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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">w83dmT44hNvpq3nBgbYvxVL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000701165</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><italic>Spiked Helmet Sign</italic>:  Um Caso At&#237;pico de Supradesnivelamento Transit&#243;rio do Segmento ST no ECG</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4613-4181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Ac&#225;cio F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akamine</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Alexander V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pessoa</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takitani</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kairiyama</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Naritoni</surname>
            <given-names>Manfredo K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nipo-Brasileiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Nipo-Brasileiro , S&#227;o Paulo , SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Ac&#225;cio Fernandes Cardoso &#8226; Hospital Nipo-Brasileiro - Rua Pist&#243;ia, 100. CEP 02189-000, Parque Novo Mundo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil Email: <email>acaciocardio@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cardoso AF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cardoso AF; Akamine MAV, Pessoa RM, Kairiyama JV; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cardoso AF, Akamine MAV, Takitani ET, Naritoni MK.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1165</fpage>
      <lpage>1168</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Supradesnivelamento-ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Grave</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
      <p>Homem, 35 anos de idade, tabagista e usu&#225;rio de drogas il&#237;citas (maconha, coca&#237;na e solventes inalantes), em tratamento com antipsic&#243;tico e antidepressivo (haloperidol e escitalopram), h&#225; dois dias com v&#225;rios epis&#243;dios de v&#244;mitos e diarreia, evoluiu com confus&#227;o mental no domic&#237;lio e foi admitido na sala de emerg&#234;ncia com rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia e respira&#231;&#227;o irregular. Logo em seguida, apresentou quadro de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) com registro de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) no monitor card&#237;aco. Ap&#243;s seis minutos de manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar, infus&#227;o de adrenalina e duas desfibrila&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, o pulso e o ritmo card&#237;aco foram recuperados. Realizou-se eletrocardiograma (ECG), que demonstrou eleva&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica e difusa do segmento ST ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> A). Os exames laboratoriais iniciais demonstraram acidose metab&#243;lica grave com n&#237;vel s&#233;rico elevado de lactato (lactato s&#233;rico = 26 mg/dl), al&#233;m de hipernatremia (s&#243;dio s&#233;rico = 153 mg/dl), hipocalemia (pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico = 3,2 mg/dl), leucocitose importante e discreto aumento da troponina s&#233;rica. O paciente foi entubado e colocado em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Realizou-se ressuscita&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica, al&#233;m de corre&#231;&#227;o da acidose metab&#243;lica, e antibi&#243;ticos de largo espectro foram iniciados. Ap&#243;s uma hora do atendimento inicial, realizou-se novo ECG, que demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 50% no supradesnivelamento de ST ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> ). Dado o car&#225;ter at&#237;pico das altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST no ECG, optou-se por n&#227;o realizar coronariografia de urg&#234;ncia. Seis horas ap&#243;s o evento, as altera&#231;&#245;es iniciais do ECG regrediram completamente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref> ). Realizou-se ecocardiograma, que demonstrou disfun&#231;&#227;o importante do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#224;s custas de hipocinesia difusa (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o = 0,36). Fez-se novo ecocardiograma dois dias ap&#243;s, que revelou completa recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o = 0,69). Realizou-se angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, que demonstrou aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es obstrutivas e descartou anomalias coronarianas. O paciente evoluiu bem e recebeu alta ap&#243;s oito dias de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sequ&#234;ncia de ECGs da admiss&#227;o do paciente. 1A) ECG inicial com supradesnivelamento at&#237;pico de ST em m&#250;ltiplas deriva&#231;&#245;es seguidas de macroaltern&#226;ncia das ondas T facilmente observadas em V4 e V5 (setas). 1B) Uma hora ap&#243;s o ECG inicial, um novo registro demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 50% do supradesnivelamento de ST. Os achados caracter&#237;sticos do SHS tornam-se mais evidentes nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V2 e V3. 1C) Seis horas ap&#243;s o ECG inicial, nota-se a resolu&#231;&#227;o completa do supradesnivelamento de ST com a manuten&#231;&#227;o apenas de altera&#231;&#245;es discretas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1165-01017-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste intrigante relato de caso, um paciente jovem, usu&#225;rio de drogas il&#237;citas, em uso regular de haloperidol e escitalopram, deu entrada no setor de emerg&#234;ncia em uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica grave, em imin&#234;ncia de PCR. Ap&#243;s epis&#243;dio de FV prontamente revertida, o ECG inicial demonstrou ritmo taquic&#225;rdico, com complexos QRS alargados, aparentemente precedidos de ondas P de baixa amplitude. A ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial do QRS era r&#225;pida e acompanhada de supradesnivelamento de ST com morfologia convexa em m&#250;ltiplas deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, seguidas da invers&#227;o e altern&#226;ncia da amplitude das ondas T, fen&#244;meno conhecido por macroaltern&#226;ncia das ondas T ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ).</p>
