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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xDY7XqRFsD6FrdstVTG6W6H</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000300028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190907</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190907</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quando Tudo d&#225; Errado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5785-0124</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Helder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Joaquim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chin</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Lurdes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo E.P.E.</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Barreiro</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo E.P.E., Barreiro - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo E.P.E.</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Barreiro</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo E.P.E., Barreiro - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Helder Santos</bold> &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Barreiro-Montijo - Avenida Movimento das For&#231;as Armadas, <postal-code>2834-003</postal-code>. Barreiro - Portugal. E-mail: <email>helder33689@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos H, Miranda H, Santos M, Almeida I, Chin J, Almeida L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos H, Miranda H, Santos M, Chin J; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Santos H, Santos M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos H, Miranda H, Santos M, Almeida I, Chin J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>28</fpage>
      <lpage>31</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as da Valva Aorta/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Antibioticoprofilaxia</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Hipersensibilidade a Medicamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O procedimento de Bentall foi descrito pela primeira vez h&#225; 50 anos e passou por v&#225;rias melhorias ao longo dos anos. Essa t&#233;cnica &#233; considerada um procedimento seguro e antigo. Por&#233;m, como qualquer cirurgia, pode apresentar v&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es, como pseudoaneurismo anastom&#243;tico, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e endocardite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, com acesso diferenciado a cuidados de sa&#250;de e profilaxia, a endocardite &#233; uma patologia incomum, associada a complica&#231;&#245;es frequentes e altas taxas de mortalidade. A antibioticoterapia visa erradicar o microrganismo respons&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> No entanto, alguns dos medicamentos utilizados causam diversos efeitos colaterais, como a s&#237;ndrome DRESS (Rea&#231;&#227;o a Medicamentos com Eosinofilia e Sintomas Sist&#234;micos).</p>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome DRESS foi descrita pela primeira vez por Bocquet et. al. em 1996, em pacientes com sintomas constitucionais, linfadenopatia e eosinofilia perif&#233;rica. &#201; considerada uma rea&#231;&#227;o idiossincr&#225;tica importante e de hipersensibilidade a medicamentos, com extensas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas. Sua incid&#234;ncia &#233; desconhecida, mas ocorre com maior frequ&#234;ncia em adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> V&#225;rios medicamentos estiveram associados &#224; DRESS, mas a vancomicina &#233; um dos mais frequentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> A DRESS tem um amplo espectro de condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, desde sintomas leves at&#233; fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os. No entanto, o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao medicamento, a suscetibilidade individual e o diagn&#243;stico imediato podem influenciar a resposta do paciente. As taxas de mortalidade variam de 3 a 10% e o diagn&#243;stico imediato e a retirada do medicamento s&#227;o importantes para obter um resultado favor&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Os autores apresentam um caso &#250;nico que reflete um conjunto de eventos espor&#225;dicos que ocorreram em um paciente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>O paciente &#233; um homem de 60 anos de idade, com hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico de hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia e procedimento de Bentall 8 meses antes da interna&#231;&#227;o, com implante de valva a&#243;rtica mec&#226;nica St. Jude e Uni-Graft a&#243;rtico de 28 mm devido a aneurisma de aorta ascendente (56 mm).</p>
