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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9MPL4z3mdRmfBZVLTzBtbyq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000701111</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200095</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200095</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Circula&#231;&#227;o Coronariana ap&#243;s a Cirurgia de Jatene</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baldo</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Nicoletti Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5772-0434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trad</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Sim&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tarcisio Jos&#233; da</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1165-9786</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Manso</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , Ribeir&#227;o Preto , SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Lotus Radiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Lotus Radiologia , Ribeir&#227;o Preto , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Henrique Manso &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Avenida Bandeirantes 3900. CEP 14040-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>phmanso@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Baldo MNF, Silva Junior TJ, Manso PH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Baldo MNF, Trad H, Manso PH; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Baldo MNF, Trad H, Silva Junior TJ, Manso PH; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Baldo MNF, Manso PH; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Trad H, Manso PH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1111</fpage>
      <lpage>1116</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ap&#243;s a cirurgia de Jatene ainda &#233; um desafio cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Correlacionar altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas identificadas por tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca (TCC) com altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas detectadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para diagnosticar obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Este estudo incluiu 61 pacientes consecutivos com idade m&#233;dia de 9,4 anos que foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene. Os pacientes realizaram ecocardiografia, eletrocardiografia, teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio, e tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca para avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional e anatomia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>A tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca revelou que somente 3,3% dos pacientes apresentaram estenose da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Esses pacientes eram assintom&#225;ticos, e n&#227;o foram detectados sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdicas pelos exames realizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#233; de 3,3% no seguimento tardio de nossa coorte de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene. N&#227;o existe uma diretriz clara sobre o porqu&#234;, quando, e como esses pacientes deveriam ser rastreados, ou o que propor quando pacientes assintom&#225;ticos forem diagnosticados com obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia de Jatene Transposi&#231;&#227;o das Grandes Art&#233;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar de a cirurgia de transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes vasos (cirurgia de Jatene) estar associada com baixa taxa de mortalidade precoce e baixa morbidade na maioria dos centros, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> complica&#231;&#245;es tardias, tais como les&#245;es obstrutivas da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, regurgita&#231;&#227;o e dilata&#231;&#227;o da valva neoa&#243;rtica podem estar presentes em at&#233; 25% dos casos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a ocorr&#234;ncia de anormalidades tardias na circula&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria t&#234;m sido relatadas em at&#233; 18% dos casos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, a real incid&#234;ncia de problemas tardios da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de Jatene &#233; desconhecida, uma vez que a maioria dos pacientes que apresentam estenose ou oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria podem ser assintom&#225;ticos, e as incid&#234;ncias relatadas tendem a depender da profundidade das investiga&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Ainda, n&#227;o existem diretrizes claras sobre quando esses pacientes deveriam ser rastreados ou sobre o melhor m&#233;todo de rastreamento nessa situa&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene requerem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o multimodal de poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es tardias. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT), a eletrocardiografia (ECG), e o teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) s&#227;o normalmente utilizados no acompanhamento em longo prazo desses pacientes. Contudo, esses m&#233;todos de rastreamento n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientemente sens&#237;veis para detectar anormalidades na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca (TCC) &#233; um bom m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da anatomia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene, com uma elevada resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial em um curto tempo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o. A TCC &#233; um m&#233;todo ideal para pacientes que necessitam de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias reimplantadas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivo</title>
      <p>Avaliar a circula&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio em uma coorte de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene utilizando ECG, ETT, TCPE, e TCC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo prospectivo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local (43493315.6.0000.5440). Foram recrutados pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o entre 1998 e 2009. Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram idade maior que cinco anos e consentimento por escrito dos pais para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo. Pacientes al&#233;rgicos a contraste iodado foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Dados cl&#237;nicos relacionados ao diagn&#243;stico inicial, anatomia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, e idade na cirurgia foram coletados dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. Os pacientes foram ent&#227;o submetidos &#224; ETT, ECG, TCC, e TCPE em um per&#237;odo de quatro meses.</p>
