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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HrXr5W3PTfGWXVcfHDKzFML</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000701161</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Jovem de 17 Anos com Atresia Pulmonar e Septo Ventricular &#205;ntegro, Submetido &#224; Opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan e com Persist&#234;ncia da F&#237;stula Coron&#225;rio-Cavit&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7773-4174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Edmar Atik &#8226; Rua Dona Adma Jafet 74 cj 73. CEP 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>edmar.atik@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Atik E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1161</fpage>
      <lpage>1164</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia de Fontan</kwd>
        <kwd>Atresia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventr&#237;culo Direito/anormalidades</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>F&#237;stula coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Atresia pulmonar com septo ventricular &#237;ntegro constitui-se em anomalia cong&#234;nita com interrup&#231;&#227;o total do fluxo de sangue entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e o tronco pulmonar, e em geral n&#227;o &#233; acompanhada de defeitos associados, exceto pela comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, presente em 20%, com predom&#237;nio do forame oval patente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Decorre a atresia valvar da falta de desenvolvimento embriol&#243;gico dessa estrutura fibrosa, podendo se localizar a n&#237;vel valvar (membrana fibrosa), mas tamb&#233;m a n&#237;vel infundibular (fundo cego). Como consequ&#234;ncias, surgem hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e hipoplasia de ventr&#237;culo direito, hipoplasia do anel e da valva tric&#250;spide, insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide discreta e fluxo pulmonar dependente do canal arterial. Em vista da maior hipertens&#227;o em ventr&#237;culo direito, formam-se atrav&#233;s de sinus&#243;ides conex&#245;es diretas com a circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, com fluxo em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; aorta. Diz-se nessa situa&#231;&#227;o que a circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria &#233; dependente do ventr&#237;culo direito e, quando se apresenta em grande magnitude, predisp&#245;e ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, a arritmias, e tamb&#233;m a sobrecarga volum&#233;trica ventricular direita, por fluxo retr&#243;grado da aorta. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em casos nos quais a atresia valvar se desenvolve mais tardiamente no feto, a cavidade de ventr&#237;culo direito pode estar bem formada com suas tr&#234;s por&#231;&#245;es, de via de entrada, a trabecular e a da via de sa&#237;da e, como consequ&#234;ncia, ocorre insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide acentuada, at&#233; com altera&#231;&#227;o tipo Ebstein da valva redundante e mixomatosa, adelga&#231;amento da parede ventricular, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita, esta sobreposta &#224; hip&#243;xia. Em geral, n&#227;o acompanha outros defeitos associados, e as art&#233;rias pulmonares se mostram de tamanho adequado. Nesses casos, n&#227;o h&#225; a forma&#231;&#227;o de conex&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito com as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias por sinus&#243;ides.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Como se exterioriza e evolui</title>
        <p>No primeiro tipo, com hipoplasia de ventr&#237;culo direito, o quadro cl&#237;nico se expressa precocemente na vida com hip&#243;xia vari&#225;vel e de intensidade dependente da funcionalidade do canal arterial. A semiologia cl&#237;nica se mostra com sopro cont&#237;nuo suave na &#225;rea pulmonar, segunda bulha hipofon&#233;tica, sobrecarga de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no eletrocardiograma, mas sem bloqueio divisional anterossuperior esquerdo, al&#233;m de cora&#231;&#227;o com dimens&#245;es pr&#243;ximas do normal. No tipo II, com maior insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide e cavidade ventricular dilatada, sobrep&#245;e-se &#224; hip&#243;xia quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita com hepatomegalia. H&#225; a demonstra&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da cardiomegalia por impuls&#245;es sist&#243;licas n&#237;tidas no prec&#243;rdio, sopro intenso sist&#243;lico da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, sobrecarga biventricular no eletrocardiograma, do tipo diast&#243;lica, e cardiomegalia &#224; custa das cavidades direitas.</p>
        <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o se mostra sempre desfavor&#225;vel e em poucos dias, em ambos os tipos, na depend&#234;ncia da diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva ou mesmo s&#250;bita do canal arterial, assim como do grau da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide e da disfun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Como se trata</title>