      <p>Na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, o paciente apresentou dispneia, fadiga, cansa&#231;o e sudorese. O exame f&#237;sico revelou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 120 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 170/94 mmHg, estertores pulmonares e edema perif&#233;rico. Os exames de sangue revelaram anemia e eleva&#231;&#227;o dos biomarcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrou ritmo sinusal, bloqueio de ramo direito, invers&#227;o da onda T de 0,05 mV em DI e aVL e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST de 0,1 mV de V4 a V6. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica revelou v&#225;lvula mec&#226;nica a&#243;rtica normofuncionante com leve vazamento prot&#233;sico e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada. O paciente apresentou epis&#243;dios recorrentes de edema pulmonar agudo durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Em um desses epis&#243;dios, foram identificadas altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas ao ECG e novo aumento de biomarcadores card&#237;acos. O paciente evoluiu com choque cardiog&#234;nico com nova disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda e hipocinesia difusa. A angiocoronariografia descartou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e, no entanto, revelou compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, sugerindo pseudoaneurisma entre o Uni-Graft e a valva a&#243;rtica mec&#226;nica que comprimia a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. Esse achado foi confirmado em angiotomografia card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A angiotomografia card&#237;aca SACAR revelou compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda secund&#225;ria ao pseudoaneurisma entre o Uni-Graft e a valva a&#243;rtica mec&#226;nica.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0028-90907-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O paciente foi submetido a ressec&#231;&#227;o de pseudoaneurisma e substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica mec&#226;nica. Durante a cirurgia, foram identificadas imagens de vegeta&#231;&#227;o sugestivas de endocardite infecciosa. Iniciou-se tratamento emp&#237;rico com flucloxacilina, vancomicina, ceftriaxona e rifampicina, com hemocultura negativa e resposta inicial favor&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>No 24&#186; dia de antibioticoterapia, o paciente apresentou febre s&#250;bita associada a exantema maculopapular n&#227;o confluente e n&#227;o pruriginoso no abdome, membros superiores e inferiores e t&#243;rax, al&#233;m de linfadenopatias. Inicialmente, admitiu-se toxicidade por rifampicina, sendo o medicamento suspenso com recupera&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica gradual.</p>
      <p>No entanto, 12 dias depois, o paciente apresentou quadro cl&#237;nico semelhante com erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>), febre, linfocitose com dismorfia nuclear, eosinofilia, hepatite aguda, les&#227;o renal aguda e estados alterados de consci&#234;ncia (oscila&#231;&#245;es entre confus&#227;o mental e obnubila&#231;&#227;o). A deteriora&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ocorreu rapidamente, exigindo ventila&#231;&#227;o invasiva e suporte com vasopressor. A tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio, t&#243;rax e abdome n&#227;o mostrou achados patol&#243;gicos. Repetiu-se o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e a fun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica estava normal. A pun&#231;&#227;o lombar exibiu resultados normais. As hemoculturas, cultura da valva mec&#226;nica, os testes sorol&#243;gicos (exceto para herpes zoster) e os testes de autoimunidade foram negativos. A bi&#243;psia de pele revelou rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria. Ap&#243;s descartar outras patologias por meio de uma investiga&#231;&#227;o exaustiva, sup&#244;s-se a hip&#243;tese de s&#237;ndrome de DRESS secund&#225;ria &#224; vancomicina. A retirada da vancomicina juntamente com suporte de terapia intensiva e altas doses de corticoterapia levaram &#224; melhora gradual da fun&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;rg&#227;os do paciente. Em um ano de seguimento, n&#227;o houve nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o ou d&#233;ficit.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea maculopapular n&#227;o confluente e n&#227;o pruriginosa no t&#243;rax e no dorso.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0028-90907-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea maculopapular n&#227;o confluente e n&#227;o pruriginosa no dorso.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0028-90907-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Problemas t&#233;cnicos no procedimento de Bentall podem promover deisc&#234;ncias, que podem levar a pseudoaneurisma anastom&#243;tico. O local de deisc&#234;ncia e as estruturas circundantes podem levar a eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos apresentam incid&#234;ncia relevante de endocardite valvar prot&#233;tica e hemoculturas s&#227;o o padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Os crit&#233;rios de Duke modificados fornecem um diagn&#243;stico padronizado e devem ser aplicados com cuidado na endocardite infecciosa. Quanto &#224; endocardite de pr&#243;tese valvar, os crit&#233;rios de Duke modificados apresentam menor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica. O caso relatado apresentava dois crit&#233;rios menores: febre e cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via. De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Duke, tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios menores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para uma poss&#237;vel endocardite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> No entanto, optamos por supor que o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento emp&#237;rico foram iniciados, mesmo na presen&#231;a de culturas negativas do tecido valvar ressecado.</p>
