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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7NxCF5gM6LvYg7pHqqRC3CB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000300017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190547</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190547</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reversibilidade da Cardiomiopatia Dilatada na S&#237;ndrome de Sheehan: Um Relato de Caso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5042-9396</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Lu&#237;za Barbosa Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ta&#237;s Paiva da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Sampaio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Geraldo Guerreiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Obras Sociais Irm&#227; Dulce</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Obras Sociais Irm&#227; Dulce, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Lu&#237;za Barbosa Fernandes Dourado</bold> &#8226; Obras Sociais Irm&#227; Dulce - Avenida Dendezeiros do Bonfim, 161. CEP <postal-code>40420-415</postal-code>, Bonfim, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>mlbfdourado@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Dourado MLBF, Costa TP, Carvalho MS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Dourado MLBF; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dourado MLBF, Costa TP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Dourado MLBF, Costa TP, Moura CGG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>17</fpage>
      <lpage>20</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipopituitarismo</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Sheehan</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Reposi&#231;&#227;o Hormonal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Sheehan, descoberta em 1937 por Harold Leeming Sheehan, &#233; descrita como pan-hipopituitarismo secund&#225;rio &#224; necrose hipofis&#225;ria ap&#243;s hemorragia p&#243;s-parto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico depende da defici&#234;ncia hormonal apresentada, e pode envolver altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de cortisol s&#233;rico, fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, horm&#244;nios do crescimento, amamenta&#231;&#227;o e horm&#244;nios sexuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Embora escassamente descrita na literatura, h&#225; relatos de miocardiopatia dilatada associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Sheehan, alguns com reversibilidade da cardiopatia ap&#243;s terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Este trabalho relata um caso cl&#237;nico de s&#237;ndrome de Sheehan associada &#224; miocardiopatia dilatada que apresentou melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>O presente artigo &#233; sobre uma mulher de 36 anos, casada, do lar, natural de Inhambupe/BA, que havia sido hospitalizada em servi&#231;o m&#233;dico terci&#225;rio com dispneia progressiva h&#225; 2 meses que evoluiu para dispneia em repouso 02 dias ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, ela relatou edema de membros inferiores e edema periorbital. Tamb&#233;m se queixava de n&#225;useas e v&#244;mitos p&#243;s-prandiais por 01 semana com restos de comida, sem muco ou sangue, afebril. Referia interna&#231;&#227;o anterior, aos 18 anos, devido a complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e hemorragia p&#243;s-parto, negou transfus&#245;es de sangue. Tamb&#233;m descreveu agalactia e amenorreia p&#243;s-parto. A paciente tem uma vida sexual ativa com um &#250;nico parceiro e n&#227;o utiliza nenhum m&#233;todo contraceptivo. Ao exame f&#237;sico, estado geral regular, com fala confusa, hipoatividade e hipotens&#227;o (&#8710;PAS 100-80 mmHg x &#8710;PAD 70-50 mmHg). Pele com turgor e elasticidade reduzidos, presen&#231;a de edema periorbital. O sistema cardiovascular apresentava prec&#243;rdio calmo, impulso apical n&#227;o palp&#225;vel e n&#227;o vis&#237;vel, sons card&#237;acos hipofon&#233;ticos, sem sopros, sem som card&#237;aco extra. Extremidades com perfus&#227;o, com edema depress&#237;vel + 1/4 +, frio, indolor. Outros acompanhamentos sem altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais iniciais mostraram TSH inadequadamente normal em 4,93 &#181;UI/mL (0,38-5,3) com T4 livre abaixo de 0,4 ng/dL (0,5-1,2), hiponatremia normovol&#234;mica (s&#243;dio 133mEq/ L - VR 136-144). Exames complementares na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o: hemoglobina 12 mg/dL, hemat&#243;crito 35,9%, leucograma 12.880: 89% segmentados, 4% linf&#243;citos, 1% eosin&#243;filos e 6% mon&#243;citos; plaquetas 165.000 / mm&#179; e fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal.</p>
