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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">wnnGRxpcfbZ9Y8VPDY7jHXc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000300025</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200191</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200191</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Apneias Muito Longas em Posi&#231;&#227;o Prona em uma Paciente Eutr&#243;fica com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana: Implica&#231;&#245;es para o Risco Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8497-3528</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furlan</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia Fontanello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sinkunas</surname>
            <given-names>Viktor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Genta</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzi</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2081-6846</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sofia Fontanello Furlan</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>sofiaffurlan@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>sofiaffurlan@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Furlan SF, Drager L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Furlan SF, Sinkunas V; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Furlan SF, Sinkunas V, Drager L; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Furlan SF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lorenzi G, Drager L; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Furlan SF, Sinkunas V, Genta PR, Lorenzi G, Drager L;Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Furlan SF, Genta PR, Drager L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>25</fpage>
      <lpage>27</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
        <kwd>Apneia do Sono Tipo Obstrutiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Oximetria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica comum, caracterizada por obstru&#231;&#245;es recorrentes das vias a&#233;reas superiores durante o sono, promovendo hip&#243;xia intermitente e fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Fatores de risco tradicionais incluem sexo masculino e obesidade. De maneira geral, pacientes com AOS grave apresentam eventos respirat&#243;rios mais longos e hipoxemia mais acentuada. A posi&#231;&#227;o supina est&#225; consistentemente associada a &#237;ndices mais graves de AOS em adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndices de AOS e posi&#231;&#227;o prona &#233; inconsistente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Aqui, relatamos uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o muito peculiar da AOS caracterizada por eventos respirat&#243;rios muito longos em posi&#231;&#227;o prona em uma paciente do sexo feminino, eutr&#243;fica, com hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica sob terapia dial&#237;tica e diagn&#243;stico recente de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Uma mulher de 63 anos foi internada eletivamente para realizar um procedimento de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP). Embora ela n&#227;o se queixasse de sonol&#234;ncia diurna (Epworth Sleepiness Scale: 9), seus parentes a descreveram como muito sonolenta, apresentava roncos altos e pausas noturnas na respira&#231;&#227;o durante o sono. &#192; inspe&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o havia importantes sinais de altera&#231;&#245;es cr&#226;nio-faciais que predispusessem &#224; AOS. O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) estava dentro da normalidade (25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), mas a press&#227;o arterial (PA) n&#227;o estava controlada (152/84 mmHg). Curiosamente, uma recente monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA (MAPA) mostrou um padr&#227;o reverso da queda da PA noturna (PA durante o sono igual ou superior &#224; vig&#237;lia) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Ela estava em uso regular de aspirina, carvedilol, anlodipino e atorvastatina. Os medicamentos para PA foram ajustados pela equipe m&#233;dica. A paciente foi submetida a uma ICP bem-sucedida na art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda usando um <italic>stent</italic> convencional. Ap&#243;s o procedimento, ela foi submetida a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o do sono usando um monitor port&#225;til (Embletta Gold<sup>&#174;</sup>). A paciente apresentava um &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia de 26,7 eventos/hora com a menor satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>) registrada de 28% e tempo total com SpO<sub>2</sub> &lt;90% de 33%. Al&#233;m disso, apresentou apneias muito longas (19 epis&#243;dios com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt;1 minuto e o evento mais longo com incr&#237;veis 3,21 minutos de dura&#231;&#227;o) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Nota-se que a paciente permaneceu 76% do tempo na posi&#231;&#227;o prona (sua posi&#231;&#227;o preferida para dormir). A paciente optou por n&#227;o procurar nossa cl&#237;nica ambulatorial do sono, apesar de recomendarmos ativamente o tratamento para a AOS. Ap&#243;s 11 meses da ICP, a paciente sofreu um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Aproximadamente 2 anos ap&#243;s o procedimento de ICP, ela sofreu um epis&#243;dio de acidente vascular cerebral e quatro meses depois um novo infarto fatal do mioc&#225;rdio durante um cochilo &#224; tarde (por volta das 15h), apesar de tratamento medicamentoso para a DAC.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial mostrando padr&#227;o de descenso reverso da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia durante o dia: 150x81 mmHg; Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia noturna: 155x79 mmHg.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0025-00191-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A apneia obstrutiva mais longa durante o monitoramento do sono. Observe a hipoxemia acentuada relacionada e o canal de posi&#231;&#227;o do sensor revelando a posi&#231;&#227;o prona (tra&#231;o amarelo).