      <p>A ECG e a ETT foram realizadas de acordo com protocolos de rotina. O TCPE foi conduzido em uma esteira inclinada, com um aumento na inclina&#231;&#227;o durante o teste.</p>
      <p>A TCC foi realizada em um aparelho de 64 cortes (Somaton Sensation, Siemens, Alemanha). Quando necess&#225;rio, um betabloqueador oral foi administrado duas horas antes do exame, para atingir uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca menor que 80 bpm.</p>
      <p>As crian&#231;as participantes foram treinadas anteriormente para segurar o f&#244;lego por 10 segundos. Quando o paciente n&#227;o era capaz de cooperar, foi administrada midazolam endovenosa (0,1 a 0,2 mg/Kg). Par&#226;metros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem foram adaptados para se utilizar a dose mais baixa poss&#237;vel de radia&#231;&#227;o. Dois radiologistas independentes analisaram as imagens.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados. Os dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos em mediana e intervalos, e os dados categ&#243;ricos expressos como porcentagem. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o programa GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, EUA), com o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica definido como p&lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Dos 69 pacientes inicialmente recrutados, quatro n&#227;o concordaram em participar, dois perderam seguimento, e dois morreram (um durante o implante de <italic>stent</italic> na art&#233;ria pulmonar no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo, e um paciente morreu por causa desconhecida). Os 61 pacientes restantes foram submetidos &#224; ECG e ETT; 60 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; TCC; e 52 pacientes realizaram o TCPE. Todos os pacientes eram assintom&#225;ticos e n&#227;o usavam nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o para doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Setenta porcento dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A maioria dos pacientes apresentaram transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (TGA) com septo interventricular intacto (56,7%); 31,7% apresentaram TGA com defeito do septo ventricular (DSV); e 11% apresentaram anomalia de Taussig-Bing. No pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, a origem da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita foi normal em 90% dos pacientes (seio 1 e 2, respectivamente).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Abordagem cir&#250;rgica</title>
        <p>A cirurgia de Jatene foi realizada em um per&#237;odo mediano de 14 dias (2 a 38 dias); a idade mediana dos participantes foi 9,4 anos (5 a 18 anos), o peso mediano foi 29,9 Kg (20 a 84 Kg); e a altura mediana 134 cm (112 a 183 cm).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes possu&#237;am resultados de ECG e ETT. A maioria (96%) estava em ritmo sinusal, e 4% em ritmo atrial direito. Nenhum paciente apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST ou ectopia ventricular no ECG de repouso. A ETT mostrou que todos os pacientes apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal (&gt;55%) e motilidade regional da parede ventricular normal.</p>
        <p>TCPE: Cinquenta e um pacientes conseguiram realizar o TCPE (10 pacientes apresentavam condi&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas ou em algum membro que os impedia de realizar o teste), e nenhum apresentou anormalidades no seguimento ST ou arritmia durante o teste. Os pacientes apresentaram um VO <sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo de 31,7 mL/Kg/min (22,3 &#8211; 43,2) e atingiram uma m&#233;dia de 9 (6,4-12,3) METS.</p>
        <p>TCC: Sessenta pacientes realizaram TCC. O produto dose-comprimento (DLP, <italic>dose length product</italic> ) m&#233;dio foi 138 (56 -490) mGy-cm; a dose m&#233;dia foi 2 (0,9&#8211;8,7) mSv. Somente dois pacientes (3.3%) apresentaram anormalidades na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; um apresentou estenose moderada da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, e o outro obstru&#231;&#227;o grave da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). N&#243;s classificamos o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria de acordo com diretrizes pulicadas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ambos os pacientes eram assintom&#225;ticos, e os resultados em todos os outros testes (ECG de repouso, ETT e TCPE) eram normais ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). N&#227;o encontramos nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o diagn&#243;stico card&#237;aco prim&#225;rio ou padr&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e a presen&#231;a de estenose coron&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagem da tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita com obstru&#231;&#227;o grave (flecha).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1111-00095-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria segundo tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca (TCC)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Paciente 1</th>
                  <th>Paciente 2</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Les&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">Oclus&#227;o moderada da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">Obstru&#231;&#227;o grave da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,7</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diagn&#243;stico inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">TGA no VSD</td>
                  <td align="center">TGA with VSD</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Padr&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Usual</td>
                  <td align="center">Usual</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Septostomia atrial com bal&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,1</td>
                  <td align="center">26,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">168,5</td>
                  <td align="center">120,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECO</td>
                  <td align="center">FEVE 72% Sem anormalidades da motilidade regional da parede ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">FEVE 73% Sem anormalidades da motilidade regional da parede ventricular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG</td>
