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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5jLLB8469vdJkzFwTLNNLPC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000300032</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200164</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200164</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infarto Isolado do Ventr&#237;culo Direito &#8211; O Ventr&#237;culo Direito ainda &#233; o Ventr&#237;culo Esquecido?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8341-6412</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Briosa</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jo&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Garcia de Orta</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Almada</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Marques</bold> &#8226; Avenida Torrado da Silva, <postal-code>2805-267</postal-code>, Almada - Portugal. E-mail: <email>ana.smc.25@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Marques A, Cruz I, Briosa A, Almeida S; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Marques A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cruz I, Jo&#227;o I, Pereira H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>32</fpage>
      <lpage>35</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio isolado do ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; extremamente raro e &#233; frequentemente silencioso, com apenas 25% dos pacientes desenvolvendo manifesta&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas clinicamente evidentes na apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O manejo atual do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio baseia-se no diagn&#243;stico imediato e na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o imediata.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Aproximadamente 90% dos pacientes que apresentam infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST apresentam estenose ou oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria explicativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas (MINOCA) deve levar o m&#233;dico assistente a investigar as causas subjacentes, uma vez que a falha em identificar a causa b&#225;sica pode resultar em terapia inadequada a esses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Descrevemos um caso de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio isolado do ventr&#237;culo direito com exame f&#237;sico normal, ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cicos normais e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana n&#227;o obstrutiva na angiografia coron&#225;ria, cujo diagn&#243;stico definitivo foi estabelecido por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Um homem branco de 64 anos foi admitido no hospital com hist&#243;rico de 1 hora de dor tor&#225;cica anterior opressiva aguda de in&#237;cio s&#250;bito, sem outros sintomas associados. Ap&#243;s terapia com nitrato sublingual, o paciente apresentou al&#237;vio total da dor. Seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico inclu&#237;a hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia e ex-tabagismo.</p>
      <p>Na admiss&#227;o, o paciente estava consciente e hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel (press&#227;o arterial: 130/70 mmHg e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: 70 bpm), com apirexia, eupneia e satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio de 99%. Nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o na ausculta card&#237;aca e pulmonar foi observada, e n&#227;o havia press&#227;o venosa jugular elevada ou edema de membros inferiores. A inspe&#231;&#227;o abdominal tamb&#233;m foi normal.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma mostrou ritmo sinusal e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 96 bpm, com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferior e direita bem como infradesnivelamento do segmento ST e invers&#227;o da onda T na deriva&#231;&#227;o aVL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, painel A). Foi iniciada terapia dupla antiplaquet&#225;ria e anticoagulante. Realizou-se angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva imediata, revelando uma les&#227;o n&#227;o obstrutiva de 40% a 50% da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita proximal, com fluxo TIMI grau 3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, painel B).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Painel A: O eletrocardiograma na admiss&#227;o mostra supradesnivelamento do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferior e direita, bem como infradesnivelamento do segmento ST e invers&#227;o da onda T na deriva&#231;&#227;o aVL. Painel B: Angiografia coron&#225;ria mostra uma les&#227;o n&#227;o obstrutiva de 40% a 50% da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita proximal (flecha), com fluxo TIMI grau 3.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0032-00164-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico na admiss&#227;o n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas, tais como anormalidades de movimento segmentar da parede, valvopatias, derrame peric&#225;rdico ou sinais de dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. Os ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo estavam dilatados e com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular preservada (TAPSE 20 mm, velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide 12,7 cm/s e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 65%, pelo m&#233;todo biplano de Simpson). Os &#225;trios direito e esquerdo n&#227;o estavam dilatados (Material Suplementar).</p>
      <p>Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, o paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tico, sem recorr&#234;ncia da dor tor&#225;cica, sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou arritmias documentadas por monitoramento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico cont&#237;nuo.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise laboratorial mostrou n&#237;veis elevados de troponina T de alta sensibilidade (valor m&#225;ximo 1.790 ng/L, valor normal &lt; 13 ng/L). As demais an&#225;lises laboratoriais estavam dentro dos intervalos normais (NT-proBNP: 97 ng/L, D-d&#237;mero: 0,3 mg/L, hemoglobina: 14,1 g/L, leuc&#243;citos: 5.700, prote&#237;na C reativa: 0,2 mg/dL, creatinina: 0,9 mg/dL, AST: 71 UI/L, ALT: 35 UI/L, GGT: 49 UI/L, bilirrubina total: 0,6 mg/dL, TSH: 2,1 mU/L e T4 livre: 1,22 mU/L).</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma realizado 2 dias ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o mostrou resolu&#231;&#227;o das anormalidades observadas na admiss&#227;o. Foi observada onda Q isolada na deriva&#231;&#227;o DIII (Material Suplementar). A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica realizada 2 dias ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o n&#227;o evidenciou anormalidades, tais como anormalidades na movimenta&#231;&#227;o da parede ou disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
