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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tQsKZ43mK9JZYFyt6ddDhGF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000701119</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190846</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190846</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Macrosc&#243;pica da Aterosclerose nas Art&#233;rias: Uma Ferramenta de Avalia&#231;&#227;o na Aut&#243;psia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9594-663X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torquato</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Gon&#231;alves Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Helena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Gon&#231;alves dos Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Juliano</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Sanches</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Vicente de Paula Antunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5901-5803</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Mara L&#250;cia da Fonseca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Uberaba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro , Uberaba , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Mariana Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro - Avenida Frei Paulino, 30. CEP 38025-180, Uberaba, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>maholiveira7@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira MS, Torquato BGS, Juliano GR, Aguiar LS, Ferraz MLF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira MS, Torquato BGS, Soares MH; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira MS, Torquato BGS, Soares MH, Ferraz MLF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira MS, Torquato BGS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Teixeira VPA, Ferraz MLF; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira MS, Torquato BGS, Aguiar L; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Monteiro ML, Juliano GR, Aguiar LS, Teixeira VPA, Ferraz MLF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1119</fpage>
      <lpage>1126</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A aterosclerose, em alguns casos, &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica, sendo necess&#225;rio conhecer o grau de comprometimento arterial provocado pelas placas e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com os fatores de risco. O exame de aut&#243;psia permite a compreens&#227;o dos processos b&#225;sicos de doen&#231;as, assim como a avalia&#231;&#227;o e fornecimento de dados sobre a caracter&#237;stica macrosc&#243;pica do acometimento ateroscler&#243;tico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Avaliar macroscopicamente e padronizar o acometimento ateroscler&#243;tico das art&#233;rias aorta, car&#243;tidas e il&#237;acas e comparar com a idade, o sexo e a causa de morte.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Foram coletados 53 art&#233;rias aorta, 53 art&#233;rias car&#243;tida direita, 53 art&#233;rias car&#243;tida esquerda, 53 art&#233;rias il&#237;aca direita e 53 art&#233;rias il&#237;aca esquerda. Para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o, foi considerada a extens&#227;o de estrias lip&#237;dicas, de placas ateromatosas, de fibrose e de calcifica&#231;&#227;o, as quais serviram de refer&#234;ncia para pontuar a intensidade do acometimento ateroscler&#243;tico. Foram observados v&#225;rios graus da aterosclerose e valores acurados para a classifica&#231;&#227;o discreta, moderada e acentuada. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o software <italic>GraphPad Prism</italic> <sup>&#174;</sup> 7.0. As diferen&#231;as foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando &#8220;p&#8221; foi menor que 5% (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>As art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas apresentaram maior acometimento ateroscler&#243;tico em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras art&#233;rias avaliadas (K=15,73, p=0,0004). A ocorr&#234;ncia da aterosclerose se mostrou progressiva e significativa com o decorrer da idade (car&#243;tidas: t=6,321; p&lt;0,0001; aortas: U=83,5; p&lt;0,0001; il&#237;acas: U=306; p&lt;0,0001) e na causa de morte cardiovascular (car&#243;tidas: t=5,047; p&lt;0,0001; aortas: U=98,5; p=0,0068; il&#237;acas: U=467,5; p=0,0012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose trata-se de uma forma inovadora e de baixo custo de avalia&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da visualiza&#231;&#227;o direta das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas, possibilitando uma associa&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco como idade avan&#231;ada e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, fornecendo dados importantes para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Assintom&#225;ticas</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Aut&#243;psia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hereditariedade</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico Precoce</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial associada a fatores heredit&#225;rios, sexo e h&#225;bitos de vida como o tabagismo, alimenta&#231;&#227;o inadequada e pouca ou nenhuma atividade f&#237;sica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a e progress&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica provoca inflama&#231;&#227;o e deposi&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios nas paredes das art&#233;rias <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> que podem desencadear o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares com alta incid&#234;ncia a n&#237;vel mundial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico precoce da aterosclerose como preditor da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio se faz necess&#225;rio para reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade associada &#224; doen&#231;a. Estudos exploram a preval&#234;ncia e a associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores que contribuem para estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos riscos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o e o diagn&#243;stico precoces em pacientes que se enquadram nesses grupos se fazem importantes.</p>