        <p><bold>Cl&#237;nica:</bold> Como em ambos os tipos de atresia pulmonar &#8212; aquele com ventr&#237;culo direito hipopl&#225;sico e o com ventr&#237;culo direito dilatado &#8212; h&#225; a depend&#234;ncia do canal arterial para a funcionalidade da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Portanto, o uso de prostaglandina E1 torna-se imprescind&#237;vel. Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita associada, medidas restritivas de volume s&#227;o tamb&#233;m empregadas, mesmo com o uso de diur&#233;ticos, mas sempre com a devida cautela, em face da hipoxemia.</p>
        <p><bold>Cir&#250;rgica:</bold> Anastomose sist&#234;mico pulmonar tipo <italic>Blalock-Taussig</italic> se imp&#245;e no primeiro tipo, no qual a hip&#243;xia precisa ser minimizada prontamente. Em casos nos quais o ventr&#237;culo direito se mostra bem formado, especialmente com maior dilata&#231;&#227;o e al&#233;m da continuidade das estruturas da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito e do tronco pulmonar, a restitui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo entre essas estruturas se torna poss&#237;vel por atua&#231;&#227;o por cateteres, que perfuram a valva com atresia por radiofrequ&#234;ncia. A circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria dependente do ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; em geral preservada, exceto quando h&#225; fluxo da esquerda para a direita, funcionando como f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas, mas de grande monta.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Como evolui ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O controle da hip&#243;xia &#233; melhor obtido que o da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, especialmente quando a mesma se mostra acentuada. Em evolu&#231;&#227;o posterior, opera&#231;&#227;o tipo Fontan se realiza em &#233;poca oportuna, precedida inicialmente pela t&#233;cnica de Glenn. Na possibilidade de restitui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo pulmonar, ap&#243;s conex&#227;o direta das estruturas direitas, observa-se evolu&#231;&#227;o mais favor&#225;vel, exceto pelo aparecimento da insufici&#234;ncia valvar pulmonar, que pode necessitar de reparo evolutivo.</p>
        <p>O prop&#243;sito dessa avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233; a demonstra&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan em pacientes nos quais permanece a f&#237;stula coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, desde que seja de discreta repercuss&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o do caso cl&#237;nico</title>
        <p><bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>:  Logo ao nascer, desenvolveu quadro hip&#243;xico acentuado que requereu a feitura de anastomose de Blalock-Taussig com 2 dias de vida. Com 12 meses, realizada opera&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Glenn</italic> bidirecional, e com 5 anos, completou o princ&#237;pio Fontan, com tubo externo fenestrado. Desde ent&#227;o, se mant&#233;m sem sintomas, em uso de warfarina, com satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 88%. Sopro sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico o acompanha desde o in&#237;cio, decorrente de f&#237;stula coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria persistente entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e a art&#233;ria descendente anterior, com fluxo bidirecional.</p>
        <p>Exame f&#237;sico: Eupneica, acian&#243;tica, pulsos normais, sem turg&#234;ncia jugular. Peso: 58 kg; altura: 163 cm; press&#227;o arterial (PA): 90/60 mm Hg; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC): 74 bpm; satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio: 88%. Aorta n&#227;o palpada na f&#250;rcula.</p>
        <p>No prec&#243;rdio, <italic>ictus cordis</italic> no 4 <sup>o</sup> espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo e impuls&#245;es sist&#243;licas discretas na borda external esquerda (BEE). Bulhas card&#237;acas hiperfon&#233;ticas; sopro sist&#243;lico, ++/4, rude, e sopro diast&#243;lico suave ++/4 na BEE baixa e pouco irradiado. O f&#237;gado n&#227;o era palpado e pulm&#245;es limpos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames Complementares</title>
        <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold> mostrava ritmo sinusal e sinais de sobrecarga de ventr&#237;culo direito com complexo Rs em V1 e onda T negativa de V1 a V5. Os potenciais de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo eram salientes com complexos qRs em precordiais esquerdas. Sem sinais de sobrecargas atriais. AQRS: +80 <sup>o</sup> , AT: -30 <sup>o</sup> , AP: +30 <sup>o</sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Radiografia de t&#243;rax mostra &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal, arco m&#233;dio retificado e trama vascular pulmonar normal. Eletrocardiograma salienta sobrecarga ventricular direita com complexo Rs em V1 e ondas T negativas de V1 a V5. Ecocardiograma apical de 4 c&#226;maras salienta a hipoplasia de ventr&#237;culo direito com septo ventricular abaulado para a esquerda, com cavidades