      <p>A reposi&#231;&#227;o de hidrocortisona em bolus de 500 mg foi seguida de levotiroxina em baixas doses (50 mcg / dia). Ap&#243;s introdu&#231;&#227;o da terapia hormonal, a paciente apresentou melhora da hipoatividade e astenia apresentada na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico e a resposta &#224; hormonioterapia confirmaram a suspeita diagn&#243;stica de hipopituitarismo secund&#225;rio &#224; necrose hipofis&#225;ria ap&#243;s hemorragia p&#243;s-parto, confirmado pelos seguintes testes: GH 0,1 ng/mL (0,5-3,6), beta-estradiol 20 pg/mL (&lt;40 p&#243;s-menopausa), FSH 4,5 mUI/mL (16 &#8211; 113: p&#243;s-menopausa), LH 2,96 mIU/mL (10,8 &#8211; 58,6: p&#243;s-menopausa), prolactina 3,36 ng/mL (2-15), ACTH 35,8 pg/mL (VR 7,2-63,3) e cortisol s&#233;rico matinal 1,5 mcg/dL (5,4-25). A resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica cerebral revelou sela t&#250;rcica vazia parcial, com hernia&#231;&#227;o da cisterna supra-selar para o interior da sela t&#250;rcica, identificando uma fina camada de gl&#226;ndula pituit&#225;ria no assoalho selar, com realce homog&#234;neo ao meio de contraste (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica da sela t&#250;rcica parcialmente vazia.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0017-90547-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Ciente do quadro de dispneia e hipofonia dos sons card&#237;acos associado &#224; s&#237;ndrome edemig&#234;nica, foram solicitadas radiografia de t&#243;rax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>) e ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica. A radiografia mostrou a presen&#231;a de cardiomegalia. O ecocardiograma mostrou miocardiopatia dilatada com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda significativa, &#224;s custas de hipocinesia difusa, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) de 27% e regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral leve.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) Radiografia de t&#243;rax na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. B) Radiografia de t&#243;rax ap&#243;s terapia hormonal.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0017-90547-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Uma vez realizados os ajustes da hormonioterapia institu&#237;da com levotiroxina 100 mcg/dia e prednisona 10 mg/dia, houve melhora cl&#237;nica e radiol&#243;gica significativa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>). O ecocardiograma serial ap&#243;s 2 semanas de tratamento mostrou melhora de 12% na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global, mesmo sem terapia espec&#237;fica para Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Congestiva (ICC).</p>
      <p>A terapia para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o s&#243; foi introduzida uma semana antes da alta hospitalar, pois at&#233; o momento a paciente apresentava n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos lim&#237;trofes. Ela foi encaminhada ao ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia, com orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre o uso de betabloqueadores cardiosseletivos, al&#233;m de espironolactona.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome de Sheehan, secund&#225;ria &#224; hemorragia periparto, est&#225; diretamente relacionada &#224; qualidade do atendimento m&#233;dico durante a gravidez.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> A mortalidade materna &#233; um importante marcador do estado de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o. Uma das principais causas de mortalidade materna &#233; a hemorragia p&#243;s-parto, que pode ter como consequ&#234;ncia a ocorr&#234;ncia de necrose hipofis&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da s&#237;ndrome de Sheehan depende do n&#237;vel de isquemia da gl&#226;ndula pituit&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Cerca de 75% das c&#233;lulas da hip&#243;fise precisam estar comprometidas para causar defici&#234;ncia hormonal secund&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Os sinais e sintomas s&#227;o divididos em doen&#231;a aguda e cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Os sintomas agudos consistem em hipotens&#227;o, choque, taquicardia, hipoglicemia, hiponatremia, fadiga extrema, n&#225;useas e v&#244;mitos, classicamente representados por insufici&#234;ncia adrenal aguda. Cronicamente, os pacientes podem apresentar astenia, fadiga, diminui&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a muscular, constipa&#231;&#227;o, intoler&#226;ncia ao frio relacionada ao hipotireoidismo central; redu&#231;&#227;o da libido, agalactia, amenorreia e infertilidade, devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo gonadotr&#243;fico; incluindo transtornos psiqui&#225;tricos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Segundo a literatura, a busca por atendimento m&#233;dico &#233; motivada por dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos, principalmente a hiponatremia. Durante os primeiros atendimentos &#224; paciente do caso, n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos e hiponatremia direcionaram a abordagem diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica. S&#243; foi poss&#237;vel saber a hist&#243;ria obst&#233;trica da paciente ap&#243;s a resolu&#231;&#227;o do estado confusional. Por&#233;m, no contexto de emerg&#234;ncia, a paciente foi internada com s&#237;ndrome edemig&#234;nica de etiologia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o da S&#237;ndrome de Sheehan como ICC &#233; at&#237;pica e o envolvimento card&#237;aco foi considerado o mais raro entre os descritos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Em 