      <p>Sabe-se que o exame de aut&#243;psia &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia, pois permite a compreens&#227;o dos processos b&#225;sicos das doen&#231;as. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que al&#233;m da elimina&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco associados &#224; aterosclerose existem medicamentos atualmente eficazes para o tratamento dessa doen&#231;a. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, para a efic&#225;cia do tratamento &#233; necess&#225;rio conhecer o grau de comprometimento arterial provocado pelas placas ateroscler&#243;ticas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Tal fato torna a nossa avalia&#231;&#227;o e fornecimento de dados sobre a caracter&#237;stica macrosc&#243;pica ainda mais valiosa, pois estudos de aut&#243;psia permitem uma visualiza&#231;&#227;o ampla e direta da aterosclerose. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por se tratar de uma doen&#231;a cardiovascular, multifatorial e respons&#225;vel pelo desenvolvimento de enfermidades graves, a avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose em material de aut&#243;psia &#233; importante, pois fornece uma descri&#231;&#227;o fidedigna e padronizada sobre a progress&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. A associa&#231;&#227;o dos aspectos macrosc&#243;picos com os fatores de risco contribue para o fornecimento de dados epidemiol&#243;gicos para a cl&#237;nica. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar macroscopicamente a intensidade do acometimento ateroscler&#243;tico das art&#233;rias aorta, car&#243;tidas e il&#237;acas e comparar o grau do acometimento nesses leitos arteriais e com fatores de risco como a idade, o sexo e a causa de morte.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram avaliados 2.931 protocolos de aut&#243;psias realizadas, no per&#237;odo de 1963 a 2018. A partir desses protocolos, foram selecionados os materiais biol&#243;gicos (art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, aorta e il&#237;acas) daqueles pacientes que apresentaram o laudo de aut&#243;psia completo, com informa&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224; idade (selecionados com idade superior a 18 anos), ao sexo e a causa de morte (cardiovascular ou n&#227;o). Os casos em que os materiais biol&#243;gicos n&#227;o se encontravam em bom estado de conserva&#231;&#227;o ou que tinham o laudo de aut&#243;psia incompleto foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Foi obtida uma amostra de 53 pacientes autopsiados. Ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra, do arquivo de pe&#231;as anat&#244;micas da disciplina de Patologia Geral, foram coletados 53 art&#233;rias aorta, 53 art&#233;rias car&#243;tida direita, 53 art&#233;rias car&#243;tida esquerda, 53 art&#233;rias il&#237;aca direita e 53 art&#233;rias il&#237;aca esquerda.</p>
      <p>O estudo foi desenvolvido na disciplina de Patologia Geral da Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro sob o n&#250;mero de Certificado de Apresenta&#231;&#227;o de Aprecia&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica (CAAE): 56931816.4.0000.5154 em conformidade com a resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose</title>
        <p>Tr&#234;s examinadores realizaram a classifica&#231;&#227;o da intensidade macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose nas art&#233;rias aorta, car&#243;tida direita, car&#243;tida esquerda, il&#237;aca direita e il&#237;aca esquerda. Foi feita utilizando-se um crit&#233;rio j&#225; descrito na literatura. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A progress&#227;o de estrias lip&#237;dicas, de placas ateromatosas, de fibrose e de calcifica&#231;&#227;o, na parede das art&#233;rias serviram de refer&#234;ncia para pontuar a intensidade do acometimento ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Em uma folha foi feita uma linha de 12,0 cm n&#227;o milimetrada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref> ). Essa linha foi utilizada como escala para o acometimento da aterosclerose.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Art&#233;ria aorta com estrias lip&#237;dicas. B) Art&#233;ria aorta com placas ateromatosas. C) Art&#233;ria aorta com placas ateromatosas, fibrose e calcifica&#231;&#245;es.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1119-90846-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Modelo de linha de 12,0 cm n&#227;o milimetrada utilizada como escala para o acometimento da aterosclerose. B) Registro do ponto na escala n&#227;o milimetrada, referente &#224; intensidade do acometimento, ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es. C) Medida da dist&#226;ncia do ponto 0,0 cm ao ponto marcado ap&#243;s a finaliza&#231;&#227;o das avalia&#231;&#245;es em todas as art&#233;rias.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1119-90846-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ao abrirem uma art&#233;ria, os examinadores observavam a progress&#227;o das les&#245;es, em seguida, registrava-se um ponto na escala referente a intensidade do acometimento, quanto mais pr&#243;ximo do 0,0 cm menor o acometimento, e quanto mais pr&#243;ximo de 12,0 cm maior o acometimento ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o final de todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es, foi realizada a medida da dist&#226;ncia do ponto 0,0 cm ao ponto marcado na escala pelos examinadores, com a finalidade de evitar interfer&#234;ncias nas classifica&#231;&#245;es ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2C</xref> ). Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o em discreto, moderado e acentuado, foram padronizadas medidas na escala. A intensidade da aterosclerose foi classificada como discreta quando a avalia&#231;&#227;o foi de 0,1cm a 4,0cm; moderada, de 4,1cm a 7,0cm e acentuada, de 7,1cm a 12,0cm. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Foram observados v&#225;rios graus da aterosclerose e valores acurados para a classifica&#231;&#227;o discreta, moderada e acentuada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Art&#233;ria aorta avaliada como discreta. B) Art&#233;ria aorta avaliada como moderada. C) Art&#233;ria aorta avaliada como acentuada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1119-90846-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi elaborado um banco de dados no programa <italic>Microsoft Excel</italic> <sup>&#174;</sup> . Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o <italic>software GraphPad Prism</italic> <sup><italic>&#174;</italic></sup> 7.0. Para verificar o tipo de distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi aplicado o teste estat&#237;stico de <italic>Kolmogorov-Smirnov</italic> (com <italic>Dallal-Wilkinson-Lillie</italic> para valor de p). Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas a m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e para as com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, a mediana e intervalo interquartil. Utilizamos o teste t de <italic>student</italic> (t) n&#227;o pareado para a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste de <italic>Mann-Whitney</italic> (U) para a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal na compara&#231;&#227;o de dois grupos. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s grupos, foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis (H), seguido pelo p&#243;s-teste de Dunn. Para correla&#231;&#227;o foi empregado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Spearman</italic> (rS) para distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal. As diferen&#231;as foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando &#8220;p&#8221; foi menor que 5% (p&lt;0,05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o geral da amostra, os dados est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>n (%)</th>
                <th>Idade m&#233;dia&#177; DP (anos)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total da amostra</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">53 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">49,9&#177;18,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idoso</td>
                <td align="center">17 (32,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">72,88&#177;8,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o idoso</td>
                <td align="center">36 (67,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">39,05&#177;10,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino total</td>
                <td align="center">26 (49,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">49,77&#177;16,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino total</td>
                <td align="center">27 (50,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">50,04&#177;20,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino idoso</td>
                <td align="center">7 (41,18%)</td>
                <td align="center">72&#177;6,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino idoso</td>
                <td align="center">10 (58,82%)</td>
                <td align="center">74&#177;9,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino n&#227;o idoso</td>
                <td align="center">19 (52,78%)</td>
                <td align="center">41,58&#177;9,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino n&#227;o idoso</td>
                <td align="center">17 (47,22%)</td>
                <td align="center">36,24&#177;10,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Causa de morte</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">10 (18,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">64,3&#177;17,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">43 (81,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">46,56&#177;17,43</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>n: amostra; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas apresentaram maior acometimento ateroscler&#243;tico em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras art&#233;rias avaliadas (H=15,73, p=0,0004), sendo encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa entre as art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e il&#237;acas (p=0,0002).</p>
      <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o da intensidade macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose nas art&#233;rias analisadas est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica das car&#243;tidas direita e esquerda, aortas e il&#237;acas direita e esquerda dos pacientes autopsiados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Car&#243;tida (cm)</th>
                <th>Aorta (cm)</th>
                <th>Il&#237;aca (cm)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idoso</td>
                <td align="center">7,256&#177;2,254</td>
                <td align="center">8,6 (4,6-9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 (3,85-9,07)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o idoso</td>
                <td align="center">3,983&#177;2,59</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (1,13-3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,15 (0,5-2,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">t=6,321; p&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">U=83,5; p&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">U=306; p&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">4,675&#177;2,593</td>
                <td align="center">2,6 (1,28-6,18)</td>
                <td align="center">1,85 (0,6-4,78)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">5,378&#177;3,178</td>
                <td align="center">3,7 (1,5-9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,85 (0,98-8,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">t=1,245; p=0,2160</td>
                <td align="center">U=285; p=2442</td>
                <td align="center">U=1165; p=0,1316</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Causa de morte</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">7,7&#177;2,617</td>
                <td align="center">7,25 (3,33-10,58)</td>
                <td align="center">5,1 (2,65-7,18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">4,413&#177;2,625</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 (1,2-7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (0,6-4,73)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">t=5,047; p&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">U=98,5; p=0,0068</td>
