<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">88vpzSGxx99sV356hZz8NZq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000300021</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190717</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190717</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Angioplastia Pulmonar com Bal&#227;o Percut&#226;neo Sistem&#225;tica com Estadiamento em Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar Tromboemb&#243;lica Cr&#244;nica Inoper&#225;vel Grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3967-0928</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dan</surname>
            <given-names>Kazuhiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shionoda</surname>
            <given-names>Akira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Hiromi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ichinomiya</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="JP">Jap&#227;o</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Ichinomiya - Jap&#227;o</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Okayama Medical Center</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Okayama</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="JP">Jap&#227;o</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Okayama Medical Center, Okayama - Jap&#227;o</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Kazuhiro Dan</bold> &#8226; Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital - Kaimei-hira 1, Ichinomiya, Aichi <postal-code>494-0001</postal-code>, Ichinomiya <postal-code>4940001</postal-code> - Jap&#227;o. E-mail: <email>dan27k@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dan K; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Shionoda A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Matsubara H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>21</fpage>
      <lpage>24</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Angioplastia Pulmonar com Bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Fragilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Idosos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O tratamento para hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica (HPTEC) &#233; limitado a endarterectomia pulmonar (PEA), terapia medicamentosa e angioplastia pulmonar percut&#226;nea com bal&#227;o (APB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O tratamento padr&#227;o-ouro &#233; a PEA, e pacientes com HPTEC e les&#245;es proximais s&#227;o geralmente bons candidatos cir&#250;rgicos. Complica&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar persistente devido &#224; endarterectomia incompleta ou vasculopatia secund&#225;ria s&#227;o problemas t&#237;picos ap&#243;s o procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Uma metan&#225;lise mostrou que a efic&#225;cia da terapia medicamentosa para HPTEP grave &#233; limitada, e muitos pacientes n&#227;o chegam ter a art&#233;ria pulmonar (AP) suficientemente reduzida, mesmo havendo uma melhora marginal da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> A APB percut&#226;nea foi reportada pela primeira vez em 2001, mas sua seguran&#231;a n&#227;o foi comprovada na &#233;poca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Recentemente, h&#225; apenas uma d&#233;cada, a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar foi associada pela primeira vez a um progn&#243;stico ruim. Felizmente, os tratamentos melhoraram drasticamente desde ent&#227;o, particularmente para pacientes com HPTEC. A APB ainda &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia desafiadora, pois tem a limita&#231;&#227;o de um operador especializado e instala&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, mas seus resultados t&#234;m melhorado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 76 anos, 1,45 m de altura, 40 kg, apresentou-se ao servi&#231;o com hist&#243;ria de dispneia ao esfor&#231;o havia tr&#234;s meses. Sem hist&#243;rico de trombose venosa profunda ou embolia pulmonar aguda. Uma semana antes da interna&#231;&#227;o, a dispneia piorou (classe IV da New York Heart Association), a paciente desenvolveu edema nas pernas e tornou-se incapaz de andar. Na admiss&#227;o, tinha press&#227;o arterial de 210/95 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 85 bpm, SpO<sub>2</sub> de 80% (ar ambiente) e frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 32 respira&#231;&#245;es por minuto. O eletrocardiograma revelou ritmo sinusal e hipertrofia ventricular direita (HVD) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>). Os exames laboratoriais mostraram creatinina 0,84 mg/dl, hemoglobina 17,4 g/dl e pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP) 1000 pg/ml. Nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a vascular do col&#225;geno foi encontrada. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica revelou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita [dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo direitos; press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da AP estimada em 58 mmHg; 6% de altera&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracion&#225;ria do ventr&#237;culo direito; derrame peric&#225;rdico] com contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o: 65%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exames fisiol&#243;gicos e radiol&#243;gicos antes da angioplastia pulmonar com bal&#227;o. A) Eletrocardiograma na admiss&#227;o mostrava S-I e T-III. B e C) Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (fase diast&#243;lica final) mostrando insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita (B) na admiss&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita normalizada dois anos ap&#243;s a APB (C). D-F) Tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax com contraste mostrando a &#225;rea avascular no lobo superior direito (D), sem evid&#234;ncia de embolia pulmonar aguda no tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar (E), e achado semelhante a uma teia no ramo da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita 8 (c&#237;rculo azul em F).