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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4Rg3V3hTJZJf4XZ5zqz4rzz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000300012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190876</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190876</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Massas Peric&#225;rdicas: Apresenta&#231;&#227;o Rara de Pericardite Tuberculosa, Documentada em Ecocardiografia 3D</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7046-8707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Felix</surname>
            <given-names>Alex dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8407-7915</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Belidio Pinheiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Segalote</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Franco de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Palmieri</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah Louize da Rocha Vianna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siciliano</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula dos Reis Velloso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alex dos Santos Felix</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP <postal-code>20521-290</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>alexsfelix@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Felix AS, Fonseca VBP, Segalote RC, Andrade LF, Palmieri DLRV, Siciliano APRV; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Felix AS, Segalote RC, Andrade LF, Palmieri DLRV, Siciliano APRV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Felix AS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Felix AS, Fonseca VBP, Siciliano APRV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>12</fpage>
      <lpage>16</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Neoplasias Card&#237;acas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardite Tuberculosa/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tamponamento Card&#237;aco/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Pontos de Aprendizagem</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Massas peric&#225;rdicas s&#227;o frequentemente causadas por tumores metast&#225;ticos ou prim&#225;rios, mas podem, em casos raros, ser causadas por doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias, infecciosas ou granulomatosas, como a pericardite tuberculosa.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Em casos graves, com extenso derrame e comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico (tamponamento peric&#225;rdico), a drenagem &#233; obrigat&#243;ria e o manejo padr&#227;o-ouro inclui pericardiotomia com drenagem completa e ressec&#231;&#227;o da massa para um melhor resultado terap&#234;utico, para contribuir para o diagn&#243;stico e evitar o reac&#250;mulo de l&#237;quido.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>T&#233;cnicas de imagem multimodal e ecocardiografia 3D para retratar melhor os detalhes da massa, sua fixa&#231;&#227;o &#224;s estruturas adjacentes, bem como para avaliar outras estruturas tor&#225;cicas e mediastinais, s&#227;o m&#233;todos valiosos para esclarecer a etiologia correta e excluir diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pericardite &#233; uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o rara da tuberculose (TB) que, apesar de ocorrer em apenas 2% dos casos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> &#233; respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 70% de todos os casos de grande derrame peric&#225;rdico e a maioria dos casos de pericardite constritiva em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Massas peric&#225;rdicas s&#227;o apresenta&#231;&#245;es muito raras da TB e podem ser confundidas com tumores peric&#225;rdicos prim&#225;rios ou metast&#225;ticos. Dito isso, deve haver uma avalia&#231;&#227;o imediata e cuidadosa para se descartar malignidade subjacente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 29 anos, admitido no Pronto Socorro com ortopneia e edema perif&#233;rico, referindo dispneia progressiva nas &#250;ltimas duas semanas, ap&#243;s febre baixa prolongada, artralgia e emagrecimento (16 kg) nos &#250;ltimos cinco meses. O paciente n&#227;o tinha hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ou pulmonares. Exame de chegada mostrou taquicardia, sinais de desconforto respirat&#243;rio, pulso regular e bulhas hipofon&#233;ticas &#224; ausculta card&#237;aca. Hepatomegalia e edema de membros inferiores 2+/4+ foram observados, sendo que todos os outros aspectos cl&#237;nicos estavam normais.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Investiga&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Eletrocardiograma mostrou complexos QRS com baixa voltagem e taquicardia. Nos exames laboratoriais, destacava-se aumento da prote&#237;na C-reativa (9,72 mg/L). O resultado da contagem de leuc&#243;citos foi normal e as hemoculturas foram todas negativas.</p>
        <p>A suspeita era de tamponamento peric&#225;rdico e foi realizado ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT). Um grande derrame peric&#225;rdico foi detectado, com aumento da varia&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria no pico de velocidade das ondas E no influxo mitral (&gt;25%) e tric&#250;spide (&gt;50%), veia cava inferior (VCI) dilatada com aumento do reverso expirat&#243;rio do fluxo de veia hep&#225;tica, apontando restri&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Al&#233;m disso, a ecocardiografia mostrou peric&#225;rdio espessado com irregularidades superficiais e duas grandes massas intraperic&#225;rdicas de contornos regulares, medindo 5,5&#215;2,0 cm e 4,3&#215;2,3 cm, interligadas por uma ponte de tecido, fixadas &#224;s camadas visceral e parietal do peric&#225;rdio por traves fibrinosas, flutuando dentro do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico e sem invadir os tecidos circunvizinhos, melhor detalhadas pela an&#225;lise 3D (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">V&#237;deos 1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">2</xref>). A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular estava normal. Uma tomografia computadorizada (TC) tor&#225;cica mostrou linfonodomegalia mediastinal e aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es no par&#234;nquima pulmonar.