2013, Doshi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> j&#225; haviam mencionado a entidade hipo-poliglandular associada &#224; reversibilidade da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A cardiopatia do paciente com hipotireoidismo est&#225; associada principalmente ao derrame peric&#225;rdico, quando o tempo de enchimento ventricular &#233; reduzido, podendo resultar em tamponamento card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Quando relacionada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia adrenal, &#233; relatada em pacientes com hipocortisolismo como parte das s&#237;ndromes poliglandulares autoimunes do tipo 1, tamb&#233;m revers&#237;veis ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o hormonal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> No entanto, a etiologia da miocardiopatia dilatada relacionada &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Sheehan permanece desconhecida.</p>
      <p>A melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular demonstrada no quadro cl&#237;nico durante o curto per&#237;odo de duas semanas foi peculiar. Houve um aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 27% para 39% ap&#243;s duas semanas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, apesar do uso de terapia formal para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Outros casos descritos na literatura exp&#245;em a reversibilidade da miocardiopatia dilatada quando associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Sheehan; por&#233;m, a maioria deles associando reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal e terapia direcionada &#224; ICC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Doshi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> abordaram o caso cl&#237;nico de uma paciente de 42 anos com uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia de choque cardiog&#234;nico secund&#225;rio a pan-hipopituitarismo devido &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Sheehan. Amenorreica h&#225; 14 anos (data da &#250;ltima gesta&#231;&#227;o), a paciente foi tratada com glicocorticoide, levotiroxina e 48 horas de uso de inotr&#243;pico. Seis meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da terapia, a paciente apresentou aumento de 100% da FEVE (inicial: 20%, seguimento: 40%), melhora dos par&#226;metros radiol&#243;gicos e tornou-se assintom&#225;tica. Em 2014, na Ar&#225;bia Saudita, foi estudado o caso de uma jovem paciente que deu entrada no pronto-socorro apresentando dispneia e com s&#237;ndrome edemig&#234;nica h&#225; 6 meses com diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia dilatada periparto. Por&#233;m, ap&#243;s extensa investiga&#231;&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico inicial foi reconsiderado, pois a paciente apresentava hist&#243;ria de hemorragia periparto, insufici&#234;ncia adrenal e tireoidiana, al&#233;m de sela t&#250;rcica vazia. Assim, ela foi diagnosticada com s&#237;ndrome de Sheehan associada &#224; miocardiopatia dilatada, revertida em 06 meses ap&#243;s a reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Concluiu-se que a s&#237;ndrome de Sheehan associada &#224; miocardiopatia dilatada &#233; rara e n&#227;o h&#225; abordagem terap&#234;utica descrita na literatura. A reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal para as defici&#234;ncias apresentadas &#233; o principal recurso dispon&#237;vel conhecido, uma vez que a melhora dos casos cl&#237;nicos descritos independe da terapia espec&#237;fica para ICC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida. As principais s&#237;ndromes tratadas envolvem a reposi&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio tireoidiano e corticoterapia, n&#227;o havendo consenso sobre o benef&#237;cio da reposi&#231;&#227;o de GH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dilated Cardiomyopathy Reversibility in Sheehan's Syndrome: A Case Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5042-9396</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Lu&#237;za Barbosa Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ta&#237;s Paiva da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Sampaio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Geraldo Guerreiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Obras Sociais Irm&#227; Dulce, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Lu&#237;za Barbosa Fernandes Dourado</bold> &#8226; Obras Sociais Irm&#227; Dulce - Avenida Dendezeiros do Bonfim, 161. Postal Code <postal-code>40420-415</postal-code>, Bonfim, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>mlbfdourado@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Dourado MLBF, Costa TP, Carvalho MS; Statistical analysis: Dourado MLBF; Writing of the manuscript: Dourado MLBF, Costa TP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Dourado MLBF, Costa TP, Moura CGG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypopituitaris</kwd>