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0021-90717-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Foi submetida a um cateterismo card&#237;aco direito, que revelou press&#227;o da AP a 60/38 (47) mmHg, press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar expirat&#243;ria final (PAWP) de 6 mmHg, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco de 2,17 L/min e &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar de 18,89 unidades Wood&#8226;m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. A angiografia coron&#225;ria mostrou-se normal. Uma tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax com contraste n&#227;o mostrou evid&#234;ncias de embolia pulmonar aguda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1D-F</xref>). Angiografia da AP revelou les&#245;es em teias e de oclus&#227;o total e subtotal em art&#233;rias segmentares a subsegmentares bilaterais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>). Uma cintilografia de perfus&#227;o pulmonar mostrou m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es bilaterais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Angiografia da art&#233;ria pulmonar representativa em angioplastia pulmonar com bal&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. A: Art&#233;ria pulmonar direita oclu&#237;da (ramo 8) detectada por angiografia seletiva. B: APB com cateter bal&#227;o semicomplacente de 3,0 mm. C: Angiografia pulmonar seletiva final ap&#243;s APB sistem&#225;tica com cateteres bal&#227;o semicomplacente de 2,0 e 3,0 mm.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0021-90717-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cintilografia de perfus&#227;o pulmonar antes e depois da angioplastia pulmonar sistem&#225;tica com bal&#227;o. A e B) Cintilografia de perfus&#227;o pulmonar antes (A) e depois (B) da APB. Os c&#237;rculos laranja mostram &#225;reas de perfus&#227;o melhoradas.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0021-90717-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A paciente recebeu infus&#245;es cont&#237;nuas de heparina e dobutamina em baixas doses durante um m&#234;s; no entanto, sua condi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o melhorou e ela foi diagnosticada com HPTEC. At&#233; tr&#234;s meses antes da interna&#231;&#227;o, realizava todas as atividades de forma independente, por&#233;m, por ser idosa e fr&#225;gil, referiu estar completamente acamada por uma semana antes da interna&#231;&#227;o. Sua fragilidade (escala cl&#237;nica canadense 8) e m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es distais fizeram dela uma candidata n&#227;o favor&#225;vel &#224; cirurgia, ent&#227;o a equipe m&#233;dica decidiu, ap&#243;s discuss&#245;es com um cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco, realizar APB por se tratar de um procedimento menos invasivo e de menor risco.</p>
      <p>Os vasos-alvo foram as art&#233;rias pulmonares direitas (A1, A2, A3, A5, A7 e A8) e esquerdas (A 3, A4, A6 e A10). O procedimento foi realizado com um sistema de cateter-guia de 0,014 polegadas, semelhante a uma interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea. Um cateter-guia 6 French Amplatz esquerdo foi inserido no sentido de um ramo da AP atrav&#233;s da veia femoral direita. Foi realizada com dois tipos de cateter-guia de baixo peso (B-pahm 0,6g, Japan Lifeline, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) (Chevalier Floppy 2g, FMD, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o), com suporte de um cateter bal&#227;o (CB). No primeiro procedimento, a APB foi iniciada pela parte anterior (A3 direita e A5 A3 esquerda) usando um CB semicomplacente de 2,0 mm (Ikazuchi PAD, Kaneka, Osaka, Jap&#227;o). Auma APB adicional usando CB de 2,0 mm foi realizada na por&#231;&#227;o p&#243;stero-lateral (A3, A5, A7 e A8 direita, A4, A6 e A10 esquerda) um m&#234;s depois. Dois meses mais tarde, expandimos todas as art&#233;rias pr&#233;-dilatadas com um CB de 3,0 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B e 2C</xref>). A APB foi conclu&#237;da sem orienta&#231;&#227;o de imagem intravascular e sem complica&#231;&#245;es, como les&#227;o pulmonar e hemoptise.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o conseguimos abrir as art&#233;rias completamente oclu&#237;das (A 1 e A2 direita); entretanto, a press&#227;o da AP diminuiu para 42/16 (26) mmHg imediatamente ap&#243;s a APB final, e a press&#227;o da PA m&#233;dia finalmente melhorou para 20 mmHg sem hipoxemia (SpO<sub>2</sub> 96%, ar ambiente). Uma nova cintilografia de perfus&#227;o pulmonar mostrou melhora da perfus&#227;o, com circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar adequada em dois ter&#231;os do leito vascular total da AP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3B</xref>). Ela passou a deambular de forma independente e teve alta hospitalar. Na alta, sua dist&#226;ncia de caminhada de seis minutos era de 236 m. Foi prescrito oxig&#234;nio suplementar, anticoagulantes e um diur&#233;tico de baixa dosagem. O BNP diminuiu para 64 pg/ml. Um ecocardiograma mostrou que as dilata&#231;&#245;es atrial e ventricular direita haviam se normalizado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C</xref>). Desde ent&#227;o, a paciente manteve um bom quadro cl&#237;nico ao longo de dois anos, mas um monitoramento adicional &#233; recomendado.