      <p>O sinal do capacete pontiagudo, tradu&#231;&#227;o para <italic>spiked helmet sign</italic> (SHS), foi descrito por Littmann et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> em 2011 como uma eleva&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria do segmento ST em condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas graves de origem n&#227;o card&#237;aca, associada a n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos normais ou pouco aumentados de troponina, al&#233;m de evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desfavor&#225;vel com alta taxa de mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Na sua s&#233;rie, 6 de 8 pacientes morreram ap&#243;s o registro inicial do ECG dentro de 1 a 10 dias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Inicialmente descrito como uma eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST restrita &#224;s deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores, novos casos t&#234;m sido relatados com envolvimento de m&#250;ltiplas deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A morfologia no ECG assemelha-se ao <italic>pickelhaube</italic> , um capacete cravejado por uma haste pontiaguda, utilizado por militares do ex&#233;rcito da Pr&#250;ssia e Alemanha durante os s&#233;culos XIX e XX.</p>
      <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas do SHS no ECG s&#227;o uma eleva&#231;&#227;o ascendente da linha isoel&#233;trica que precede o QRS, seguida por uma onda R estreita e uma eleva&#231;&#227;o convexa do segmento ST <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos relacionados a esse padr&#227;o morfol&#243;gico no ECG ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o totalmente esclarecidos. Uma onda T-U gigante pr&#233;via que avan&#231;a sobre o pr&#243;ximo QRS e/ou o prolongamento da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular sobreposto a frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas elevadas s&#227;o poss&#237;veis causas atribu&#237;das por alguns autores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os casos iniciais foram identificados em patologias tor&#225;cicas e abdominais e associados a artefatos musculares e aumento agudo da press&#227;o nessas cavidades. Posteriormente, outros relatos envolvendo hemorragia intracerebral, altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas graves e choque s&#233;ptico apontaram para uma intensa descarga adren&#233;rgica como uma via final comum para o desencadeamento dessas altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas associadas a estados hiperadren&#233;rgicos como ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o do g&#226;nglio estrelado <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e na cardiomiopatia de Taktsubo <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> refor&#231;am essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Principais achados do SHS no ECG. Uma linha isoel&#233;trica ascendente (c&#237;rculos vermelhos) &#233; seguida por supradesnivelamento convexo de ST (setas). As altera&#231;&#245;es se assemelham ao capacete pontiagudo utilizado pelos ex&#233;rcitos da Pr&#250;ssia e Alemanha nos s&#233;culos XIX e XX. Legenda: SHS &#8211; Spiked helmet sign.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1165-01017-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A macroaltern&#226;ncia da onda T &#233; uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o rara no ECG, reflete uma importante dispers&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e geralmente precede o desencadeamento da FV. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Mais comumente, esse padr&#227;o morfol&#243;gico &#233; visto em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome do QT longo cong&#234;nito ou adquirido de alto risco e anuncia o in&#237;cio de uma <italic>Torsade de Pointes</italic> . No nosso caso, a macroaltern&#226;ncia da onda T foi observada ap&#243;s uma FV abortada e indica que em manifesta&#231;&#245;es extremas do <italic>SHS</italic> a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode se apresentar de forma bastante prolongada e propiciar o desencadeamento de arritmias ventriculares potencialmente fatais. Particularmente em pacientes psiqui&#225;tricos, essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem ser exacerbadas pelo uso de antipsic&#243;ticos e antidepressivos, drogas que sabidamente podem prolongar o potencial de a&#231;&#227;o da c&#233;lula card&#237;aca ao promover o bloqueio das correntes i&#244;nicas de pot&#225;ssio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via do SHS envolvendo o prolongamento do QT, altern&#226;ncia da onda T e <italic>Torsade de Pointes</italic> indicam que o SHS pode ser um poss&#237;vel mecanismo de morte s&#250;bita nesses pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Dada a raridade do fen&#244;meno, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o SHS e o risco de morte s&#250;bita ainda precisa ser estabelecida em futuras publica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Outras situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas associadas &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST como bloqueios de ramo, pericardites, embolia pulmonar maci&#231;a e principalmente as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas devem ser consideradas como os principais diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais do SHS. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No nosso caso, o vasoespasmo coronariano associado ao abuso de coca&#237;na e a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca s&#227;o outras duas situa&#231;&#245;es que envolvem anormalidades da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e devem ser consideradas nessa an&#225;lise. No primeiro caso, a coca&#237;na, al&#233;m de precipitar epis&#243;dios de vasoespasmo coronariano, pode atuar como potente inibidor das correntes dos canais i&#244;nicos respons&#225;veis pelo potencial de a&#231;&#227;o da c&#233;lula card&#237;aca. Ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es podem favorecer o prolongamento da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e o desencadeamento de arritmias ventriculares graves. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Entretanto, o vasoespasmo coronariano geralmente &#233; precedido de dor tor&#225;cica, as altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST costumam ser restritas a algumas deriva&#231;&#245;es, dura apenas poucos minutos e s&#227;o seguidas por ondas T sim&#233;tricas e amplas no ECG. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> J&#225; a eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST associada a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica &#233; um fen&#244;meno de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, atinge a sua m&#225;xima amplitude logo ap&#243;s o choque e tem m&#233;dia de dura&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 60 segundos, retornando ao padr&#227;o normal em torno de 5 minutos ap&#243;s o choque. <sup>12</sup> Embora n&#227;o seja poss&#237;vel excluir totalmente a participa&#231;&#227;o dessas duas condi&#231;&#245;es nas altera&#231;&#245;es evidenciadas no ECG, essas observa&#231;&#245;es tornam essas hip&#243;teses menos prov&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e eletrol&#237;ticas s&#227;o comuns em pacientes graves e podem apresentar manifesta&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas semelhantes &#224;s observadas no SHS. A acidose metab&#243;lica associada &#224; hipercalemia grave frequentemente aumenta a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e provoca supradesnivelamentos do segmento ST principalmente em precordiais direitas, sendo facilmente confundidos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio de parede anterior. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A hipocalcemia acentuada &#233; outra condi&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica que pode provocar supradesnivelamento de ST e, juntamente com a hipocalemia, pode prolongar o intervalo QT de forma significativa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> J&#225; mudan&#231;as no ECG relacionadas aos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de s&#243;dio s&#227;o mais raras. Infradesnivelamento de ST e encurtamento do intervalo PR j&#225; foram descritos em casos extremos de hipernatremia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No nosso caso, acidose metab&#243;lica grave, hipernatremia e hipocalemia leve foram as &#250;nicas anormalidades metab&#243;licas identificadas nos exames laboratoriais.</p>
      <p>Esses achados n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para explicar todas as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas na sequ&#234;ncia dos ECGs, o que torna o SHS uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica &#250;nica com progn&#243;stico, na maioria das vezes, bastante adverso.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O SHS &#233; uma rara manifesta&#231;&#227;o no ECG de pacientes graves com patologias n&#227;o card&#237;acas. O prolongamento da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular associada ao aparecimento de macroaltern&#226;ncia das ondas T parece ser um mecanismo plaus&#237;vel de arritmias ventriculares malignas neste cen&#225;rio e requer pronto reconhecimento e interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Spiked Helmet Sign: An Atypical Case of Transient ST-Segment Elevation on ECG</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4613-4181</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Ac&#225;cio F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akamine</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Alexander V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pessoa</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takitani</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kairiyama</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Naritoni</surname>