                <td align="center">U=467,5; p=0,0012</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>n:amostra; cm: cent&#237;metros.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As distribui&#231;&#245;es da avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, aortas e il&#237;acas e os diferentes graus do acometimento macrosc&#243;pico da aterosclerose est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) Compara&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, aortas e il&#237;acas. B) Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, aortas e il&#237;acas classificadas como discretas (0 a 4 cm). C) Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, aortas e il&#237;acas classificadas como moderadas (4,1 a 7 cm). D) Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, aortas e il&#237;acas classificadas como acentuadas (7,1 a 12 cm).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1119-90846-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia da aterosclerose se mostrou progressiva e significativa com o decorrer da idade nas car&#243;tidas (rS=0,5133; p&lt;0,0001), nas aortas (rS=0,716; p&lt;0,0001) e nas il&#237;acas (rS= 0,7378; p&lt;0,0001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose nas car&#243;tidas com a idade. B) Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose nas aortas com a idade. C) Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose nas il&#237;acas com a idade.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1119-90846-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>De acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da aterosclerose com as vari&#225;veis analisadas, os dados est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Por meio de uma amostra proveniente de material de aut&#243;psia, evidenciou-se o acometimento da aterosclerose em diferentes leitos arteriais sendo eles de grande import&#226;ncia para o suprimento sangu&#237;neo do organismo. A an&#225;lise macrosc&#243;pica fornece um meio de compreender o processo de desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a, sendo um instrumento v&#225;lido e necess&#225;rio para a pesquisa e fornecimento de dados para a cl&#237;nica como j&#225; demonstrado em outros estudos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo demonstrou um maior acometimento nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas, quando comparada &#224;s art&#233;rias aorta e il&#237;acas, por&#233;m com diferen&#231;a significativa somente entre as car&#243;tidas e il&#237;acas. Embora a aterosclerose seja um processo que possa acometer toda a &#225;rvore circulat&#243;ria, sendo encontrada em qualquer art&#233;ria de grande ou m&#233;dio calibre, a doen&#231;a tende a localizar-se em &#225;reas particulares do sistema arterial, como os segmentos aortoil&#237;aco, il&#237;acofemoral ou as art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas. Fatores como modifica&#231;&#245;es do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, altera&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o extra vascular e particularidades anat&#244;micas e bioqu&#237;micas parecem explicar a prefer&#234;ncia das les&#245;es por esses vasos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso a car&#243;tida &#233; uma art&#233;ria avaliada em v&#225;rios outros estudos como marcadora de aterosclerose e determinante para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De modo geral, a intensidade da aterosclerose variou entre discreta e moderada. Nas les&#245;es avaliadas como discretas havia presen&#231;a de estrias lip&#237;dicas, o que indica o in&#237;cio do processo da les&#227;o. Embora essas les&#245;es n&#227;o alterem a circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea por n&#227;o obstru&#237;rem a luz vascular, a sua localiza&#231;&#227;o facilita a cont&#237;nua deposi&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e evolu&#231;&#227;o para aterosclerose. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos pacientes idosos houve uma intensidade maior e significativa da aterosclerose quando comparado aos n&#227;o idosos. A idade tem sido demonstrada com um preditor significativo para o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Foi encontrado um aumento de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas acentuadas e assintom&#225;ticas em art&#233;rias de pacientes idosos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> assim como calcifica&#231;&#245;es, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> o que corrobora com nossos achados.</p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, foi encontrado maior intensidade da aterosclerose nas mulheres, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a significativa, o que corrobora com um estudo semelhante que analisou a aterosclerose por meio de ultrassonografia, onde os autores n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as entre os sexos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Um estudo recente comprovou que os sexos respondem fisiologicamente aos fatores de risco (tabagismo, obesidade, diabetes e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica) de forma diferente, sendo o sexo feminino o mais acometido e sensibilizado frente &#224;s agress&#245;es citadas. Embora muitos estudos comprovem que maiores &#237;ndices de eventos cardiovasculares s&#227;o nos homens, v&#234;m sendo apresentadas pesquisas divergentes a esse fato, visto que a resposta fisiol&#243;gica do sexo feminino &#233; mais sens&#237;vel frente aos fatores de risco, o que contribui para o desenvolvimento ou piora do quadro da doen&#231;a cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo os pacientes que foram a &#243;bito devido a causas cardiovasculares apresentaram intensidade significativamente maior de aterosclerose. O estudo anatomopatol&#243;gico de pacientes que foram &#224; &#243;bito por causas cardiovasculares fornece a melhor amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o para se estudar a aterosclerose. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares est&#227;o diretamente associadas com a ocorr&#234;ncia da aterosclerose sist&#234;mica, que na maioria das vezes &#233; assintom&#225;tica, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> o que dificulta a preven&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m de extrema import&#226;ncia.</p>