      <p>A patogenia da s&#237;ndrome de DRESS &#233; pouco conhecida. No entanto, &#233; globalmente aceita a intera&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes mecanismos, como predisposi&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas do paciente, anormalidades metab&#243;licas que levam ao ac&#250;mulo de metab&#243;litos de medicamentos e intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentos-v&#237;rus que levam &#224; reativa&#231;&#227;o dos herpes-v&#237;rus humano (HHV) 6 e 7. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas aparecem ap&#243;s um longo per&#237;odo de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao medicamento e consistem em erup&#231;&#245;es cut&#226;neas, altera&#231;&#245;es hematol&#243;gicas, linfadenopatias e disfun&#231;&#227;o multissist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Se houver suspeita de DRESS, recomenda-se o teste para HHV, pois a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HHV est&#225; relacionada a maiores complica&#231;&#245;es e maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>O projeto RegiSCAR (Registro Europeu de Rea&#231;&#245;es Cut&#226;neas Adversas Graves a medicamentos e coleta de amostras biol&#243;gicas) sugere que pelo menos tr&#234;s dos seguintes crit&#233;rios s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para o diagn&#243;stico: hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, febre, suspeita de rea&#231;&#227;o a medicamentos, erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea aguda, linfadenopatias em duas &#225;reas diferentes, disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica e anormalidades sangu&#237;neas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> De acordo com o SCAR-J (grupo japon&#234;s de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas cut&#226;neas graves a medicamentos),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> o diagn&#243;stico &#233; estabelecido pela presen&#231;a dos cinco crit&#233;rios a seguir: erup&#231;&#227;o maculopapular ap&#243;s tr&#234;s semanas de tratamento, febre, linfadenopatias, leucocitose, hepatite e reativa&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;rus HHV 6. Portanto, nosso paciente exibiu 6 crit&#233;rios RegiSCAR para o diagn&#243;stico de DRESS. Ainda assim, usando os crit&#233;rios da SCAR-J, nosso paciente n&#227;o atende a todos os requisitos para o diagn&#243;stico de DRESS, uma vez que n&#227;o foi detectada reativa&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;rus HHV 6, sendo classificado como apresenta&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica de DRESS.</p>
      <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais para orientar o tratamento da s&#237;ndrome DRESS baseiam-se em relatos de casos e opini&#227;o de especialistas, e todas preconizam a suspens&#227;o imediata do medicamento respons&#225;vel e, se poss&#237;vel, redu&#231;&#227;o dos outros. Al&#233;m disso, a corticoterapia geralmente &#233; usada. No entanto, n&#227;o existem estudos que revelem qualquer efic&#225;cia clara e alguns autores defendem que pode exacerbar a reativa&#231;&#227;o viral. Pacientes com DRESS devem ter acompanhamento de longo prazo, pois apresentam maior risco de doen&#231;as autoimunes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A endocardite &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o frequente em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca. O uso de vancomicina tem aumentado nos &#250;ltimos anos e, portanto, est&#225; mais frequentemente associado &#224; s&#237;ndrome DRESS. Como as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e as anormalidades laboratoriais s&#227;o inespec&#237;ficas, o diagn&#243;stico de DRESS depende da suspeita cl&#237;nica precoce. O r&#225;pido reconhecimento e identifica&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome DRESS s&#227;o essenciais para uma abordagem terap&#234;utica eficaz e baixas taxas de mortalidade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem a todos os profissionais do Centro Hospitalar Barreiro-Montijo EPE pela ajuda na publica&#231;&#227;o deste caso cl&#237;nico.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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              <surname>Feindel</surname>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>When Everything goes Wrong</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5785-0124</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Helder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Joaquim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chin</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Lurdes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Barreiro</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo E.P.E., Barreiro - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Barreiro</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo E.P.E., Barreiro - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Helder Santos</bold> &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Barreiro-Montijo - Avenida Movimento das For&#231;as Armadas, <postal-code>2834-003</postal-code>. Barreiro - Portugal. E-mail: <email>helder33689@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos H, Miranda H, Santos M, Almeida I, Chin J, Almeida L; Acquisition of data: Santos H, Miranda H, Santos M, Chin J; Statistical analysis: Santos H, Santos M; Writing of the manuscript: Santos H, Miranda H, Santos M, Almeida I, Chin J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve, Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Antibiotic Prophylaxis</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Hypersensibility Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The Bentall procedure was described for the first time 50 years ago and has undergone several improvements through the years. This technique is considered to be a longstanding and safe procedure. However, as any surgery, it can have several complications such as anastomotic pseudoaneurism, myocardial infarction and endocarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In developed countries with differentiated access to health care and prophylaxis, endocarditis is an uncommon pathology, associated to frequent complications and high mortality rates. Antibiotic therapy aims to eradicate the responsible microorganism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> However, some of the drugs used cause several side effects, like the DRESS (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) syndrome.</p>
        <p>The DRESS syndrome was firstly described by Bocquet et. al. in 1996, in patients with constitutional symptoms, lymphadenopathy and peripheral eosinophilia. It is considered a severe idiosyncratic and hypersensitivity reaction to drugs, with extensive clinical features. Its incidence is unknown, but it occurs more frequently in adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Several drugs were associated to DRESS, yet vancomycin is one of the most frequent ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> DRESS has a broad spectrum of clinical conditions, ranging from mild symptoms to multiple-organ failure. However, drug exposing time, individual susceptibility and prompt diagnosis can influence the patient's response. Mortality rates range from 3 to 10% and prompt diagnosis and drug withdrawal is important to achieve a favorable outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The authors present a unique case that reflects a set of sporadic events that occurred in one patient.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>The patient is a 60-year-old male with past medical history of arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and Bentall procedure 8 months prior to admission, with implantation of a St. Jude mechanical aortic valve and aortic Uni-Graft 28 mm due to ascending aortic aneurysm (56 mm).</p>
        <p>At the emergency room, the patient presented dyspnea, fatigue, weariness and sweating. Physical examination revealed heart rate of 120 bpm, blood pressure of 170/94 mmHg, pulmonary rales and peripheral edema. Blood tests revealed anemia and elevated biomarkers of myocardial necrosis. Electrocardiogram (EKG) showed sinus rhythm, right bundle branch block, T wave inversion of 0.05 mV in DI and aVL, and ST depression of 0.1 mV from V4 to V6. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed normal mechanical aortic valve function with mild prosthetic leak and preserved left ventricular function. The patient presented recurrent acute pulmonary edema episodes during the hospital stay. In one of these episodes, dynamic EKG abnormalities and a new rise of cardiac biomarkers were identified. The patient progressed into cardiogenic shock with new left ventricular systolic dysfunction and diffuse hypokinesia. Coronary angiography ruled out coronary artery disease and, nonetheless, revealed an extrinsic compression of left coronary artery, suggesting pseudoaneurysm between the Uni-Graft and the mechanical aortic valve that compressed the left coronary artery. This finding was confirmed in a cardiac computed tomography angiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac computed tomography angiography showed extrinsic compression of the left coronary artery secondary to pseudoaneurysm between the Uni-Graft and mechanical aortic valve.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0028-90907-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The patient was submitted to pseudoaneurysm resection and aortic mechanical valve replacement. During the surgery, images of vegetation suggesting infectious endocarditis was identified. Empiric treatment with flucloxacillin, vancomycin, ceftriaxone and rifampicin were started, with negative blood culture tests and initial favorable response.</p>
        <p>At the 24<sup>th</sup> day of antibiotic therapy, the patient presented sudden fever associated with non-confluent, non-pruritic maculopapular rash on the abdomen, upper and lower limbs and thorax, as well as lymphadenopathies. Initially, rifampicin toxicity was admitted, and the drug was suspended with gradual clinical recovery.</p>