            <given-names>Manfredo K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Nipo-Brasileiro, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing address: Ac&#225;cio Fernandes Cardoso &#8226; Hospital Nipo-Brasileiro - Rua Pist&#243;ia, 100. Postal Code 02189-000, Parque Novo Mundo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil Email: acaciocardio@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Cardoso AF; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cardoso AF, Akamine MAV, Pessoa RM, Kairiyama JV; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cardoso AF, Akamine MAV, Takitani ET, Naritoni MK.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST-Elevation</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Critical Illness</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>Male, 35 years old, smoker, user of illicit drugs (marijuana, cocaine and inhalant solvents), on antipsychotics and antidepressants (haloperidol and escitalopram), several episodes of vomiting and diarrhea for the past two days, mental confusion at home, and admitted to the emergency room with reduced level of consciousness and irregular breathing. Soon afterwards, he presented cardiopulmonary arrest (CRP) with ventricular fibrillation (VF) on the cardiac monitor. After six minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers, adrenaline infusion and two cardiac defibrillations, pulse and heart rate were recovered. An electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed, which demonstrated atypical and diffuse ST-segment elevation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1 A</xref> ). Initial laboratory tests showed severe metabolic acidosis with high serum lactate (serum lactate = 26 mg/dl), in addition to hypernatremia (serum sodium = 153 mg/dl), hypokalemia (serum potassium = 3.2 mg/dl), severe leukocytosis and a slight increase in serum troponin. The patient was intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation. Volume resuscitation was performed, metabolic acidosis was corrected, and broad-spectrum antibiotics were initiated. One hour after initial consultation, a new ECG was performed, which demonstrated a reduction of approximately 50% in ST elevation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> ). Given the atypical character of the ST segment abnormalities on ECG, we chose not to perform an emergency coronary angiography. Six hours after the event, the initial ECG abnormalities receded completely ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref> ). An echocardiogram was performed, which showed severe left ventricular dysfunction at the expense of diffuse hypokinesia (ejection fraction = 0.36). A new echocardiogram was performed two days later, which revealed complete recovery of ventricular function (ejection fraction = 0.69). Coronary angiotomography was performed during hospitalization, which demonstrated the absence of obstructive lesions and ruled out coronary anomalies. The patient progressed well and was discharged after eight days of hospitalization.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sequence of ECG on patient admission. 1A) Initial ECG with atypical ST-segment elevation in multiple leads followed by T-wave macroalternation easily observed in V4 and V5 (arrows). 1B) One hour after the initial ECG, a new scan showed a reduction of approximately 50% in ST-segment elevation. The characteristic findings of SHS are more evident in leads V2 and V3. 1C) Six hours after the initial ECG, complete resolution of ST-segment elevation is seen with only mild ventricular repolarization abnormalities.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1165-01017-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this intriguing case report, a young patient, an user of illicit drugs, on regular use of haloperidol and escitalopram, was admitted to the emergency department in a serious clinical condition, on the verge of a cardiac arrest. After a VF episode was promptly reversed, the initial ECG demonstrated tachycardic rhythm, with enlarged QRS complexes, apparently preceded by low amplitude P waves. Initial activation of QRS was rapid and accompanied by ST elevation with convex morphology in multiple electrocardiographic leads, followed by inversion and alternation of the amplitude of T waves, a phenomenon known as macroalternation of T waves (Figure 1A).</p>
        <p>Spiked helmet sign (SHS) was described by Littmann et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> in 2011 as a transient ST-segment elevation in severe clinical conditions of non-cardiac origin, associated with normal or slightly increased serum levels of troponin, in addition to an unfavorable clinical outcome with a high mortality rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In their series, 6 of 8 patients died after an initial ECG within 1 to 10 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Initially described as ST segment elevation restricted to lower leads, new cases have been reported involving multiple electrocardiographic leads.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Morphology on ECG is similar to the pickelhaube, a helmet studded with a pointed rod, worn by military Prussian and German army personnel in the 19<sup>th</sup>and 20<sup>th</sup>centuries.</p>