      <p>De forma geral, nosso estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es por ser um estudo post mortem, como a perda de algumas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os h&#225;bitos de vida anteriores dos pacientes como uso de medica&#231;&#245;es, alimenta&#231;&#227;o, tabagismo, entre outros fatores de risco que tamb&#233;m est&#227;o relacionados com o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. Al&#233;m disso, alguns &#243;bitos ocorreram sem que a aterosclerose fosse investigada anteriormente durante a interna&#231;&#227;o do paciente, o que seria um bom preditor para a acur&#225;cia da avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica. Por&#233;m existem v&#225;rios pontos positivos que fortalecem o trabalho, como o fato da avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica direta e precisa atrav&#233;s da visualiza&#231;&#227;o da placa em sua totalidade, e a confirma&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco intr&#237;nsecos como a idade e o sexo e tamb&#233;m a causa de morte que pode ter ocorrido devido a fatores extr&#237;nsecos. Al&#233;m disso, foram coletados v&#225;rios leitos arteriais de import&#226;ncia para a circula&#231;&#227;o corp&#243;rea (car&#243;tida direita e esquerda, aorta e il&#237;aca direita e esquerda) que demonstraram resultados semelhantes quando comparados aos fatores de risco e que confirmaram serem bons locais para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose sist&#234;mica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A aterosclerose apresenta um padr&#227;o de les&#227;o progressivo ao longo da vida, que afeta diferentes leitos arteriais, sendo que as art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas s&#227;o as mais acometidas, mostrando-se bons marcadores para estudo e avalia&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. O estudo mostra a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose e traz uma forma inovadora de avalia&#231;&#227;o, pois &#233; poss&#237;vel mensurar a intensidade macrosc&#243;pica do acometimento atrav&#233;s da visualiza&#231;&#227;o direta das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas e comparar com fatores de risco que, em associa&#231;&#227;o podem contribuir para a progress&#227;o da placa e para o desenvolvimento de outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A idade avan&#231;ada, o sexo feminino e a causa de morte cardiovascular contribuem como fatores de risco para maior ac&#250;mulo lip&#237;dico nestas art&#233;rias. A avalia&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica &#233; um m&#233;todo de baixo custo, eficaz e padronizado para a mensura&#231;&#227;o da intensidade da aterosclerose e permite a melhor compreens&#227;o do desenvolvimento de outros eventos cardiovasculares no momento da aut&#243;psia, al&#233;m de fornecer dados para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) e &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa de Uberaba (FUNEPU) pelo financiamento da pesquisa e &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) pelo financiamento da pesquisa e concess&#227;o de bolsa de estudo.</p>
    </ack>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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  </back>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Macroscopic Evaluation of Atherosclerosis in the Arteries: An Autopsy Assessment Tool</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9594-663X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torquato</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Gon&#231;alves Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Helena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Gon&#231;alves dos Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Juliano</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Sanches</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Vicente de Paula Antunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5901-5803</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Mara L&#250;cia da Fonseca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Mariana Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro - Avenida Frei Paulino, 30. Postal Code 38025-180, Uberaba, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: maholiveira7@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira MS,Torquato BGS, Juliano GR, Aguiar LS, Ferraz MLF; Acquisition of data: Oliveira MS, Torquato BGS, Soares MH; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira MS, Torquato BGS, Soares MH, Ferraz MLF; Statistical analysis: Oliveira MS, Torquato BGS; Obtaining financing: Teixeira VPA, Ferraz MLF; Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira MS, Torquato BGS, Aguiar L; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Monteiro ML, Juliano GR, Aguiar LS, Teixeira VPA, Ferraz MLF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Atherosclerosis, in some cases, is an asymptomatic condition, and it is important to know the degree of arterial impairment caused by plaques and its association with risk factors. Autopsy examination provides understanding of basic disease processes and assessment to data about macroscopic characteristic of atherosclerotic involvement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To macroscopically assess and standardize atherosclerotic involvement of aorta, carotid and iliac arteries and compare with age, gender and causes of death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>We collected 53 aortic arteries, 53 right carotid arteries, 53 left carotid arteries, 53 right iliac arteries and 53 left iliac arteries. For this assessment, the extension of fatty streaks, atheromatous plaques, fibrosis and calcification were considered, being the reference to score the degree of atherosclerotic involvement. Many degrees of atherosclerosis and accurate values were observed for mild, moderate and severe classification. For statistical analysis, data were analyzed using the software GraphPad Prism&#174; 7.0. Differences were considered statistically significant if p-value was less than 5% (p &lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Carotid arteries had greater atherosclerotic involvement compared to the other arteries (K = 15.73, p = 0.0004). Atherosclerosis was progressive and significant with increasing age (carotid arteries: t = 6.321; p &lt;0.0001; aorta: U = 83.5; p &lt;0.0001; iliac: U = 306; p &lt;0.0001) and as cause of cardiovascular death (carotids: t = 5.047; p &lt;0.0001; aorta: U = 98.5; p = 0.0068; iliac: U = 467.5; p = 0.0012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Macroscopic assessment of atherosclerosis is an innovative and low-cost way of direct visualization of atherosclerotic plaques, enabling an association with risk factors such as increasing age and cardiovascular diseases, providing important data for clinical practice.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Asymptomatic Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Arteries</kwd>
        <kwd>Autopsy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heredity</kwd>
