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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pt3XfQfC3zmKG7KQCPNfNkn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005006201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000701080</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190546</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190546</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil Cl&#237;nico e Evolu&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes com Infec&#231;&#227;o Relacionada a Dispositivos Card&#237;acos Eletr&#244;nicos Implant&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3011-6437</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0963-948X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Cardiologia - Avenida Alfredo Balena, 110. CEP 30130-100. Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>roselisboa@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Maciel AS, Silva RMFL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva RMFL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1080</fpage>
      <lpage>1088</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Houve aumento expressivo na incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI) nos &#250;ltimos anos, com impacto na mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Verificar a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o de DCEI e analisar seu perfil cl&#237;nico, as vari&#225;veis relacionadas com a infec&#231;&#227;o e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> Estudo retrospectivo, observacional e longitudinal com 123 pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o de DCEI entre 6.406 procedimentos. Foram usados os testes param&#233;tricos, e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 60,1 anos, e 71 eram homens. A m&#233;dia de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 35,3 dias, e houve remo&#231;&#227;o total do sistema em 105 pacientes. Identificaram-se endocardite infecciosa (EI) e sepse em 71 e 23 pacientes, respectivamente. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi 19,5%. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre EI e extrus&#227;o do gerador (17,0% vs. 19,5% nos grupos com e sem EI, respectivamente, p = 0,04; associa&#231;&#227;o inversa) e sepse (15,4% vs. 3,2%, p = 0,01). Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre morte intra-hospitalar e EI (83,3% vs. 52,0% com e sem morte, respectivamente, p = 0,005) e sepse (62,5% vs. 8,1%, p &lt; 0,0001). Foi dada alta hospitalar a 99 pacientes. Durante a m&#233;dia de seguimento cl&#237;nico de 43,8 meses, a taxa de mortalidade foi de 43%, e 65,2% dos pacientes com sepse faleceram (p &lt; 0,0001). A curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier n&#227;o indicou associa&#231;&#227;o significante com sexo, agente etiol&#243;gico, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, EI e modalidade de tratamento. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 32,8% entre os pacientes submetidos a reimplante de eletrodos por via endoc&#225;rdica e 52,2% entre aqueles por via epic&#225;rdica (p = 0,04). N&#227;o houve influ&#234;ncia da etiologia chag&#225;sica, a qual correspondeu a 44,7% das cardiopatias de base, quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais ou &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o foi de 1,9%, com predom&#237;nio em homens. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre mortalidade intra-hospitalar e EI e sepse. Ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, a taxa de mortalidade anual foi de 11,8%, com influ&#234;ncia de sepse durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e o implante epic&#225;rdico. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Bact&#233;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O uso de dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI) cresceu de forma exponencial nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos devido ao avan&#231;o da tecnologia, &#224; amplia&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es e &#224; maior expectativa de vida. Por outro lado, durante esse per&#237;odo, houve um aumento importante e desproporcional (de 210%) na incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas aos DCEI, alcan&#231;ando a incid&#234;ncia de at&#233; 19,9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essas infec&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o relacionadas ao tipo de dispositivo e ao n&#250;mero de suas manipula&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de substitui&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o &#233; de cerca de 5%, com um aumento de 2 a 4 vezes em compara&#231;&#227;o com o risco de um implante prim&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Outros fatores tamb&#233;m est&#227;o associados com o aumento da infec&#231;&#227;o, tais como sexo, idade, comorbidades e falta de profilaxia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o relacionado com DCEI apresenta morbidade significativa e mortalidade intra-hospitalar que varia de 6 a 14%, com mortalidade total de aproximadamente 20% em um ano, incluindo o per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; vari&#225;veis associadas a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis e preditores de mortalidade, como idade do paciente, uso de marca-passo (MP) tempor&#225;rio, trocas de dispositivos, agente estafilococo como etiologia, presen&#231;a de pr&#243;tese valvar card&#237;aca, tempo de remo&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, insufici&#234;ncia renal, necessidade de transfus&#227;o de sangue e presen&#231;a de endocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O risco de morte por infec&#231;&#227;o do DCEI depende do tipo de dispositivo e persiste ao longo do tempo. A taxa de mortalidade de at&#233; 20% permanece durante 3 anos para MP de c&#226;mera &#250;nica ou dupla e 2 anos para cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso meio, h&#225; escassa informa&#231;&#227;o sobre esse tema, al&#233;m do fato de as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e as etiologias para o implante de DCEI serem distintas dos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. Portanto, o conhecimento do perfil desses pacientes e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o etapas iniciais importantes para a execu&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes estabelecidas na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> &#192; vista disso, os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI e analisar seu perfil cl&#237;nico e laboratorial, as vari&#225;veis relacionadas com a infec&#231;&#227;o e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo de coorte, observacional, longitudinal e retrospectivo. A popula&#231;&#227;o foi constitu&#237;da por 123 pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI, de ambos os sexos e de todas as idades, no per&#237;odo de 2001 a 2017, considerando 6.406 procedimentos de implante de DCEI. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a MP tempor&#225;rio, e tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o do DCEI, por&#233;m submetidos ao implante do dispositivo em outros hospitais.Tanto o projeto de pesquisa quanto o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o, em conformidade com o descrito na resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012. Foram analisadas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais e dados de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico. Para o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI, foram considerados exames cl&#237;nicos associados a hemograma, prote&#237;na C-reativa, hemoculturas e ecocardiograma. Para diagn&#243;stico de endocardite infecciosa, foram utilizados os crit&#233;rios de Duke modificados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A profilaxia e o tratamento das infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a DCEI realizados na institui&#231;&#227;o na qual foi desenvolvido o estudo inclu&#237;ram t&#233;cnicas ass&#233;pticas com banho de clorexidene dergemante na noite anterior e na manh&#227; da realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, remo&#231;&#227;o de pelo, degerma&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, antissepsia da pele com clorexidine degermante durante 2 minutos e, ap&#243;s remover o excesso, aplica&#231;&#227;o de clorexidine alco&#243;lica. Segundo o mesmo protocolo, a profilaxia antibi&#243;tica foi realizada 1 hora antes do procedimento com dose &#250;nica de cefazolina 2 g.</p>