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossa paciente apresentou HPTEC grave inoper&#225;vel, sem trombos na parte principal das art&#233;rias pulmonares &#224; tomografia computadorizada. Angiografia pulmonar mostrou art&#233;rias pulmonares segmentares oclu&#237;das (A 1, 2, 8 direita e A 10 esquerda) e les&#245;es em teia em outras art&#233;rias segmentares ou subsegmentares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Neste caso, realizamos tr&#234;s sess&#245;es separadas de APB; no entanto, sess&#245;es mais espa&#231;adas podem ser aceit&#225;veis, dependendo da fragilidade e do estado geral do paciente, a fim de evitar les&#227;o pulmonar (como sangramento) por dano a vaso pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Tamb&#233;m consideramos incompatibilidade ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o e iniciamos o procedimento pela por&#231;&#227;o anterior para melhorar a hipoxemia. Les&#245;es oclusivas s&#227;o um preditor de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; APB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Em seguida, prosseguimos ao tratamento das art&#233;rias obstru&#237;das de forma incompleta, uma vez que as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento podem piorar criticamente a condi&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e respirat&#243;ria da paciente. Foi selecionado um CB pequeno (de 2,0 mm) para evitar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo de alta press&#227;o e, em seguida, as m&#250;ltiplas art&#233;rias-alvo foram dilatadas.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a dilata&#231;&#227;o por fluxo sangu&#237;neo de entrada por dois meses ap&#243;s a APB inicial, todas as art&#233;rias tratadas foram dilatadas com um CB de 3,0 mm, de acordo com o di&#226;metro anat&#244;mico da AP. Um relato recente descreveu que pacientes com HPTEC apresentam aumento na rigidez arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#233; incomum na HPTEC, mas, no presente caso, foi normalizada ap&#243;s a APB.</p>
      <p>Grupos japoneses relataram resultados melhores em longo prazo associados &#224; APB para pacientes com HPTEC e les&#245;es distais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Mais estudos observacionais prospectivos e ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para comparar a APB e a terapia medicamentosa em pacientes com HPTEC inoper&#225;vel, determinando assim a efic&#225;cia do procedimento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A APB sistem&#225;tica, um tratamento de AP anteroposterior com dois cateteres-bal&#227;o com di&#226;metros diferentes (2,0 mm e 3,0 mm), pode ser realizada com seguran&#231;a, mesmo em pacientes inoper&#225;veis e em condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas severas. Hoje em dia, a APB pode n&#227;o ser o &#250;ltimo recurso, mas sim o tratamento de primeira escolha para a popula&#231;&#227;o com HPTEC inoper&#225;vel.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delcroix</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jais</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Madani</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayer</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <comment>1801915</comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. Kim NH, Delcroix M, Jais X, Madani MM, Matsubara H, Mayer E, et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(1):1801915.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mayer</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jenkins</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindner</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Armini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kloek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meyns</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surgical management and outcome of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results from an international prospective registry</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>702</fpage>
          <lpage>710</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Mayer E, Jenkins D, Lindner J, D&#8217;Armini A, Kloek J, Meyns B, et al. Surgical management and outcome of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results from an international prospective registry. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141(3):702-10.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Phan</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jo</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lau</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Medical Therapy Versus Balloon Angioplasty for CTEPH: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Heart Lung Circ</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>89</fpage>
          <lpage>98</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3. Phan K, Jo HE, Xu J, Lau EM. Medical Therapy Versus Balloon Angioplasty for CTEPH: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Heart Lung Circ. 2018;27(1):89-98.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Feinstein</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldhaber</surname>