                  <td align="center">Sinus rhythm FC: 75 bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">Sinus rhythm FC: 64 bpm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TCPE</td>
                  <td align="center">TTR 1,1 Sem altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST</td>
                  <td align="center">TTR 0,96 Sem altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>ECG: Eletrocardiografia, ECO: Ecocardiografia, FC: Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, TGA: transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias, DSV: defeito do septo ventricular, FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, TTR: taxa de troca respirat&#243;ria, TCPE: teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene permanece um desafio cl&#237;nico. N&#227;o existe consenso sobre o intervalo apropriado e o melhor m&#233;todo de imagem para monitoramento. Falta uma estrat&#233;gia definitiva de abordagem quando anormalidades fisiol&#243;gicas ou anat&#244;micas subcl&#237;nicas s&#227;o identificadas, e sintomas atribu&#237;dos a potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o raros. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nenhum de nossos pacientes com anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria apresentou achados anormais nos exames de rotina (ECG, ecocardiografia e TCPE), o que tamb&#233;m foi descrito por outros autores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria ap&#243;s a cirurgia de Jatene permanece uma quest&#227;o importante. Acotovelamento ( <italic>kinking</italic> ), estenose, e obstru&#231;&#227;o podem ocorrer em qualquer momento ap&#243;s a cirurgia de Jatene, e um padr&#227;o bimodal foi descrito. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Contudo, a real incid&#234;ncia de problemas tardios na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ap&#243;s a cirurgia &#233; desconhecida. Alguns estudos sobre estenose da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria relataram aus&#234;ncia de qualquer anormalidade, outros encontraram sua ocorr&#234;ncia em at&#233; 18% dos casos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em uma coorte de 130 crian&#231;as consecutivas com idade aproximada de cinco anos, Ou et al. relataram uma preval&#234;ncia de 9,2% de les&#245;es na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No estudo de Tsuda et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> dos 40 pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria, 11 (27,5%) apresentavam anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. A maioria dos pacientes pareciam apresentar algum grau de espessamento intimal, mas a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica dessa informa&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o foi esclarecida. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Apesar de o risco de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio ter sido extensivamente descrito, o risco de les&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e isquemia em longo prazo ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Pacientes com les&#245;es graves da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria podem n&#227;o apresentar qualquer sintoma ou evid&#234;ncia de isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Uma vez que pacientes assintom&#225;ticos possam estar em risco, geralmente realiza-se investiga&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. A maioria das obstru&#231;&#245;es descritas s&#227;o do &#243;stio ou de tronco, causadas por compress&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o inicial da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Portanto, avaliar a pat&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria no acompanhamento em longo prazo &#233; essencial.</p>
      <p>Contudo, um estudo de uma grande s&#233;rie mostrou que somente 0,26% dos pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene passaram por alguma interven&#231;&#227;o na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria no acompanhamento em longo prazo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ainda, uma meta-an&#225;lise que incluiu 8798 pacientes em 66450 anos de acompanhamento mostrou que somente cinco mortes s&#250;bitas card&#237;acas ocorreram em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos. Em uma coorte de 647 pacientes acompanhados por 10 anos, s&#243; um paciente (0,1%) teve que ser reoperado por anormalidade da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria um ano depois da cirurgia de Jatene. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A maioria dos estudos sobre art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene foi realizado em pequenas amostras de pacientes que necessitaram de avalia&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria por algum motivo. Apesar do pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram avaliadas em quase toda a coorte de pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> De fato, 94% de nossos pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o multimodal. N&#227;o conseguimos identificar um fator de predisposi&#231;&#227;o para obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria nesses pacientes. Alguns pacientes n&#227;o conseguiram realizar o TCPE, e outros precisaram ser sedados antes da TCC. N&#227;o existe um consenso sobre quais pacientes devem ser submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ap&#243;s a cirurgia de Jatene. Enquanto v&#225;rios grupos defendem que todo paciente submetido &#224; cirurgia de Jatene deve ser avaliado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio, outros grupos afirmam que somente pacientes com anormalidades na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou exames de rotina devem ser avaliados. Segundo estudos de s&#233;ries de pacientes, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> entre 27% e 100% dos pacientes operados s&#227;o avaliados quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Alguns autores recomendam uma avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica precoce em todos os pacientes, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> apesar de uma meta-an&#225;lise ter mostrado um risco de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca de somente 0,05%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Outras s&#233;ries apresentaram a necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria de somente 0,26% dos pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nossa coorte, foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com idade maior que cinco anos, sendo a mediana de 9,4 anos. N&#227;o existe consenso sobre o tempo apropriado de se investigar anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio. Os pacientes s&#227;o ou avaliados rotineiramente ou somente se apresentam achados anormais em exames de rotina como ETT e ECG. Os autores investigaram rotineiramente a circula&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene tr&#234;s a oito anos ap&#243;s o procedimento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Enquanto alguns autores relataram que n&#227;o houve progress&#227;o das anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com o tempo, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> outros afirmaram que a condi&#231;&#227;o pode progredir. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Contudo, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso se esses pacientes deveriam ser escaneados apenas uma vez ou a cada cinco anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia de Jatene. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ainda, enquanto alguns autores sugerem uma angiografia coron&#225;ria ao redor de 12 anos de idade, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> outros sugerem que uma tomografia computadorizada (TC) pode ser realizada em todos os pacientes na puberdade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Outros ainda recomendam que as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias sejam rotineiramente examinadas ap&#243;s a idade de 17 anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Alguns centros recomendam a realiza&#231;&#227;o, na idade adulta, de TCC ou de angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva no m&#237;nimo uma vez em todos os pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes com estenose ou oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria podem ser assintom&#225;ticos, e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos podem ser elusivos. Anormalidades da motilidade regional da parede ventricular ou uma dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular progressiva podem sugerir estenose ou oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> mas esses achados s&#227;o raros.</p>
      <p>Os exames de rotina (ECG, ETT, TCPE) geralmente realizados no acompanhamento desses pacientes t&#234;m baixa sensibilidade (cerca de 43%), mas alta especificidade (cerca de 93%) para anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Alguns autores recomendam que pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene realizem um teste n&#227;o invasivo para detectar isquemia a cada tr&#234;s a cinco anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em nossa coorte, nenhum dos 61 pacientes apresentou resultado anormal no ECG ou ETT, e os dois pacientes com anormalidades coron&#225;rias tamb&#233;m apresentaram TCPE normal. Apesar de o TCPE conseguir detectar poss&#237;veis sinais de isquemia em pacientes que se submeteram &#224; cirurgia de Jatene, essas anormalidades n&#227;o se correlacionam bem com estudos de perfus&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por muito tempo, a angiografia coron&#225;ria seletiva foi considerada o m&#233;todo mais preciso para avalia&#231;&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ap&#243;s a cirurgia de Jatene <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> principalmente pela sua grande disponibilidade. No entanto, o cateter coron&#225;rio pode passar atrav&#233;s de uma estenose ostial e falhar em indicar uma obstru&#231;&#227;o ostial. Al&#233;m disso, as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o s&#227;o visualizadas em estruturas adjacentes que possam comprimi-las ou dobr&#225;-las. Ainda, a angiografia coron&#225;ria seletiva &#233; um procedimento invasivo com potencial risco vascular e requer exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e anestesia geral em crian&#231;as. Mesmo depois que as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias s&#227;o avaliadas por TC, alguns grupos ainda realizam angiografia como um m&#233;todo de rotina, argumentando ser esse o m&#233;todo de escolha por permitir interven&#231;&#227;o em caso de obstru&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, no entanto, a TCC surgiu como um m&#233;todo mais seguro e mais r&#225;pido para avaliar a circula&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria. A TCC de 64 cortes pode ser realizada com sucesso em crian&#231;as com idade maior que cinco anos e &#233; sens&#237;vel e espec&#237;fico para detectar estenose ou oclus&#227;o de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ap&#243;s a cirurgia de Jatene. Exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, uso de contraste iodado, e necessidade de acesso vascular s&#227;o as desvantagens desse m&#233;todo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A TC foi realizada em nossos pacientes de maneira segura, sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Apesar de a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca conseguir avaliar art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias sem o uso de radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, o m&#233;todo exige que o paciente permane&#231;a quieto por 60 minutos, o que requer anestesia ou seda&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as com idade menor que nove anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de aparelhos met&#225;licos, como <italic>stents</italic> , pode interferir nas imagens. Uma vez que metade dos pacientes necessitariam de seda&#231;&#227;o, e seis outros pacientes com idade maior que seis anos apresentavam <italic>stents</italic> da art&#233;ria pulmonar, todos foram avaliados por TCC.</p>
      <p>Nossos dois pacientes com anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria n&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o. Mesmo ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de uma oclus&#227;o ou obstru&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o existe consenso sobre a conduta, uma vez que a maioria dos pacientes s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos, sem altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG, ETT ou TCPE. Em v&#225;rias s&#233;ries, a taxa de reinterven&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de altera&#231;&#245;es na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria variou de 3,8 a 12% dos pacientes investigados, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> ou de 1 a 2% de todos os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de Jatene. Ainda, existe normalmente um atraso entre o diagn&#243;stico de les&#227;o de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e sua corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Em uma s&#233;rie de pacientes com obstru&#231;&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, o tempo entre o diagn&#243;stico de anormalidade da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e