card&#237;acas normais al&#233;m do tubo (t) de fenestra&#231;&#227;o intraatrial direito. AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1161-01011-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Radiografia de t&#243;rax</bold> mostra &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal (&#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico: 0,46) com arco ventricular saliente, arco m&#233;dio retificado e trama vascular pulmonar normal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p><bold>Ecocardiograma</bold> mostrou bom funcionamento da opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar. As veias cavas, inferior e superior, com fluxos laminares em velocidade de 0,38 m/s; tubo externo para art&#233;ria pulmonar direita com velocidade de 0,46 m/s. O fluxo da fenestra&#231;&#227;o era dirigido para o &#225;trio direito com velocidade de 1,04 m/s. O ventr&#237;culo direito era hipopl&#225;sico com septo ventricular desviado para a direita com ventr&#237;culo esquerdo levemente hipertr&#243;fico e dilatado, com fun&#231;&#227;o normal de 60% pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson. Havia uma f&#237;stula entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e a art&#233;ria descendente anterior, de pequena dimens&#227;o, com fluxo bidirecional ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p><bold>Cateterismo card&#237;aco</bold> realizado antes da opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan salientava a boa funcionalidade do Glenn bidirecional com ventr&#237;culo esquerdo recha&#231;ado pela maior press&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito e a f&#237;stula coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria do ventr&#237;culo direito hipertr&#243;fico e hipopl&#225;sico para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e aorta ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Angiocardiografia card&#237;aca antes da opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan mostra a boa funcionalidade do Glenn bidirecional em B, com ventr&#237;culo esquerdo recha&#231;ado pela maior press&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito em C, e a f&#237;stula coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria do ventr&#237;culo direito hipertr&#243;fico e hipopl&#225;sico para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e aorta, em A. AO: aorta; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; CE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; AP&#180;s: art&#233;rias pulmonares; VCS: veia cava superior.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1161-01011-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagn&#243;stico Cl&#237;nico</title>
        <p>Atresia pulmonar com septo ventricular &#237;ntegro com ventr&#237;culo direito hipopl&#225;sico e f&#237;stula persistente coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda em jovem de 17 anos, em evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 11 anos da opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Racioc&#237;nio Cl&#237;nico:</bold> a evolu&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan cursa em geral sem sopros card&#237;acos e com alguma limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, em face da diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Na ausculta card&#237;aca desse paciente, o sopro sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico chamou muito a aten&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e a primeira suposi&#231;&#227;o com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio da atresia pulmonar com septo ventricular &#237;ntegro foi de f&#237;stula coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria em ventr&#237;culo direito, que persistia desde o nascimento. A maior press&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito orienta a passagem do sangue em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria durante a s&#237;stole ventricular (sopro sist&#243;lico) e, ao contr&#225;rio, na di&#225;stole, quando o sangue da aorta se dirige ao pr&#243;prio ventr&#237;culo direito (sopro diast&#243;lico). Os exames complementares salientaram a presen&#231;a de sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo direito no eletrocardiograma, decorrente da sobrecarga diast&#243;lica imposta pela f&#237;stula coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria, mas n&#227;o o suficiente para causar dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito. Da&#237;, pode-se concluir que essa f&#237;stula n&#227;o causou sobrecarga anatomofuncional que influ&#237;sse na din&#226;mica circulat&#243;ria.