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) demonstrando volumoso derrame peric&#225;rdico com massas intraperic&#225;rdicas (*). Ao ECO2D s&#227;o bem visualizadas duas massas discoides medindo 5.5&#215;2.0cm e 4.3&#215;2.3cm, evidenci&#225;veis a partir das proje&#231;&#245;es apical 4 c&#226;maras (A) e paraesternal (B) em uma posi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;stero-lateral ao cora&#231;&#227;o, em meio ao grande derrame peric&#225;rdico. Imagens renderizadas de ECO3D foram obtidas a partir do p&#243;s-processamento de &#8220;datasets&#8221; adquiridos por ETT3D. Podemos evidenciar em C, D e E, em cortes 3D obl&#237;quos, os detalhes morfol&#243;gicos das massas, com traves fibrinoides que as aderem ao peric&#225;rdio parietal e visceral (setas), flutuando dentro do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico e sem invas&#227;o de tecidos circunjacentes. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; DP: derrame peric&#225;rdico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0012-90876-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico nas proje&#231;&#245;es parasternal e apical 4 c&#226;maras, demonstrando duas massas intraperic&#225;rdicas discoides flutuando dentro de derrame peric&#225;rdico volumoso. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; DP: derrame peric&#225;rdico. Acesse o v&#237;deo pelo link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11601/2019-0876-video1.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11601/2019-0876-video1.mp4</ext-link> </title>
          </caption>
          <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4Rg3V3hTJZJf4XZ5zqz4rzz/b96f3804c1457e56f210799f16b8eeb42b8c78f6.mp4"/>
        </fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>V&#237;deo 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagens 3D renderizadas p&#243;s-processadas a partir de um dataset adquirido por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, demonstrando por cortes obl&#237;quos um peric&#225;rdio espessado com irregularidades de superf&#237;cie e duas grandes massas intraperic&#225;rdicas com contornos regulares, interconectadas por uma ponte de tecido entre si, aderidas &#224;s laminas peric&#225;rdicas parietal e visceral por traves fibrosas, flutuando no interior de volumoso derrame peric&#225;rdico, sem invas&#227;o de tecidos circunjacentes. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; DP: derrame peric&#225;rdico. Acesse o v&#237;deo pelo link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11601/2019-0876-video2.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11601/2019-0876-video2.mp4</ext-link> </title>
          </caption>
          <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4Rg3V3hTJZJf4XZ5zqz4rzz/ecc0e22a02740b233a856d8f8edc6eb80423e199.mp4"/>
        </fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tratamento e resultado</title>
        <p>Foi iniciado tratamento emp&#237;rico para TB com rifampicina (R), isoniazida (H), pirazinamida (Z) e etambutol (E) por via oral e, devido &#224; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, o paciente foi submetido a pericardiotomia de urg&#234;ncia. Foi realizada drenagem de secre&#231;&#227;o serossanguinolenta (600 ml) e as massas foram completamente excisadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2-A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">V&#237;deo 3</xref>). As massas tinham formato discoide e eram macroscopicamente compostas por um tecido mole amarelado lobulado. Uma amostra da massa foi submetida a exame de congela&#231;&#227;o no intraoperat&#243;rio, descartando-se malignidade. A histopatologia revelou um padr&#227;o de inflama&#231;&#227;o granulomatosa cr&#244;nica com necrose, compat&#237;vel com TB (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2-B</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica das massas intraperic&#225;rdicas. Em A evidenciamos o aspecto macrosc&#243;pico das duas massas, que tem formato discoides e se constituem por tecido lobulado amarelado e gelatinoso. No exame histopatol&#243;gico (B) com colora&#231;&#227;o de hematoxilina-eosina (40x), h&#225; um padr&#227;o de inflama&#231;&#227;o granulomatosa cr&#244;nica com necrose, caracter&#237;stico de granuloma tuberculoso.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0012-90876-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>V&#237;deo 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagens do intraoperat&#243;rio (vis&#227;o do cirurgi&#227;o). O paciente foi submetido a pericardiotomia de urg&#234;ncia. Um grande volume de fluido sero-sanguinolento sob alta press&#227;o foi drenado (600ml), e realizada a excis&#227;o completa das traves fibrosas e das massas. Acesse o v&#237;deo pelo link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11601/2019-0876-video3.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11601/2019-0876-video3.mp4</ext-link> </title>
          </caption>
          <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4Rg3V3hTJZJf4XZ5zqz4rzz/e981ac4f662d2fb89f6ea18e9fdd470d4c36fcb0.mp4"/>
        </fig>
