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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zL4WD6rZg8GQGjmPDprLnrv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000701101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190653</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190653</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Percut&#226;nea em Les&#245;es n&#227;o Protegidas de Tronco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grion</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grion</surname>
            <given-names>Debora Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silverio</surname>
            <given-names>Igor Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Shingu de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Larini</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Vict&#243;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Marianne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Niekawa</surname>
            <given-names>Lissa Shizue Tateiwa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grion</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9669-2010</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Grion</surname>
            <given-names>Cintia Magalh&#227;es Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Estadual de Londrina , Londrina , PR - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal Fluminense , Niter&#243;i , RJ - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Londrina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Londrina , Londrina , PR - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Cintia Magalh&#227;es Carvalho Grion &#8226; Universidade Estadual de Londrina - Rua Robert Koch 60. CEP 86038-350, Vila Oper&#225;ria, Londrina, PR - Brasil E-mail: <email>cintiagrion@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Grion DS, Grion CMC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Grion DS, Grion DC, Silverio IV, Oliveira LS, Larini IF, Martins AV, Moreira J, Machado M, Niekawa LST, Grion AS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Grion DS, Grion DC, Silverio IV, Oliveira LS, Larini IF, Martins AV, Moreira J, Machado M, Niekawa LST, Grion AS, Grion CMC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Grion CMC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Grion DS, Grion DC, Grion CMC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1101</fpage>
      <lpage>1108</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>O advento dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos permitiu que a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea apresentasse resultados seguros nas les&#245;es de tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Analisar os resultados do tratamento percut&#226;neo da les&#227;o n&#227;o protegida de tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ultrassom intravascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Estudo de s&#233;rie de casos consecutivos realizado no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2018. Coletaram-se dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes, assim como escores progn&#243;sticos e dados da les&#227;o coronariana. Considerou-se de sucesso a les&#227;o residual menor que 50% &#224; angiografia e a &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz maior que 6 mm <sup>2</sup> ao ultrassom intravascular. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Analisaram-se 107 casos. A les&#227;o multiarterial foi predominante, sendo com maior frequ&#234;ncia (39,25%) encontradas les&#245;es em tr&#234;s vasos al&#233;m do tronco coronariano. O escore SYNTAX apresentou m&#233;dia de 46,80 (DP: 22,95), e 70 (65,42%) pacientes tiveram escore SYNTAX acima de 32 pontos. Considerou-se sucesso angiogr&#225;fico da interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em 106 (99,06%) pacientes. A taxa geral de evento maior card&#237;aco e cerebrovascular no desfecho hospitalar foi 6,54%, sendo semelhante nos pacientes com escore SYNTAX &#8804; 32 (8,10%) e &#8805; 33 (5,71%; p = 0,68) .</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em casos de les&#227;o n&#227;o protegida de tronco coronariano foi realizada com seguran&#231;a e apresentou &#243;timos resultados. Atingiu-se alto sucesso angiogr&#225;fico de tratamento guiado pelo ultrassom intravascular. A taxa de eventos card&#237;acos e cerebrovasculares maiores foi semelhante entre os pacientes de menor e de maior risco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents Farmacol&#243;gicos/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia de Interven&#231;&#227;o/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O tratamento das les&#245;es de tronco de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda que n&#227;o est&#227;o protegidas por circula&#231;&#227;o colateral ou <italic>bypass</italic> coronariano permanece um grande desafio para a cardiologia intervencionista atual. O tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda irriga grande parte do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em indiv&#237;duos com domin&#226;ncia anat&#244;mica direita e praticamente a totalidade desse ventr&#237;culo na domin&#226;ncia esquerda. Sendo assim, qualquer evento adverso nessa &#225;rea resulta em alto risco de morbimortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Dessa forma, o tratamento cl&#237;nico pode n&#227;o ser a melhor op&#231;&#227;o, e a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ainda &#233; a forma mais indicada de tratamento desses pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, o avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico e o advento dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos permitiu que, em casos selecionados, a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea pudesse apresentar resultados seguros nas les&#245;es de tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Essa forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e de tratamento representa 1% das interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, sendo metade em casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e 70% com envolvimento distal do tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Todas as formas poss&#237;veis de otimiza&#231;&#227;o da busca de melhor resultado na interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea devem estar dispon&#237;veis. O uso de ultrassom intravascular &#233; recomendado pois auxilia no implante &#243;timo do <italic>stent</italic> e pode ter impacto na redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudo recente demonstrou n&#227;o inferioridade ao comparar o tratamento cir&#250;rgico com a angioplastia coronariana com implante de <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico em les&#245;es de art&#233;ria coronariana esquerda. A interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea foi relatada como uma alternativa vi&#225;vel e segura &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e pode ser utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria em pacientes selecionados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Resultados a longo prazo confirmam que, em pacientes com les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda de baixa a moderada complexidade, a angioplastia tem seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia compar&#225;vel &#224; cirurgia a longo prazo e, consequentemente, constitui uma alternativa v&#225;lida nesse grupo de pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com les&#245;es n&#227;o protegidas de tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, e o uso do ultrassom intravascular &#233; descrito com frequ&#234;ncia cada vez maior, por&#233;m ainda sendo considerado uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o e realizado em uma parcela dos pacientes tratados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os resultados do tratamento percut&#226;neo da les&#227;o n&#227;o protegida de tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ultrassom intravascular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo de s&#233;rie de casos realizado no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2018. Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Associa&#231;&#227;o Evang&#233;lica Beneficente de Londrina, conforme o Parecer n&#186; 2.149.472 de 30 de junho de 2017, CAAE N&#186; 68385917.0.0000.5696.</p>
      <p>Realizou-se o estudo em um laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica de um hospital privado de car&#225;ter filantr&#243;pico. &#201; um hospital geral de alta complexidade, com 269 leitos, refer&#234;ncia no atendimento de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia. O laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica disp&#245;e de atendimento cont&#237;nuo aos pacientes em regime de plant&#227;o com equipe de enfermagem e funcion&#225;rios dimensionada segundo regulamenta&#231;&#227;o nacional vigente. Utilizaram-se <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos embebidos em sirolimus, everolimus ou biolimus e equipamento de cardiologia intervencionista da marca GE&#174;, e estavam dispon&#237;veis exames de ultrassom intravascular das marcas Philips Volcano&#174; e Boston&#174;. Todos os procedimentos do estudo foram guiados por ultrassom intravascular e efetuados pelo primeiro autor deste artigo, por se tratar de hemodinamicista experiente e capacitado para o tratamento dessas les&#245;es coronarianas.</p>