              <given-names>SZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lock</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferndandes</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Landzberg</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Balloon pulmonary angioplasty for treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>10</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4. Feinstein JA, Goldhaber SZ, Lock JE, Ferndandes SM, Landzberg MJ. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty for treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 2001;103(1):10&#8211;3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mizoguchi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogawa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Munemasa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mikouchi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ito</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Refined balloon pulmonary angioplasty for inoperable patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>748</fpage>
          <lpage>755</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5. Mizoguchi H, Ogawa A, Munemasa M, Mikouchi H, Ito H, Matsubara H. Refined balloon pulmonary angioplasty for inoperable patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5(6):748-55.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kawakami</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogawa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyaji</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mizoguchi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimokawahara</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naito</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Novel Angiographic Classification of Each Vascular Lesion in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Based on Selective Angiogram and Results of Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <elocation-id>e003318</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6. Kawakami T, Ogawa A, Miyaji K, Mizoguchi H, Shimokawahara H, Naito T, et al. Novel Angiographic Classification of Each Vascular Lesion in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Based on Selective Angiogram and Results of Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9(10):e003318.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ejiri</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogawa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fujii</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ito</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vascular Injury Is a Major Cause of Lung Injury After Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty in Patients With Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e005884</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7. Ejiri K, Ogawa A, Fujii S, Ito H, Matsubara H. Vascular Injury Is a Major Cause of Lung Injury After Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty in Patients With Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;11(12):e005884.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ikeda</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kubota</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okazaki</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iijima</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hara</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hiroi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The predictors of complications in balloon pulmonary angioplasty for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>E349</fpage>
          <lpage>E356</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8. Ikeda N, Kubota S, Okazaki T, Iijima R, Hara H, Hiroi Y, et al. The predictors of complications in balloon pulmonary angioplasty for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;93(6):E349-E356.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sznajder</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dzikowska-Diduch</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kurnicka</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roik</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wretowski</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pruszczyk</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased systemic arterial stiffness in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol J</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <month>09</month>
          <fpage>20</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5603/CJ.a2018.0109</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9. Sznajder M, Dzikowska-Diduch O, Kurnicka K, Roik M, Wretowski D, Pruszczyk P, et al. Increased systemic arterial stiffness in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Cardiol J. 2018 Sep 20. Doi.10.5603/CJ.a2018.0109</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ogawa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Satoh</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fukuda</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sugimura</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fukumoto</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emoto</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: Results of a Multicenter Registry</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <elocation-id>e004029</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10. Ogawa A, Satoh T, Fukuda T, Sugimura K, Fukumoto Y, Emoto N, et al. Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: Results of a Multicenter Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10(11): pii: e004029.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Systematic Staged Percutaneous Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty in Severe Inoperable Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3967-0928</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dan</surname>