        <kwd>Early Diagnosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease associated with hereditary factors, sex and lifestyle habits such as smoking, inadequate diet and sedentary lifestyle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Inflammation and deposition of lipids in the artery wall are involved in triggering and progression of atherosclerotic plaques<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> leading to cardiovascular diseases with high incidence worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The early diagnosis of atherosclerosis as a predictor of coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction reduces morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Studies explore prevalence and association of factors that contribute to risk stratification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Evaluation and early diagnosis in patients of these groups are important.</p>
        <p>It is known that the autopsy exam is extremely important, as it allows the understanding of the basic processes of diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Studies have shown that in addition to eliminating risk factors associated with atherosclerosis, there are currently effective drugs for the treatment of this disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, for the treatment to be effective, it is worthy to know the degree of arterial impairment caused by atherosclerotic plaques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This fact makes our assessment and data on the macroscopic characteristics even more valuable, as autopsy studies allow a broad and direct view of atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As atherosclerosis is a multifactorial cardiovascular disease, responsible for the development of serious illnesses, its macroscopic assessment in autopsy material is important to provide a reliable and standardized description of atherosclerotic plaque progression. The association of macroscopic aspects with risk factors provides epidemiological data for clinical practice. The objective of this study was to identify macroscopically the intensity of atherosclerotic involvement of aorta, carotid and iliac arteries and to compare the degree of involvement with risk factors such as age, gender and cause of death.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>We evaluated 2931 autopsy protocols performed between 1963 and 2018. Based on these protocols, biological materials (carotid, aorta and iliac arteries) were selected from those patients who presented complete autopsy report, with information about age (included those over 18 years old), gender and the cause of death (cardiovascular or not). Cases with biological materials in inadequate conditions or with incomplete autopsy reports were excluded from the study. A sample of 53 autopsied patients was obtained from the anatomical specimen file of the Discipline of General Pathology, totalizing 53 aortic arteries, 53 right carotid arteries, 53 left carotid arteries, 53 right iliac arteries and 53 left iliac arteries. The study was developed in the Discipline of General Pathology of Federal University of Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Federal University of Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro with the Certificate of Presentation of Ethical Appreciation (CAAE) number: 56931816.4.0000.5154 in accordance with the resolution 466/2012.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Macroscopic evaluation of atherosclerosis</title>
          <p>Three examiners evaluated macroscopic degree of atherosclerosis in aorta, right carotid, left carotid, right iliac and left iliac arteries, using criteria already described in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The progression of fatty streaks, atheromatous plaques, fibrosis and calcification on artery walls were a reference to score the degree of involvement ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). A 12.0 cm non-millimeter line was made on a sheet ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> ) and this line was used as a scale for atherosclerosis involvement.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A) Aortic artery with fatty streaks. B Aorta with atheromatous plaques. C) Aorta with atheromatous plaques, fibrosis and calcifications.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1119-90846-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A) A 12.0 cm non-millimeter line model used as a scale for measurement of atherosclerosis degree. B) Registration of the point on the non-millimeter scale, referring to the degree of involvement after evaluation of lesions. C) Measure of the distance from the 0.0 cm point to the marked point after finishing evaluations in all arteries.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1119-90846-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>After opening the artery, examiners observed the degree of lesions, then a point was recorded on the scale regarding the degree of involvement, the closer to 0.0 cm the lesser the involvement, and the closer to 12.0 cm the greater the involvement ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> ).</p>
          <p>After the end of all evaluations, the distance from the 0.0 cm point to the point marked on the scale by examiners was measured, in order to avoid interferences in classifications ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2C</xref> ). The intensity of atherosclerosis was classified as mild if the evaluation was from 0.1 cm to 4.0 cm; moderate, from 4.1cm to 7.0cm and accentuated, from 7.1cm to 12.0cm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Many degrees of atherosclerosis and accurate values were observed in mild, moderate and accentuated classification ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A) Atherosclerosis in aortic artery assessed as mild. B) Atherosclerosis in aortic artery assessed as moderate. C) Atherosclerosis in aortic artery assessed as accentuated.