">.607-1.87</td>
                  <td align="center">.686</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Killip class &gt; I</td>
                  <td align="center">1.912</td>
                  <td align="center">1.15-3.18</td>
                  <td align="center">.013</td>
                  <td align="center">1.932</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13-3.31</td>
                  <td align="center">.017</td>
                  <td align="center">1.985</td>
                  <td align="center">1.12-3.50</td>
                  <td align="center">.018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Schooling Quartiles</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">.021</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">.844</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">.223</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1<sup>st</sup> vs. 4<sup>th</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.725</td>
                  <td align="center">1.27-5.83</td>
                  <td align="center">.010</td>
                  <td align="center">1.305</td>
                  <td align="center">.538-3.16</td>
                  <td align="center">.556</td>
                  <td align="center">1.767</td>
                  <td align="center">.797-3.91</td>
                  <td align="center">.161</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup> vs. 4<sup>th</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.469</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17-5.22</td>
                  <td align="center">.018</td>
                  <td align="center">1.470</td>
                  <td align="center">.634-3.41</td>
                  <td align="center">.369</td>
                  <td align="center">2.206</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01-4.83</td>
                  <td align="center">.048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>rd</sup> vs. 4<sup>th</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.386</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63-3.05</td>
                  <td align="center">.419</td>
                  <td align="center">1.324</td>
                  <td align="center">.579-3.024</td>
                  <td align="center">.506</td>
                  <td align="center">1.018</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01-1.03</td>
                  <td align="center">.497</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, low schooling was not independently related to mortality after STEMI. Despite that, a 2.7-fold increased mortality rate was found for those least educated in comparison to the highest quartile in crude models, result which was neutralized after adjustment by age or GRACE score. Many are the possible reasons for this finding.</p>
        <p>It may not be unconsidered that least educated patients were also significantly older. Such discrepancy is recurrent in other studies, as an overall increase in expected schooling years has occurred globally over the past decades. In fact, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) reports estimate that the expected schooling years rose from 13 to 16 years in high-income countries, and from five to nine years in low and middle-income countries over the past 30 years.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> In Brazil, in the same period, the mean schooling years rose from 2.6 to 7.8 years, decreasing illiteracy rates from past 25% to current 9.6%.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> As age stands as a well-stablished risk factor for mortality from any cause, its link to schooling undermines the attempts to answer whether schooling is an independent surrogate marker of mortality in infarcted patients. Therefore, conflicting results are found in the literature (<xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison with other studies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Study</th>
                  <th>Data</th>
                  <th>Groups</th>
                  <th>Outcomes</th>
                  <th>Results</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Present study</td>
                  <td align="center">n=542, prospective cohort of STEMI patients, Brazil</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;3, 4-6, 7-10, &gt;10 years of study</td>
                  <td align="center">All-cause mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">Not independently related</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mehta et al., 2011</td>
                  <td align="center">11,326 STEMI, retrospective, 9 developed countries</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 8 vs. &gt; 16 years of study</td>
                  <td align="center">One-year mortality rate</td>
                  <td align="center">five-fold higher in those least educated patients; significant after adjustment for baseline characteristics and country of enrollment</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Strand, Tverdal, 2004<sup>4</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">n=44,684, prospective, Norway</td>
                  <td align="center">High education (secondary level/ university/ college) vs. low (primary or no schooling)</td>
                  <td align="center">IHD mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">Adjustment for risk factors reduced excess IHD mortality in the low educational groups by 91% for men and 67% for women.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>J. Igland et al., 2014<sup>5</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">N=111,993; AMI; Norway</td>
                  <td align="center">Basic vs. tertiary education</td>
                  <td align="center">28-day and one-year mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18-fold increase in one year, and 1.04-fold increase in 30-day mortality rate, for fully adjusted model for patients aged 70-94 years old. Included income in adjustment model.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>L. Consuegra-Sanchez et al., 2011<sup>20</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">N=5797; AMI; eight years prospective follow-up; Spain;</td>
                  <td align="center">No schooling or basic education vs. Secondary school or higher education</td>
                  <td align="center">All-cause mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">15% higher risk in the least educated group</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coady et al., 2014<sup>6</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">N=15972; United States</td>
                  <td align="center">Lower than high school education vs. college degree</td>
                  <td align="center">Long-term mortality (1-5 years)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6- and 1.37-fold increased long-term mortality for the least educated men and women, respectively.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kirchberger et al., 2014<sup>7</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">N=3419; AMI; Germany</td>
                  <td align="center">Low education (without completed formal vocational training) vs. High education</td>
                  <td align="center">Long-term mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">No effect of education on mortality was found for the total sample. In 65+ years old patients, those least educated had 1.4-fold increased mortality rate.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Accordingly, Kirchberger et al.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> analyzed data from 3,400 MI patients, which were grouped as low or high educational backgrounds using a cut-off of 13 schooling years. In accordance to our findings, though low schooling was related to a 1.46-fold increased mortality rate in crude analysis, adjustment by age has rendered it statistically not significant.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Furthermore, in agreement with the previously exposed reasons, schooling regained statistical significance when patients were re-stratified in age groups.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Contrastingly, Mehta et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> reported a five-fold increased mortality among least educated STEMI patients, which remained significant after adjustment by age.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Of note, whereas least educated group comprised 2,249 subjects, those with &gt;16 years of study were only 469 patients.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Such difference may have undermined the effect size of age disparities on outcomes.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Besides that, the study analyzed data collected from nine high-income countries.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Therefore, the high standards of education delivered in these countries may have powered its contribution to health outcomes to a sufficient level for it not to be exceeded by the effect of age discrepancies. In this matter, Mehta et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> included data from Norway, currently the 1<sup>st</sup> in educational ranking, whereas Brazil stands as the 87<sup>th</sup> country in terms of education, hence providing reasonable explanations for the discrepancies reported.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Moreover, Mehta et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> compared its groups to a higher schooling (&gt;16 years) then our study did (&gt;10 years), which may have significantly fuelled the verified effect size.</p>
        <p>Finally, highlighting that income is by far the most narrowly related to clinical outcomes following STEMI among socioeconomic factors is important.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> In this sense, one may argue that the impact of education on clinical outcomes would in part result from its relation to income, which is plausibly higher among high-income countries, where wealthiness is more fairly distributed. In fact, the median annual income of Brazilian citizens with no instruction level is US$3,070,<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> nearly 85% lower than the income for those with the same instruction level in the United States (US$20,000).<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Correspondingly, schooling was only weakly related to income (R=0.3) in the present study, which plausibly translates into a slighter impact of schooling on access to health care services and overall improvement of clinical outcomes, providing a plausible mechanism for the reported discrepancies.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations and strengths</title>
          <p>The present study has several limitations. Firstly, the number of patients was lower than in previous studies. Secondly, our groups had divergent prevalence of known risk factors, chiefly age. The cohort did not include patients with presumably new left branch block as a STEMI at hospital admission. Finally, though it is validated and widely used, the division in groups according to schooling years underestimate the role of content over quantity of years studied, which may add an undesired bias to our analysis, as previously discussed.</p>
          <p>On the other hand, many are the strengths of this study. Most importantly, it stands as one of the few studies to prospectively evaluate the impact of schooling on STEMI outcomes in a developing country. Furthermore, it reinforced that results obtained from high-development countries may not be extrapolated to the Brazilian scenario.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Low schooling was not an independent predictor of death nor MACE following STEMI in the present study.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