            <given-names>Kazuhiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shionoda</surname>
            <given-names>Akira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Hiromi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ichinomiya</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="JP">Japan</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Ichinomiya - Japan</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Okayama</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="JP">Japan</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Okayama Medical Center, Okayama - Japan</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Kazuhiro Dan</bold> &#8226; Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital - Kaimei-hira 1, Ichinomiya, Aichi <postal-code>494-0001</postal-code>, Ichinomiya 4940001- Japan. E-mail: <email>dan27k@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Dan K; Acquisition of data: Shionoda A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Matsubara H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Angioplasty, Balloon, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Aging</kwd>
        <kwd>Fragility</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is limited to pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA), drug therapy, and percutaneous balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> The gold-standard treatment is PEA, and patients with CTEPH and proximal lesions are generally good surgical candidates. Perioperative complications and persistent pulmonary hypertension due to incomplete endarterectomy or secondary vasculopathy are typical problems after the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A meta-analysis has shown that the efficacy of drug therapy for severe CTEPH is limited, and many patients do not achieve sufficiently reduced pulmonary artery (PA) pressure, even if exercise tolerance is marginally improved.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Percutaneous BPA was first reported in 2001, but its safety was not proven at that time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> As recently as one decade ago, pulmonary hypertension was first associated with poor prognosis. Fortunately, treatments for pulmonary hypertension have dramatically improved ever since, particularly for patients with CTEPH. BPA is still a challenging strategy, limited to a specific operator and facility, but its results have been improving.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 76-year-old female patient (height 1.45 m, weight 40 kg) presented to the service with a three-month history of dyspnea on exertion. She had no history of deep vein thrombosis or acute pulmonary embolism. One week before admission, her dyspnea worsened (New York Heart Association class IV), she developed leg edema and became unable to walk. On admission, her blood pressure was 210/95 mmHg, heart rate was 85 bpm, SpO<sub>2</sub> 80% (room air), and respiratory rate was 32 breaths per minute. An electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1A</xref>). Laboratory exams showed creatinine level at 0.84 mg/dl, hemoglobin level at 17.4 g/dl, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level at 1000 pg/ml. No evidence of collagen vascular disease was noted. A transthoracic echocardiography revealed right heart failure [right atrium and ventricle dilatation; estimated systolic PA pressure of 58 mmHg; 6% right ventricular fractional area change; pericardial effusion] with preserved left ventricular contraction (ejection fraction: 65%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Physiological and radiological examinations before balloon pulmonary angioplasty. A) Electrocardiogram on admission showed S-I and T-III. B and C) Transthoracic echocardiography (end diastolic phase) showing right heart failure (B) upon admission, and right heart failure normalized two year after BPA (C). D-F) Contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography showing the avascular area in the right upper lobe (D), no evidence of acute pulmonary embolism in main pulmonary artery (E), and web-like finding in the right pulmonary artery branch 8 (blue circle in F).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0021-90717-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>She underwent right heart catheterization, which revealed PA pressure of 60/38 (47) mmHg, pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) of 6 mmHg, cardiac index of 2.17 L/min and pulmonary vascular resistance index of 18.89 Wood unit&#8226;m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. Coronary angiography was normal. Contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography scan showed no evidence of acute pulmonary embolism (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1D-F</xref>). PA angiography revealed webs, and subtotal and total occlusion lesions in bilateral segmental to subsegmental pulmonary arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2A</xref>). Lung perfusion scintigraphy showed multiple bilateral defects (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3A</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A representative pulmonary artery angiography in systematic staged balloon pulmonary angioplasty. A: Occluded right pulmonary artery (branch 8) detected by selective angiography. B: BPA with a 3.0-mm semicompliant balloon catheter. C: Final selective pulmonary angiography after systematic staged BPA with 2.0- and 3.0-mm semicompliant balloon catheters.