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico Diferencial:</bold> raramente ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan se ausculta sopro sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico, a n&#227;o ser em situa&#231;&#245;es inusitadas como em dupla les&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica associada, por exemplo. Mas, nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, a repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica passa a ser desfavor&#225;vel em face do aumento retr&#243;grado da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar. Essa mesma ausculta pode ainda ocorrer em presen&#231;a de les&#227;o de uma das valvas atrioventriculares, com predom&#237;nio da estenose, que por sua vez tamb&#233;m causa problemas evolutivos, da mesma maneira. Assim, considerando o achado de sopro sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico neste paciente ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan, f&#237;stula coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria seria a &#250;nica causa compat&#237;vel com a boa evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><bold>Conduta:</bold> Em face da evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel do paciente dada a pequena repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica da f&#237;stula coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria, a conduta expectante fora tranquilamente continuada, ao lado da medica&#231;&#227;o anticoagulante preconizada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora seja paliativa a opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan, com complicadores evolutivos, continua a oferecer boas perspectivas desde que obede&#231;a rigorosamente aos crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o. Na presen&#231;a conhecida da f&#237;stula coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria e em associa&#231;&#227;o da atresia pulmonar com septo ventricular &#237;ntegro, n&#227;o se cogitou da&#237; o seu fechamento em face da discreta repercuss&#227;o da mesma, n&#227;o salientando assim consequ&#234;ncias desfavor&#225;veis, e ainda por se situar no mesmo sistema sangu&#237;neo arterial, sem interfer&#234;ncia no sistema venoso. Na hip&#243;tese de a f&#237;stula mostrar maior repercuss&#227;o, a conduta de fechamento da mesma obrigatoriamente deve ser indicada, por ocasi&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan. Nessa ocasi&#227;o, <italic>a</italic> lternativa de fechamento da valva tric&#250;spide tamb&#233;m resulta adequada no sentido de tornar a f&#237;stula com menor repercuss&#227;o din&#226;mica. Tal conduta &#233; adotada por ocasi&#227;o da feitura da opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan ou mesmo em per&#237;odo pr&#233;vio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Tal procedimento se torna necess&#225;rio antes da opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan, em vista da conhecida mortalidade de pacientes com circula&#231;&#227;o arterial das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias dependentes do ventr&#237;culo direito. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ela alcan&#231;ou, segundo Calder, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> cifra de 40% (47 de 116 pacientes) principalmente relacionados a interrup&#231;&#245;es e estenoses coron&#225;rias. Salienta-se que a presen&#231;a de f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias, por si s&#243;, n&#227;o &#233; respons&#225;vel pela mortalidade, exceto com les&#245;es obstrutivas arteriais associadas e com f&#237;stulas de grande tamanho.</p>
      <p>Na literatura, h&#225; poucos artigos correlacionando a opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan com f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias persistentes. Cheung <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> encontrou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em 2 dos 4 casos com persist&#234;ncia de f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias ap&#243;s Fontan. Por outro lado, Guleserian <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> verificou boa evolu&#231;&#227;o dos 19 pacientes com f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias submetidos &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan e em 7 casos, ap&#243;s Glenn. A sobrevida desses pacientes correspondeu a 81,3% em 5, 10 e 15 anos ap&#243;s Fontan, com sobrevida m&#233;dia de 12,1 anos. Salienta ainda esse autor que a mortalidade se restringiu aos pacientes com quadro isqu&#234;mico mais exuberante (6 dos 32&#8211;18,8%), mas em per&#237;odo precoce, de apenas 3 meses ap&#243;s o Blalock-Taussig. Nesse grupo, havia atresia aortocoron&#225;ria em 3 desses pacientes.</p>
      <p>No entanto, evolu&#231;&#227;o mais desfavor&#225;vel foi relatada por Elias, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> em vista da mortalidade de 9% (11/120 pacientes) em per&#237;odo evolutivo de 9,1 anos ap&#243;s Fontan; morte s&#250;bita ocorreu em 6 dos 11 pacientes, e destes, 4 tinham circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria dependente do ventr&#237;culo direito. A causa da morte desses pacientes se relacionou com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>Em suma, pode-se concluir que pacientes com f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias de repercuss&#227;o devam ser reparados precocemente e os submetidos ao princ&#237;pio Fontan, mesmo de menor repercuss&#227;o, devem ser monitorados e investigados por testes de esfor&#231;o em acompanhamento rigoroso. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>:  O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>17-Year-Old Man with Pulmonary Atresia and Intact Ventricular Septum Submitted to Fontan Operation, and with Persistent Coronary-Cavitary Fistula</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7773-4174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Edmar Atik &#8226; Rua Dona Adma Jafet 74 cj 73. Postal Code 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: edmar.atik@incor.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Atik E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Fontan Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Atresia/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Right Ventricle/Abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiacs</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary-cavitary fistula</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is a congenital anomaly with total interruption of blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk, and in general it is not accompanied by associated defects, except for interatrial septal defect, present in 20%, with predominance of patent foramen ovale.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Valve atresia results from the lack of embryological development of this fibrous structure, which can be located at the valve level (fibrous membrane) but also at the infundibular level (blind fundus). As a consequence, myocardial hypertrophy and hypoplasia of the right ventricle, hypoplasia of the ring and tricuspid valve, mild tricuspid insufficiency and pulmonary flow dependent on the ductus arteriosus appear. In view of greater hypertension in right ventricle, direct connections with the coronary circulation are formed through sinusoids, with flow towards the aorta. In this situation, it is said that the coronary circulation is dependent on the right ventricle, and when these connections are present in great magnitude, they predispose to myocardial infarction, arrhythmias and right ventricular volume overload, due to retrograde flow from the aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In cases where valve atresia develops later in the fetus, the right ventricular cavity may be well formed with its three portions, the entrance route, the trabecular and the exit route and, as a consequence, there is marked tricuspid insufficiency, even with Ebstein-type alteration of the redundant and myxomatous valve, ventricular wall thinning, ventricular dysfunction and right heart failure, the latter superimposed on hypoxia. In general, it is not accompanied by other associated defects and the pulmonary arteries are of adequate size. In these cases, there is no connection between the right ventricle and the coronary arteries by sinusoids.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>How it exteriorizes and evolves</title>
          <p>In the first type, with hypoplasia of the right ventricle, the clinical condition is expressed early in life with variable hypoxia and intensity dependent on the functionality of the ductus arteriosus. Clinical semiology is shown with a smooth continuous murmur in the pulmonary area, second heart sound of diminished intensity, left ventricular overload on the electrocardiogram, but without left anterior and superior divisional block, in addition to a heart with dimensions close to normal. In type II, with greater tricuspid regurgitation and dilated ventricular cavity, hypoxia is associated with right heart failure with hepatomegaly. There is a clinical demonstration of cardiomegaly by clear systolic impulses in the precordium, intense systolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation, diastolic biventricular overload on the electrocardiogram, and cardiomegaly at the expense of the right cavities.</p>
          <p>Evolution is always unfavorable and takes a few days, in both types, depending on progressive or even sudden ductus arteriosus decrease, degree of tricuspid insufficiency and right heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>How it is treated</title>
          <p><bold>Clinical treatment:</bold> As in both types of pulmonary atresia, the one with a hypoplastic right ventricle and the one with an enlarged right ventricle, there is dependence on the arterial ductus for pulmonary circulation functionality, and the use of prostaglandin E1 becomes essential. In overlying right heart failure, restrictive volume measures are also used, even with the use of diuretics, but always with caution, due to hypoxemia.</p>
          <p><bold>Surgical treatment:</bold> Blalock-Taussig pulmonary systemic anastomosis in the first type in which hypoxia needs to be minimized promptly. In cases in which the right ventricle is well formed, especially with greater dilation and in addition to the continuity of the structures of the right ventricular outflow tract and the pulmonary trunk, the flow between these structures is made possible by actuation through catheters piercing the atretic valve with radio frequency. Coronary circulation, dependent on the right ventricle, is generally preserved, except when there is greater flow from left to right, functioning as arteriovenous fistulas, of great magnitude.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>How it evolves after the operation</title>