      <p>Devido &#224; presen&#231;a de MINOCA, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foi realizada 4 dias ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o. As imagens de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca mostraram hipocinesia da parede inferior do ventr&#237;culo direito, com edema mioc&#225;rdico nas imagens ponderadas em T2 e necrose mioc&#225;rdica na an&#225;lise de realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Foi estabelecido o diagn&#243;stico final de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio isolado do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio isolado do ventr&#237;culo direito por imagens de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. Nas imagens ponderadas em T2 (painel esquerdo), foi detectado aumento da intensidade do sinal na parede inferior do ventr&#237;culo direito, indicando edema mioc&#225;rdico (flechas). Na an&#225;lise de realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (RTG) (painel direito), foi observado RTG na parede inferior do ventr&#237;culo direito (flechas), indicando a presen&#231;a de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0032-00164-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O reconhecimento precoce do infarto do ventr&#237;culo direito em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; de import&#226;ncia primordial, n&#227;o apenas para fins progn&#243;sticos, mas tamb&#233;m porque pode orientar a terapia espec&#237;fica, incluindo a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria agressiva, e evitar tratamentos que reduziriam ainda mais a pr&#233;-carga do ventr&#237;culo direito (nitratos e diur&#233;ticos), comprometendo o quadro do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico dessa entidade &#233; comumente realizado a partir de exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiografia, ecocardiografia e medidas hemodin&#226;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A tr&#237;ade cl&#225;ssica observada durante o exame f&#237;sico consiste em hipotens&#227;o, campos pulmonares limpos e press&#227;o venosa jugular elevada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Deve-se suspeitar de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito nos casos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio &#237;nfero-posterior e realizar eletrocardiograma de deriva&#231;&#227;o precordial direita, uma vez que a isquemia do ventr&#237;culo direito ocorre em at&#233; metade dos casos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio inferior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia pode representar movimento anormal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito e avaliar a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ou dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> As caracter&#237;sticas adicionais de envolvimento do ventr&#237;culo direito incluem o movimento paradoxal do septo (interventricular e interatrial) e a presen&#231;a de aumento do &#225;trio direito ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca pode ser &#250;til para o diagn&#243;stico, uma vez que &#233; mais sens&#237;vel que a eletrocardiografia e a ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A angiografia coron&#225;ria leva ao diagn&#243;stico final na maioria dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito ocorre principalmente devido &#224; oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita proximal aos ramos principais do ventr&#237;culo direito no contexto de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio inferior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Pode ocorrer tamb&#233;m devido &#224; oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda em pacientes com circula&#231;&#227;o dominante esquerda e, de forma menos frequente, em infartos anteriores, uma vez que a parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; fornecida por colaterais da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Nosso caso de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito isolado ilustra uma causa incomum de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Foi &#250;nico n&#227;o apenas por se tratar de uma patologia rara, mas tamb&#233;m por ter sido um desafio diagn&#243;stico. O exame f&#237;sico, a ecocardiografia e a angiografia coron&#225;ria n&#227;o foram capazes de estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico final, visto que n&#227;o apresentavam anormalidades significativas. Este caso enfatiza a import&#226;ncia da eletrocardiografia e o papel essencial da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de pacientes com MINOCA. Estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico definitivo correto &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia para oferecer a terap&#234;utica adequada, podendo ajudar a antecipar e prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es que variam de acordo com a etiologia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>
          <bold>Material suplementar</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, clique aqui.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Isolated Right Ventricle Myocardial Infarction - Is the Right Ventricle Still the Forgotten Ventricle?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8341-6412</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Briosa</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jo&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Almada</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Marques</bold> &#8226; Avenida Torrado da Silva, <postal-code>2805-267</postal-code>, Almada - Portugal. E-mail: <email>ana.smc.25@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Data acquisition: Marques A, Cruz I, Briosa A, Almeida S; Writing of the manuscript: Marques A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cruz I, Jo&#227;o I, Pereira H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Isolated right ventricular myocardial infarction is extremely rare, and it is often silent, with only 25% of patients developing clinically evident hemodynamic manifestations on presentation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Current management of acute myocardial infarction is based on prompt diagnosis and immediate revascularization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> About 90% of patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction have an explanatory coronary artery stenosis or occlusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) should lead the treating physician to investigate underlying causes, since failure to identify the underlying cause may result in inadequate and inappropriate therapy in these patients.</p>
        <p>We describe a case of isolated right ventricular myocardial infarction with normal physical examination, transthoracic echocardiograms, and non-obstructive coronary artery disease on coronary angiography, whose definitive diagnosis was established by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 64-year-old white male was admitted to the hospital with a 1-hour history of sudden-onset acute oppressive anterior chest pain without other associated symptoms. After sublingual nitrate therapy, the patient presented total pain relief. His medical history included arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and former smoking.</p>