      <p>O quadro de sepse foi definido como disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica potencialmente fatal causada por uma resposta imune desregulada a uma infec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Foram considerados mortalidade intra-hospitalar todos os &#243;bitos ocorridos em raz&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, os pacientes sobreviventes foram acompanhados durante um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 6 meses. Foram considerados morte ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar todos os &#243;bitos naturais, fossem card&#237;acos ou n&#227;o. Para a mortalidade total, foram considerados os &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares por infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI e os &#243;bitos durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos dados, foi utilizado o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 14.0. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros e propor&#231;&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o. Os testes do qui-quadrado e de Fisher, quando apropriados, foram utilizados para estudar associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foi utilizado o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, em raz&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o normal por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) foi de 95%. Foi realizada an&#225;lise da sobrevida por meio da curva de Kaplan-Meier. Foi aplicado o teste de <italic>log-rank</italic> para comparar as curvas de sobrevida. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Gerais da Casu&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos 123 pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI foi de 60,1&#177;19,4 anos (variando de 3 meses a 97 anos), sendo 71 (57,7%) do sexo masculino. O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de procedimentos realizados, considerando implantes, trocas e manipula&#231;&#245;es de eletrodos, foi de 1,7. A m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi de 48,4%. Considerando o tempo de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI, o qual foi de 16 anos, a taxa anual de infec&#231;&#227;o foi de 1,2 por 1.000 procedimentos. As principais cardiopatias de base s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos DCEI, o modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o foi MP em modo VVI em 38,2%, em modo DDD em 30,9%, em modo AAI em 2,4%, CDI em 19,5% e terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) em 9% dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Principais cardiopatias de base.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1080-90546-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis Relacionadas &#224; Infec&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes apresentaram sinais e/ou sintomas sugestivos de infec&#231;&#227;o por DCEI. Foram observados secre&#231;&#227;o em bolsa em 39 (31,7%) pacientes, febre e mal-estar generalizado em 23 (18,6%) e bolsa com sinais de hiperemia e flutua&#231;&#227;o em 16 (13,0%). Houve extrus&#227;o do gerador em 45 (36,5%) pacientes.</p>
        <p>Foram colhidas hemoculturas de todos os pacientes. O agente etiol&#243;gico mais prevalente foi o estafilococo, isolado em culturas de 63 (51,2%) pacientes, seguido por estreptococo, encontrado em 2 (1,6%). Outros agentes, como <italic>serratia, pseudomnas aeruginosa, enterococcus faecalis</italic> e <italic>klebsiella</italic>, foram isolados em 20 (16,3%) pacientes. Houve presen&#231;a de mais de um agente etiol&#243;gico em 36 (29,7%) hemoculturas, e 38 (30,9%) foram negativas.</p>
        <p>Foram realizadas culturas da secre&#231;&#227;o da loja do gerador e da ponta de eletrodos em 74 pacientes. Entre os resultados da primeira, foram encontrados os agentes etiol&#243;gicos <italic>S. aureus</italic> e <italic>S. epidermidis</italic> em 15 (20,2%) e 5 (6,7%) pacientes, respectivamente. Os demais agentes etiol&#243;gicos, como <italic>pseudomonas, escherichia coli</italic> e <italic>acinetobacter baumannii</italic>, foram isolados em 8 (10,8%) amostras. A cultura de ponta de cateter identificou os agentes etiol&#243;gicos <italic>S. aureus</italic> e <italic>S. epidermidis</italic> em 21 (28,3%) e 18 (24,3%) pacientes, respectivamente. Os demais agentes, como <italic>serratia marcescens, pseudomonas</italic> e <italic>aeromonas hydrophila</italic>, foram isolados em 7 (9,4%) amostras.</p>
        <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico foi realizado em 91 (73,9%) pacientes, sendo que 44 (35,7%) apresentaram imagem sugestiva de vegeta&#231;&#227;o, enquanto o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi utilizado em 114 pacientes. Outros dados laboratoriais, como leuc&#243;citos, prote&#237;na C-reativa, intervalo de tempo entre o &#250;ltimo implante e o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, est&#227;o dispostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th>M&#237;nimo</th>
                  <th>M&#225;ximo</th>
                  <th>Mediana</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8710; tempo (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">563,36</td>
                  <td align="center">936,43</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">5895</td>
                  <td align="center">138,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos (ml/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.502,7</td>
                  <td align="center">5.900,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.008,0</td>
                  <td align="center">51.310,0</td>
                  <td align="center">8.350,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,7</td>
                  <td align="center">81,3</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">376,6</td>
                  <td align="center">34,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,3</td>
                  <td align="center">22,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">131</td>
                  <td align="center">29,0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>tempo: intervalo de tempo entre o &#250;ltimo implante e o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Ocorreu infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI causada pela realiza&#231;&#227;o do primeiro implante em 58 (47,1%) pacientes. Em 55 (44,7%), ocorreu devido &#224; troca de gerador e, em 10 (8,1%), por manipula&#231;&#245;es como plastia de loja de gerador, <italic>upgrade</italic> e reposicionamento de eletrodo. Houve infec&#231;&#227;o precoce (considerando o intervalo de tempo entre o procedimento e o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o inferior a 1 ano) em 78 (63,4%) pacientes. N&#227;o houve influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, n&#250;mero de procedimentos, tipo de dispositivo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Abordagens Farmacol&#243;gica e N&#227;o Farmacol&#243;gica em Rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Infec&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O antibi&#243;tico mais utilizado foi a vancomicina [91 (73,9%) pacientes], seguido pela oxacilina [20 (16,2%) pacientes]. A retirada total do sistema foi feita em 105 (85,4%) pacientes, enquanto a parcial foi feita em 11 (8,9%). Foram tratados somente com antibi&#243;ticos sete (5,7%) pacientes. Entre aqueles que foram submetidos &#224; retirada parcial, oito (6,5%) apresentaram recidiva da infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Foram submetidos a reimplante de novos sistemas 108 pacientes, sendo por via endoc&#225;rdica em 64 (52%) e por via epic&#225;rdica em 44 (35,7%). O reimplante do DCEI n&#227;o foi realizado em 15 pacientes (12,1%) pelos seguintes motivos: quatro foram submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco, tr&#234;s faleceram antes do procedimento e a fam&#237;lia de um dos pacientes n&#227;o autorizou o reimplante. Em tr&#234;s pacientes, a equipe m&#233;dica optou por n&#227;o realizar o procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Intra-hospitalar dos Pacientes</title>
        <p>A m&#233;dia do per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi de 35,3&#177;22,3 dias, variando de 1 a 131 dias. Houve evolu&#231;&#227;o sem complica&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo da interna&#231;&#227;o em 40 (32,5%) pacientes. Houve piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal em 37 (30,0%) pacientes; tromboembolismo pulmonar, encefalopatia e meningite em 27 (21,9%); derrame pleural em 11 (8,9%); e necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica em oito (6,5%). Ainda, 71 (57,7%) pacientes evolu&#237;ram com endocardite infecciosa e, entre esses, 19 (15,4%) evolu&#237;ram com sepse. Foi diagnosticada sepse em 23 (18,7%) pacientes, sendo que 15 (12,1%) faleceram em virtude disso. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; endocardite e ao tipo de dispositivo, 55,6% dos pacientes que cursaram com endocardite estavam com MP, 62,5% com CDI e 54,5% com TRC (p =0,65). Os demais dados sobre as vari&#225;veis associadas ou n&#227;o a endocardite infecciosa est&#227;o dispostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis entre os grupos de pacientes com e sem endocardite infecciosa</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Grupo sem endocardite</th>
                  <th>Grupo com endocardite</th>
                  <th>Valor-p*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (25,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (31,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,2&#177;18,9</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0&#177;19,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,5&#177;5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">24,2&#177;4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,0&#177;16,4</td>
                  <td align="center">50,4&#177;17,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extrus&#227;o de gerador</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (19,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (17,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N de procedimentos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,405</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sepse</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (15,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos (ml/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.638&#177;9.886</td>
                  <td align="center">8.568&#177;7.351</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,6&#177;56,4</td>