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1119-90846-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>For statistical analysis, a database was created in the program <italic>Microsoft Excel</italic> <sup>&#174;</sup>. Data were analyzed using the <italic>software GraphPad Prism</italic> <sup><italic>&#174;</italic></sup> 7.0. To verify the type of distribution of variables, the statistical test of <italic>Kolmogorov-Smirnov</italic> (with <italic>Dallal-Wilkinson-Lillie</italic> for p-value). For continuous variables with normal distribution, the mean and standard deviation were presented, and for those with non-normal distribution, the median and interquartile range. We used the unpaired student&#8217;s t-test (t) for normal distribution and the <italic>Mann-Whitney</italic> (U) for non-normal distribution comparison between two groups. For the comparison of three groups, Kruskal-Wallis (H) test was used, followed by Dunn post-test. Spearman&#8217;s correlation coefficient (rS) for non-normal distribution was used for correlation. A p-value less than 0.05 (typically &#8804; 0.05) was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Regarding general distribution of the sample, data are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; General characteristics of the sample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>Mean age (years &#177; SD)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">53 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49.9 &#177; 18.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Elderly</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (32.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72.88 &#177; 8.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non elderly</td>
                  <td align="center">3,983&#177;2.59</td>
                  <td align="center">39.05 &#177; 10.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (49.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49.77 &#177; 16.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (50.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50.04 &#177; 20.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Elderly male</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (41.18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 6.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Elderly female</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (58.82%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 &#177; 9.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non elderly male</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (52.78%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41.58 &#177; 9.84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non elderly female</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (47.22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.24 &#177; 10.22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cause of death</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (18.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64.3 &#177; 17.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (81.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46.56 &#177; 17.43</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>n: sample; SD: standard deviation.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Carotid arteries showed greater atherosclerotic involvement than other arteries assessed (H = 15.73, p = 0.0004), with a significant difference found between carotid and iliac arteries (p = 0.0002). Variation in macroscopic degrees of atherosclerosis is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Macroscopic evaluation of right and left carotid, aorta and right and left iliac arteries of autopsied patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Carotid (cm)</th>
                  <th>Aorta (cm)</th>
                  <th>Iliac (cm)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>n=53 (100%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">
                    <bold>mean &#177;standard deviation or median (minimum-maximum)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Elderly</td>
                  <td align="center">7,256&#177;2,254</td>
                  <td align="center">8.6 (1.3-9.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9 (1.2-9.07)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non elderly</td>
                  <td align="center">3,983&#177;2.59</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 (0.5-3.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.15 (0.1-2.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">t=6,321; p&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center">U=83.5; p&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center">U=306; p&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">4,675&#177;2,593</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6 (0.5-10)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.85 (0.1-10.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">5,378&#177;3,178</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7 (0.5-11.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.85 (0.1-11.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">t=1,245; p=0.2160</td>
                  <td align="center">U=285; p=2442</td>
                  <td align="center">U=1165; p=0.1316</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cause of death</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">7.7&#177;2,617</td>
                  <td align="center">7.25 (1.9-11.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1 (0.9-11)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">4,413&#177;2,625</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 (0.5-11)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 (0.1-11.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">t=5,047; p&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td align="center">U=98.5; p=0.0068</td>