      <p>Executou-se amostragem de conveni&#234;ncia dos pacientes adultos submetidos a angioplastia coronariana percut&#226;nea por les&#227;o n&#227;o protegida de tronco coronariano em car&#225;ter eletivo de forma consecutiva no per&#237;odo do estudo.</p>
      <p>As les&#245;es coronarianas consideradas para indica&#231;&#227;o da angioplastia coronariana percut&#226;nea foram os diagn&#243;sticos de angina est&#225;vel, angina inst&#225;vel, isquemia silenciosa ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. Todos os pacientes deveriam ter o diagn&#243;stico recente de estenose n&#227;o protegida de mais de 50% do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria coronariana esquerda principal, estimada visualmente, e serem considerados candidatos a procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Sucesso da interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea foi considerado les&#227;o residual menor que 50% &#224; angiografia e &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz maior que 6 mm <sup>2</sup> ao ultrassom intravascular.</p>
      <p>Os dados gerais coletados foram: idade, sexo, datas de interna&#231;&#227;o e de desfecho no hospital, datas de admiss&#227;o e desfecho na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), diagn&#243;stico de admiss&#227;o hospitalar, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, escore progn&#243;stico Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS 3) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> na admiss&#227;o da UTI e escore SYNTAX derivado do estudo &#8220;SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery&#8221;. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Os dados coletados dos procedimentos de angiogr&#225;ficos foram: n&#250;mero de les&#245;es arteriais detectadas, n&#250;mero de vasos tratados e n&#250;mero de <italic>stents</italic> implantados. Anotaram-se todas as complica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas no per&#237;odo de acompanhamento intra-hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Os eventos card&#237;acos e cerebrovasculares maiores considerados foram: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e morte. Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico foi definido como d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico agudo com dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 24 horas. Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio tipo I, n&#227;o relacionado ao procedimento, foi definido como eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina acima do percentil 99 associada a pelo um dos seguintes: sintomas de isquemia aguda do mioc&#225;rdio, novas altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas no eletrocardiograma, desenvolvimento de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas ou evid&#234;ncia de nova perda de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel ou nova anormalidade regional de movimento de parede em exame de imagem consistente com etiologia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>Definiu-se infarto do mioc&#225;rdio relacionado ao procedimento como eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de troponina maior que cinco vezes acima do percentil 99 at&#233; 48 horas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em pacientes com valores basais normais. Em pacientes com valores elevados de troponina antes do procedimento, deve haver eleva&#231;&#227;o acima de 20% do valor basal e o valor absoluto p&#243;s-procedimento deve ser pelo menos cinco vezes acima do percentil 99. Al&#233;m disso, um dos seguintes elementos deve estar presente: novas altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas no eletrocardiograma, desenvolvimento de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas, evid&#234;ncia de nova perda de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel ou nova anormalidade regional de movimento de parede em exame de imagem consistente com etiologia isqu&#234;mica ou achados angiogr&#225;ficos consistentes com complica&#231;&#227;o que limita fluxo coronariano (dissec&#231;&#227;o coronariana, oclus&#227;o de art&#233;ria epic&#225;rdica ou ramo lateral, limita&#231;&#227;o de fluxo de colateral ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dividiram-se os pacientes em dois grupos de acordo com o escore SYNTAX para compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e dos desfechos principais do estudo. O grupo com escore SYNTAX &#8804; 32 foi considerado de risco baixo ou intermedi&#225;rio e o grupo com escore &#8805; 33 de risco alto para ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos e cerebrovasculares maiores.</p>
      <p>As fontes utilizadas para a coleta de dados foram o prontu&#225;rio do paciente e o banco de dados eletr&#244;nico do hospital. Coletaram-se os dados por todo o per&#237;odo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar. Como desfecho principal, consideraram-se os eventos card&#237;acos e cerebrovasculares maiores at&#233; a sa&#237;da hospitalar.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados no programa MedCalc Statistical Software vers&#227;o 15.2.2 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        <p>Na estat&#237;stica descritiva, as vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas foram descritas ap&#243;s ser avaliada a ader&#234;ncia &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal pelo teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para a vari&#225;vel com aproxima&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, calcularam-se a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e, caso contr&#225;rio, a mediana e os intervalos interquart&#237;licos (ITQ) (percentil 25 e percentil 75). Descreveram-se as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa (%).</p>
        <p>Na estat&#237;stica anal&#237;tica, compararam-se as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas pelo teste exato de Fisher. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de dois grupos de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com amostras independentes, utilizou-se o teste de t de Student para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Para casos cuja distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi normal, aplicou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. A mortalidade hospitalar foi descrita como frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Realizou-se a angioplastia de coronariana percut&#226;nea por les&#227;o de tronco de art&#233;ria coronariana em 107 pacientes no per&#237;odo do estudo, e n&#227;o houve exclus&#227;o de pacientes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). A maior parte dos pacientes apresentava idade maior que 60 anos (75,00%) na entrada do estudo, sendo o sexo masculino o mais frequente (72,89%). O exame de ecocardiografia foi realizado em 57 pacientes, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia foi de 53,74% (DP: 10,90).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos (m&#233;dia-DP)</td>
                <td align="center">69,05</td>
                <td align="center">10,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">78,00</td>
                <td align="center">72,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia-DP)</td>
                <td align="center">53,74</td>
                <td align="center">10,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
                <td align="center">61,00</td>
                <td align="center">57,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">90,00</td>
                <td align="center">84,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipercolesterolemia</td>
                <td align="center">83,00</td>
                <td align="center">77,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioplastia pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">41,00</td>
                <td align="center">38,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">5,00</td>
                <td align="center">4,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipotireoidismo</td>
                <td align="center">8,00</td>
                <td align="center">7,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#226;ncer</td>
                <td align="center">6,00</td>
                <td align="center">5,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica dial&#237;tica</td>
                <td align="center">2,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas</td>
                <td align="center">3,00</td>
                <td align="center">2,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS 3 (m&#233;dia-DP)</td>