        <p>The main SHS characteristics on the ECG are an upward elevation of the isoelectric line that precedes the QRS, followed by a narrow R wave and a convex ST-segment elevation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">figure 2</xref> ). The pathophysiological mechanisms related to this ECG morphological pattern are not yet fully understood. A previous giant T-U wave that advances over the next QRS and/or prolongation of ventricular repolarization superimposed at high heart rates are potential causes attributed by some authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Initial cases were identified in thoracic and abdominal pathologies and are associated with muscle artifacts and acute pressure increase in these cavities. Subsequently, other reports involving intracerebral hemorrhage, severe metabolic abnormalities and septic shock pointed to an intense adrenergic discharge as a common final route for triggering these ECG abnormalities. Clinical manifestations associated with hyperadrenergic states such as after stellate ganglion<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ablation and Taktsubo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> cardiomyopathy reinforce this hypothesis.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Main SHS findings on ECG. An upward isoelectric line (red circles) is followed by convex ST-segment elevation (arrows). The abnormal findings are similar to the spiked helmet worn by the armies of Prussia and Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries. Key: SHS &#8211; Spiked helmet sign.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1165-01017-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>T-wave macroalternation is a rare ECG manifestation; it reflects severe dispersion of ventricular repolarization and generally precedes the onset of VF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This morphological pattern is more commonly seen in patients with congenital or acquired high-risk QT syndrome and announces the beginning of Torsade de Pointes. In our case, the T-wave macroalternation was observed after an aborted VF and indicates that in extreme manifestations of SHS, ventricular repolarization may last for a very prolonged time and lead to the onset of potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias. Particularly in psychiatric patients, these abnormalities may be exacerbated by antipsychotics and antidepressants, which are known to prolong the cardiac cell action potential by blocking potassium ion currents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Previous publication of SHS involving QT prolongation, T-wave alternation and Torsade de Pointes has found that SHS may be a possible mechanism of sudden death in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Given the rarity of the phenomenon, the relationship between SHS and the risk of sudden death is yet to be established in future publications.</p>
        <p>Other clinical situations associated with ST-segment elevation, such as bundle branch block, pericarditis, massive pulmonary embolism, and especially acute coronary syndromes, should be considered as the main differential diagnoses of SHS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In our case, coronary vasospasm associated with cocaine abuse and cardiac defibrillation are two other situations that involve abnormalities in ventricular repolarization and should be considered in this analysis. In the first case, cocaine precipitates episodes of coronary vasospasm and can act as a potent inhibitor of ion channel currents responsible for the cardiac cell action potential. Both conditions may promote the prolongation of ventricular repolarization and the onset of severe ventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, coronary vasospasm is usually preceded by chest pain, ST-segment abnormalities are usually restricted to some leads, last only a few minutes, and are followed by symmetrical and wide T-waves on ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> ST-segment elevation associated with electrical defibrillation is a short-term phenomenon, it reaches its maximum amplitude right after the shock and has an average duration of approximately 60 seconds, returning to the normal pattern around 5 minutes after the shock. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Although it is not possible to totally rule out the participation of these two conditions in the abnormalities evidenced in the ECG, these findings make these hypotheses less likely.</p>
        <p>Metabolic and electrolytic abnormalities are common in critically ill patients and may have electrocardiographic manifestations similar to those observed in SHS. Metabolic acidosis associated with severe hyperkalaemia often increases QRS duration and causes ST-segment elevation mainly in the right precordial leads, and is easily confused with acute anterior wall myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Marked hypocalcemia is another metabolic condition that may cause ST-segment elevation and, with hypokalemia, may significantly prolong the QT interval.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> ECG abnormalities related to serum sodium levels are rarer. ST-segment depression and shortening of the PR interval have been described in extreme cases of hypernatremia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In our case, severe metabolic acidosis, hypernatremia and mild hypokalemia were the only metabolic abnormalities identified in laboratory tests.</p>
        <p>These findings are not sufficient to explain all the abnormalities observed in the sequence of ECG, which makes SHS a unique electrocardiographic manifestation with quite adverse prognosis in most cases.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>SHS is a rare manifestation on the ECG of critically ill patients with non-cardiac pathologies. Prolongation of ventricular repolarization associated with T-wave macroalternation seems to be a plausible mechanism of malignant ventricular arrhythmias in this scenario and requires prompt recognition and intervention.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>:  There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