        <p>O paciente teve alta hospitalar com prescri&#231;&#227;o de RHZE via oral por dois meses, seguido de RH por mais quatro meses, sem intercorr&#234;ncias ou recidivas e com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pericardite tuberculosa &#233; uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o incomum da TB, ocorrendo em apenas 2% dos casos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Geralmente &#233; causada pela dissemina&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada de bacilos do <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> a partir dos linfonodos peritraqueais, peribr&#244;nquicos ou mediastinais, ou por dissemina&#231;&#227;o hematog&#234;nica a partir da infec&#231;&#227;o tuberculosa prim&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Massas peric&#225;rdicas s&#227;o relativamente raras, na maioria dos casos sendo causadas por malignidades, sendo o envolvimento metast&#225;tico do peric&#225;rdio mais frequente do que tumores prim&#225;rios, muitas vezes com um progn&#243;stico ruim.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias e infecciosas s&#227;o mais raramente relatadas como causadoras de massas peric&#225;rdicas na literatura, com poucos relatos de equinococose card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> artrite reumatoide,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> pseudotumores inflamat&#243;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> e pericardite tuberculosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o varia e os pacientes costumam ser assintom&#225;ticos, com envolvimento peric&#225;rdico detectado apenas na aut&#243;psia ou como achado incidental durante exames de imagem tor&#225;cica. Alguns pacientes, entretanto, podem desenvolver sintomas progressivos de congest&#227;o venosa devido &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o de derrame peric&#225;rdico (restri&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica) ou constri&#231;&#227;o, apresentando dispneia, ortopneia e edema perif&#233;rico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Em casos graves, pode ocorrer tamponamento card&#237;aco e choque cardiog&#234;nico, o que requer interven&#231;&#227;o urgente para drenagem de fluidos e/ou pericardiectomia.</p>
      <p>Neste relato, descrevemos um caso de pericardite tuberculosa com extenso derrame peric&#225;rdico e duas grandes massas discoides flutuando dentro do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico e com fixa&#231;&#245;es nas camadas parietal e visceral do peric&#225;rdio, bem ilustrado por imagens do ETT 3D. As massas peric&#225;rdicas causadas pela TB s&#227;o muito raras e apenas alguns casos est&#227;o relatados na literatura m&#233;dica at&#233; o momento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> H&#225; relato de pelo menos cinco casos semelhantes de pericardite por TB associada a massas peric&#225;rdicas, quatro em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos e um em um homem de 19 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A fisiopatologia dessas massas ainda &#233; pouco compreendida e considerada resultado de um conglomerado de hem&#225;cias e materiais proteicos no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico, secund&#225;rio &#224; pericardite por TB<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>. Em nosso caso, os achados histol&#243;gicos foram um pouco diferentes desta descri&#231;&#227;o, pois encontramos um processo inflamat&#243;rio granulomatoso cr&#244;nico, com aspecto t&#237;pico de um granuloma de TB. Nosso paciente n&#227;o apresentava pneumonia tuberculosa cl&#237;nica e n&#227;o correspondia aos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos cl&#225;ssicos de pericardite tuberculosa, pois n&#227;o foram encontrados bacilos no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico ou nas amostras histol&#243;gicas obtidas do peric&#225;rdio excisado e das massas. No entanto, o achado de um granuloma caseoso t&#237;pico de TB ao exame microsc&#243;pico estabeleceu o diagn&#243;stico final.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>As massas peric&#225;rdicas s&#227;o uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o rara de pericardite tuberculosa, com poucos casos relatados at&#233; o momento. O pronto diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoce s&#227;o importantes para um bom desfecho, assim como as t&#233;cnicas de imagem multimodais s&#227;o fundamentais para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial de outras causas de massas card&#237;acas, como tumores. Este caso ilustra o valor adicional das imagens multimodais e da ecocardiografia 3D para um diagn&#243;stico preciso, fornecendo dados importantes para a tomada de decis&#227;o e uma estrat&#233;gia de tratamento eficaz.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pericardial Masses: A Rare Presentation of Tuberculous Pericarditis Documented by 3D Echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7046-8707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Felix</surname>
            <given-names>Alex dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8407-7915</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Belidio Pinheiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Segalote</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Franco de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Palmieri</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah Louize da Rocha Vianna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siciliano</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula dos Reis Velloso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Alex dos Santos Felix</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. Postal Code <postal-code>20521-290</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>alexsfelix@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Felix AS, Fonseca VBP, Segalote RC, Andrade LF, Palmieri DLRV, Siciliano APRV; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Felix AS, Segalote RC, Andrade LF, Palmieri DLRV, Siciliano APRV; Writing of the manuscript: Felix AS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Felix AS, Fonseca VBP, Siciliano APRV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Neoplasms/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericarditis, Tuberculous/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Tamponade/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Imaging/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Learning Points</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Pericardial masses are frequently caused by metastatic or primary tumors, but may be rarely caused by inflammatory, infectious or granulomatous diseases such as tuberculous pericarditis.