                  <td align="center">80,9&#177;93,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; N: n&#250;mero. *Teste qui-quadrado ou Fisher ou teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 19,5% (24 pacientes); todos os &#243;bitos foram por infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes que cursaram sem e com morte intra-hospitalar &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. O risco para morte intra-hospitalar em rela&#231;&#227;o ao curso com endocardite infecciosa foi de 4,47 (com IC95% entre 1,42 e 14,1). Quanto ao curso com sepse, o risco para morte intra-hospitalar foi de 4,1 (IC95% entre 1,3 e 12,9). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de dispositivo, 18 (20,5%) pacientes com MP, 4 com CDI (16,6%) e 2 com TRC (18,2%) faleceram no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar (p = 0,42).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise entre os pacientes que cursaram sem e com morte intra-hospitar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Grupo sem morte intra-hospitalar (n=99)</th>
                  <th>Grupo com morte intra-hospitalar (n=24)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (46,4 %)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (11,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,9&#177;18,6</td>
                  <td align="center">61,2&#177;22,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,7&#177;4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">22,9&#177;5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,0&#177;17,3</td>
                  <td align="center">45,9&#177;17,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N de procedimentos pr&#233;vios</td>
                  <td align="center">1,73&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1,95&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,317</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que cursaram com EI</td>
                  <td align="center">52,0</td>
                  <td align="center">83,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que cursaram com sepse</td>
                  <td align="center">8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">62,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos (ml/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.580&#177;8.646</td>
                  <td align="center">8.661&#177;7.777</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,73&#177;72,0</td>
                  <td align="center">94,76&#177;111,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>EI: endocardite infecciosa; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; N: n&#250;mero; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa. *Teste qui-quadrado ou Fisher ou teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Ap&#243;s a Alta Hospitalar</title>
        <p>Houve mais de uma infec&#231;&#227;o em oito pacientes. Foi dada alta hospitalar a 99 (80,4%) pacientes, com seguimento cl&#237;nico m&#233;dio de 43,8 meses e mediana de 28,3, variando de 0,6 a 177 meses. A taxa de mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar foi de 29,3% (29 pacientes), ocorrendo entre 3,94 a 164,5 meses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Curvas de Sobrevida</title>
        <p>Utilizando a curva de Kaplan-Meier e considerando como base progn&#243;stica a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte total (por causa card&#237;aca e n&#227;o card&#237;aca), foram constru&#237;das curvas de sobrevida. O teste de <italic>log-rank</italic> (Mantel-Cox) foi aplicado para comparar as curvas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sobrevida Total</title>
          <p>Durante todo o seguimento cl&#237;nico de 43,8 meses, 53 (43,0%) pacientes faleceram, sendo 24 no per&#237;odo intra-hopitalar e 29 ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. A taxa anual de mortalidade total foi 11,8% e 0,52 por 1.000 procedimentos/ano. A curva de sobrevida total dessa casu&#237;stica &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Curva de sobrevida de toda a casu&#237;stica. %&#8221;Eixo horizontal: tempo em meses; eixo vertical: probabilidade acumulada de sobrevida %.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1080-90546-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sepse</title>
          <p>Dos 23 pacientes diagnosticados com sepse, 15 (65,2%) faleceram durante o seguimento de 43,8 meses, com p &lt; 0,0001 pelo teste de <italic>log-rank</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>). A an&#225;lise com seguimento de 6 e 36 meses apresentou o mesmo valor-p.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Curva de sobrevida em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sepse. Eixo horizontal: tempo em meses; eixo vertical: probabilidade acumulada de sobrevida. Curva azul: pacientes que cursaram sem sepse durante a interna&#231;&#227;o; curva verde: pacientes que cursaram com sepse.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1080-90546-gf03.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outras Vari&#225;veis</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na sobrevida quanto ao sexo (p = 0,89) e ao agente etiol&#243;gico (p = 0,11). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de dispositivo, a taxa de mortalidade foi de 48,8% entre os pacientes com MP, 29,2% entre os pacientes com CDI e 27,2% entre aqueles com TRC (p = 0,92). Entre os pacientes que apresentaram endocardite durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, 47,8% faleceram durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico de 43,8 meses (p = 0,93), sem diferen&#231;a significativa, inclusive com seguimento de 6 e 36 meses (p = 0,11 e 0,08, respectivamente). Considerando a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 50% e &#8805; 50%, a taxa de mortalidade foi de 44,2% e 41,5%, respectivamente, durante todo o seguimento cl&#237;nico (p = 0,06). Quanto &#224; modalidade de tratamento, faleceram 42,8% dos pacientes tratados somente com antibioticoterapia, 18,2% dos submetidos &#224; retirada parcial do sistema e 47,7% dos submetidos &#224; retirada total do sistema (p = 0,07). Tomando por base progn&#243;stica o tipo de reimplante, 32,8% dos pacientes submetidos ao implante endoc&#225;rdico e 52,2% daqueles submetidos ao epic&#225;rdico faleceram (p = 0,04).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre Chag&#225;sicos e N&#227;o Chag&#225;sicos</title>
      <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes chag&#225;sicos e n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis (idade, sexo, tipo de dispositivo, n&#250;mero de procedimentos, intervalo entre o &#250;ltimo implante e o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o, valores de leuc&#243;citos, prote&#237;na C-reativa, FEVE, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, agente infeccioso, presen&#231;a de extrus&#227;o do gerador, propor&#231;&#227;o de endocardite infecciosa e de sepse e modalidade de tratamento) nem quanto &#224; mortalidade (intra-hospitalar e ap&#243;s a alta).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O implante de DCEI aumentou de forma significativa ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos devido &#224; maior abrang&#234;ncia das indica&#231;&#245;es desses dispositivos e em virtude do aumento da expectativa de vida e do maior n&#250;mero de cardiopatas. A infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI constitui um grave problema, com elevados &#237;ndices de morbidade e mortalidade e com grande impacto socioecon&#244;mico em raz&#227;o de seu alto custo de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No presente estudo, a m&#233;dia da idade dos pacientes foi semelhante &#224; observada em outros estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> assim como o predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino entre os pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>A etiologia principal da cardiopatia de base no presente estudo, a chag&#225;sica, foi distinta da de outros pa&#237;ses, nos quais h&#225; preval&#234;ncia da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o podem variar dependendo da dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento e do tipo de dispositivo e de procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Este estudo revelou que houve maior propor&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a procedimentos de troca de gerador, <italic>upgrade</italic> e plastia de bolsa. O tempo entre a &#250;ltima manipula&#231;&#227;o e o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o na literatura foi, em m&#233;dia, de 20 meses,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> semelhante ao presente estudo, mas pode variar dependendo do dispositivo, com intervalo de 4,2 meses em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CDI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Quanto &#224; etiologia da infec&#231;&#227;o, as esp&#233;cies de estafilococos causam a maior parte das infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a DCEI, sendo respons&#225;veis por 60% a 80% dos casos relatados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> taxa maior que a do presente estudo. Contudo, houve alta taxa de hemoculturas negativas, diferindo do reportado na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Essa discord&#226;ncia pode ser atribu&#237;da ao uso pr&#233;vio de antibi&#243;ticos pelos pacientes, antes de seu ingresso no hospital.