          <p>Control of hypoxia is better achieved than that of tricuspid regurgitation, especially when it is marked. In a later evolution, Fontan operation is performed on a timely manner, initially preceded by the Glenn technique. In the possibility of restitution of the pulmonary flow, after direct connection of the right structures, a more favorable evolution is observed, except for the appearance of pulmonary valve insufficiency, which may require evolutionary repair.</p>
          <p>The purpose of this evaluation is to demonstrate the favorable evolution after Fontan operation in patients in whom the coronary-cavitary fistula remains between the right ventricle and the left coronary artery, as long as it has a slight repercussion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Description of the Clinical Case</title>
          <p><bold>Clinical data:</bold> Right after birth, the patient developed a severe hypoxic condition that required Blalock-Taussig anastomosis to be performed at 2 days of age. After 12 months, bidirectional Glenn operation was performed and, at the age of 5, the patient completed the Fontan principle, with a fenestrated external tube. Since then, patient has remained symptom-free, using warfarin, with oxygen saturation of 88%. Systolic and diastolic murmur accompanies it from the beginning, due to persistent coronary-cavitary fistula between the right ventricle and the anterior descending artery, with bidirectional flow.</p>
          <p><bold>Physical examination:</bold> Eupneic, acyanotic, normal pulses, no jugular turgency. Weight: 58 kg; height: 163 cm; BP: 90/60 mm Hg; HR: 74 bpm, oxygen saturation = 88%. Aorta not palpated in the suprasternal notch.</p>
          <p>In the precordium, apical impulse in the 4<sup>th</sup>left intercostal space and discrete systolic impulses at the left external border. Accentuated heart sounds; systolic murmur, ++/4 intensity, rough, and mild diastolic murmur ++/4, along the left sternal border. The liver was not palpable and the lungs were clean.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complementary Exams</title>
          <p><bold>Electrocardiogram</bold> showed sinus rhythm and signs of right ventricular overload with Rs complex in V1 and negative T wave from V1 to V5. Left ventricular potentials were prominent with qRs complex in left precordial leads. No signs of atrial overload. AQRS: + 80<sup>o</sup>, AT: -30<sup>o</sup>, AP: + 30<sup>o</sup>( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Chest X-ray shows normal cardiac area, rectified medium arch and normal pulmonary vascular network. Electrocardiogram highlights right ventricular overload with Rs complex in V1 and negative T waves from V1 to V5. Apical 4-chamber echocardiogram highlights right ventricular hypoplasia with ventricular septum deviated to the left side, with normal cardiac cavities in addition to the right intraatrial fenestration tube (t). RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1161-01011-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Chest radiography</bold> shows normal cardiac area (cardiothoracic index: 0.46) with protruding ventricular arch, rectified medium arch and normal pulmonary vascular network ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p><bold>Echocardiogram</bold> showed good functioning of the cavopulmonary operation. Inferior and superior vena cava, with laminar flows at a speed of 0.38 m/s; external tube for right pulmonary artery with a speed of 0.46 m/s. The fenestration flow was directed to the right atrium at a speed of 1.04 m/s. The right ventricle was hypoplastic with ventricular septum deviated to the right with a slightly hypertrophic and dilated left ventricle, with normal function of 60% using the Simpson method. Fistula between the right ventricle and the small anterior descending artery, with bidirectional flow ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p><bold>Cardiac catheterization</bold> performed before the Fontan operation highlighted the good functionality of the bidirectional Glenn, with left ventricle compressed by the higher pressure of the right ventricle, and coronary-cavitary fistula of the hypertrophic and hypoplastic right ventricle to the left coronary artery and aorta ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiac angiocardiography before the Fontan operation shows the good functionality of the bidirectional Glenn in B, with the left ventricle rejected by the higher pressure of the right ventricle in C, and the coronary-cavitary fistula of the hypertrophic and hypoplastic right ventricle to the left coronary artery and aorta, in A. AO: aorta; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; LCA: left coronary artery; PA&#180;s: pulmonary arteries; SVC: superior vena cava.