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>In severe cases, with large effusion and hemodynamic impairment (pericardial tamponade), drainage is mandatory, and the gold-standard management includes pericardiotomy with complete drainage and mass resection to achieve a better therapeutic result, contribute to diagnosis and avoid fluid re-accumulation.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Multimodality imaging and the use of 3D echocardiography to better depict details of the mass, its attachment to adjacent structures and to evaluate other thoracic and mediastinal structures is greatly valuable to clarify the correct etiology and exclude differential diagnoses.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pericarditis is a rare manifestation of tuberculosis (TB) that, despite occurring in only 2% of cases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> is responsible for approximately 70% of all cases of large pericardial effusion and most cases of constrictive pericarditis in developing countries. Pericardial masses are very rare presentations of TB, and can be mistaken as primary or metastatic pericardial tumors. That being said, there should be a prompt and careful evaluation to rule out underlying malignancy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 29-year-old male was admitted to the Emergency Room with orthopnea and peripheral edema, reporting progressive dyspnea over the last two weeks, after protracted low fever, arthralgia, and weight loss (16 kg) over the last five months. The patient did not have a history of cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases. Primary examination showed tachycardia, signs of respiratory distress, regular pulse, and hypophonic heart sounds. Hepatomegaly and peripheral edema 2+/4+ were noted, and all other clinic aspects were normal.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Investigation</title>
          <p>Electrocardiography showed low QRS voltage and tachycardia. In laboratory tests, increased C-reactive protein (9.72 mg/L) stood out. Leukocyte count was normal and hemocultures were all negative.</p>
          <p>The suspicion was pericardial tamponade, and a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was performed. A large pericardial effusion was detected, with increased respiratory variation in peak E-waves velocity in mitral (&gt;25%) and tricuspid inflow (&gt;50%), dilated inferior vena cava (IVC) with increased hepatic vein expiratory flow reversal, pointing to diastolic restriction. Additionally, echocardiography showed a thickened pericardium with surface irregularities and two large intrapericardial masses with regular contours, measuring 5.5&#215;2.0cm and 4.3&#215;2.3cm, interconnected by a bridge of tissue, attached to visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium by fibrinous strands, floating inside the pericardial fluid and not invading surrounding tissues, better depicted by 3D analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Videos 1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">2</xref>). Biventricular systolic function was normal. A thoracic computed tomography (CT) scan showed mediastinal lymph node enlargement and no lesions in the lung parenchyma.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), showing large pericardial efusion with two intrapericardial masses (*). Two discoid masses were detected by 2D TTE, measuring 5.5 &#215; 2.0cm and 4.3 &#215; 2.3cm in its major diameters, from apical (A) and parasternal views (B). Rendered 3D images were obtained by post processing of datasets obtained by 3DTTE. Oblique 3D views in C, D and E show morphologic details of the masses, which are attached to visceral and parietal pericardial layers by fibrinous strands (arrows), floating inside the pericardial fluid, without invasion of surrounding tissues. LV: Left ventricle; RV: Right ventricle; LA: Left atrium; RA: Right atrium; PE: Pericardial effusion.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0012-90876-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Video 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic Echocardiogram from apical 4 chamber and parasternal views, showing two disc-shaped intrapericardial masses floating inside large pericardial effusion. LV: Left ventricle; RV: Right ventricle; LA: Left atrium; RA &#8211; Right atrium; PE: Pericardial effusion. Access the video at the link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11601/2019-0876-video1.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11601/2019-0876-video1.mp4</ext-link> </title>
            </caption>
            <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4Rg3V3hTJZJf4XZ5zqz4rzz/b96f3804c1457e56f210799f16b8eeb42b8c78f6.mp4"/>
          </fig>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Video 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>3D rendered images from a dataset acquired from transthoracic echocardiogram, showing in oblique views a thickened pericardium with surface irregularities and two large intrapericardial masses with regular contours, interconnected by a bridge of tissue, attached to visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium by fibrinous strands, floating inside the pericardial fluid and not invading surrounding tissues. LV: Left ventricle; RV: Right ventricle; LA: Left atrium; RA: Right atrium; PE: Pericardial effusion. Access the video at the link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11601/2019-0876-video2.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11601/2019-0876-video2.mp4</ext-link> </title>
            </caption>
            <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4Rg3V3hTJZJf4XZ5zqz4rzz/ecc0e22a02740b233a856d8f8edc6eb80423e199.mp4"/>
          </fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Treatment and Outcome</title>