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico da infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada com DCEI, al&#233;m do m&#233;todo cl&#237;nico, est&#227;o indicados exames laboratoriais e ecocardiograma. O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico &#233; o mais indicado para o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o endovascular em raz&#227;o de sua sensibilidade de 88% e especificidade de 99%. J&#225; o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico apresenta sensibilidade de apenas 32%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Portanto, apesar da alta sensibilidade do exame e de sua indica&#231;&#227;o precisa nesse quadro, a correla&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e os resultados de hemoculturas s&#227;o fundamentais para o diagn&#243;stico e para as complica&#231;&#245;es referentes &#224; essa infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Uma dessas complica&#231;&#245;es &#233; a endocardite, infec&#231;&#227;o grave que pode ocorrer entre 0,06 a 7,0% dos casos de infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Apresenta incid&#234;ncia anual de 1,83 casos/milh&#227;o de habitantes e 390 casos/milh&#227;o de portadores de MP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e mortalidade relatada de at&#233; 26%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, 57,7% dos pacientes desenvolveram endocardite. Em concord&#226;ncia com a literatura, o presente estudo mostrou o agravamento do progn&#243;stico daqueles que cursaram com endocardite. Outra complica&#231;&#227;o foi a sepse, tamb&#233;m contribuindo para o elevado n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos, cuja taxa, segundo a literatura, pode variar de 32,2 a 51,1%, tendo como principal agente o <italic>S. aureus</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>A tend&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre endocardite e extrus&#227;o do gerador no presente estudo pode ser explicada pelo n&#250;mero de pacientes com endocardite e extrus&#227;o, resultando em um vi&#233;s de confus&#227;o, uma vez que o sinal extrus&#227;o pode ou n&#227;o estar presente nos casos de endocardite.</p>
      <p>Estudos recomendam o uso da vancomicina como priorit&#225;ria no in&#237;cio da terapia antibi&#243;tica emp&#237;rica no tratamento da infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI, at&#233; que sejam verificados os resultados das hemoculturas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>Em concord&#226;ncia com a literatura, no estudo em quest&#227;o, a vancomicina foi utilizada em 73,9% dos casos. Al&#233;m da terapia com antibi&#243;ticos, h&#225; outras modalidades adicionais de tratamento, como a retirada precoce e total do sistema do dispositivo com impacto favor&#225;vel na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, associada a melhor sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Foram observados, no presente estudo, os benef&#237;cios da realiza&#231;&#227;o da retirada total do sistema de DCEI, com o objetivo de cura da infec&#231;&#227;o sem recidiva. Entretanto, a retirada total do sistema envolve, &#224;s vezes, cirurgia mais complexa como a cardiotomia, que pode agravar o quadro dos pacientes em quest&#227;o. Dados da literatura demonstraram que a r&#225;pida extra&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo e de seus eletrodos, associada a uma antibioticoterapia adequada com reimplante de novo dispositivo epic&#225;rdico ou contralateral, resultou em elevado &#237;ndice de cura, com baixo risco de mortalidade operat&#243;ria e infec&#231;&#227;o recorrente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A t&#233;cnica percut&#226;nea de extra&#231;&#227;o de eletrodos apresenta menor taxa de risco, entretanto, a mortalidade pode atingir 1,2% em centros experientes devido a sangramentos, perfura&#231;&#245;es vasculares e tamponamento card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI pode resultar em um tempo prolongado de interna&#231;&#227;o, o qual &#233; estendido por mais de 13% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o para o implante de novo dispositivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>O tratamento com antibi&#243;ticos, o procedimento de extra&#231;&#227;o e de reimplante e as complica&#231;&#245;es associadas contribuem para esse aumento no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, com impacto, tamb&#233;m, econ&#244;mico. O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o no presente estudo foi de 35,5 dias, enquanto nos relatos da literatura foi de 17 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Essa diferen&#231;a pode ser explicada pela maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com endocardite infecciosa neste estudo, resultando em tratamento mais extenso com antibi&#243;ticos, conforme preconizado pela literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da morbidade, a infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI tamb&#233;m apresenta mortalidade tanto intra-hospitalar quanto p&#243;s-alta hospitalar. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar demonstrou uma varia&#231;&#227;o ampla, segundo a literatura, dependendo do n&#250;mero de pacientes, da idade avan&#231;ada e da presen&#231;a de comorbidades e de complica&#231;&#245;es durante o tratamento, com taxas entre 6 e 14%. Al&#233;m disso, apresentou mortalidade total de aproximadamente 20% em um ano,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> atingindo 26,9% durante o seguimento de 5 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, a taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi maior do que as demostradas nos estudos citados, o que pode ser justificado pelo maior n&#250;mero de pacientes que desenvolveram endocardite e sepse. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, estudos com seguimento de at&#233; 2 anos evidenciaram que a taxa de total de mortes pode ser consider&#225;vel e variar de 6% a 35%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup>No presente estudo, a taxa de mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar foi de 23,5% durante o seguimento de 43,8 meses, com taxa anual de 14,5%, dentro da faixa de taxas descritas na literatura.</p>
      <p>Como j&#225; descrito previamente, h&#225; vari&#225;veis associadas a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis e preditores de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>No estudo em quest&#227;o, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa, pelas curvas de Kaplan-Meier, entre a sobrevida e o tipo de dispositivo, o curso de endocardite infecciosa durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e a modalidade de tratamento. Entretanto, houve diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; complica&#231;&#227;o de sepse durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, com menor sobrevida ap&#243;s a alta, assim como entre aqueles submetidos ao implante epic&#225;rdico.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; modalidade de tratamento, Kim et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>relataram que pacientes tratados de forma conservadora, ou seja, somente com antibioticoterapia, apresentaram taxa de &#243;bito elevada em tempo com m&#233;dia de 25 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>Tamb&#233;m h&#225; estudos relatando que a remo&#231;&#227;o precoce do dispositivo esteve associada a maior sobrevida dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Quando n&#227;o h&#225; remo&#231;&#227;o total do dispositivo, a mortalidade pode aumentar em 7 vezes dentro de 30 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Uma publica&#231;&#227;o atual, com 6.859 pacientes sem infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI, comparando a evolu&#231;&#227;o entre aqueles submetidos &#224; extra&#231;&#227;o e aqueles com abandono dos eletrodos, demonstrou que a remo&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos foi associada a menor taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo de 5 anos, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve impacto sobre a sobrevida dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> De maneira correlata, por&#233;m com popula&#231;&#227;o incluindo pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI, um estudo de caso-controle demonstrou taxas similares de mortalidade em pacientes com e sem infec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Isso reflete a heterogeneidade das casu&#237;sticas dos estudos quanto ao perfil cl&#237;nico, tempo de diagn&#243;stico e de interven&#231;&#227;o e quanto &#224;s comorbidades, vari&#225;veis que interferem, tamb&#233;m, na sobrevida. Al&#233;m disso, uma pesquisa publicada em junho de 2019, com a participa&#231;&#227;o de 62 pa&#237;ses, demonstrou que somente 39,9% dos profissionais que realizam o implante de DCEI fazem irriga&#231;&#227;o da bolsa com antibi&#243;tico e somente 44% administram antibi&#243;tico profil&#225;tico, com remo&#231;&#227;o completa do sistema em 62% das vezes em caso de infec&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> o que ilustra a disparidade de abordagem em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o relacionadas ao DCEI.</p>
      <p>Quanto ao implante epic&#225;rdico, um estudo comparando o reimplante de eletrodos de MP ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o demonstrou que os 65 pacientes submetidos a acesso epic&#225;rdico apresentaram um risco de endocardite tardia ou reinterven&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo 3,6 vezes maior do que os 37 pacientes submetidos a MP tempor&#225;rio e posterior reimplante endoc&#225;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Isso foi explicado pelas complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao reimplante epic&#225;rdico.</p>