                <td align="center">34,78</td>
                <td align="center">7,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o de TCE (%) (m&#233;dia-DP)</td>
                <td align="center">65,07</td>
                <td align="center">11,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o distal TCE</td>
                <td align="center">53,00</td>
                <td align="center">49,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de vasos doentes</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TCE</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TCE + 1 vaso</td>
                <td align="center">28,00</td>
                <td align="center">26,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TCE + 2 vasos</td>
                <td align="center">36,00</td>
                <td align="center">33,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TCE + 3 ou mais vasos</td>
                <td align="center">42,00</td>
                <td align="center">39,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore SYNTAX (m&#233;dia-DP)</td>
                <td align="center">46,80</td>
                <td align="center">22,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de <italic>stents</italic> (m&#233;dia-DP)</td>
                <td align="center">3,90</td>
                <td align="center">2,33</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; SAPS: simplified acute physiology score; TCE: tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A les&#227;o &#250;nica acometendo somente o tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda ocorreu em um paciente. A les&#227;o multiarterial foi predominante na amostra, e com maior frequ&#234;ncia (39,25%) foram encontradas les&#245;es em tr&#234;s vasos al&#233;m do tronco coronariano. As art&#233;rias mais frequentemente envolvidas al&#233;m do tronco coronariano foram 91 (85,04%) casos de art&#233;ria descendente anterior, 83 (77,57%) de art&#233;ria circunflexa, 50 (46,72%) de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, 28 (26,26%) de art&#233;ria marginal, 24 (22,42%) de art&#233;ria diagonal, 16 (14,95%) de art&#233;ria descendente posterior e 9 (8,41%) de art&#233;ria ventricular posterior. O escore SYNTAX apresentou m&#233;dia de 46,80 (DP: 22,95), e 70 (65,42%) pacientes apresentaram escore SYNTAX acima de 33 pontos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de pacientes de acordo com o escore SYNTAX</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>SYNTAX &#8804; 32 N = 37</th>
                <th>SYNTAX &#8805; 33 N = 70</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos (m&#233;dia-DP)</td>
                <td align="center">70,24 (9,79)</td>
                <td align="center">68,42 (11,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24,00 (64,86)</td>
                <td align="center">54,00 (77,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia-DP)</td>
                <td align="center">51,23 (9,21)</td>
                <td align="center">55,33 (11,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20,00 (54,05)</td>
                <td align="center">41,00 (58,57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33,00 (89,19)</td>
                <td align="center">57,00 (81,43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipercolesterolemia N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29,00 (78,38)</td>
                <td align="center">54,00 (77,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioplastia pr&#233;via N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33,00 (89,19)</td>
                <td align="center">22,00 (31,43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 (5,41)</td>
                <td align="center">3,00 (4,29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAPS 3 (m&#233;dia-DP)</td>
                <td align="center">35,05 (7,34)</td>
                <td align="center">34,64 (7,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o de TCE (%) (m&#233;dia-DP)</td>
                <td align="center">65,73 (8,20)</td>
                <td align="center">64,69 (13,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o distal TCE</td>
                <td align="center">18,00 (48,64)</td>
                <td align="center">35,00 (50,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de UTI, dias (mediana-ITQ)</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 (1,00 - 4,50)</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 (1,50 &#8211; 5,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de hospital, dias (mediana-ITQ)</td>
                <td align="center">4,00 (2,50 &#8211; 6,50)</td>
                <td align="center">3,50 (2,50 &#8211; 7,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Evento maior card&#237;aco e cerebrovascular N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,00 (8,10)</td>
                <td align="center">4,00 (5,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade hospitalar N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 (2,82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; SAPS: simplified acute physiology score; TCE: tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Considerou-se sucesso angiogr&#225;fico da interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea pelo ultrassom intravascular em 106 (99,06%) pacientes. Em cada procedimento, foram tratadas em m&#233;dia 4,4 (DP: 2,4) les&#245;es e implantados em m&#233;dia 3,9 (DP: 2,3) <italic>stents</italic> . Utilizou-se o ultrassom intravascular em todos os pacientes. A m&#233;dia do l&#250;men do tronco coronariano medido pelo ultrassom intravascular foi de 4,52 mm <sup>2</sup> (DP: 1,05) antes do procedimento de angioplastia, e essa m&#233;dia aumentou para 15,39 mm <sup>2</sup> (DP: 3,15) ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea. Em 51 (47,66%) casos, optou-se por realizar procedimentos de forma estadiada. Nesses casos, realizaram-se entre dois e quatro procedimentos para completar o tratamento de todas as les&#245;es coronarianas.</p>
      <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es durante o procedimento ocorreram em 13 pacientes (14,95%), dos quais, 9 apresentaram hematoma em local de pun&#231;&#227;o, sem necessidade de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea ou interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Dois pacientes tiveram pneumonia hospitalar, um paciente apresentou edema agudo de pulm&#227;o e um paciente teve perfura&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria coronariana. Neste &#250;ltimo caso, realizou-se pericardiocentese de al&#237;vio, e o paciente foi encaminhado para drenagem cir&#250;rgica por janela peric&#225;rdica. Houve cinco (4,67%) casos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-procedimento, sendo todos os casos de infarto relacionados ao procedimento percut&#226;neo, e duas mortes, e n&#227;o houve acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ap&#243;s o procedimento percut&#226;neo durante o per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar de acompanhamento. A frequ&#234;ncia de evento maior card&#237;aco e cerebrovascular no desfecho hospitalar foi 6,54%. Os pacientes permaneceram por tempo mediano de dois dias (ITQ: 1,0 &#8211; 5,5 dias) na UTI e quatro dias (ITQ: 2,5 &#8211; 7,0 dias) no hospital ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tempo de perman&#234;ncia e desfechos dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de UTI, dias (mediana-ITQ)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 &#8211; 5,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de hospital, dias (mediana-ITQ)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">2,50 &#8211; 7,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Evento maior card&#237;aco e cerebrovascular</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">6,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1,87</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; ITQ: intervalo interquart&#237;lico.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ao comparar os pacientes de acordo com o escore SYNTAX, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas ou desfechos relevantes entre o grupo de pacientes com escore elevado e aqueles com escore baixo ou intermedi&#225;rio. As duas mortes relatadas na amostra ocorreram nos pacientes do grupo de escore SYNTAX elevado ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Em um dos casos, a morte foi atribu&#237;da a tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento de angioplastia percut&#226;nea, e o segundo caso foi considerado oclus&#227;o coronariana aguda durante o procedimento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, &#233; relatada experi&#234;ncia com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea para tratamento de les&#227;o n&#227;o protegida de tronco coronariano guiada por ultrassom intravascular. Nesse relato de grande n&#250;mero de casos, o procedimento de angioplastia como escolha para tratamento dessas les&#245;es coronarianas complexas mostrou-se seguro com elevado sucesso angiogr&#225;fico, inclusive para o grupo de pacientes considerado de alto risco.</p>