sua corre&#231;&#227;o foi, em m&#233;dia, de tr&#234;s anos, mas o intervalo entre o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento cir&#250;rgico poderia chegar a oito anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Os pacientes foram submetidos a alargamento cir&#250;rgico do &#243;stio coron&#225;rio, enxerto da art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria, ou dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o e implante de <italic>stent</italic> . <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica que analisou 8798 pacientes mostrou que somente cinco (0,05%) apresentaram morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita por anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, apesar que 7,3% dos pacientes apresentaram algum grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Outro ponto a considerar &#233; que 4,9% dos pacientes que tiveram que se submeter a reinterven&#231;&#227;o por obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria morreram. Em outra s&#233;rie de 7951 pacientes, somente 0,26% necessitaram de interven&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, e a taxa de mortalidade foi de 20%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo incluiu uma coorte de pacientes de uma &#250;nica institui&#231;&#227;o, de modo que vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o pode ter ocorrido. O n&#250;mero de casos tamb&#233;m pode ter sido inadequado para mostrar uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o diagn&#243;stico inicial ou o padr&#227;o inicial da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e subsequente anormalidades.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, a incid&#234;ncia de anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ap&#243;s a cirurgia de Jatene foi de 3,3%, e todos eram assintom&#225;ticos. Apesar de a comunidade m&#233;dica ter que estar atenta a tais condi&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s a cirurgia de Jatene, n&#227;o existem diretrizes claras sobre quando e como essas art&#233;rias devem ser abordadas e sobre o que fazer se as altera&#231;&#245;es na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ocorrerem em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo mostrou que os pacientes com obstru&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias podem ser assintom&#225;ticos mesmo ao TCPE, e com ECG e ETT normais. Uma abordagem multimodal, com informa&#231;&#227;o funcional e anat&#244;mica &#233; ainda necess&#225;ria. Com base nos nossos achados, decidimos manter um seguimento anual com ETT, ECG e TCPE. Se os pacientes apresentam sintomas cl&#237;nicos (arritmia, dor tor&#225;cica, ou fadiga excessiva), ou uma altera&#231;&#227;o em um exame de rotina, recomendamos uma TCC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos &#224; Cynthia Manso pela revis&#227;o da l&#237;ngua inglesa.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Mariana Nicoletti Ferreira Baldo pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
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    <fn-group>
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        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Coronary Circulation after Arterial Switch Operation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baldo</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Nicoletti Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5772-0434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trad</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Sim&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tarcisio Jos&#233; da</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1165-9786</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Manso</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Lotus Radiologia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Paulo Henrique Manso &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Avenida Bandeirantes 3900. Postal Code 14040-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP Brazil E-mail: phmanso@fmrp.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Baldo MNF, Silva Junior TJ, Manso PH; Acquisition of data: Baldo MNF, Trad H, Manso PH; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Baldo MNF, Trad H, Silva Junior TJ, Manso PH; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Baldo MNF, Manso PH; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Trad H, Manso PH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Coronary artery evaluation remains after arterial switch operation a clinical challenge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This study aims to correlate anatomical changes diagnosed by cardiac computed tomography (CCT) with physiological alterations on clinical evaluation to diagnose coronary obstruction in late ASO patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This study included 61 consecutive patients with mean age of 9.4 years who underwent ASO. The patients were submitted to echocardiography, electrocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise test, and cardiac computed tomography to evaluate functional capacity and coronary artery anatomy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Cardiac computed tomography revealed that only 3.3% of the patients had coronary stenosis. These patients were asymptomatic, and no signs of myocardial ischemia were detected by the tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The incidence of coronary abnormalities in late ASO patients was 3.3% in our cohort. There is no clear guideline as to why, when, and how these patients should be screened or what to propose when a coronary obstruction is diagnosed in asymptomatic patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Jatene&#8217;s Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Switch Operation</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography, X-Ray</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic, Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Although arterial switch operation (ASO) is associated with a low early mortality and morbidity in most centers,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> late complications, such as obstructive coronary artery lesions, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and neoaortic root dilation and regurgitation may be present in up to 25% of the cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In addition, late abnormalities in coronary artery circulation have been reported to occur in up to 18% of the cases in late follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, the true incidence of late coronary artery problems after ASO is unknown because most patients with coronary artery stenosis or occlusion may be asymptomatic, the reported incidences tend to depend on the depth of investigations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Besides, there are no clear guidelines about when these patients should be screened or the best screening method in this situation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to clinical evaluation, ASO patients require a multimodality assessment for possible late complications. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), electrocardiography (ECG), and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) are usually used for the long-term follow-up of these patients. Nevertheless, these screening methods are not sensitive enough to detect coronary artery abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) is a good method to evaluate coronary artery anatomy of ASO patients in the late post-operative phase, with a high spatial resolution within a short acquisition time. CCT is an ideal method for patients that need detailed evaluation of reimplanted coronary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objective</title>
        <p>To evaluate coronary artery circulation in a cohort of ASO patients in the late operative period by TTE, ECG, CPET, and CCT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This prospective study was approved by the local institutional review board (43493315.6.0000.5440). Patients that were submitted to ASO at our institution between 1998 and 2009 were recruited. Inclusion criteria were age over five years, and written consent of the parents to participation. Patients with known allergy to iodinated contrast were excluded from the study. Medical data regarding initial diagnosis, coronary artery anatomy, and age at surgery were collected from the medical records. The patients were then submitted to ECHO, ECG, CCT, and CPET within a four-month period.</p>
        <p>ECG and TTE were performed according to routine protocols. CPET was performed on an inclined treadmill at constant speed, with an increase in the inclination during the test.</p>
        <p>CCT was performed in a 64-slice device (Somaton Sensation, Siemens, Germany). When necessary, an oral beta-blocker was administered two hours before the exam so that a heart rate below 80 bpm would be achieved. The participating children had been previously trained to hold their breath for 10 seconds. When the patient was not able to cooperate, intravenous midazolam was given (0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg). Image acquisition parameters were adapted to enable the use of the lowest radiation dose possible. Two independent radiologists analyzed the images.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out. Continuous data are expressed as median and range; categorical data are expressed as percentage. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) with the level of statistical significance set at P&lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient demographics</title>
          <p>Of the 69 initially recruited patients, four did not agree to participate, two missed follow-up, and two died (one patient died during pulmonary artery stenting in the cath lab, and one patient died of unknown cause). The remaining 61 patients were submitted to ECG and TTE; 60 patients were subjected to CCT; and 51 patients did CPET. All patients were asymptomatic and were not using any cardiac medications.</p>
          <p>Seventy percent of the patients were male. Most patients had transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with intact interventricular septum (56.7%), 31.7% had TGA with ventricular septal defect (VSD), and 11% had the Taussig-Bing anomaly. In 90% of the patients, the coronary artery arose from its usual origin in the pre-operative period (the left coronary arose from sinus 1 and right coronary arising from sinus 2).</p>
          <p>ASO was performed at a mean of 14 days (range: 2 to 38 days), median age of participants was 9.4 years (5 to 18 years), median weight was 29.9 Kg (20 to 84 Kg), and median height was 134 cm (112 to 183 cm).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical investigation</title>
          <p>All patients had ECG and TTE results. Most patients (96%) were in sinus rhythm, while 4% had right atrial rhythm. No patient had ST changes or ventricular ectopy in the resting ECG. The TTE showed that all patients had normal ejection fraction (&gt;55%) and normal ventricular regional wall motion.</p>
          <p>CPET: Fifty-one patients were able to perform the CPT (10 patients had limb or neurological conditions and were not able to perform the test), and none of them presented ST segment abnormalities or arrhythmia during the test. They presented a VO<sub>2</sub>max of 31.7 mL/Kg/min (22.3 &#8211; 43.2) and reached a mean of 9 (6.4-12.3) METS.</p>
          <p>CCT: Sixty patients were able to undergo CCT. The mean dose length product (DLP) was 138 (56 -490) mGy-cm; the mean dose was 2 (0.9&#8211;8.7) mSv. Only two (3.3%) patients had coronary artery abnormalities; one of the patients had moderate left coronary artery stenosis, and the other presented severe right coronary artery obstruction ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). We graded coronary artery obstruction according to published guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Both patients were asymptomatic, and all the other tests (resting ECG, TTE, and CPET) revealed normal findings ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). We could not find any correlation between primary cardiac diagnosis or coronary artery pattern and the presence of coronary stenosis.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiac computed tomography image; right coronary artery with severe obstruction (arrow)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1111-00095-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the patients with coronary artery abnormalities as demonstrated by cardiac CT</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Patient 1</th>
                    <th>Patient 2</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary artery lesion</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate left coronary artery occlusion</td>
                    <td align="center">Severe right coronary artery obstruction</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.7</td>
                    <td align="center">6.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gender</td>
                    <td align="center">Female</td>
                    <td align="center">Male</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Initial diagnosis</td>
                    <td align="center">TGA without VSD</td>
                    <td align="center">TGA with VSD</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pre-operative coronary artery pattern</td>