      <p>A etiologia da cardiopatia de pacientes com DCEI influencia sua evolu&#231;&#227;o. O progn&#243;stico de pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica &#233; desfavor&#225;vel quando comparado ao de outras etiologias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Na literatura, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos espec&#237;ficos sobre infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI e etiologia chag&#225;sica, exceto um estudo sobre o diagn&#243;stico microbiano com a cultura de fluidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Comparando 15 pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o e 68 sem infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI, com um total de 19 chag&#225;sicos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto a essa etiologia. No presente estudo, com um total de 55 chag&#225;sicos, a compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes chag&#225;sicos e n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a entre as vari&#225;veis e quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</title>
        <p>A parte retrospectiva do estudo foi uma desvantagem devido &#224; menor disponibilidade de registros adequados nos prontu&#225;rios, al&#233;m da subnotifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada a DCEI. Isso pode ter repercutido na taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o, com algum vi&#233;s na an&#225;lise. Al&#233;m disso, em virtude do longo tempo de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes, as t&#233;cnicas e os aparelhos de ecocardiograma foram distintos durante o per&#237;odo, sem uniformidade de sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, impedindo a verifica&#231;&#227;o da valva acometida nos casos de endocardite infecciosa. Como nem todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, a taxa de endocardite pode ter sido subestimada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o foi de 1,9% (1,2 por 1.000 procedimentos/ano), com predom&#237;nio em homens e em pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, a incid&#234;ncia de endocardite infecciosa foi de 57,7% e a de sepse, 18,7%. Foi feita remo&#231;&#227;o total do sistema na maioria dos pacientes (85,4%). A taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 19,5% e houve associa&#231;&#227;o com endocardite e sepse. Ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, a taxa de mortalidade anual foi de 11,8%, com influ&#234;ncia somente da ocorr&#234;ncia de sepse durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e do implante epic&#225;rdico.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento:O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical Profile and Outcome of Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device-Related Infection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3011-6437</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0963-948X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva</bold> &#8226;Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Cardiologia - Avenue Alfredo Balena, 110. Postal Code 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: roselisboa@uol.com.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Data acquisition, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Maciel AS, Silva RMFL; Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva RMFL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> In recent years, the incidence of infections related to cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) has increased sharply, impacting mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To verify the proportion of patients with CIED infection; to analyze their clinical profile and the variables related to the infection and its progression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Retrospective and longitudinal observational study including 123 patients with CIED infection among 6406 procedures. Parametric tests and a level of significance of 5% were used in the statistical analyses</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The mean age of patients was 60.1 years and mean length of stay in hospital was 35.3 days; most (71) patients were male, and the system was completely removed in 105 cases. Infectious endocarditis (IE) and sepsis were observed in 71 and 23 patients, respectively. Intra-hospital mortality was 19.5%. IE was associated with extrusion of the generator (17.0% vs 19.5% with and without IE, respectively, p = 0.04, inverse association) and sepsis (15.4% vs 3.2%, p = 0.01). Intra-hospital death was associated with IE (83.3% vs 52.0% with and without intra-hospital death, respectively, p = 0.005) and sepsis (62.5% vs 8.1%, p &lt; 0.0001). Ninety-nine patients were discharged. During a mean follow-up of 43.8 months, mortality rate was 43%; among patients with sepsis, it was 65.2% (p &lt; 0.0001). By applying a Kaplan-Meier survival curve, we did not indicate significant associations with sex, etiologic agent, ejection fraction, IE, or treatment modality. The death rate was 32.8% for patients subjected to endocardial electrode reimplantation and 52.2% for epicardial reimplantation (p = 0.04). Chagasic etiology (44.7% of the baseline heart diseases) did not influence clinical and laboratory variables or disease progression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The infection rate was 1.9%, mostly in men. We observed an association of intra-hospital mortality with IE and sepsis. After discharge, the annual mortality rate was 11.8%, influenced by sepsis during hospitalization and epicardial implantation. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac Pacemaker Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Bacteria</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Outcome</kwd>
        <kwd>infection</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The use of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) has grown exponentially in the las 10 years owing to technology advancements, broadening indications, and increasing life expectancy. On the other hand, during this period, an important and disproportionate 210% increase in the incidence of CIED-related infections has brought this number to 19.9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These infections are related to the type of device and number of interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> After device replacement, the risk of infection is around 5%, which indicates a 2&#8211;4-fold increased risk when compared to a primary implant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>Other factors are also associated with increased infection rates, such as sex, age, comorbidities, and lack of prophylaxis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This type of infection causes significant morbidity, and intra-hospital mortality varies from 6% to 14% with a total mortality of approximately 20% in one year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Some variables are also associated with unfavorable outcomes and mortality predictors, such as the patient&#8217;s age, use of temporary pacemaker (PM), device replacements, <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> sp. as the etiologic agent, prosthetic heart valves, time to device removal, kidney disease, need for blood transfusion, and endocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The risk of death due to CIED-related infection depends on the device type and persists with time. The 20% mortality rate continues for 3 years for single- or dual-chamber PMs, and for 2 years for the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Brazil, information on this subject is scarce; moreover, patient characteristics and etiologies for CIED implantation are different from those observed in developed countries. Therefore, recognizing these patients&#8217; profile and their clinical course is an important initial step for implementing the guidelines established by the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In view of this information, the objectives of this study were to verify the proportion of patients with CIED-related infection and to analyze their clinical and laboratory profiles, variables related to the infection, and its progression.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a retrospective and longitudinal observational cohort study. Our population consisted of 123 patients with device-related infection, of both sexes and all ages, selected among 6406 CIED implantation procedures performed between 2001 and 2017. Patients with DCEI infection but who underwent implantation of the device in other hospitals were also excluded. We excluded patients with infections related to temporary PMs. Both the research project and the free and informed consent form were approved by the institution&#8217;s Ethics and Research Committee according to Resolution No. 466/2012. We analyzed clinical and laboratory variables, as well as pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment data. The diagnosis of CIED-related infection considered clinical examinations associated with a complete blood count, C-reactive protein, blood cultures, and echocardiogram examinations. Infectious endocarditis was diagnosed using modified Duke criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the institution where the study was conducted, prophylaxis and treatment of CIED-related infections included aseptic techniques with chlorhexidine detergent showers the night before and in the morning of the procedure, hair removal, surgical degerming, and skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine detergent for 2 min, removing excess product and applying an alcoholic chlorhexidine solution. According to the same protocol, antibiotic prophylaxis was performed 1 h before the procedure with a single dose of 2g of cefazolin.</p>