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1161-01011-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Clinical Diagnosis:</bold> Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum with hypoplastic right ventricle and persistent coronary-cavitary fistula between the right ventricle and the left coronary artery in a 17-year-old man, evolving 11 years after the Fontan operation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical Characteristics</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Clinical Reasoning:</bold> Evolution of Fontan operation is generally without heart murmurs and with some physical limitation due to decreased cardiac output. In the cardiac auscultation of this patient, systolic and diastolic murmur drew a lot of clinical attention and the first assumption with previous diagnosis of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum was coronary-cavitary fistula in the right ventricle, which persisted since birth. Higher pressure in the right ventricle directs the passage of blood towards the coronary artery during ventricular systole (systolic murmur) and, in contrast, in diastole, when blood from the aorta goes to the right ventricle itself (diastolic murmur). Complementary exams highlighted the presence of right ventricular overload on the electrocardiogram, resulting from the diastolic overload imposed by the coronary-cavitary fistula, but not enough to cause right ventricular dilation. It can be concluded from this that this fistula did not cause anatomo-functional overload that would influence the circulatory dynamics.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Differential Diagnosis:</bold> Rarely after the Fontan operation systolic and diastolic murmur is heard, except in unusual situations such as a double associated aortic valve injury, for example. But, in this situation, the clinical repercussion becomes unfavorable in view of the retrograde increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. The same auscultation can also occur in the presence of an injury to one of the atrioventricular valves, with predominance of stenosis, which in turn also causes evolutionary problems, in the same way. Thus, considering the finding of a systolic and diastolic murmur in this patient after the Fontan operation, coronary-cavitary fistula would be the only cause compatible with the good evolution.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p><bold>Management:</bold> In view of the favorable evolution of the patient due to the small clinical repercussion of the coronary-cavitary fistula, the expected management was smoothly continued along with the recommended anticoagulant medication.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Although Fontan operation is palliative, with evolutionary complications, it continues to offer good prospects as long as it strictly complies with the indication criteria. In the known presence of coronary-cavitary fistula and in association of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, its closure was not considered, due to its slight repercussion, thus not highlighting unfavorable consequences, and also because it is located in the same arterial blood system, without interference with the venous system. In the event that the fistula shows greater repercussions, fistula closure must be indicated upon the Fontan operation. On this occasion, choosing to close the tricuspid valve is also appropriate to make the fistula less dynamic. This management is adopted upon the Fontan procedure or even before.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Such procedure becomes necessary before Fontan, in view of the well-known mortality of patients with arterial circulation of right ventricle-dependent coronary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> According to Calder,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> mortality reached 40% (47 out of 116 patients), mainly related to interruptions and stenosis of the coronary arteries. It should be noted that the presence of coronary-cavitary fistulas, per se, is not responsible for mortality, except with associated arterial obstructive lesions and large fistulas.</p>
        <p>There are few articles in the literature correlating the Fontan operation with persistent coronary-cavitary fistulas. Cheung<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> found myocardial ischemia in 2 of the 4 cases with persistent coronary-cavitary fistulas after Fontan. On the other hand, Guleserian<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> found a good evolution of the 19 patients with cavitary-coronary fistulas submitted to Fontan and in 7 cases after Glenn. The survival of these patients was 81.3% at 5, 10 and 15 years after Fontan, with an average survival of 12.1 years. This author also points out that mortality was restricted to patients with a more exuberant ischemic condition (6 out of 32&#8211;18.8%), but also in an early period, just 3 months after Blalock-Taussig. In this group, aortocoronary atresia was present in 3 of these patients.</p>
        <p>However, more unfavorable evolution was reported by Elias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> in view of the 9% mortality (11/120 patients) in an evolutionary period of 9.1 years after Fontan. In these patients, sudden death occurred in 6 of the 11 patients and, of these, 4 had coronary artery circulation dependent on the right ventricle. The cause of death of these patients was related to myocardial ischemia.</p>
        <p>In summary, it can be concluded that patients with repercussion coronary-cavitary fistulas should be repaired early and those submitted to the Fontan principle, even with lesser repercussions, should be monitored and investigated by stress tests under strict evaluation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