        <kwd>Sheehan's Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Dilated</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic, Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Hormone Replacement Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Sheehan's syndrome, discovered in 1937 by Harold Leeming Sheehan is described as pan-hypopituitarism secondary to pituitary necrosis after post-partum hemorrhage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> The clinical condition presentation depends on the hormonal shortfall presented, and may involve changes in serum cortisol levels, thyroid function, growth hormones, breastfeeding and sex hormones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Although poorly described in the literature, there are reports of dilated cardiomyopathy associated with Sheehan's syndrome, some with reversibility of cardiopathy after hormone replacement therapy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> This paper reports a clinical case of Sheehan's syndrome associated to dilated cardiomyopathy that displayed cardiac function improvement after hormone replacement therapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>The subject reported on this paper is about a 36-year-old female, married, housekeeper, from Inhambupe/BA, which had been admitted to a tertiary medical service with progressive dyspnea for 2 months that evolved to resting dyspnea at 02 days from admission. In addition, she reported lower limb edema and periorbital edema. Also complained about postprandial nausea and vomiting for 01 week with food remains, without mucus or blood, afebrile. Also referred asthenia, somnolence and mental confusion, with difficulty in the chronological organization of the facts. Thus, the patient had been treated with diuretic therapy in emergency, with partial improvement of dyspnea and pulmonary edema. She also reported previous hospitalization at age 18 due to complications caused by preeclampsia and post-partum hemorrhage, having no blood transfusions. She claimed post-partum agalactia and amenorrhea 18 years ago. The patient has an active sexual life with a single partner and doesn't use any contraceptive method. At physical examination, regular general state, with confused speech, hypoactivity and hypotension (&#8710;PAS 100-80 mmHg x &#8710;PAD 70-50 mmHg). Skin with reduced turgor and elasticity, presence of periorbital edema. The cardiovascular system displayed calm precordium, non-palpable and non-visible apical impulse, hypophonetic heart sounds, no blows, no extra heart sound. Perfused extremities with depressible edema + 1/4 +, cold, painless. Other follow-ups without changes.</p>
        <p>Initial laboratory tests showed inadequately normal TSH in 4.93 &#181;UI/mL (0.38-5.3) with free T4 under 0.4 ng/dL (0.5-1.2), normovolemic hyponatremia (sodium 133mEq/L - VR 136-144). Additional admission exams: hemoglobin 12 mg/dL, hematocrit 35.9%, leukogram 12,880: 89% segmented, 4% lymphocytes, 1% eosinophils and 6% monocytes; platelets 165,000/mm&#179; and normal renal function.</p>
        <p>The replacement of hydrocortisone 500 mg bolus was followed by low doses of levothyroxine (50 mcg/day). After introduction of hormonal therapy, the patient presented improvement of hypoactivity and asthenia presented on admission.</p>
        <p>The clinical status and response to hormone therapy confirmed the diagnostic suspicion of hypopituitarism secondary to pituitary necrosis after post-partum hemorrhage; confirmed by the following tests: GH 0.1 ng/mL (0.5-3.6), beta-estradiol 20 pg/mL (&lt;40 post-menopausal), FSH 4.5 mUI/mL (16 &#8211; 113: post-menopausal), LH 2.96 mIU/mL (10.8 &#8211; 58.6: postmenopausal), prolactin 3.36 ng/mL (2-15), ACTH 35.8 pg/mL (VR 7.2-63.3) and morning serum cortisol 1.5 mcg/dL (5.4-25). Brain's magnetic nuclear resonance revealed partial empty <italic>sella turcica</italic> with herniation of the suppressing cistern into the saddle, identifying a thin layer of the pituitary gland in the sealing floor, with homogeneous enhancement to the medium contrast (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Magnetic resonance of the partial empty sella turcica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0017-90547-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Aware of dyspnea and cardiac sounds hypophonese status associated with edemigenic syndrome, a chest X-ray (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2.A</xref>) and transthoracic echocardiography were requested. The radiograph pointed to cardiomegaly. The echocardiogram displayed dilated cardiomyopathy with significant left ventricular systolic dysfunction, at the expense of diffuse hypokinesia ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 27%, and mild mitral regurgitation.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Chest radiography of hospital admission. B) Chest radiography after hormone therapy.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0017-90547-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Once adjustments of the hormone therapy instituted were accomplished with levothyroxine 100 mcg/day and prednisone 10 mg/day, significant clinical and radiological (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2B</xref>) improvement had been revealed. The serial echocardiogram after 2 weeks of treatment showed a 12% improvement in ejection fraction and reduction of global systolic dysfunction even without specific therapy for congestive heart failure (CHF).</p>