      <p>A otimiza&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea com o uso de ultrassom intravascular representa um avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico que mudou a pr&#225;tica da cardiologia intervencionista. Al&#233;m disso, o uso de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pelo escore SYNTAX residual pode ser &#250;til para identificar pacientes que se beneficiam da op&#231;&#227;o pela interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> &#201; objetivo do hemodinamicista atingir expans&#227;o &#243;tima do <italic>stent</italic> para minimizar o risco de trombose do <italic>stent</italic> e reestenose. O uso do ultrassom intravascular &#233; componente importante para o sucesso do procedimento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Na experi&#234;ncia relatada no presente estudo, utilizou-se o exame de ultrassom intravascular em todos os pacientes para melhor estudo das les&#245;es e avalia&#231;&#227;o do sucesso angiogr&#225;fico ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
      <p>At&#233; pouco tempo, os principais estudos avaliando o uso da interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em les&#245;es n&#227;o protegidas eram o SYNTAX <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e o PRECOMBAT. <sup>2</sup> O desfecho combinado de eventos maiores card&#237;acos e cerebrovasculares foi semelhante no estudo SYNTAX comparando a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea (36,9%) e a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (31,0%, p = 0,12), assim como a mortalidade de todas as causas. A necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi mais frequente nos pacientes alocados para interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, e o acidente vascular encef&#225;lico foi mais frequente nos pacientes alocados para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. O estudo PRECOMBAT <sup>2</sup> confirmou esses resultados e descreveu maior frequ&#234;ncia de isquemia relacionada ao vaso revascularizado no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea. Ambos estudos relatam maior benef&#237;cio da interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea para pacientes com escore SYNTAX &#8804; 32.</p>
      <p>Mais recentemente outros dois grandes estudos trouxeram novas evid&#234;ncias sobre o assunto. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Ambos foram estudos de n&#227;o inferioridade comparando interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o para tratar les&#227;o n&#227;o protegida de tronco coronariano. O estudo EXCEL, que incluiu 1.905 pacientes com les&#227;o de tronco coronariano e risco baixo ou intermedi&#225;rio pelo escore SYNTAX, mostrou n&#227;o inferioridade da interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea comparada &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em todos os desfechos em um per&#237;odo de seguimento de tr&#234;s anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Esse estudo demonstrou que a trombose do <italic>stent</italic> foi menos frequente do que a oclus&#227;o do enxerto coronariano. No seguimento de cinco anos do estudo EXCEL, a frequ&#234;ncia de eventos maiores permaneceu semelhante entre os grupos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, o estudo NOBLE, que analisou 1.201 pacientes, sugere superioridade da cirurgia aos cinco anos pela necessidade mais frequente de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o no grupo da interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em ambos estudos, a mortalidade aos tr&#234;s ou cinco anos n&#227;o diferiu entre os dois procedimentos. Os aparentes resultados contradit&#243;rios desses dois estudos provavelmente se devem a diferen&#231;as dos desfechos prim&#225;rios e de defini&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o relacionado ao procedimento entre os estudos. O estudo EXCEL selecionou como desfecho combinado a taxa de mortalidade de todas as causas, o acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, enquanto o estudo NOBLE ampliou esse desfecho combinado adicionando a necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. No presente estudo, o desfecho combinado assemelha-se ao estudo EXCEL e a baixa taxa de sua ocorr&#234;ncia &#233; concordante com os resultados dos grandes estudos relatados.</p>
      <p>Recente metan&#225;lise <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> incluindo esses grandes estudos sugere que pacientes com les&#227;o n&#227;o protegida de tronco coronariano submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea apresentam taxas de ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e morte semelhantes aos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em cinco anos de acompanhamento. Os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos mostraram resultados superiores comparados aos <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos, e estes &#250;ltimos n&#227;o podem mais ser considerados padr&#227;o ouro de seguran&#231;a nas interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O uso de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos de nova gera&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associado &#224; menor frequ&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-procedimento, incluindo a trombose do <italic>stent.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O primeiro caso sobre tratamento de les&#227;o de tronco n&#227;o protegida por interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea descrito no Brasil foi o tratamento de um paciente com angina est&#225;vel e sem contraindica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia, no qual se optou por interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea realizada com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o e com bons resultados a curto prazo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Outros autores latino-americanos descrevem bons resultados em relatos de casos ou estudos com amostras pequenas de pacientes com escore SYNTAX de baixo ou m&#233;dio risco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Costantini et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> descrevem experi&#234;ncia com 142 pacientes, incluindo 63 casos com SYNTAX de alto risco e com uso de ultrassom intravascular em grande parte dos casos. Os autores apresentaram 81,0% de sucesso avaliado por ultrassom e taxa de mortalidade hospitalar de 1,4%, resultados semelhantes aos encontrados na amostra do presente estudo.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, observou-se alto valor do escore SYNTAX m&#233;dio de 46,80 comparado aos relatos de literatura. O estudo SYNTAX <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> descreveu m&#233;dia de 29 e 30 entre os grupos, o estudo EXCEL estudou pacientes de baixo e m&#233;dio risco e apresentou m&#233;dia do escore de 20, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e o estudo NOBLE descreveu m&#233;dia do escore de 22 entre os grupos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Dessa forma, &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir que nossos casos apresentam alta complexidade anat&#244;mica das les&#245;es coronarianas.</p>
      <p>Descrevemos a realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea mesmo nos pacientes com escore SYNTAX elevado, com resultados semelhantes aos encontrados em pacientes com risco baixo ou intermedi&#225;rio. Intuitivamente, pacientes com escore SYNTAX acima de 32 deveriam se beneficiar da op&#231;&#227;o por cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m esse escore n&#227;o inclui vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas que podem ter grande impacto nos desfechos mensurados. Provavelmente o EuroSCORE tenha melhor desempenho como preditor desses eventos. Outra explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel para os resultados semelhantes entre os grupos estudados pode ser a realiza&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa das les&#245;es coronarianas nos pacientes estudados, reduzindo as chances de eventos maiores p&#243;s-procedimento. De modo semelhante, outros autores em estudo de centro &#250;nico n&#227;o encontraram aumento de mortalidade ou reestenose ap&#243;s tr&#234;s anos de acompanhamento da interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, comparando pacientes com escore SYNTAX baixo-moderado e elevado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> O risco aumentado de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o culpada em interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas encontrado nos estudos SYNTAX e PRECOMBAT n&#227;o foi reproduzido nos estudos mais recentes EXCEL e NOBLE.</p>