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0025-00191-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este caso chamou nossa aten&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o incomum de AOS em paciente de alto risco cardiovascular: o IMC dentro dos valores de normalidade e os eventos respirat&#243;rios muito longos predominantemente na posi&#231;&#227;o prona. Em um estudo anterior, foram relatadas apneias obstrutivas com dura&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 3,89 minutos em um paciente com disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, provavelmente refletindo a falta de controle auton&#244;mico protetor na interrup&#231;&#227;o dos eventos apneicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Nossa paciente n&#227;o apresentava evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a auton&#244;mica, apesar da hist&#243;ria de diabetes. De fato, n&#227;o foram observados per&#237;odos de hipotens&#227;o na MAPA. Em contraste, observamos um padr&#227;o noturno reverso da PA na MAPA. Demonstrou-se que o padr&#227;o de descenso reverso da PA sist&#243;lica. est&#225; associada a um aumento de 4 vezes na probabilidade de AOS, independentemente da presen&#231;a de queixas de sono ou question&#225;rios positivos de sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Um achado interessante &#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia incomum de eventos obstrutivos na posi&#231;&#227;o prona. &#201; amplamente aceito que a posi&#231;&#227;o supina predisp&#245;e a obstru&#231;&#245;es das vias a&#233;reas superiores durante o sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Estudos preliminares relataram a posi&#231;&#227;o prona como terapia adjuvante para AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Por outro lado, este relato de caso destaca que a posi&#231;&#227;o prona pode n&#227;o ser um espectador inocente, como observado em beb&#234;s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Embora nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o causa-efeito possa ser comprovada, &#233; conceb&#237;vel que a posi&#231;&#227;o prona combinada com um alto limiar de excita&#231;&#227;o possa contribuir para eventos muito longos observados durante o sono nesta paciente.</p>
      <p>Por fim, vale ressaltar que os pacientes com AOS e DAC pr&#233;-estabelecidas n&#227;o tiveram benef&#237;cios da press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua nas vias a&#233;reas (CPAP) na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, segundo o estudo SAVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> A carga acentuada de hip&#243;xia (como observado neste caso) n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;da no perfil usual do estudo SAVE, impedindo qualquer conclus&#227;o definitiva sobre os benef&#237;cios do tratamento da AOS entre pacientes com AOS e importante hipoxemia. A falta de tratamento espec&#237;fico para a AOS neste caso pode ter contribu&#237;do para os resultados cardiovasculares observados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este &#233; um caso incomum de apneias muito longas durante a posi&#231;&#227;o prona em uma paciente com o IMC dentro da normalidade e DAC. Conforme sugerido em um estudo observacional multic&#234;ntrico, o seguimento desfavor&#225;vel sugere que a AOS n&#227;o &#233; um espectador inocente na DAC, principalmente na presen&#231;a de diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Portanto, os resultados neutros do estudo SAVE n&#227;o devem impedir o tratamento visando potenciais benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares em pacientes de alto risco com hipoxemia grave.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>A paciente participou de um estudo pr&#233;vio que avaliou o potencial impacto da apneia do sono ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3931/13/056). Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido para esta paciente.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Very Long Apneas during Prone Position in a Lean Patient with Coronary Artery Disease: Implications for the Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8497-3528</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furlan</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia Fontanello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sinkunas</surname>
            <given-names>Viktor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Genta</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzi</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2081-6846</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Sofia Fontanello Furlan</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>sofiaffurlan@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>sofiaffurlan@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Furlan SF, Drager L; Acquisition of data: Furlan SF, Sinkunas V; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Furlan SF, Sinkunas V, Drager L; Statistical analysis: Furlan SF; Obtaining financing: Lorenzi G, Drager L; Writing of the manuscript: Furlan SF, Sinkunas V, Genta PR, Lorenzi G, Drager L; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Furlan SF, Genta PR, Drager L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea Obstructive</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Mass Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxymetria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition characterized by recurrent upper airway obstructions during sleep, promoting intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Traditional risk factors for OSA include male gender and obesity. Overall, patients with severe OSA presented longer events and more severe hypoxemia. Supine sleep is consistently associated with more severe OSA rates in adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> However, the relationship between OSA indices and prone position is