        <p>Sepsis was defined as a potentially fatal organic dysfunction caused by a dysregulated immune response to infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Intra-hospital mortality considered deaths due to infection during hospitalization. After discharge, surviving patients were followed-up for a minimum period of 6 months. We considered post-discharge deaths as natural deaths of cardiac or non-cardiac causes. Total mortality considered intra-hospital deaths (due to CIED-related infection) and post-discharge deaths during follow-up.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Data were analyzed using SPSS version 14.0. Results were expressed as absolute numbers and proportions for categorical variables, and as means and standard deviations for continuous variables. When appropriate, chi-squared and Fisher&#8217;s tests were used for verifying associations between categorical variables. For comparing continuous variables, an unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test was used after verifying a normal distribution through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The confidence interval used in the analyses was 95%. Survival analysis used Kaplan-Meier curves, which were compared using a log-rank test. The level of significance used in the analyses was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>General Characteristics of the Studied Cases</title>
          <p>The mean age of the 123 patients with CIED-related infection was 60.1 &#177; 19.4 years (ranging from 3 months to 97 years); 71 (57.7%) patients were male. The mean number of procedures considering implantations, replacements, and electrode manipulations was 1.7. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 48.4%. Considering the period of patient inclusion (16 years), the annual infection rate was 1.2 per 1000 procedures.</p>
          <p>The main baseline heart diseases are displayed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>. Regarding CIED, stimulation modes were: PM VVI mode in 38.2% of the patients, DDD mode in 30.9%, and AAI mode in 2.4% of the patients; ICD in 19.5% of the patients; and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in 9% of patients.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Main baseline heart diseases.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1080-90546-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables Related to Infection</title>
          <p>All patients presented signs and/or symptoms suggestive of CIED-related infection. We observed pocket discharge in 39 (31.7%) patients, fever and malaise in 23 (18.6%) patients, and pocket with signs of hyperemia and fluctuation in 16 (13.0%) patients. Forty-five (36.5%) patients presented extrusion of the generator.</p>
          <p>We performed blood cultures with samples from all patients. The most prevalent etiologic agent, isolated in the cultures of 63 (51.2%) patients, was <italic>Staphylococcus aureus,</italic> followed by <italic>Streptococcus</italic> epidermidis in 2 (1.6%) patients. Other agents such as Serratia sp., <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis</italic>, and <italic>Klebsiella</italic> sp. were isolated in 20 (16.3%) patients. Thirty-six (29.7%) patients presented more than one etiologic agent. Blood cultures were negative in 38 (30.9%) patients.</p>
          <p>Seventy-four patients had blood cultures performed with samples collected from the generator pocket and electrode tips. In cultures performed with generator pocket samples, <italic>S. aureus</italic> was found in 15 (20.2%) patients, and <italic>S. epidermidis</italic> was found in 5 (6.7%) patients. Other etiologic agents such as <italic>Pseudomonas</italic> sp., <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, and <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic> were isolated in 8 (10.8%) samples.</p>
          <p>Catheter tip cultures demonstrated <italic>S. aureus</italic> as etiologic agent in 21 (28.3%) patients. Other agents such as <italic>Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas</italic> sp., and <italic>Aeromonas hydrophila</italic> were isolated in 7 (9.4%) samples.</p>
          <p>One hundred and fourteen patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed in 91 (73.9%) patients, of which 44 (35.7%) yielded images suggestive of vegetation.</p>
          <p>Other laboratory data (leucocytes, C-reactive protein) and the time between the last implantation and the diagnosis of infection, as well as length of stay, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Variables related to the infection</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Mean</th>
                    <th>Standard deviation</th>
                    <th>Minimum</th>
                    <th>Maximum</th>
                    <th>Median</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8710; time (days)</td>
                    <td align="center">563.36</td>
                    <td align="center">936.43</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">5895</td>
                    <td align="center">138.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leukocytes (cells/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">9502.7</td>
                    <td align="center">5900.9</td>
                    <td align="center">1008.0</td>
                    <td align="center">51310.0</td>
                    <td align="center">8350.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>C-reactive protein (mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.7</td>
                    <td align="center">81.3</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">376.6</td>
                    <td align="center">34.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Length of stay (days)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.3</td>
                    <td align="center">22.3</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">131</td>
                    <td align="center">29.0</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>&#8710; time: time between the last implantation and the diagnosis of infection.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>CIED-related infection occurred after the first implantation procedure in 58 (47.1%) patients. In 55 (44.7%) patients, it happened at generator replacement, and in 10 (8.1%) patients, it occurred after device manipulations such as generator pocket revision, device upgrade, and electrode repositioning.</p>
          <p>We observed early infections (when the time between the procedure and diagnosis of infection was shorter than a year) in 78 (63.4%) patients. Sex, age, body mass index, number of procedures, device type, and ejection fraction did not influence the occurrence of infection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological Approaches to Infection</title>
          <p>The most widely used antibiotic was vancomycin, in 91 (73.9%) patients, followed by oxacillin in 20 (16.2%) patients. The system was totally removed in 105 (85.4%) patients and was partially removed in 11 (8.9%) cases. Seven (5.7%) patients were treated only with antibiotics. Among those who underwent partial removal, 8 (6.5%) had infection relapse.</p>
          <p>New systems were reimplanted in 108 patients, of which 64 (52%) underwent endocardial reimplantation and 44 (35.7%), epicardial reimplantation. Fifteen (12.1%) patients did not undergo CIED reimplantation due to the following reasons: 4 were subjected to cardiac transplants, 3 patients died before reimplantation, and 1 patient&#8217;s family did not provide authorization for reimplantation. In 3 cases, the medical team opted not to perform reimplantation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intra-hospital Patient Course</title>
          <p>Mean length of stay was 35.3 &#177; 22.3 days, ranging from 1 to 131 days. Forty (32.5%) patients progressed without complications during hospitalization. Thirty-seven (30.0%) patients had worsening renal function, 27 (21.9%) had pulmonary thromboembolism, encephalopathy, and meningitis, 11 (8.9%) had pleural effusion, and 8 (6.5%) needed mechanical ventilation. Seventy-one (57.7%) patients had infectious endocarditis, of which 19 (15.4%) progressed to sepsis. Sepsis was diagnosed in 23 (18.7%) patients, and 15 (12.1%) died due to this condition. As for endocarditis and device types, 55.6% of the patients who had endocarditis had a PM, while 62.5% had an ICD, and 54.5% had a CRT device (p = 0.65). Other data on variables associated (or not) to infectious endocarditis are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison between variable means in patients with or without infectious endocarditis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>No endocarditis</th>
                    <th>Endocarditis</th>
                    <th>p-value*</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (25.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (31.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.2 &#177; 18.9</td>
                    <td align="center">60.0 &#177; 19.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.5 &#177; 5.1</td>
                    <td align="center">24.2 &#177; 4.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.0 &#177; 16.4</td>
                    <td align="center">50.4 &#177; 17.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Extrusion of the generator</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (19.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (17.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.045</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No. of procedures</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.405</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sepsis</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (3.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (15.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leukocytes (cells/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">8638 &#177; 9886</td>