      <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, os pacientes com les&#227;o n&#227;o protegida de tronco coronariano geralmente apresentam maior frequ&#234;ncia de comorbidades e piores desfechos quando comparados aos pacientes estudados em grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos. Os modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o ferramentas &#250;teis para auxiliar no planejamento terap&#234;utico dessas les&#245;es coronarianas complexas e otimizar o desfecho dos pacientes pela medicina individualizada. A combina&#231;&#227;o do escore SYNTAX e do EuroSCORE possivelmente melhora a predi&#231;&#227;o de desfecho na indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea para les&#245;es n&#227;o protegidas de tronco coronariano. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos desse tipo apresentam informa&#231;&#245;es que ampliam as indica&#231;&#245;es de interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas para pacientes selecionados. O perfil periprocedimento de curto tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, baixas taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o, baixa necessidade de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e custo-efetividade faz a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea muito atrativa. As decis&#245;es sobre escolha do procedimento de tratamento devem ser feitas por um time de especialistas considerando caracter&#237;sticas individuais de cada paciente, comorbidades, expectativa de vida, extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a, anatomia angiogr&#225;fica e prefer&#234;ncias do paciente.</p>
      <p>Podem ser consideradas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo o delineamento retrospectivo da s&#233;rie de casos, o fato de ser um estudo de centro &#250;nico e os procedimentos terem sido realizados pelo mesmo profissional hemodinamicista. A generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados deve ser feita com cautela para centros com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes, assim como perfil cl&#237;nico de pacientes . A maior contribui&#231;&#227;o do estudo est&#225; no uso do ultrassom intravascular em todos os procedimentos e na grande quantidade de casos relatados, que se assemelha ao n&#250;mero de casos de alguns dos grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos encontrados na literatura.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em casos de les&#227;o n&#227;o protegida de tronco coronariano foi realizada com seguran&#231;a e apresentou excelentes resultados. Alcan&#231;ou-se alta taxa de sucesso angiogr&#225;fico de tratamento guiado pelo ultrassom intravascular. A taxa de eventos card&#237;acos e cerebrovasculares maiores foi baixa, sendo semelhante entre os pacientes de menor e de maior risco.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Douglas dos Santos Grion pela Universidade Estadual de Londrina.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>:  O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Lesions</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grion</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grion</surname>
            <given-names>Debora Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silverio</surname>
            <given-names>Igor Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Shingu de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Larini</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Vict&#243;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Marianne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Niekawa</surname>
            <given-names>Lissa Shizue Tateiwa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grion</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9669-2010</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Grion</surname>
            <given-names>Cintia Magalh&#227;es Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Londrina, Londrina, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Cintia Magalh&#227;es Carvalho Grion &#8226; Universidade Estadual de Londrina - Rua Robert Koch 60. Postal Code 86038-350, Vila Oper&#225;ria, Londrina, PR - Brazil E-mail: cintiagrion@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Grion DS, Grion CMC; Acquisition of data: Grion DS, Grion DC, Silverio IV, Oliveira LS, Larini IF, Martins AV, Moreira J, Machado M, Niekawa LST, Grion AS; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Grion DS, Grion DC, Silverio IV, Oliveira LS, Larini IF, Martins AV, Moreira J, Machado M, Niekawa LST, Grion AS, Grion CMC; Statistical analysis: Grion CMC; Writing of the manuscript: Grion DS, Grion DC, Grion CMC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The advent of drug-eluting stents allowed the percutaneous coronary intervention to present safe results in lesions in the left main coronary artery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To analyze the results of the percutaneous treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery lesion with the use of intravascular ultrasound.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Study of consecutive case series carried out from January 2010 to December 2018. Clinical data were collected from patients as well as prognostic scores and data on coronary lesion. Low-grade residual lesion (less than 50%) on angiography and minimum luminal area greater than 6 mm<sup>2</sup>on intravascular ultrasound were considered successful. The adopted significance level was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>107 cases were analyzed. The multivessel lesion was predominant, with most (39.25%) of the lesions being found in three vessels in addition to the left main coronary artery. The SYNTAX score had a mean of 46.80 (SD: 22.95), and 70 (65.42%) patients had a SYNTAX score above 32 points. Angiographic success of percutaneous intervention was considered in 106 (99.06%) patients. The overall rate of major cardiac and cerebrovascular events in the hospital outcome was 6.54%, being similar in patients with SYNTAX score &#8804; 32 (8.10%) and &#8805; 33 (5.71%; p = 0.68).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Percutaneous intervention in cases of unprotected left main coronary artery lesion was safely performed and presented excellent results. Considerable angiographic success of treatment guided by intravascular ultrasound was achieved. The rate of major cardiac and cerebrovascular events was similar between patients at low and high risks.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug&#8211;Eluting Stents/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrasonography, Interventional/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery lesions by collateral circulation or coronary bypass remains a major challenge for interventional cardiology nowadays. The left main coronary artery irrigates most of the left ventricle in individuals with right coronary dominance and practically this entire ventricle in the left coronary dominance. Therefore, any adverse event in this area results in a high risk of morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Thus, clinical treatment may not be the best option, and the myocardial revascularization procedure is still the most appropriate treatment for these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Conversely, technological advances and the advent of drug-eluting stents allowed, in selected cases, for percutaneous coronary intervention to present safe results for left main coronary artery lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This form of presentation and treatment represents 1% of percutaneous coronary interventions in acute coronary syndromes, being half cases of acute myocardial infarction and 70% of distal impairment of the left main coronary artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> All possibilities for optimizing the search for better results in percutaneous coronary intervention should be available. The use of intravascular ultrasound is recommended, as it assists in the optimal stent implantation and can have an impact on reducing mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A recent study demonstrated non-inferiority when comparing surgical treatment carried out with coronary angioplasty with drug-eluting stent in left main coronary artery lesions. Percutaneous coronary intervention has been reported as a viable and safe alternative to the myocardial revascularization procedure and can be used in daily clinical practice in selected patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Long-term results confirm that, in patients with left main coronary artery lesions of low to moderate complexity, angioplasty is as safe and effective as long-term surgery and, consequently, constitutes a valid alternative for this group of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Percutaneous coronary intervention has been increasingly used for revascularization of patients with unprotected left main coronary artery lesions, and the use of intravascular ultrasound has been increasingly and frequently described, though it is still considered a recommendation and performed in some of the patients who undergo treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The present study aimed at analyzing the results of the percutaneous treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery lesion with the use of intravascular ultrasound.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Case series study carried out from January 2010 to December 2018. This research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Associa&#231;&#227;o Evang&#233;lica Beneficente de Londrina, according to the Opinion No. 2.149.472 of June 30, 2017, CAAE No. 68385917.0.0000.5696.</p>
