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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9hXfgG7v8zvxSGT84QpwbdG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000300004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190310</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diagn&#243;stico Pr&#233;-Natal de Duplo Arco A&#243;rtico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9442-1444</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Noronha</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5784-0778</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hobbs</surname>
            <given-names>Angie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caldas</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Bristol Royal Hospital for Children</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bristol</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Reino Unido da Gr&#227;-Bretanha</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol - Reino Unido da Gr&#227;-Bretanha</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Nat&#225;lia Noronha</bold> &#8226; Fetal Cardiology Service, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom - Upper Maudlin St Bristol BS2 8BJ - Reino Unido da Gr&#227;-Bretanha. E-mail: <email>natalianoronhaf@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Hobbs A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Noronha N; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Caldas P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>4</fpage>
      <lpage>7</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aorta Tor&#225;cica/diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects Congenital/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Aberra&#231;&#245;es Cromoss&#244;micas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Paralisia das Cordas Vocais</kwd>
        <kwd>Broncomal&#225;cia/cong&#234;nito</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As anomalias cong&#234;nitas do arco a&#243;rtico afetam 1-2% da popula&#231;&#227;o e compreendem uma grande variedade de anormalidades na posi&#231;&#227;o e / ou padr&#227;o de ramifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O duplo arco a&#243;rtico (DAA) representa 1-2% de todas as anomalias do arco a&#243;rtico e &#233; caracterizado pela persist&#234;ncia dos arcos a&#243;rticos embrion&#225;rios esquerdo e direito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A anomalia pode ser encontrada isoladamente ou, com menor frequ&#234;ncia, em associa&#231;&#227;o com outras anormalidades cardiovasculares ou cromoss&#244;micas. O diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal de DAA pode ser desafiador, pois sua diferencia&#231;&#227;o de outras anormalidades do arco, como arco a&#243;rtico direito com canal arterial esquerdo ou com art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda aberrante, nem sempre &#233; clara. Os autores descrevem um caso de diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal de DAA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Uma primigesta de 26 anos foi encaminhada para uma revis&#227;o de cardiologia fetal com 23 + 3 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o devido a uma imagem anormal dos tr&#234;s vasos e traqueia (3VT) em um exame de ultrassonografia morfol&#243;gica de rotina com 20 semanas de gravidez. Ela n&#227;o estava tomando medicamentos e n&#227;o havia hist&#243;rico pessoal ou familiar relevante.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma fetal mostrou proje&#231;&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras e vias de sa&#237;da normais. Na proje&#231;&#227;o de 3VT, entretanto, o canal arterial foi visto do lado esquerdo da traqueia e o arco a&#243;rtico do lado direito, confirmando a presen&#231;a de um arco a&#243;rtico direito com canal arterial esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Com uma imagem mais pr&#243;xima, notou-se uma estrutura menor do lado esquerdo da traqueia, circundando a mesma completamente. Para confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de DAA, as art&#233;rias subcl&#225;vias foram localizadas e cada uma foi vista originando-se do respectivo arco a&#243;rtico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). N&#227;o havia sinais de obstru&#231;&#227;o em nenhum dos arcos a&#243;rticos. Nenhuma outra anormalidade card&#237;aca ou extracard&#237;aca foi encontrada. Dada a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o de DAA com anormalidades cromoss&#244;micas, particularmente a microdele&#231;&#227;o 22q11.2, o casal foi aconselhado a se submeter a testes invasivos, os quais eles recusaram.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ecocardiograma fetal (proje&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s vasos e traqueia) mostrando um canal arterial esquerdo e direito circundando completamente a traqueia sem (painel esquerdo) e com (painel direito) mapeamento de fluxo em cores.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0004-90310-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ecocardiograma fetal (imagem axial de fluxo em cores) mostrando as art&#233;rias subcl&#225;vias direita e esquerda originando-se dos arcos a&#243;rticos esquerdo e direito, respectivamente.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0004-90310-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o parto, um exame de imagem p&#243;s-natal confirmou os achados pr&#233;-natais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Aos 2 meses de idade, os pais notaram estridor leve intermitente. O paciente foi encaminhado para uma tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca, que confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de duplo arco a&#243;rtico com atresia do arco distal esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). O paciente foi submetido &#224; separa&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do arco esquerdo aos 3 meses de idade, complicada por paralisia de prega vocal esquerda.