                    <td align="center">8568 &#177; 7351</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>C-reactive protein (mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">51.6 &#177; 56.4</td>
                    <td align="center">80.9 &#177; 93.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BMI: body mass index. * chi-squared or Fisher&#8217;s tests, or unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Intra-hospital mortality was 19.5% (24 patients); all deaths were due to CIED-related infection. A comparison between patients who progressed or not to intra-hospital death is presented in 3.</p>
          <p>The risk of intra-hospital death, regarding a clinical course with infectious endocarditis, was 4.47 (95% confidence interval 1.42&#8211;14.1). As for sepsis, this risk was 4.1 (95% confidence interval 1.3&#8211;12.9).</p>
          <p>According to device type, 18 (20.5%) patients with PM, 4 (16.6%) with ICD, and 2 (18.2%) with CRT devices died in the hospital (p = 0.42).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap>
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Analysis between patients who progressed or not to intra-hospital death</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Intra-hospital death (n = 99)</th>
                    <th>Intra-hospital death (n = 24)</th>
                    <th>p-value*</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (46.4 %)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (11.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">59.9 &#177; 18.6</td>
                    <td align="center">61.2 &#177; 22.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.7 &#177; 4.9</td>
                    <td align="center">22.9 &#177; 5.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.0 &#177; 17.3</td>
                    <td align="center">45.9 &#177; 17.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No. of previous procedures</td>
                    <td align="center">1.73 &#177; 0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">1.95 &#177; 0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.317</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Proportion of patients who progressed to IE</td>
                    <td align="center">52.0</td>
                    <td align="center">83.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Proportion of patients who progressed to sepsis</td>
                    <td align="center">8.1</td>
                    <td align="center">62.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leukocytes (cells/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">8580 &#177; 8646</td>
                    <td align="center">8661 &#177; 7777</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>C-reactive protein (mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">62.73 &#177; 72.0</td>
                    <td align="center">94.76 &#177; 111.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BMI: body mass index; IE: infectious endocarditis. * chi-squared or Fisher&#8217;s tests, or unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Progression After Hospital Discharge</title>
          <p>Eight patients presented more than one infection. Ninety-nine (80.4%) patients were discharged and followed-up for a mean period of 43.8 months (median 28.3, ranging from 0.6 to 144 months). The mortality rate after hospital discharge was 29.3% (29 patients), and deaths occurred within 3.94 and 164.5 months.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Survival Curves</title>
          <p>We constructed Kaplan-Meier survival curves considering the occurrence of total deaths (due to cardiac and non-cardiac causes) and applied a log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test for comparing them.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Total survival</title>
            <p>Fifty-three (43.0%) patients died during the 43.8-month follow-up; 24 patients died in the hospital and 29, after discharge. The annual mortality rate was 11.8% and 0.52 per 1000 procedures/year. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> represents the total survival curve for this study.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f02001">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Survival curve for the studied cases. X-axis: time (months); Y-axis: cumulative survival probability.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1080-90546-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Sepsis</title>
            <p>Out of the 23 patients diagnosed with sepsis, 15 (65.2%) died during the 43.8-month follow-up (p &lt; 0.0001 in the log-rank test, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>). Analyses with 6- and 36-month follow-up periods yielded the same p-value.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f03001">
                <label>Figure 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Survival curve regarding sepsis. X-axis: time (months); Y-axis: cumulative survival probability. Blue curve: patients who did not have sepsis during hospitalization; green curve: patients who progressed to sepsis during hospitalization.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1080-90546-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Other variables</title>
            <p>No differences were observed regarding sex (p = 0.89) and etiologic agent (p = 11). As for device types, the mortality rate was 48.8% in patients with PM, 29.2% in patients with ICD, and 27.2% among those with CRT devices (p = 0.92). Among patients who presented endocarditis during their hospitalization, 47.8% died during the 43.8-month follow-up (p = 0.93), with no significant differences even when considering 6- and 36-month follow-up periods (p = 0.11 and 0.08, respectively). Considering ejection fractions &lt; 50% or &#8805; 50%, the death rate was 44.2% and 41.5% during the whole follow-up (p = 0.06). As for treatment modalities, 42.8% of patients treated only with antibiotics died, while 18.2% of those subjected to partial removal of the system and 47.7% of those subjected to complete removal died (p = 0.07). Considering implant types, 32.8% of patients who underwent endocardial reimplantation and 52.2% of those who underwent epicardial reimplantation died (p = 0.04).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comparison between Patients with and without Chagas&#8217; Disease</title>
        <p>When comparing these 2 groups, no differences were observed regarding variables (age, sex, device type, number of procedures, time between the last implantation and the diagnosis of infection, leukocytes, C-reactive protein, left ventricular ejection fraction, length of stay, infectious agent, extrusion of the generator, proportion of infectious endocarditis and sepsis, and treatment modality). No differences were observed in mortality either (intra-hospital and after discharge).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>CIED implantation increased significantly in recent years owing to broader indications for these devices, to an increasing life expectancy, and to a higher number of people with heart disease. CIED-related infection represents a severe problem, with high morbidity and mortality indices and a great socioeconomic impact due to the high cost of its treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this study, the mean patient age was similar to that observed in other studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> as was the predominance of male sex among patients with CIED-related infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>The main etiology of baseline heart diseases in this study was Chagas&#8217;s disease, which differed from that observed in other countries where ischemic heart disease is more prevalent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Infection rates may vary according to the follow-up period, device type, and procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> This study revealed that a higher proportion of infections was related to generator replacement, device upgrade, and pocket revision. The mean time between the last manipulation and diagnosis of infection, according to the literature, is 20 months,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> which is similar to this study but may vary depending on the device. This interval was 4.2 months in relation to the infection of the ICD, according to the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As for infection etiology, staphylococci cause most of CIED-related infections, being responsible for 60% to 80% of the reported cases;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> this rate is higher than that observed in this study. However, a high number of blood cultures provided negative results, which is unlike what is commonly reported in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> This difference may be attributed to previous use of antibiotics by the patients (before hospitalization).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>For diagnosing this infection, apart from the clinical method, laboratory and echocardiogram examinations are indicated. The transesophageal echocardiogram is the most indicated examination for diagnosing endovascular infection owing to its 88% sensitivity and 99% specificity. Transthoracic echocardiogram, in turn, presents a sensitivity of only 32%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Therefore, despite the high sensitivity of this imaging test and its precise indication in this picture, clinical correlation and blood culture results are fundamental for the diagnosis and complications of this type of infection. One of these complications is endocarditis, a severe infection that may occur in 0.06% to 7.0% of CIED-related infections,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> with an annual incidence of 1.83 cases/million people and 390 cases/million PM recipients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and a reported mortality of up to 26%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In the studied population, 57.7% of the patients developed endocarditis. In agreement with the literature, this study demonstrated worsening prognosis in those who had endocarditis. Another complication was sepsis, which also contributed to a high number of deaths; according to the literature, the death rate due to sepsis can vary from 32.2% to 51.1% and its main agent is <italic>S. aureus</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>The tendency for an inverse association between endocarditis and extrusion of the generator in this study may derive from the number of patients with endocarditis and extrusion, resulting in a confounding bias since extrusion may or may not be present in cases of endocarditis.</p>