        <p>The study was carried out in a hemodynamics laboratory from a private philanthropic hospital. It is a general hospital of high complexity, with 269 beds, a reference in urgent and emergency care. The hemodynamics laboratory provides continuous care to patients, with a nursing team and staff under an on-duty regime and dimensioned according to current national regulations. Drug-eluting stents embedded in sirolimus, everolimus, or biolimus and GE&#174; interventional cardiology equipment were used, and Philips Volcano&#174; and Boston&#174; intravascular ultrasound exams were available. All study procedures were guided by intravascular ultrasound and performed by the first author of this article, considering that he is an experienced hemodynamicist and trained for the treatment of these coronary lesions.</p>
        <p>Convenience sampling was performed on adult patients who underwent percutaneous coronary angioplasty due to unprotected left main coronary artery lesion on a consecutive basis during the study period.</p>
        <p>The coronary lesions considered for indication of percutaneous coronary angioplasty were diagnoses of stable angina, unstable angina, silent ischemia, or acute myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation. All patients should have a recent diagnosis of unprotected stenosis greater than 50% of the diameter of the left main coronary artery, visually estimated, and be considered candidates for the myocardial revascularization procedure. Success of percutaneous intervention was considered a low-grade residual lesion, of less than 50% on angiography, and a minimum luminal area greater than 6 mm<sup>2</sup>on intravascular ultrasound.</p>
        <p>The general data collected were: age, sex, dates of hospitalization and outcome in the hospital, dates of admission and outcome in the intensive care unit (ICU), diagnosis for hospital admission, presence of chronic diseases, prognostic score Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS 3)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> on admission to the ICU, and SYNTAX score derived from the study &#8220;SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Data collected from the angiographic procedures were: number of detected arterial lesions, number of treated vessels, and number of implanted stents. All complications that occurred during the intrahospital follow-up period were noted.</p>
        <p>The major cardiac and cerebrovascular events considered were: myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, and death. Cerebrovascular accident was defined as an acute neurological deficit lasting more than 24 hours. Type I myocardial infarction, unrelated to the procedure, was defined as an increase in troponin exceeding the 99<sup>th</sup>percentile associated with at least one of the following aspects: symptoms of acute myocardial ischemia, new ischemic changes on the electrocardiogram, development of pathological Q waves, or evidence of new loss of viable myocardium or new regional wall motion abnormality on image examination consistent with ischemic etiology.</p>
        <p>Procedure-related myocardial infarction was defined as an increase in troponin levels exceeding more than five times the 99<sup>th</sup>percentile up to 48 hours after percutaneous intervention in patients with normal baseline values. In patients with high troponin values before the procedure, there should be an increase exceeding 20% of the baseline value, and the absolute postoperative value should be at least more than five times the 99<sup>th</sup>percentile. In addition, one of the following elements must be present: new ischemic changes on the electrocardiogram, development of pathological Q waves, evidence of new loss of viable myocardium or new regional wall motion abnormality on imaging examination consistent with ischemic etiology or angiographic findings consistent with a complication that limits coronary flow (coronary artery dissection, occlusion of the epicardial coronary artery or lateral branch, limitation of collateral flow, or distal embolization).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients were divided into two groups according to the SYNTAX score for the comparison of clinical characteristics and main study outcomes. The group with SYNTAX score &#8804; 32 was considered to be at low or intermediate risk; and the group with score &#8805; 33, at high risk for the occurrence of major cardiac and cerebrovascular events.</p>
        <p>The sources used for data collection were the patient&#8217;s medical record and the electronic database of the hospital. Data were collected throughout the hospital length of stay. As the primary outcome, major cardiac and cerebrovascular events until hospital discharge were considered.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were analyzed using the MedCalc Statistical Software, version 15.2.2 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium). The adopted level of significance was 5% and the confidence interval was 95%.</p>
          <p>In descriptive statistics, continuous quantitative variables were described after assessing adherence to normal distribution by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. For the variable close to the normal distribution, the mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated; otherwise, the median and interquartile ranges (IQR) (25<sup>th</sup>percentile and 75<sup>th</sup>percentile) were considered. Categorical variables were described in absolute and relative frequencies (%).</p>
          <p>In analytical statistics, categorical variables were compared using Fisher&#8217;s exact test. To compare two groups of continuous variables with independent samples, Student&#8217;s t-test was used for variables with normal distribution. For cases with non-normal distribution, the Mann-Whitney test was considered. Hospital mortality was described as frequency.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Percutaneous coronary angioplasty was performed due to left main coronary artery lesion in 107 patients during the study period, and no patient was excluded ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). Most patients aged over 60 years (75.00%) at the beginning of the study, with prevalence of men (72.89%). Echocardiogram was performed in 57 patients, and the mean ejection fraction was 53.74% (SD: 10.90).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years (mean-SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">69.05</td>
                  <td align="center">10.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Men</td>
                  <td align="center">78.00</td>
                  <td align="center">72.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ejection fraction (mean-SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">53.74</td>
                  <td align="center">10.90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">61.00</td>
                  <td align="center">57.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">90.00</td>
                  <td align="center">84.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypercholesterolemia</td>
                  <td align="center">83.00</td>
                  <td align="center">77.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous angioplasty</td>
                  <td align="center">41.00</td>
                  <td align="center">38.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous AMI</td>
                  <td align="center">5.00</td>
                  <td align="center">4.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypothyroidism</td>
                  <td align="center">8.00</td>
                  <td align="center">7.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cancer</td>
                  <td align="center">6.00</td>
                  <td align="center">5.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis</td>
                  <td align="center">2.00</td>
                  <td align="center">1.87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other chronic diseases</td>
                  <td align="center">3.00</td>
                  <td align="center">2.80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS 3 (mean-SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">34.78</td>
                  <td align="center">7.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LMCA lesion (%) (mean-SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">65.07</td>
                  <td align="center">11.76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Distal LMCA lesion</td>
                  <td align="center">53.00</td>