          <p>Empirical treatment for TB with oral rifampin (R), isoniazid (H), pyrazinamide (Z), and ethambutol (E) was started and, because of hemodynamic instability, the patient underwent urgent pericardiotomy. Serosanguinous drainage (600 ml) was performed and the masses were completely excised (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 2-A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Video 3</xref>). The masses were disc-shaped and macroscopically composed by a lobulated yellowish soft tissue. A specimen from the mass was submitted to intraoperative frozen section (IFS), ruling out malignancy. Histopathology revealed a pattern of chronic granulomatous inflammation with necrosis, consistent with TB (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 2-B</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Histopathologic analysis of the intrapericardial masses. Macroscopically (A) the masses were disc-shaped and constituted by a lobulated yellowish soft tissue. In B, histopathological analysis with hematoxylin/eosin stain (magnification 40x) shows a pattern of chronic granulomatous inflammation with necrosis, consistent with tuberculosis granuloma.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0012-90876-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Video 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Intraoperative images (surgical view). The patient underwent urgent pericardiotomy. A large volume of serosanguinous fluid under pressure was drained (600 ml), and complete excision of fibrinous strands and masses were performed. Access the video at the link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11601/2019-0876-video3.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11601/2019-0876-video3.mp4</ext-link> </title>
            </caption>
            <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4Rg3V3hTJZJf4XZ5zqz4rzz/e981ac4f662d2fb89f6ea18e9fdd470d4c36fcb0.mp4"/>
          </fig>
          <p>The patient was discharged from hospital on oral RHZE and prescription for two months, followed by RH for four more months, without any complications or relapses and showing good outcome.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Tuberculous pericarditis is an uncommon presentation of TB, occurring in only 2% of cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> It is usually caused by retrograde spread of <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli</italic> from peritracheal, peribronchial or mediastinal lymph nodes, or by hematogenous spread from primary tuberculous infection.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Pericardial masses are relatively rare, mostly caused by malignancies, and the metastatic involvement of the pericardium is more frequent than primary tumors, often carrying a poor prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Inflammatory and infectious diseases are very rarely reported as causes of pericardial masses in the literature, with few reports of cardiac echinococcosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> rheumatoid arthritis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> inflammatory pseudotumors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> and tuberculous pericarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> The presentation varies and patients are often asymptomatic, with pericardial involvement detected only at the autopsy or as an incidental finding during thoracic imaging tests. Some patients, however, may develop progressive symptoms of venous congestion due to evolution of pericardial effusion (diastolic restriction) or constriction, presenting with dyspnea, orthopnea, and peripheral edema.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> In severe cases, cardiac tamponade and cardiogenic shock may occur, which requires urgent intervention for fluid drainage and/or pericardiectomy.</p>
        <p>In this report, we described a case of tuberculous pericarditis with large pericardial effusion and two large discoid masses floating inside the pericardial fluid and with attachments to pericardial parietal and visceral layers, well depicted with 3D TTE images. Pericardial masses caused by TB are very rare, and only a few cases have been reported in the medical literature so far.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> There are at least five similar cases of TB pericarditis associated to pericardial masses, four in pediatric patients and one in a 19-year-old man<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>.</p>
        <p>The pathophysiology of these masses is still poorly understood and suggested to be the result of a conglomerate of red blood cells and protein materials inside the pericardial fluid, secondary to TB pericarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> In our case, the histologic findings were somewhat different from this description, as we found a chronic granulomatous inflammatory process, which is a typical aspect of a TB granuloma. Our patient did not present with clinical TB pneumonia, and did not match the classical diagnostic criteria for TB pericarditis, as <italic>tubercle bacilli</italic> were not found in the pericardial fluid or in the histological specimens obtained from the excised pericardium and from the masses. However, the finding of a typical TB caseating granuloma upon microscopical examination stablished the final diagnosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Pericardial masses are a rare presentation of tuberculous pericarditis, with few cases reported so far. Timely diagnosis and early treatment are important for a good outcome, as well as multimodal imaging is fundamental for differential diagnosis with other sources of cardiac masses such as tumors. This case illustrates the additional value of multimodal imaging and the use of 3D echocardiography for an accurate diagnosis, thus providing important data for decision-making and an effective treatment strategy.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