        <p>Studies recommend the use of vancomycin as a priority in the beginning of empiric antibiotic therapy when treating CIED-related infections until blood culture results are obtained.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>In agreement with the literature, in this study vancomycin was used in 73.9% of the cases. In addition to antibiotic therapy, other additional treatment modalities are available, such as the early and complete removal of the system, which has a favorable impact on patient progression and is associated with better survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this study, we observed the benefits of complete system removal aiming to cure the infection without relapse. However, complete removal of the system sometimes involves more complex surgery such as cardiotomy, which may worsen the patient&#8217;s clinical picture. Data in the literature demonstrate that a quick device and electrode removal, associated with proper antibiotic therapy and reimplantation of a new epicardial or contralateral device, resulted in a high cure rate with a low risk of operative mortality and recurrent infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The percutaneous technique of electrode extraction presents less risk. However, mortality can reach 1.2% in experienced centers due to bleeding, vascular perforations, and cardiac tamponade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CIED-related infection can result in prolonged hospitalization, which is extended in 13% in comparison to the hospitalization for device implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>Treatment with antibiotics, extraction and reimplantation, and associated complications contribute to this increase in hospitalization time, which also brings an economic impact. Mean length of stay in this study was 35.5 days. Literature reports indicate a mean stay of 17 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> This difference can be explained by a higher proportion of patients with infectious endocarditis, which resulted in longer antibiotic treatment as recommended by the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to morbidity, CIED-related infection also presents mortality, both intra-hospital and after discharge. Intra-hospital mortality varies widely, according to the literature, depending on the number of patients, older age, and the presence of comorbidities and complications during treatment; it can range from 6% to 14%, while total mortality is approximately 20% in one year,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> reaching 26.9% during a 5-year follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> In the studied population, the intra-hospital mortality rate was higher than the rates reported in the mentioned studies, which could be justified by a higher number of patients who developed endocarditis and sepsis. Regarding the post-discharge period, studies with follow-up periods of up to 2 years showed that the total death rate can be substantial, varying from 6% to 35%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup>In this study, the post-discharge mortality rate was 23.5% during the 43.8-month follow-up, with an annual rate of 14.5%, which was within those values described in the literature.</p>
        <p>As previously described, some variables are associated with unfavorable outcomes and mortality predictors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>In our study, no significant association (according to the Kaplan-Meier curves) of survival with device type, infectious endocarditis during hospitalization, and treatment modality was observed. However, there was a significant difference in sepsis complication during hospitalization, with lower survival after discharge, as well as among those who underwent epicardial implantation.</p>
        <p>Considering treatment modalities, Kim et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> reported that patients treated conservatively, ie, only with antibiotic therapy, presented high death rates within a mean time of 25 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>In addition, some studies indicate that early device removal was associated to higher patient survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> When total device removal does not happen, mortality can increase up to 7-fold within 30 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A recent study considering 6859 patients with no CIED-related infection compared the progress of patients subjected to extraction and those with abandoned electrodes, demonstrating that electrode removal was associated to a lower infection rate in a 5-year period, but no impact on patient survival was observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> In a related manner, but with a population that included patients with CIED-related infection, a case-control study demonstrated similar mortality rates for patients with and without infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> This reflects the heterogeneity of study cases when it comes to clinical profile, time of diagnosis and intervention, and comorbidities; these variables interfere with survival, among other factors. Moreover, a study published in June 2019 with the participation of 62 countries demonstrated that only 39.9% of professionals executing CIED implantation performed pocket irrigation with antibiotics and 44% administered prophylactic antibiotics, with complete removal of the system in 62% of the times in case of infection,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> which illustrates the disparity in approaches to patients with CIED-related infection.</p>
        <p>As for the epicardial implant, a study comparing PM electrode reimplantation after infection demonstrated a 3.6-fold risk of late andocarditis or device reintervention in 65 patients undergoing epicardial access when compared to 37 patients undergoing temporary PM and subsequent endocardial reimplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> This was explained by complications associated with epicardial reimplantation.</p>
        <p>The etiology of heart disease in patients with CIED influences its progression. The prognosis of patients with chronic Chagas&#8217; heart disease is unfavorable when compared to other etiologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> No specific studies on CIED-related infection and chagasic etiology are present in the literature, except for a study on microbial diagnosis with fluid culture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> When comparing 15 patients with infection and 68 without CIED-related infection, with a total of 19 patients with Chagas&#8217; disease, no difference was observed between groups regarding this etiology. In this study, with 55 patients with Chagas&#8217; disease, no differences were observed between variables and regarding progression when comparing patients with and without this disease.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Limitations</title>
          <p>The retrospective nature of the study was a disadvantage considering a lower availability of adequate medical records, in addition to a sub-notification of patients with CIED-related infection. This may have affected the infection rate, bringing some bias to the analysis. Moreover, due to the long period of patient inclusion, echocardiography techniques and equipment have changed over time, with no uniformity in this examination and preventing the verification of the affected valve in case of infected endocarditis. Since not all patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography, the rate of endocarditis may have been underestimated.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The rate of infection was 1.9% (1.2 per 1000 procedures/year), with a predominance of men and patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. During hospitalization, the incidence of infectious endocarditis was 57.7% and that of sepsis was 18.7%. Total system removal was performed in most patients (85.4%). Intra-hospital mortality rate was 19.5% and was associated with the occurrence of endocarditis and sepsis. After discharge, the annual mortality rate was 11.8%, influenced only by the occurrence of sepsis during hospitalization and by epicardial implantation.</p>
      </sec>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Alessandra de Souza Maciel, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de do Adulto, Faculdade de Medicina de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>:There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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  </sub-article>
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