inconsistent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Here, we reported a very peculiar presentation of OSA characterized by very long respiratory events in a prone position in a lean female patient with a history of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease under dialysis therapy and a recent diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 63 year-old female was electively admitted to the Hospital to perform a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedure. Eventhough she did not complain of daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale: 9), her relatives described she was very sleepy, presented loud snoring and nocturnal breathing pauses during sleep. Upon inspection, there were no important signs of craniofacial changes that predisposed to OSA. Body-mass index (BMI) was within the normal range (25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) but arterial blood pressure was uncontrolled (152/84 mmHg). Interestingly, a recent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) showed a reverse systolic dipping pattern (blood pressure during sleep equal or higher than wakefulness) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>). She was under regular use of aspirin, carvedilol, amlodipine and atorvastatin. Arterial blood pressure medications were further adjusted by the medical team. The patient underwent a successful PCI in the <italic>left anterior descending artery</italic> using a bare metal stent. After the procedure, she underwent a sleep study using a portable monitor (Embletta Gold<sup>&#174;</sup>). The patient had an apnea-hypopnea index of 26.7 events/hour with a lowest peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) of 28% and a total time with a SpO<sub>2</sub> &lt;90% of 33%. Very long apneas (19 episodes lasting &gt;1 minute and the longest event lasting the incredible 3.21 minutes) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>) were observed. Of note, the patient spent 76% of the time in the prone position (her preferred sleep position).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring showing reverse systolic blood pressure dipping pattern. Mean daytime blood pressure: 150x81 mmHg; Mean nighttime blood pressure: 155x79 mmHg.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0025-00191-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The longest obstructive apnea during sleep monitoring. Observe the severe related hypoxemia and the sensor position channel revealing prone position (yellow trace)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0025-00191-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The patient did not seek our outpatient sleep clinic despite we actively recommended treatment for OSA. After 11 months of the PCI, the patient suffered an acute myocardial infarction. Approximately 2 years after the PCI procedure, she suffered an episode of stroke and four months later a new fatal myocardial infarction during a nap at 3:00 pm despite using standard medications for CAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This case called our attention due to the unusual presentation of OSA in a high cardiovascular risk patient: BMI in the normal range and very long respiratory events predominantly in the prone position. In a previous study, obstructive apneas lasting up to 3.89 min in a patient with autonomic dysfunction was reported, probably reflecting the lack of protective autonomic control in terminating the apneic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Our patient had no evidence of autonomic disease, despite the history of diabetes. Indeed, no periods of hypotension were observed in the ABPM. In contrast, we observed a reverse dipping pattern in the ABPM. Reverse dipping has been shown to be associated with a 4-fold increase in the probability of significant OSA, regardless the presence of sleep complaints or positive sleep questionnaires.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>One interesting finding is the unusual occurrence of obstructive events in the prone position. It is largely accepted that supine position predisposes to upper airway obstructions during sleep.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Preliminary studies reported prone position as adjunctive therapy for OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> In contrast, this case report underscore that prone position may not be an innocent bystander, as observed in infants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Although no cause-effect relationship may be proven, it is conceivable that the prone position combined with a high arousal threshold may contribute to very long events observed during sleep in this patient.</p>
        <p>Finally, it is worthy to mention that OSA patients with CAD had no benefits of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in preventing cardiovascular disease according to the SAVE trial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Severe hypoxia burden (as observed in this case) was not included in the usual SAVE study's profile, preventing any definitive conclusion on the benefits of OSA treatment among OSA patients with severe hypoxia burden. The lack of specific OSA treatment may have contributed to the observed cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This is an unusual case of very long apneas during prone position in a lean patient with CAD. As suggested in a multicenter observational study, the unfavorable follow-up suggests that OSA is not an innocent bystander in CAD, especially in the presence of diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Therefore, the neutral results of SAVE trial should not preclude treatment aiming potential cardiovascular benefits in high risk patients with severe hypoxemia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The patient participated in a previous study addressing the potential impact of sleep apnea after percutaneous coronary intervention (approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 3931/13/056). All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from this patient.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