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0021-90717-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Lung perfusion scintigraphy before and after systematic balloon pulmonary angioplasty. A and B) Lung perfusion scintigraphy prior to (A) and after (B) BPA. Orange circles show improved perfusion areas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0021-90717-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The patient was put on continuous infusions of heparin and low-dose dobutamine over a month; however, her condition did not improve and she was diagnosed with CTEPH. Until three months before admission, she independently performed all activities, but being elderly and frail, she reported being completely bedridden for one week prior to admission. Her frailty (Canadian clinical scale 8) and multiple distal lesions rendered her a poor operative candidate, so the medical staff decided to perform BPA, as this is a less-invasive and lower-risk treatment, after discussions with a cardiac surgeon.</p>
        <p>The target vessels were right (A1, A2, A3, A5, A7, and A8) and left pulmonary arteries (A 3, A4, A6, and A10). The procedure was performed using a 0.014-inch guidewire system, similar to a percutaneous coronary intervention. A 6 French Amplatz left catheter was directed into a branch of the PA via the right femoral vein. The wiring was performed with two kinds of low-weight guidewire (B-pahm 0.6g, Japan Lifeline, Tokyo, Japan) (Chevalier Floppy 2g, FMD, Tokyo, Japan), supported by a balloon catheter (BC). In the first procedure, BPA was initiated from the anterior part (Right A3 and A5 Left A3.) using a 2.0-mm semicompliant BC (Ikazuchi PAD, Kaneka, Osaka, Japan). Additional BPA using a 2.0-mm BC was performed on the posterolateral portion (Right A3, A5, A7 and A8. Left A4, A6 and A10.) one month later. Two months after that, we expanded all pre-dilated arteries using a 3.0-mm BC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2C</xref>). BPA was completed without intravascular imaging guidance and without complications such as lung injury and hemoptysis. We were not able to open the completely occluded arteries (Right A 1 and A2); however, her PA pressure decreased to 42/16 (26) mmHg immediately after the final BPA, and the mean PA pressure finally improved to 20 mmHg without hypoxemia (SpO<sub>2</sub> 96%, room air). A new lung perfusion scintigraphy showed improved perfusion, with adequate pulmonary circulation over two-thirds of the total PA vascular bed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3B</xref>). She could ambulate independently and was discharged from the hospital. On discharge, her six-minute walking distance was 236 m. She was prescribed supplemental oxygen, anticoagulants, and a low-dose diuretic drug. Her BNP decreased to 64 pg/ml. The right atrial and ventricular dilatations normalized on echocardiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1C</xref>). Ever since, the patient has maintained a good clinical picture over the course of two years, but further monitoring is recommended.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our patient presented with severe inoperable CTEPH without thrombi at the main part of pulmonary arteries on computed tomography scan. Pulmonary angiography showed occluded pulmonary segmental arteries (right A 1, 2, 8 and left A 10) and arterial webbing in other segmental or subsegmental arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In this case, we performed three separate BPA sessions; however, more spaced sessions may be acceptable depending on the frailty and general condition of the patient in order to avoid lung injury (such as bleeding) due to pulmonary vessel injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> We also considered ventilation-perfusion mismatch and started the procedure from the anterior part to improve hypoxemia. Occlusive lesions are a predictor of BPA-related complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> We then proceeded with treating incompletely occluded arteries, once BPA-related complications may critically worsen the patient's hemodynamics and respiratory condition. A small BC (2.0 mm) was selected to avoid high-pressure incoming blood flow and then the multiple target arteries were dilated.</p>
        <p>After dilation by incoming blood flow for two months from initial BPA, all treated arteries were dilated using a 3.0-mm BC, as per the anatomical diameter of PA. A recent report described that patients with CTEPH present increased arterial stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> High systemic blood pressure is uncommon in CTEPH, but, in the present case, it was normalized after BPA.</p>
        <p>Japanese groups have reported improved long-term outcomes associated with BPA for patients with CTEPH and distal lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Further prospective observational studies and randomized controlled trials are required to compare BPA and drug therapy in patients with inoperable CTEPH, thus determining the efficacy of the procedure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Systematic staged BPA, a treatment from anterior to posterior PA by two balloon catheters with different diameters (2.0 mm and 3.0 mm), can be safely performed even in inoperable patients with severe physical conditions. Nowadays, BPA may not be the last resort, but rather the first-choice treatment for the inoperable CTEPH population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