        <p>At admission, the patient was conscious and hemodynamically stable (blood pressure: 130/70 mmHg and heart rate: 70 bpm), with apyrexy, eupnea, and peripheral oxygen saturation of 99%. No changes in cardiac and pulmonary auscultation were noted, and there was no elevated jugular venous pressure or edemas of lower extremities. Abdominal inspection was also normal.</p>
        <p>Electrocardiography showed sinus rhythm and heart rate of 96 bpm, with ST-segment elevation in both inferior and right leads as well as ST-segment depression with T-wave inversion in lead aVL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>, panel A). Dual antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy was started. Immediate invasive coronary angiography was performed, revealing a non-obstructive 40% to 50% lesion of the proximal right coronary artery, with TIMI grade flow 3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>, panel B).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Panel A: Electrocardiography at admission showing ST-segment elevation in both inferior and right leads and ST-segment depression with T-wave inversion in lead aVL. Panel B: Coronary angiography showing a non-obstructive 40% to 50% lesion of the proximal right coronary artery (arrow), with TIMI grade flow 3.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0032-00164-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The transthoracic echocardiogram at admission did not reveal significant changes such as segmental wall motion abnormalities, valvopathies, pericardial effusion, or signs of aortic dissection. Both left and right ventricles were non-dilated, and they had preserved ventricular systolic function (TAPSE 20 mm, tricuspid annular systolic velocity 12.7 cm/s, and left ventricular ejection fraction 65%, with the biplane Simpson method). Both right and left atria were non-dilated (Supplementary Material).</p>
        <p>During hospitalization, the patient remained asymptomatic without recurrence of chest pain, heart failure symptoms, or arrhythmias documented by continuous electrocardiographic monitoring.</p>
        <p>Laboratory analysis showed elevated high-sensitivity troponin T levels (maximum value 1,790 ng/L, normal value &lt; 13 ng/L). The remaining laboratory analyses were within the normal ranges (NT-proBNP: 97 ng/L, D-dimer: 0.3 mg/L, hemoglobin: 14.1 g/L, leucocytes: 5,700, C-reactive protein: 0.2 mg/dL, creatinine: 0.9 mg/dL, AST: 71 UI/L, ALT: 35 UI/L, GGT: 49 UI/L, total bilirubin: 0.6 mg/dL, TSH 2.1: mU/L, and free T4: 1.22 mU/L).</p>
        <p>The electrocardiography performed 2 days after admission showed resolution of the abnormalities noted at admission. An isolated Q wave was observed in lead DIII (Supplementary Material). The transthoracic echocardiography performed 2 days after admission did not show any abnormalities, such as wall motion abnormalities or dysfunction of the right ventricle.</p>
        <p>Due to the presence of MINOCA, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed 4 days after admission. The cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed hypokinesis of the right ventricle inferior wall, with myocardial edema on T2-weighted images and myocardial necrosis on late gadolinium enhancement analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). Final diagnosis of isolated right ventricular myocardial infarction was established.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagnosis of isolated acute right ventricular myocardial infarction by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. On the T2-weighted images (left panel), increased signal intensity in the right ventricular inferior wall was detected, indicating myocardial edema (arrows). On late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) analysis (right panel), LGE was seen in the right ventricular inferior wall (arrows), indicating the presence myocardial necrosis. LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0032-00164-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The early recognition of right ventricle myocardial infarction in patients with acute myocardial infarction is of prime importance, not only for prognostic purposes, but also because it can guide specific therapy, including aggressive primary percutaneous coronary intervention, and avoid treatments that would further lower right ventricular preload (nitrates and diuretics), thus compromising the patient's condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The diagnosis of this entity is commonly made from physical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and hemodynamic measurements.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The classic triad observed during physical examination consists of hypotension, clear lung fields, and elevated jugular venous pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Right ventricle myocardial infarction should be suspected in cases of infero-posterior myocardial infarction, and right precordial lead electrocardiogram should be performed, since right ventricular ischemia occurs in up to half of cases of inferior myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Echocardiography can depict abnormal movement of the right ventricular free wall, and it can assess the presence of right ventricular dysfunction or dilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Additional features of right ventricular involvement include paradoxical motion of the septum (interventricular and interatrial) and the presence of right atrial enlargement or tricuspid regurgitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can be useful for diagnosis, because it is more sensitive than electrocardiography and echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Coronary angiography usually leads to the final diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Right ventricle myocardial infarction occurs mainly due to occlusion of the right coronary artery proximal to the major right ventricular branches in the context of inferior myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> It may also occur due to occlusion of the left circumflex artery in patients with left-dominant circulation and, less commonly, in anterior infarctions, as the anterior part of the right ventricular free wall is supplied by collaterals from the left anterior descending artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Our case of isolated right ventricle myocardial infarction illustrates an uncommon cause of myocardial infarction. Not only was it unique in being a rare pathology, but it was also a diagnostic challenge. Physical examination, echocardiography, and coronary angiography were not able to establish the final diagnosis, given that they did not show significant abnormalities. This case highlights the importance of electrocardiography and the essential role of cardiac magnetic resonance in the differential diagnosis of patients with MINOCA; establishing correct definitive diagnosis is of the utmost importance in order to provide appropriate therapy, and it can help to anticipate and prevent complications that differ according to the etiology.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>
            <bold>Supplemental Materials</bold>
          </p>
          <p>For additional information, please click here.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