</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico - proje&#231;&#227;o paraesternal alta (2D e mapeamento de fluxo em cores) mostrando o arco a&#243;rtico direito dominante e o menor esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0004-90310-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Tomografia computadorizada - imagem axial mostrando o arco a&#243;rtico direito dominante e o menor esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0004-90310-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O paciente tem atualmente 5 meses de idade, apresenta estridor intermitente por broncomal&#225;cia e paralisia de prega vocal esquerda e &#233; alimentado por sonda nasog&#225;strica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O DAA &#233; o substrato mais frequente para um anel vascular e pode resultar em sintomas respirat&#243;rios e / ou digestivos desde tenra idade. Na maioria dos casos, um dos arcos &#233; dominante, mais frequentemente o direito (em pelo menos 75% dos casos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Pode haver um segmento de atresia em um ou v&#225;rios locais em qualquer um dos dois arcos, geralmente o esquerdo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> como aconteceu em nosso caso. O DAA resulta em sintomas respirat&#243;rios como estridor, epis&#243;dios de asfixia e infec&#231;&#245;es recorrentes do trato respirat&#243;rio em 91% dos pacientes. Os sintomas gastrointestinais, por outro lado, ocorrem em 40% dos casos e incluem v&#244;mitos, intoler&#226;ncia alimentar em lactentes e disfagia em crian&#231;as maiores e adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de DAA pode ser feito atrav&#233;s da proje&#231;&#227;o de 3VT descrita por Yagel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Nesta proje&#231;&#227;o, o arco a&#243;rtico normal (esquerdo) &#233; observado &#224; esquerda da linha m&#233;dia e da traqueia. O canal arterial &#233; visto lateralmente no seu lado esquerdo. O arco a&#243;rtico e o canal arterial convergem ent&#227;o em uma estrutura em forma de V que continua como a aorta descendente. O terceiro vaso que compreende a proje&#231;&#227;o de 3VT &#233; a veia cava superior, que &#233; vista &#224; direita da linha m&#233;dia. Em um arco a&#243;rtico esquerdo normal, nenhuma estrutura vascular importante &#233; vista cruzando a traqueia posteriormente. Por outro lado, no DAA, a proje&#231;&#227;o de 3VT representa um arco a&#243;rtico esquerdo e direito, formando um anel vascular que circunda completamente a traqueia. Este anel, junto com o canal arterial, forma a figura de um &#8220;6&#8221; ou um &#8220;9&#8221; (tamb&#233;m descrito como formato de tridente) em vez da estrutura cl&#225;ssica em forma de V descrita acima. A presen&#231;a de fluxo anter&#243;grado em ambos os arcos e no canal arterial pode ser confirmada pelo mapeamento de fluxo em cores. Este &#250;ltimo tamb&#233;m deve ser utilizado para confirmar ou excluir obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo em qualquer um dos arcos.</p>
      <p>Pode ser dif&#237;cil diferenciar o DAA de outras anormalidades do arco a&#243;rtico, como arco a&#243;rtico direito com canal arterial esquerdo na proje&#231;&#227;o de 3VT. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, a identifica&#231;&#227;o da origem das art&#233;rias subcl&#225;vias pode auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico diferencial. Se cada uma das art&#233;rias subcl&#225;vias for vista surgindo dos arcos a&#243;rticos esquerdo e direito (para os lados esquerdo e direito da traqueia, respectivamente), o diagn&#243;stico de DAA pode ser estabelecido.</p>
      <p>Foi relatado que o reparo cir&#250;rgico precoce do DAA elimina os sintomas em mais de 70% dos casos, embora a limita&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de ar possa persistir devido &#224; estenose traqueal residual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Em uma revis&#227;o de 183 pacientes com an&#233;is vasculares submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> 2 pacientes necessitaram de traqueostomia por grave compress&#227;o distal da traqueia e um paciente apresentou paralisia de prega vocal esquerda verdadeira, como ocorreu em nosso caso.</p>
      <p>Embora desafiador, o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal de DAA permite uma caracteriza&#231;&#227;o oportuna do anel vascular e facilita o planejamento da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica antes ou logo ap&#243;s o desenvolvimento dos sintomas. Embora os sintomas possam n&#227;o ser resolvidos imediatamente, uma separa&#231;&#227;o precoce do DAA &#233; crucial para prevenir sequelas de longo prazo de compress&#227;o traqueobr&#244;nquica e dificuldades de alimenta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <article-title>Follow-up of surgical correction of aortic arch anomalies causing tracheoesophageal compression: a 38-year single institution experience</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr Surg</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1328</fpage>
          <lpage>1332</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6. Ruzmetov M, Vijay P, Rodefeld MD, Turrentine MW, Brown JW. Follow-up of surgical correction of aortic arch anomalies causing tracheoesophageal compression: a 38-year single institution experience. J Pediatr Surg. 2009;44(7):1328-32.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Antenatal Diagnosis of Double Aortic Arch</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9442-1444</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Noronha</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5784-0778</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hobbs</surname>
            <given-names>Angie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caldas</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bristol</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol - United Kingdom</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Nat&#225;lia Noronha</bold> &#8226; Fetal Cardiology Service, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom - Upper Maudlin St Bristol BS2 8BJ - United Kingdom. E-mail: <email>natalianoronhaf@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Acquisition of data: Hobbs A; Writing of the manuscript: Noronha N; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Caldas P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects Congenital/diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects Congenital/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Aorta Thoracic</kwd>
        <kwd>Chromosome Aberrations</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrasonography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Vocal Cord, Paralysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Bronchomalacia/congenital</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Congenital anomalies of the aortic arch affect 1-2% of the population and comprise a wide variety of abnormalities in the position and/or branching pattern of the aortic arch.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Double aortic arch (DAA) represents 1-2% of all aortic arch anomalies and is characterized by persistence of both left and right embryonic aortic arches.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> It can be found either in isolation or, less frequently, in association with other cardiovascular or chromosomal abnormalities. Antenatal diagnosis of DAA may be challenging, as its distinction from other arch abnormalities like right aortic arch with left arterial duct or with an aberrant left subclavian artery is not always straightforward. The authors describe a case of antenatal diagnosis of DAA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 26-year-old primigravida was referred for a fetal cardiology review at 23+3 weeks of gestation due to an abnormal three vessels and trachea (3VT) view in her routine 20-week anomaly scan. She was on no medications and there was no relevant personal or family history.</p>
