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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">b55tFGbf3yshJp3rypZnXfr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000300001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200722</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200722</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Covid-19 em Receptores de Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o em S&#227;o Paulo: Uma S&#233;rie de Casos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9372-0589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soriano</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Vale de Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5959-9359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5565-4085</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Finger</surname>
            <given-names>Marco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Casadei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rafaela Vale de Miranda Vale de Miranda Soriano</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, Ambulat&#243;rio de Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>rafavaledemiranda@yahoo.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Soriano RVM, Rossi Neto JM, Finger MA, Santos CC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Soriano RVM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rossi Neto JM, Finger MA, Santos CC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rossi Neto JM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Soriano RVM, Rossi Neto JM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>2 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>3</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante do Cora&#231;&#227;o/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Covid-19</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Respirat&#243;ria Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV2</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplantados</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a causada pelo novo coronav&#237;rus (Covid-19), o SARS-CoV-2 (<italic>severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</italic>), foi declarada uma pandemia pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) em 11 de mar&#231;o de 2020.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Por analogia a outras infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias, principalmente com base na pandemia de 2009 do v&#237;rus influenza H1N1,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> esperava-se um aumento de casos de pneumonia e progress&#227;o para choque s&#233;ptico com s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio agudo entre os receptores de transplante de &#243;rg&#227;o s&#243;lido com Covid-19 em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o transplantada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Por&#233;m, a imunossupress&#227;o no transplante poderia teoricamente revogar a s&#237;ndrome hiperinflamat&#243;ria secund&#225;ria &#224; tempestade de citocinas, respons&#225;vel pela maioria das mortes pela Covid-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Dados sobre a imunossupress&#227;o que potencialmente poderiam levar a apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas at&#237;picas ou aumentar o risco de eventos adversos na presen&#231;a de Covid-19 s&#227;o conflitantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Relatamos nossa experi&#234;ncia com transplantados de cora&#231;&#227;o (TxC) diagnosticados com Covid-19 em uma institui&#231;&#227;o com programa de TxC desde 1992 em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Material e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e Cen&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Receptores de TxC adultos atendidos no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia entre mar&#231;o e junho de 2020, com sinais e sintomas sugestivos de infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 e que testaram positivo para rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase com transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR), ou com achados radiol&#243;gicos compat&#237;veis com Covid-19.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados em revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios. Foram inclu&#237;dos hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, resultados laboratoriais, marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e radiol&#243;gicos, e terapias administradas. Descrevemos &#243;bito por Covid-19, admiss&#227;o na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todos Estat&#237;sticos</title>
        <p>Os resultados foram relatados de forma descritiva.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Cinco pacientes de TxC foram hospitalizados por Covid-19. Nenhum deles foi diagnosticado por triagem assintom&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>A idade variou de 35 a 79 anos. As comorbidades foram diabetes mellitus (DM) (100%), hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS) (80%), doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (40%) e obesidade (20%). O tempo de TxC foi de tr&#234;s meses a 264 meses. Foram administrados inibidores da calcineurina em quatro pacientes (80%), inibidor da mTOR em 40%, e prednisona e micofenolato em 100% dos pacientes. Os sintomas foram febre documentada (80%), tosse na admiss&#227;o (100%), dispneia (60%) e sintomas gastrointestinais (20%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos e sintomas associados &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 em TxC</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sexo</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Tempo de transplante (meses)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Comorbidades</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Imunossupress&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sintomas</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Masc.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">264</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">HAS, DM, DRC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">IC, AM, CE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Febre, tosse, dispneia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Masc.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">264</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">HAS, DM, DRC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">imTOR, AM, CE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Tosse, dispneia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">52</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Fem.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">192</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">HAS, DM, Obesidade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">IC, AM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Febre, tosse, dispneia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Masc.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">HAS DM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">IC, imTOR, AM, CE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Febre, tosse, SGI</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Fem.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">DM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">IC, AM, CE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Febre, tosse</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Masc: masculino; Fem: feminino; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; IC: inibidor da calcineurina; imTOR: inibidor da mTOR; AM: antimetab&#243;lico; CE: corticoesteroide; SGI: sintomas gastrointestinais.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, ocorreu linfopenia (&lt;1,500 mm&#179;) em todos os pacientes e trombocitopenia (&lt;150,000 mm&#179;) em 60% deles. A troponina estava elevada em um dos casos de &#243;bito, enquanto no outro n&#227;o foi coletada. Tamb&#233;m foi registrada altera&#231;&#227;o no lactato em um paciente que evoluiu a &#243;bito. Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios aumentados foram comuns, sendo mais altos naqueles que necessitaram de cuidados intensivos. Foi realizada tomografia de t&#243;rax em todos os pacientes, que apresentaram infiltrados pulmonares bilaterais em vidro fosco. Insufici&#234;ncia renal esteve presente em 80%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados laboratoriais associados &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 em TxC</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="9%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Paciente</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Leuc&#243;citos Totais (mm&#179;)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Linf&#243;citos totais (mm&#179;)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Plaquetas &lt;150000/mm&#179;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">IRA</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Trop I (ng/ml)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Dim-D (mg/L)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Lactato &gt;2mmol</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">PCR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">DHL</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">BNP</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6.100</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">670</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1836</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">397</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NC</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12.570</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">570</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0.41</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.397</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">348</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7.441</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.760</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">960</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">287</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7.1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">339</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.230</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7.760</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.300</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">nc</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NC</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8.350</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">420</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0.03</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">675</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.800</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>IRA: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda; Trop: troponina; Dim: d&#237;mero; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; DHL: Desidrogenase l&#225;ctica; BNP: Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico; NC: n&#227;o coletado.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, dois pacientes n&#227;o receberam terapias emp&#237;ricas para a Covid-19. Vasopressores e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica foram necess&#225;rios em 20% dos pacientes. Nenhum paciente recebeu oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea. Nenhum paciente ficou na posi&#231;&#227;o pronada e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI foi quatro dias para ambos que necessitaram desse cuidado.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diagn&#243;stico, terap&#234;utica e desfechos associados &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 em TxC</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="11%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Diagn&#243;stico</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">TC de t&#243;rax</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#211;bito</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (dias)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">UTI</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">DVA</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">VM</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Terap&#234;utica</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">RT-PCR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;50%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Azitromicina,</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">RT-PCR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;50%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">HCQ, Azitromicina, CE</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">RT-PCR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;50%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NR</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">TC de t&#243;rax</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;50%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Azitromicina</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">RT-PCR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;50%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NR</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>RT-PCR: rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase para SARS-CoV 2; UTI: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva; DVA: droga vasoativa; VM: ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica; HCQ: hidroxicloroquina; CE: corticosteroide; NR: n&#227;o realizado; TC: tomografia computadorizada.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os imunossupressores foram interrompidos em um paciente devido &#224; gravidade do caso. Dois pacientes evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito (40%), e o restante recebeu alta hospitalar. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o variou entre 4 e 21 dias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta &#233; a primeira descri&#231;&#227;o de uma s&#233;rie de casos de uma coorte de pacientes transplantados do cora&#231;&#227;o que foram hospitalizados por Covid-19 no Brasil.</p>
      <p>Esses pacientes parecem apresentar a Covid19 de forma semelhante a pacientes n&#227;o transplantados, compartilhando os sintomas mais comuns de febre, tosse e falta de ar. Contrastando com o estudo de Scott,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> sintomas gastrointestinais foram observados em apenas um paciente (20%).</p>
      <p>Todos os TxC que foram acometidos pela Covid-19 necessitaram de interna&#231;&#227;o, sendo que o DM estava presente em 100% deles e HAS em 80%. Na nossa amostra, 40% dos pacientes necessitaram de cuidados intensivos e tinham o D&#237;mero-D &#8805;1000 mg/L e PCR &#8805;20. BNP mostrou-se elevado e DHL n&#227;o apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o importante quando medidos. O paciente com troponina elevada apresentou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, necessidade de vasopressores e evolu&#231;&#227;o para &#243;bito, o que corrobora a literatura de que les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica est&#225; associada a piores progn&#243;sticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Os pacientes que foram para a UTI eram idosos, com tempo de transplante card&#237;aco maior, e vieram a falecer. Esses dados sugerem uma taxa de mortalidade de transplantados acima da taxa da popula&#231;&#227;o geral infectada pela Covid-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>As taxas de linfopenia e trombocitopenia foram mais altas neste estudo quando comparadas com relatos anteriores nas popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o transplantada e transplantada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Este achado poderia ser explicado por uma menor contagem basal de linf&#243;citos e plaquetas devido ao uso de imunossupressores ou representar uma prov&#225;vel interfer&#234;ncia adicional da infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es comuns aos estudos de TxC: o fato de ter sido realizado em um &#250;nico centro e o tamanho da nossa amostra, que poderia ser considerado pequeno. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel tirar conclus&#245;es sobre tratamentos espec&#237;ficos para a Covid-19 ou o manejo da imunossupress&#227;o nesse cen&#225;rio. Isso limita nossa compreens&#227;o sobre o espectro de sintomas e a gravidade da doen&#231;a entre TxC com Covid-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta s&#233;rie de casos de pacientes transplantados do cora&#231;&#227;o com Covid-19 atendidos em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, a possibilidade te&#243;rica de que a imunossupress&#227;o poderia revogar a s&#237;ndrome hiperinflamat&#243;ria n&#227;o se mostrou verdadeira. Do ponto de vista observacional, a grande quantidade de fatores de risco e a taxa de mortalidade elevada sugerem que esses receptores poderiam ser particularmente vulner&#225;veis &#224; Covid-19. Estudos maiores e multic&#234;ntricos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos achados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Parides</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hemmige</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Covid-19 and Kidney Transplantation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <day>18</day>
          <volume>382</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>2475</fpage>
          <lpage>2477</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13. Akalin E, Azzi Y, Bartash R, Seethamraju H, Parides M, Hemmige V, et al. Covid-19 and Kidney Transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2020 18;382(25):2475&#8211;7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Covid-19 in Heart Transplant Recipients in S&#227;o Paulo: A Case Series</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9372-0589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soriano</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Vale de Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5959-9359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5565-4085</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Finger</surname>
            <given-names>Marco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Casadei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Rafaela Vale de Miranda Vale de Miranda Soriano</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, Ambulat&#243;rio de Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>rafavaledemiranda@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Soriano RVM, Rossi Neto JM, Santos CC; Acquisition of data: Soriano RVM; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rossi Neto JM, Finger MA, Santos CC; Statistical analysis: Rossi Neto JM; Writing of the manuscript: Soriano RVM, Rossi Neto JM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation: Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Covid-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV2</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplant Recipients</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The disease caused by the new coronavirus (Covid-19), SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> By analogy to others respiratory infections, mainly based on the 2009 pandemic of the influenza virus H1N1,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> an increase in cases of pneumonia and progression to septic shock with acute respiratory distress syndrome was expected among recipients of solid-organ transplantation with Covid-19 in comparison with the non-transplanted population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> However, immunosuppression in transplantation could theoretically revoke the hyperinflammatory syndrome secondary to the cytokine storm, responsible for the majority of deaths by Covid-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Data on immunosuppression potentially leading to atypical clinical presentations or increasing the risk of adverse events in the presence of Covid-19 are conflicting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>We report our experience with heart transplant (HT) recipients diagnosed with Covid-19 at an institution with an HT program since 1992 in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population and Scenario</title>
          <p>Adult HT recipients seen at the Dante Pazzanese cardiology institute between March and June 2020, with signs and symptoms suggestive of SARS-CoV-2 infection and who tested positive for polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR), or with radiological findings compatible with Covid-19.</p>
          <p>Data were collected from medical records. Clinical history, laboratory results, inflammatory and radiological markers, and therapies administered were included. We describe death by Covid-19, admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), need for mechanical ventilation, and renal dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Methods</title>
          <p>Results are reported in a descriptive manner.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Five HT patients were hospitalized due to Covid-19. None of them were diagnosed by asymptomatic screening.</p>
        <p>The age ranged from 35 to 79 years. Comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (DM) (100%), systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) (80%), chronic kidney disease (40%) and obesity (20%). HT time ranged from 3 to 264 months. Calcineurin inhibitors were administered to four patients (80%), mTOR inhibitor to 40% of them, and prednisone and mycophenolate to 100%. The symptoms were documented fever (80%), cough on admission (100%), dyspnea (60%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (20%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Epidemiological data and symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in HT recipients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Patients</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Age (years)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sex</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Time of transplantation (meses)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Comorbidities</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Immunosuppression</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Symptoms</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">264</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SAH, DM, CKD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">CI, AM, CE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fever, cough, dyspnea</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">264</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SAH, DM, CKD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">imTOR, AM, CE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Cough, dyspnea</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">192</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SAH, DM, Obesity</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">CI, AM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fever, cough, dyspnea</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SAH DM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">CI, imTOR, AM, CE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fever, cough, GIS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">DM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">CI, AM, CE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fever, cough</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CI: calcineurin inhibitor; imTOR: mTOR inhibitor; AM: antimetabolic; CE: corticosteroid; GIS: gastrointestinal symptoms.