                  <td align="center">49.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Number of affected vessels</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LMCA</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LMCA + 1 vessel</td>
                  <td align="center">28.00</td>
                  <td align="center">26.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LMCA + 2 vessels</td>
                  <td align="center">36.00</td>
                  <td align="center">33.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LMCA + 3 vessels or over</td>
                  <td align="center">42.00</td>
                  <td align="center">39.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SYNTAX score (mean-SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">46.80</td>
                  <td align="center">22.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of stents (mean-SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.90</td>
                  <td align="center">2.33</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SD: standard deviation; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score; LMCA: left main coronary artery.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The single lesion only affecting the left main coronary artery was found in one patient. The multivessel lesion was predominant, with most (39.25%) of the lesions being found in three vessels in addition to the left main coronary artery. The most frequently impaired arteries, in addition to the left main coronary artery, were 91 (85.04%) cases of anterior descending artery; 83 (77.57%) of the circumflex artery; 50 (46.72%) of the right coronary artery; 28 (26, 26%) of marginal artery; 24 (22.42%) of diagonal artery; 16 (14.95%) of posterior descending artery; and 9 (8.41%) of posterior interventricular artery. The SYNTAX score had a mean of 46.80 (SD: 22.95), and 70 (65.42%) patients had a SYNTAX score above 33 points ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of groups of patients according to the SYNTAX score</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>SYNTAX &#8804; 32 N = 37</th>
                  <th>SYNTAX &#8805; 33 N = 70</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years (mean-SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.24 (9.79)</td>
                  <td align="center">68.42 (11.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Men N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.00 (64.86)</td>
                  <td align="center">54.00 (77.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ejection fraction (mean-SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.23 (9.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">55.33 (11.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.00 (54.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">41.00 (58.57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.00 (89.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">57.00 (81.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypercholesterolemia N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.00 (78.38)</td>
                  <td align="center">54.00 (77.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous angioplasty N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.00 (89.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.00 (31.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous AMI N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.00 (5.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.00 (4.29)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAPS 3 (mean-SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">35.05 (7.34)</td>
                  <td align="center">34.64 (7.33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LMCA lesion (%) (mean-SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">65.73 (8.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">64.69 (13.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Distal LMCA lesion</td>
                  <td align="center">18.00 (48.64)</td>
                  <td align="center">35.00 (50.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICU length of stay, days (median-IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.00 (1.00 &#8211; 4.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.00 (1.50 &#8211; 5.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital length of stay, days (median-IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.00 (2.50 &#8211; 6.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.50 (2.50 &#8211; 7.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major cardiac and cerebrovascular event N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.00 (8.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.00 (5.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital mortality N (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.00 (2.82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SD: standard deviation; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score; LMCA: left main coronary artery; ICU: intensive care unit.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Angiographic success of percutaneous intervention by intravascular ultrasound was considered in 106 (99.06%) patients. In each procedure, a mean of 4.4 (SD: 2.4) lesions were treated, and a mean of 3.9 (SD: 2.3) stents were implanted. Intravascular ultrasound was used in all patients. The mean coronary artery lumen diameter measured by intravascular ultrasound was 4.52 mm<sup>2</sup>(SD: 1.05) before the angioplasty procedure, and this mean increased to 15.39 mm<sup>2</sup>(SD: 3.15) after percutaneous intervention. In 51 (47.66%) cases, it was decided to perform staged procedures. In these cases, between two and four procedures were performed to complete the treatment of all coronary lesions.</p>
        <p>Complications during the procedure occurred in 13 patients (14.95%), of whom 9 presented hematoma at the puncture site, without the need for blood transfusion or surgical intervention. Two patients had hospital-acquired pneumonia, one patient had acute pulmonary edema, and one patient had coronary artery perforation. In the latter case, pericardiocentesis was performed, and the patient was referred for surgical drainage via the pericardial window. There were five (4.67%) cases of postoperative myocardial infarction, all cases of infarction being related to the percutaneous procedure, and two deaths; there was no stroke after the percutaneous procedure during the intrahospital follow-up period. The frequency of major cardiac and cerebrovascular events in the hospital outcome was 6.54%. Patients had a median length of stay of two days (IQR: 1.0 &#8211; 5.5 days) in the ICU and four days (IQR: 2.5 &#8211; 7.0 days) in the hospital ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Length of hospital stay and patients&#8217; outcomes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICU length of stay, days (median-IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 &#8211; 5.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital length of stay, days (median-IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">2.50 &#8211; 7.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major cardiac and cerebrovascular event</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">6.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.87</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICU: intensive care unit; IQR: interquartile range.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When comparing patients according to the SYNTAX score, there was no difference in clinical characteristics or relevant outcomes between the group of patients with high score and those with low or intermediate score. The two deaths reported in the sample occurred in patients in the high SYNTAX score group ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). In one case, death was attributed to massive pulmonary embolism immediately after the percutaneous angioplasty procedure, and the second case was considered to be due to acute coronary occlusion during the procedure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, experience with the performance of percutaneous intervention for the treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery lesion guided by intravascular ultrasound is reported. In this report of a large number of cases, the angioplasty procedure as a choice for the treatment of these complex coronary lesions proved to be safe and with high angiographic success, including for the group of patients considered to be at high risk.</p>
        <p>The optimization of percutaneous intervention with the use of intravascular ultrasound represents a technological advance that has changed the practice of interventional cardiology. In addition, the use of risk stratification by the residual SYNTAX score can be useful to identify patients who benefit from the option for percutaneous intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Hemodynamicists aim at achieving optimal expansion of the stent in order to minimize the risk of stent thrombosis and restenosis. The use of intravascular ultrasound is an important component for the success of the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In the experience reported in the present study, intravascular ultrasound was used in all patients for better studying the lesions and assessing angiographic success after the procedure.</p>