                    <td align="center">Usual</td>
                    <td align="center">Usual</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Balloon atrial septostomy</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">56.1</td>
                    <td align="center">26.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Height (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">168.5</td>
                    <td align="center">120.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ECHO</td>
                    <td align="center">LVEF 72% No regional wall motion abnormalities</td>
                    <td align="center">LVEF 73% No regional wall motion abnormalities</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ECG</td>
                    <td align="center">Sinus rhythm HR: 75 bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">Sinus rhythm HR: 64 bpm</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CPET</td>
                    <td align="center">RER 1.1 No ST-segment changes</td>
                    <td align="center">RER 0.96 No ST-segment changes</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ECG: Eletrocardiography; ECHO: Echocardiography; HR: Heart Rate; TGA: transposition of the great arteries; VSD: Ventricular Septal Defect; LVEF: Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction; RER: Respiratory Exchange Rate; CPET: Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Evaluation of patients undergoing ASO remains a clinical challenge: there is no consensus regarding the appropriate interval and modality for surveillance imaging. A defined management strategy is lacking when subclinical anatomical or physiological abnormalities are identified; and symptoms attributable to potential complications are rare.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> None of our patients with coronary artery abnormalities had abnormal findings in routine tests (ECG, echocardiography, and CPET), which has also been described by other authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Evaluation of the coronary circulation after ASO remains an important issue. Kinkings, stenosis, and obstruction may arise any time after ASO, and a bimodal pattern has been described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, the true incidence of late coronary artery problems after ASO is unknown. While some studies on coronary artery stenosis have reported no abnormalities at all, other studies have reported the occurrence in up to 18% of the cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In a cohort of 130 consecutive children aged about five years, Ou and colleagues showed a prevalence of 9.2% of coronary artery lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In the study by Tsuda et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> of 40 patients submitted to coronary angiography, 11 (27.5%) had coronary artery abnormalities. Most patients seemed to have some degree of intimal thickening, but the clinical relevance of this information still has not been understood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Although the risk of myocardial ischemia in the postoperative period has been extensively described, the long-term risk for coronary artery lesions and ischemia remains unclear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Patients with severe coronary artery lesions may not show any symptoms or evidence of myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Because asymptomatic patients might be at risk, coronary arteries are often investigated. Most of the described obstructions are ostial or stem obstruction, caused by compression in the initial portion coronary artery. Therefore, investigating coronary artery patency in the long-term follow-up is essential.</p>
        <p>Nevertheless, a paper on a large series showed that as few as 0.26% of patients who had undergone ASO were submitted to coronary artery interventions in the long-term follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Moreover, a meta-analysis that enrolled 8,798 patients in 66,450 patient follow-up years showed that only five sudden cardiac deaths occurred in asymptomatic patients. In a cohort of 647 patients followed up for 10 years, only one patient (0.1%) had to be re-operated due to coronary artery abnormality one year after ASO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Most studies regarding coronary arteries in the late post-operative period after ASO have been conducted in small samples of patients that required coronary artery evaluation for some reason. Despite the small number of patients included in the present study, the coronary arteries were evaluated in almost our entire cohort of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Indeed, 94% of our patients underwent multimodal assessment. We could not identify a predisposition factor for coronary obstruction in these patients. Some patients were not able to perform the CPET, and other patients had to be sedated before CCT. There is no consensus about who should be assessed for coronary artery disease following ASO. While several groups advocate that every ASO patient should be investigated in the post-operative period, other groups claim that only patients with abnormalities in clinical examination or routine tests should be evaluated. Series have varied from 27% to 100% of ASO patients undergoing assessment for coronary artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Some authors recommend that an early angiographic evaluation be conducted in all patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> even though a meta-analysis has shown a sudden cardiac death chance of only 0.05%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Other series have shown the need for coronary reintervention in only 0.26% of the patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our cohort, patients older than five years were enrolled; the median age was 9.4 years. There is no consensus concerning the appropriate time to look for coronary artery abnormalities in ASO patients in the late operative period. Patients are either routinely investigated or are only investigated when they present any clinical sign or abnormal findings in routine exams like TTE and ECG. Authors have investigated coronary artery circulation routinely in ASO patients three to eight years after the surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Some authors found that coronary artery abnormalities did not progress over time,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> while others noted progression that the coronary artery abnormalities may be progressive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, there is no consensus as to whether these patients should be screened once in a lifetime or every five years after ASO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Also, whenever some authors suggest a coronary angiogram around 12 years of age,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> others suggest that a computed tomography (CT) scan be performed in all patients at puberty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Other authors recommend that coronary arteries be routinely investigated after 17 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Some centers recommend CCT or invasive coronary angiography at least once in adulthood in all ASO patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients with coronary artery stenosis or occlusion may be asymptomatic, and echocardiography findings may be elusive. Regional wall motion abnormalities or progressive ventricular dilation and dysfunction may arouse suspicion of coronary artery stenosis or occlusion,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> but these findings are rare.</p>