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>According to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>, lymphopenia (&lt;1,500 mm&#179;) occurred in all patients and thrombocytopenia (&lt;150,000 mm&#179;) in 60% of them. Troponin was elevated in one case of death, while in the other it was not assessed. There was also a change in lactate in a patient who died. Increased inflammatory markers were common, being higher in those who required intensive care. Chest computed tomography (CT) scan was performed in all patients, who had bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with a ground-glass appearance. Renal failure was present in 80% of the sample.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Laboratory data associated with infection by SARS-CoV-2 in HT recipients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="9%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Patient</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total leucocytes (mm&#179;)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total lymphocytes (mm&#179;)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Platelets &lt;150000/mm&#179;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ARF</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Trop I (ng/ml)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Dim-D (mg/L)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Lactate &gt;2mmol</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CRP</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">LDH</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">BNP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">670</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,836</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">397</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NC</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12,570</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">570</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,397</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">348</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7,441</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,760</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">960</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.02</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">287</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">339</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,230</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7,760</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,300</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NC</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8,350</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">420</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.03</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">675</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,800</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>ARF: acute renal failure; Trop: troponin; Dim: dimer; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: lactic dehydrogenase; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; NC: not collected.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>, two patients did not receive empirical therapies for Covid-19. Vasopressors and mechanical ventilation were required in 20% of patients. None of them received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. No patient was put in prone position and the length of stays at the ICU was four days for both patients who needed this care.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagnosis, therapy and outcomes associated with infection by SARS-CoV-2 in HT recipients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Patients</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Diagnosis</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Chest CT</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Death</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Length of hospital stay (days)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ICU</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">VAD</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">MV</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Therapeutics</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">RT-PCR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;50%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Azithromycin</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">RT-PCR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt;50%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">HCQ, Azithromycin, CE</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">RT-PCR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;50%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Chest CT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;50%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Azithromycin</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">RT-PCR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;50%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NP</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>RT-PCR: polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; VAD: vasoactive drug; MV: mechanical ventilation; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; CE: corticosteroid; NP: not performed; CT: computed tomography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Immunosuppressants were discontinued in one patient due to the severity of the case. Two patients died (40%), and the rest were discharged from hospital. The length of stay varied between 4 and 21 days.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This is the first description of a case series of a cohort of HT patients who were hospitalized by Covid-19 in Brazil.</p>
        <p>These patients appear to present Covid19 similarly to non-transplanted patients, sharing the most common symptoms of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. In contrast to the study by Scott,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> gastrointestinal symptoms were observed in only one patient (20%).</p>
        <p>All HT recipients that were affected by Covid-19 required hospitalization, with DM being present in 100% of them and SAH in 80%. In our sample, 40% of patients required intensive care and had D-Dimer &#8805;1000 mg/L and CRP &#8805;20. BNP was high and DHL did not show any significant increase when measured. The patient with elevated troponin presented hemodynamic instability, need for vasopressors and evolution to death, which corroborates the literature that associates myocardial injury with worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The patients who went to the ICU were elderly, with a longer heart transplantation period, and died. These data suggest a transplant mortality rate above that of the general population infected by Covid-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The rates of lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia were higher in this study when compared with previous reports in the non-transplanted and transplanted populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> This finding could be explained by a lower basal lymphocyte and platelet count due to the use of immunosuppressants or represent a likely additional interference from SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>
        <p>Our study has several limitations common to HT studies: the fact that it was performed in a single center and the size of our sample, which could be considered small. It was not possible to draw conclusions about specific treatments for Covid-19 or the management of immunosuppression in this scenario. This limits our understanding of the spectrum of symptoms and the severity of the disease among HT patients with Covid-19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this case series of HT patients with Covid-19 treated at our institution, the theoretical possibility that immunosuppression could revoke the hyperinflammatory syndrome was not proven true. From an observational point of view, the large number of risk factors and the high mortality rate suggest that these receptors could be particularly vulnerable to Covid-19. Further larger, multicenter studies are needed to confirm our findings.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