        <p>Heart failure therapy with reduced ejection fraction was only introduced a week before hospital discharge, as to date, the patient had borderline blood pressure levels. She was referred to the cardiology outpatient clinic with guidance on the use of cardioselective beta-blockers, in addition to spironolactone.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Sheehan's syndrome incidence, secondary to peripartum hemorrhage, is directly related to quality of medical care during pregnancy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Maternal mortality is an important marker of population's health status. One of the main causes of maternal mortality is post-partum hemorrhage with may have as a consequence the occurrence of pituitary necrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The clinical presentation of Sheehan's syndrome depends on the level of ischemia of pituitary's gland.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> About 75% of pituitary's cells should be compromised to cause secondary hormone deficiency.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Signs and symptoms are divided into acute and chronic illnesses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> The acute ones consisted of hypotension, shock, tachycardia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, extreme fatigue, nausea and vomiting, classically represented by acute adrenal insufficiency. Chronically, patients may present asthenia, fatigue, muscle strength decrease, constipation, cold intolerance related to central hypothyroidism; reduction of libido, agalactia, amenorrhea and infertility, due to gonadotrophic stimulus reduction; including psychiatric disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>According to literature, the search for medical care is motivated by hydroelectrolytic disturbances, especially hyponatremia. During the first care given to the patient of the case, nausea, vomiting and hyponatremia directed the diagnostic and therapeutic approach. It was only possible to know patient's obstetric history after confusional status was solved. However, in the emergency context, the patient was admitted with edemigenic syndrome of cardiac etiology.</p>
        <p>The presentation of Sheehan's Syndrome as CHF is atypical and cardiac involvement was considered the rarest among those described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> By 2013, Doshi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> had already mentioned the hypo-polyglandular entity associated to cardiac function reversibility. The cardiopathy of the patient with hypothyroidism is mainly associated with the pericardial effusion, when the ventricular filling time is reduced, sometimes resulting in cardiac tamponade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> When related to adrenal insufficiency, it is reported to patients with hypocortisolism as part of type 1 autoimmune polyglandular syndromes, also reversible after hormonal correction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> However, etiology of the dilated cardiomyopathy related to Sheehan's syndrome remains unknown.</p>
        <p>The improvement of ventricular function demonstrated in the clinical status during the short period of two weeks was curious. There was an ejection fraction increase from 27% to 39% after two weeks of admission despite the use of formal heart failure's therapy. Other cases described in the literature expose the reversibility of dilated cardiomyopathy when associated with Sheehan's syndrome, however, most of them associating hormone replacement and CHF with LVEF's therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Doshi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> approached the clinical case of a 42-year-old female patient with an emergency presentation of secondary cardiogenic shock to pan-hypopituitarism due to Sheehan's syndrome. Amenorrheic 14 years ago (date of the last gestation), she was managed with glucocorticoids, levothyroxine and 48 hours of inotropic use. Six months after the therapy started, the patient had a 100% increase of LVEF (initial: 20%, follow-up: 40%), radiological parameters improvement and became asymptomatic. In 2014, in Saudi Arabia, the case of a young patient who was admitted to the emergency room presenting dyspnea and edemigenic syndrome for 6 months with a peripartum dilated cardiomyopathy diagnosis was studied. However, after extensive investigation, the initial diagnosis was reconsidered, since the patient had a history of peripartum hemorrhage, adrenal and thyroid insufficiency, as well as empty <italic>sella turcica</italic>. Thus, she was diagnosed with Sheehan's syndrome associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, reversed in 06 months after hormone replacement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>It was concluded that Sheehan's syndrome associated with dilated cardiomyopathy is rare and there is no therapeutic approach described by literature. The hormone replacement for the deficiencies presented is the main known available resource, since the improvement of the clinical cases described is independent of the specific therapy for CHF with reduced ejection fraction. The main syndromes treated involve the replacement of thyroid hormone and corticoid therapy, and there is not a consensus about the benefit of GH replacement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