        <p>Nevertheless, 12 days later, the patient presented a similar clinical condition with rash (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>), fever, lymphocytosis with nuclear dysmorphia, eosinophilia, acute hepatitis, acute kidney injury and altered states of consciousness (fluctuating periods of mental confusion and obnubilation). Deterioration of clinical course rapidly occurred, requiring invasive ventilation and vasopressor support. Cranial, thoracic and abdominal computed tomography showed no pathological findings. Transthoracic echocardiogram was repeated and prosthetic valve function was normal. Lumbar puncture exhibited normal results. Blood cultures, mechanical valve culture, serological tests (except for herpes zoster) and autoimmunity tests were negative. Skin biopsy revealed inflammatory reaction. After ruling out further pathologies through an exhaustive work-up, the hypothesis of DRESS syndrome secondary to vancomycin was assumed.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Non-confluent, non-pruritic maculopapular rash on the thorax and back.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0028-90907-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Non-confluent, non-pruritic maculopapular rash on the back.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0028-90907-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Vancomycin withdrawal along with intensive care support and high-doses of corticotherapy led to gradual improvement of the patient organ's function. At 1 year of follow-up, no complications or deficits were found.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Technical problems on Bentall procedure can promote dehiscence, which may lead to anastomotic pseudoaneurysm. The dehiscence site and the surrounding structures may lead to cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Developed countries have relevant incidence of prosthetic valve endocarditis and blood cultures are the gold standard for the diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> The modified Duke criteria provide a standardized diagnosis and should be carefully applied in infective endocarditis. As for prosthetic valve endocarditis, the modified Duke criteria have lower diagnostic accuracy. The case reported presented two minor criteria, fever and previous heart surgery. According to the Duke criteria, three minor criteria are required for a possible endocarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Nevertheless, we chose to assume that the diagnosis and empiric treatment was started, even in the presence of negative cultures of the resected valvular tissue.</p>
        <p>Pathogeny of the DRESS syndrome is poorly known. However, an interaction is globally accepted between different mechanisms, such as patient's genetic predispositions, metabolic abnormalities leading to accumulation of drug metabolites and drug-virus interactions leading to the reactivation of human herpes virus (HHV) 6 and 7. Clinical manifestations appear after a long period of drug exposure and consist in skin rashes, hematological abnormalities, lymphadenopathies and multisystemic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> If DRESS is suspected, an HHV test is recommended, since HHV infection is related to higher complications and longer hospitalization stay.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The RegiSCAR project (European Registry of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to drugs and collection of biological samples) suggests that at least three of the following criteria are required for diagnosis: hospitalization, fever, suspected reaction to drugs, acute rash, lymphadenopathies in 2 different areas, organ dysfunction and blood abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> According to the SCAR-J (Japanese group of severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> diagnosis is established by the presence of the 5 following criteria: maculopapular rash after 3 weeks of treatment, fever, lymphadenopathies, leukocytosis, hepatitis and HHV 6 reactivation. Therefore, our patient exhibited 6 RegiSCAR criteria for DRESS diagnosis. Yet, using the SCAR-J criteria, our patient does not meet all requirements for DRESS diagnosis, since HHV 6 reactivation was not detected, being classified as an atypical DRESS presentation.</p>
        <p>Current recommendations to guide the treatment for the DRESS syndrome are based on case reports and expert opinions, and all of them recommend the immediate suspension of the responsible drug and, if possible, reduction of other drugs. Additionally, corticotherapy is usually used. However, there are no studies revealing any clear efficacy and some authors advocate that it can exacerbate viral reactivation. DRESS patients should have long-term follow-up because they have higher risk of autoimmune diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Endocarditis is a frequent complication in patients submitted to cardiac surgery. The use of vancomycin has increased over the last years and therefore it is more frequently associated with the DRESS syndrome. Since clinical manifestations and laboratory abnormalities are unspecific, the DRESS diagnosis relies on an early clinical suspicion. Prompt recognition and identification of the DRESS syndrome is essential to an effective therapeutic approach and low mortality rates.</p>
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      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors thank to every health professionals in Centro Hospitalar Barreiro-Montijo E. P. E. for the contribution to this report.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
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