        <p>The fetal echocardiogram showed normal four-chamber view and outflow tracts. In the 3VT view, however, the arterial duct was seen on the left side of the trachea and the aortic arch was on the right side, confirming the presence of a right aortic arch with a left sided arterial duct (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>). On a closer look, a smaller structure was seen on the left side of the trachea, completely encircling the latter. To confirm the diagnosis of DAA, the subclavian arteries were located and each one was seen to arise from the respective aortic arch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). There were no signs of obstruction in either aortic arch. No other cardiac or extracardiac abnormalities were found. Given the possible association of DAA with chromosomal abnormalities, particularly the 22q11.2 microdeletion, the couple was advised to undergo invasive testing, which they declined.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fetal echocardiogram (three vessels and trachea view) showing a left arterial duct and a right aortic arch completely encircling the trachea without (left panel) and with (right panel) color flow mapping.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0004-90310-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fetal echocardiogram (color flow axial image) showing the left and the right subclavian arteries arising from the left and the right aortic arches, respectively.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0004-90310-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>After the delivery, a postnatal scan confirmed the antenatal findings (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>). At 2 months of age, his parents noticed mild intermittent stridor. The patient was referred for a cardiac computerized tomography, which confirmed the diagnosis of a double aortic arch with atresia of the distal left arch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>). The patient underwent surgical division of the left arch at 3 months of age, which was complicated by left vocal cord palsy.</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ETransthoracic echocardiogram - high parasternal view (2D and color flow mapping) showing the dominant right and the smaller left aortic arch.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0004-90310-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Computerized tomography scan - axial image showing the dominant right and the smaller left aortic arch.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-2suppl1-0004-90310-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The patient is currently 5-months-old, has intermittent stridor due to bronchomalacia and left vocal cord palsy, and is fed by a nasogastric tube.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>DAA is the most frequent substrate for a vascular ring and might result in respiratory and/or digestive symptoms from an early age. In the majority of cases, one of the arches is dominant, more frequently the right arch (at least 75% of cases).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> There may be an atretic segment in one or several locations in either arch, usually the left,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> as happened in our case. DAA results in respiratory symptoms like stridor, choking episodes and recurrent respiratory tract infections in 91% of patients. Gastrointestinal symptoms, on the other hand, occur in 40% of cases and include vomiting, feeding intolerance in infants and dysphagia in older children and adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The diagnosis of DAA can be made in the 3VT view described by Yagel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In this view, the normal (left) aortic arch is observed on the left of the midline and the trachea. The arterial duct is seen laterally on its left side. The aortic arch and arterial duct then converge into a V-shaped structure that continues as the descending aorta. The third vessel that comprises the 3VT view is the <italic>superior vena cava</italic>, which is seen on the right of the midline. In a normal left aortic arch, no major vascular structures are seen to cross the trachea posteriorly. Conversely, in DAA the 3VT view depicts both a left and a right aortic arch, forming a vascular ring that completely encircles the trachea. This ring, together with the arterial duct, forms the figure of either a &#8220;6&#8221; or a &#8220;9&#8221; (also described as a trident shape) instead of the classic V-shaped structure described above. The presence of antegrade flow in both arches and in the arterial duct can be confirmed by color flow mapping. The latter should also be used to confirm or exclude obstruction to flow in any of the arches.</p>
        <p>It may be difficult to distinguish DAA from other aortic arch abnormalities, such as right aortic arch with left arterial duct in the 3VT view. In this situation, the identification of the origin of the subclavian arteries may aid in the differential diagnosis. If each of the subclavian arteries is seen to arise from the left and right aortic arches (to the left and to the right side of the trachea, respectively), the diagnosis of DAA can be established.</p>
        <p>Early surgical repair of DAA has been reported to eliminate symptoms in over 70% of cases, although airflow limitation might persist due to residual tracheal stenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> In a review of 183 patients with vascular rings who underwent surgical repair,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> 2 patients required tracheostomy due to severe distal tracheal compression and one patient had true left vocal cord palsy, as happened with our case.</p>
        <p>Albeit challenging, antenatal diagnosis of DAA enables a timely characterization of the vascular ring and facilitates planning of surgical intervention before or shortly after symptoms develop. Although symptoms may not be relieved immediately, an early division of the DAA is crucial to prevent long-term sequelae of tracheobronchial compression and feeding difficulties.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