        <p>Although the routine tests (ECG, TTE, CPET) usually performed in the follow-up of these patients provide low sensitivity (about 43%), but high specificity (about 93%) for coronary artery abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Some authors recommend that adult ASO patients perform a noninvasive ischemia testing every three to five years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In our cohort, none of the 61 patients had any abnormal finding in the ECG or TTE, and the two patients with coronary abnormalities also had normal CPET. Although the CPET may detect signs of ischemia in patients after ASO, these abnormalities do not correlate well with perfusion studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>For a long time, selective coronary angiography was considered the most accurate method to assess coronary artery obstruction after ASO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mostly because of its wide availability. Nevertheless, the coronary catheter may pass through an ostial stenosis and fail to visualize an ostial obstruction. In addition, the coronary arteries are not visualized in the context of adjacent structures that may compress or kink said arteries. Furthermore, selective coronary angiography is an invasive procedure with potential vascular risk and requires exposure to radiation and general anesthesia in young children. Even after the coronary arteries are evaluated by CT, some groups still perform angiography as a routine method, considering it as the method of choice since it allows intervention if an obstruction is diagnosed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the last decade, however, CCT has emerged as a safer and faster method to evaluate coronary artery circulation as compared to coronary angiography. Sixty-four-slice CCT can be successfully performed in children aged over five years and is both sensitive and specific to detect coronary artery stenosis or occlusion after ASO. Exposure to radiation, use of iodinated contrast, and need for a vascular access are the drawbacks of this method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> CT was performed in our patients safely, without complications.</p>
        <p>Although cardiac magnetic resonance can assess coronary arteries without the use of ionizing radiation, it requires that the patient remain still for 60 minutes, and thus also anesthesia or sedation in children aged less than nine years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The presence of metallic devices, like stents, may interfere in the images. Since half of our patients would need sedation, and six other patients older than nine years had pulmonary artery stents, all of them were evaluated by CCT.</p>
        <p>Our two patients with coronary artery abnormalities were not submitted to any intervention. Even after an occlusion or obstruction is diagnosed, there is no consensus as to what should be done because most of the patients are asymptomatic without alterations in ECG, TTE, or CPET. In several series, the rate of re-intervention after diagnosis of coronary artery alterations varied from 3.8 to 12% of the investigated patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> or 1 to 2% of all patients undergoing ASO. Moreover, there is usually a delay between the coronary artery lesion diagnosis and its surgical correction. In one series of patients with coronary artery obstructions, the time elapsed between the diagnosis of coronary artery abnormality and its repair was three years on average, but the gap between diagnosis and surgical treatment could be as long as eight years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Patients were submitted to surgical coronary ostium enlargement, mammary artery graft, or balloon dilation and stenting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A systematic review that analyzed 8,798 patients showed that only five patients (0.05%) had sudden cardiac death due to coronary artery abnormalities, although 7.3% of patients presented some level of coronary obstruction. Another issue to consider is that 4.9% of the patients that had to undergo re-intervention due to coronary artery obstruction died. In another large series of 7,951 patients, only 0.26% needed coronary artery intervention and the mortality rate was 20%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study involved a single-institutional patient cohort, so selection bias may have occurred. The number of cases may also be inadequate to show a correlation between initial diagnosis or original coronary artery pattern and subsequent coronary abnormalities.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In our study, the incidence of coronary artery abnormalities after ASO was 3.3%, and all of them were asymptomatic. Although the medical group must be aware of these conditions after ASO, there are no clear guidelines as to when and how these coronaries should be addressed or about what to do if coronary artery alterations arise in asymptomatic patients.</p>
        <p>Our study has shown that patients with anatomical obstruction in coronary arteries may be asymptomatic even at CPET, and with normal ECG and TTE. A multimodality approach with functional and anatomical information is still necessary. Based on our findings, we have decided to keep an annual follow-up with TTE, ECG, and CPET. If the patient presents clinical symptoms (arrhythmia, thoracic pain, or excessive fatigue) or an alteration in a routine exam, we recommend a CCT.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors thank Cynthia Manso for the revision of the English language.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Mariana Nicoletti Ferreira Baldo, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>:  There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