                  <td align="center">U=467.5; p=0.0012</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>n: sample; cm: centimeters.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Macroscopic assessment and different degrees of macroscopic involvement of atherosclerosis in carotid, aortic and iliac arteries are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Comparison of atherosclerosis macroscopic assessment in carotid, aortic and iliac arteries. B) Comparison between macroscopic evaluation of atherosclerosis in carotid, aortic and iliac arteries classified as mild (0 to 4 cm). C) Comparison between macroscopic assessment of atherosclerosis in carotid, aortic and iliac arteries classified as moderate (4.1 to 7 cm). D) Comparison between macroscopic assessment of atherosclerosis in the carotid, aortic and iliac arteries classified as accentuated (7.1 to 12 cm).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1119-90846-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The occurrence of atherosclerosis was progressive and significant with age in carotid arteries (rS = 0.5133; p &lt;0.0001), in aortic (rS = 0.716; p &lt;0.0001) and in iliac arteries (rS = 0.7378; p &lt;0.0001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Correlation between macroscopic evaluation of atherosclerosis in carotid arteries with age. B) Correlation between the macroscopic assessment of atherosclerosis in aortic arteries with age. C) Correlation between macroscopic assessment of atherosclerosis in iliac arteries with age.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1119-90846-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Data regarding atherosclerosis macroscopic assessment and the variables analyzed are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Using autopsy material we demonstrated atherosclerosis in different arterial beds, which are of great importance for the body&#8217;s blood supply. Macroscopic analysis is a way to understand disease development process, being a valid and accurate instrument for research, providing data to clinical practice as already demonstrated in other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study demonstrated a greater involvement of carotid arteries, compared to aorta and iliac arteries, but with significant difference only between carotid and iliac arteries. Although atherosclerosis is a process that can affect the entire vascular tree, being found in any large or medium-sized arteries, the disease tends to be located in particular areas, such as aortoiliac, iliac-femoral segments or carotid arteries. Factors such as changes in blood flow, in extra vascular pressure and anatomical and biochemical features seem to explain the prevalence of lesions for these vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, carotid arteries are evaluated in several other studies for atherosclerosis degree and determination of cardiovascular diseases development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In general, atherosclerosis degree varied between mild and moderate. In lesions evaluated as mild, fatty streaks were present, which indicates the beginning of injury process. Although these lesions do not alter blood circulation as they do not obstruct vascular lumen, their location facilitates continuous lipid deposition and progression to atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Elderly patients had significantly greater degree of atherosclerosis than non-elderly. Age was a significant predictor for atherosclerosis development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> An increase in marked and asymptomatic atherosclerotic plaques was found in arteries from elderly patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> as well as calcifications,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> which corroborates our findings.</p>
        <p>Regarding gender, a higher degree of atherosclerosis was found in women, but without significant difference, which agrees with a similar study that used ultrasound to analyze atherosclerosis, in which authors found no differences between genders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A recent study proved that genders have diferente physiological responses to risk factors (smoking, obesity, diabetes and systemic arterial hypertension) and females are the most affected and sensitized with such aggressions. Although many studies showed higher rates of cardiovascular events in men, there are divergent researches showing female physiological response is more sensitive to risk factors, which contributes to the development or worsening of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, patients who died due to cardiovascular causes had a significantly higher degree of atherosclerosis. The anatomopathological study of patients who died due to cardiovascular causes provides the best sample of population to study atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Cardiovascular diseases are directly associated with the occurrence of systemic atherosclerosis, asymptomatic in most cases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> which makes prevention difficult, although extremely important.</p>
        <p>As a <italic>post-mortem</italic> study, it has some limitations such as the absence of some data about patients&#8217; lifestyle as medications, food, smoking, among other risk factors that are related to atherosclerosis development. In addition, some deaths occurred without atherosclerosis being previously investigated during patient&#8217;s hospitalization, which would be a good predictor for macroscopic evaluation accuracy. However, there are several positive points that strengthen the work, such as the direct and precise macroscopic evaluation through visualization of the entire plaque and the confirmation of association of intrinsic risk factors such as age and gender with cause of death that may have occurred due to extrinsic factors. In addition, several important arterial beds were collected (right and left carotid, right and left aorta and iliac) with similar results compared to risk factors and confirmed to be adequate sites for systemic atherosclerosis assessment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Atherosclerosis is a progressive lesion throughout life, which affects different arterial beds, with carotid arteries being the most affected, constituting an adequate sites for studying and assessing atherosclerotic plaque progression. The study highlights the importance of assessing atherosclerosis and shows an innovative form of assessment, as it is possible to measure the macroscopic degree of impairment through direct visualization of atherosclerotic plaques and compare with risk factors that, in association, can contribute to plaque progression and development of other cardiovascular diseases. Advanced age, female gender and death due to cardiovascular causes contribute as risk factors for greater lipid accumulation in these arteries. Macroscopic evaluation is a low-cost, effective and standardized method for measuring atherosclerosis degree and allows a better understanding of cardiovascular events development at the time of autopsy, in addition to providing data for clinical practice.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Mariana Oliveira, from Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>:  This study was partially funded by CAPES, CNPq, FAPEMIG e FUNEPU</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