        <p>Until recently, the main studies evaluating the use of percutaneous intervention in unprotected lesions were SYNTAX<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and PRECOMBAT.<sup>2</sup>The composite outcome of major cardiac and cerebrovascular events was similar in the SYNTAX study comparing percutaneous intervention (36.9%) and myocardial revascularization procedure (31.0%, p = 0.12) as well as mortality from all causes. The need for myocardial revascularization was more frequent in patients allocated for percutaneous intervention, and stroke was more frequent in patients allocated for the revascularization procedure. The PRECOMBAT<sup>2</sup>study confirmed these results and described a higher frequency of ischemia related to the revascularized vessel in the percutaneous intervention group. Both studies report a greater benefit of percutaneous intervention for patients with SYNTAX score &#8804; 32.</p>
        <p>More recently, two other large studies have brought new evidence on the subject.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Both were non-inferiority studies comparing percutaneous intervention and myocardial revascularization procedure to treat unprotected left main coronary artery lesion. The EXCEL study, which included 1,905 patients with left main coronary artery lesion and at low or intermediate risk by the SYNTAX score, showed non-inferiority of percutaneous intervention compared with the myocardial revascularization procedure in all outcomes over a three-year follow-up period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> This study demonstrated that stent thrombosis was less frequent than coronary graft occlusion. In the five-year follow-up period of the EXCEL study, the frequency of major events remained similar between groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Conversely, the NOBLE study, which analyzed 1,201 patients, suggests superiority of the procedure at five years of follow up due to the more frequent need for myocardial revascularization in the percutaneous intervention group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In both studies, mortality at three or five years of follow up did not differ between the two procedures. The apparent contradictory results of these two studies are probably due to differences in primary outcomes and definition of myocardial infarction unrelated to the procedure between studies. The EXCEL study selected as composite outcome the mortality rate from all causes, cerebrovascular accident, and acute myocardial infarction, whereas the NOBLE study expanded this outcome by adding the need for a new revascularization. In the present study, the composite outcome is similar to the EXCEL study, and the low rate of its occurrence is consistent with the results of the large studies reported.</p>
        <p>A recent meta-analysis23 including these large studies suggests that patients with unprotected left main coronary artery lesion undergoing percutaneous intervention have rates of occurrence of stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and death similar to patients undergoing the myocardial revascularization procedure in five years of follow up. Drug-eluting stents have shown superior results compared with nondrug-eluting stents, and the latter can no longer be considered the gold standard of safety in percutaneous interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The use of new-generation drug-eluting stents is associated with a lower frequency of postoperative complications, including stent thrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The first case on treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery lesion by percutaneous intervention described in Brazil was the treatment of a patient with stable angina and without contraindication for surgery, in which percutaneous intervention was performed with first-generation drug- eluting stent and presented good results in the short-term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Other Latin American authors describe good results in case reports or studies with small samples of patients with SYNTAX score graded as low or intermediate risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Costantini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> describe an experience with 142 patients, including 63 cases with high-risk SYNTAX score and with the use of intravascular ultrasound in most cases. The authors verified 81.0% of success assessed by ultrasound and a hospital mortality rate of 1.4%, results similar to those found in the sample of the present study.</p>
        <p>In the present study, a high value was found for the mean SYNTAX score (46.80) compared with reports in the literature. The SYNTAX<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> study described a mean of 29 and 30 between groups; the EXCEL study evaluated low- and intermediate-risk patients and had a mean score of 20;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and the NOBLE study described a mean score of 22 between groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Thus, it is possible to infer that the present cases have a high anatomical complexity of coronary lesions.</p>
        <p>The performance of percutaneous intervention is described even in patients with a high SYNTAX score, with results similar to those found in patients with low or intermediate risk. Intuitively, patients with a SYNTAX score above 32 should benefit from the option for myocardial revascularization procedure, but this score does not include clinical variables that can have a major impact on the measured outcomes. The EuroSCORE is likely to perform better as a predictor of these events. Another possible explanation for the similar results between the studied groups may be the performance of complete revascularization of the coronary lesions in the studied patients, reducing the chances of major postoperative events. Similarly, other authors in a single-center study did not find an increase in mortality or restenosis after three years of follow up of the percutaneous intervention, comparing patients with low-intermediate and high SYNTAX scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The increased risk of culprit-lesion revascularization in percutaneous interventions found in the SYNTAX and PRECOMBAT studies has not been reproduced in the more recent EXCEL and NOBLE studies.</p>
        <p>In clinical practice, patients with unprotected left main coronary artery lesion generally have more comorbidities and worse outcomes when compared with patients evaluated in large clinical trials. Prediction models are useful tools to assist in the therapeutic planning of these complex coronary lesions and to optimize the outcome of patients through individualized medicine. The combination of the SYNTAX score and the EuroSCORE possibly improves the outcome prediction as for the indication to percutaneous intervention for unprotected left main coronary artery lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies of this type present information that broadens the indications to percutaneous interventions for selected patients. The periprocedural profile of short hospital stay, low rates of infection, reduced need for blood transfusion, and cost-effectiveness make percutaneous intervention very attractive. Decisions regarding the choice of treatment procedure must be made by a team of specialists considering each patient&#8217;s individual characteristics, comorbidities, life expectancy, disease extension, angiographic anatomy, and preferences.</p>
        <p>As limitations of this study, the retrospective design of the case series, the fact that it is a single-center study, and the procedures being performed by the same hemodynamicist could be considered. The generalization of results should be carefully done for centers with similar characteristics as well as the clinical profile of patients. The greatest contribution of the study is the use of intravascular ultrasound in all procedures and the large number of reported cases, which is similar to the number of cases of some of the large clinical trials found in the literature.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Percutaneous intervention in cases of unprotected left main coronary artery lesions was safely performed and presented excellent results. Considerable angiographic success of treatment guided by intravascular ultrasound was achieved. The rate of major cardiac and cerebrovascular events was low and similar between patients at low and high risks.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Douglas dos Santos Grion, from Universidade Estadual de Londrina.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>:  There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
