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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">L5Ks63mdWz3hcKDtns39VPB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000701072</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200098</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200098</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#193;cido &#218;rico S&#233;rico e Pr&#233;-Hipertens&#227;o e Hipertens&#227;o entre Adultos Chineses</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2147-9407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Lijun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaoyu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0292-8681</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhengmei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jin</surname>
            <given-names>Yuelong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chang</surname>
            <given-names>Weiwei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Yan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yao</surname>
            <given-names>Yingshui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">School of Public Health</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Wannan Medical College</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Institute of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Wuhu</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Wannan Medical College / Institute of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control , Wuhu - China </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Clinical Nutrition</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hefei BOE Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hufei</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Clinical Nutrition , Hefei BOE Hospital , Hufei - China </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Wuhu</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Medicine , Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Wuhu - China </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Yingshui Yao &#8226; No. 22, Wenchang Road, Wuhu 241002, Anhui, China./No.18, Wuxia Shanxi Road, Wuhu 241002, Anhui - China E-mail: <email>yingshuiyao@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Zhang X, Yao Y, Chen Y; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Zhang X, Fang Z, Jin Y; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Zhu L; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fang Z, Chang W; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Zhu L, Jin Y, Chang W, Yao Y, Chen Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn_ast1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p> Os autores Lijun Zhu e Xiaoyu Zhang contribu&#237;ram igualmente para o manuscrito</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1072</fpage>
      <lpage>1078</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>O &#225;cido &#250;rico (AU), produto final do metabolismo dos nucleot&#237;deos das purinas, participa dos processos de doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares. Evid&#234;ncias experimentais sugerem que o &#225;cido &#250;rico &#233; um mediador importante na resposta fisiol&#243;gica ao aumento da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o em uma popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Conduziu-se um estudo transversal entre mar&#231;o e setembro de 2017, e 1.138 participantes com idades entre 35 e 75 anos foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, onde 223 normotensos, 316 pr&#233;-hipertensos e 599 hipertensos foram selecionados para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU e hipertens&#227;o. Considerou-se um valor de p&lt;0,05 estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU foram significativamente maiores no grupo pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o (p&lt;0,05 para todos). A an&#225;lise quantitativa das caracter&#237;sticas indicou n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU (2,92&#177;0,81, 3,06&#177;0,85, 3,22&#177;0,98 mg/d) linearmente aumentados em mulheres normotensas, pr&#233;-hipertensas e hipertensas, com um valor de p de 0,008. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU nos quartis correlacionaram-se positivamente com a PAD (p&lt;0,05), principalmente em mulheres. Ap&#243;s o ajuste para idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), glicose (GLI), colesterol total (CT), triglicer&#237;deos (TG), colesterol HDL (lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade), as raz&#245;es de chances ( <italic>odds ratios</italic> &#8212; ORs) e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% da pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU mais baixos (referentes) aos mais altos foram 1,718 (1,028&#8211;2,872), 1,018 (0,627&#8211;1,654) e 1,738 (1,003&#8211;3,010). Al&#233;m disso, o segundo quartil dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU esteve significativamente associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o, com uma OR (IC 95%) de 2,036 (1,256&#8211;3,298).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>O presente estudo sugere que n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de AU est&#227;o positivamente associados &#224; pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o entre adultos chineses.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;cido &#218;rico</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperuricemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>81874280</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>81673266</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>1808085QH283</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>1808085MH297</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Key Projects of Anhui Provincial Department of Education</funding-source>
          <award-id>KJ2019A0405</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Universities of Anhui Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>gxyqZD2017066</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81874280 e No. 81673266); Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. 1808085QH283 e No. 1808085MH297); Key Projects of Anhui Provincial Department of Education (No. KJ2019A0405); Key Program in the Youth Elite Support Plan in Universities of Anhui Province (No. gxyqZD2017066).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) vem aumentando rapidamente nas comunidades mundiais. A taxa geral de preval&#234;ncia padronizada por idade de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares aumentou significativamente de 1990 a 2016 &#8212; 14,7% &#8212; e o n&#250;mero anual de &#243;bitos por DCV aumentou de 2,51 milh&#245;es para 3,97 milh&#245;es na China. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o arterial representa uma grande carga para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica mundial devido &#224; sua alta preval&#234;ncia, sendo um importante fator de risco para uma s&#233;rie de DCVs, incluindo acidente vascular cerebral, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e insufici&#234;ncia renal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> De acordo com o documento &#8220;Summary of report on cardiovascular diseases in China (2018)&#8221;, o n&#250;mero de pacientes hipertensos na China &#233; de cerca de 245 milh&#245;es, e a taxa de preval&#234;ncia de homens &#233; maior do que de mulheres. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o, um dist&#250;rbio altamente heterog&#234;neo, &#233; influenciada pela intera&#231;&#227;o entre diversos fatores, como ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio, &#225;lcool, tabagismo, excesso de peso e fatores gen&#233;ticos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, muitos estudos mostraram que n&#237;veis elevados de &#225;cido &#250;rico (AU) s&#233;rico est&#227;o associados ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O AU &#233; o produto final do metabolismo do nucleot&#237;deo da purina, e o dist&#250;rbio do metabolismo da purina ou a excre&#231;&#227;o anormal do AU pode levar ao aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU. Al&#233;m disso, o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de AU no corpo resulta em hiperuricemia, levando &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de gota. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Um estudo de coorte mostrou que a hiperuricemia &#233; preditor de hipertens&#227;o em homens e mulheres. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Pesquisas com animais revelaram que a hiperuricemia leve causa hipertens&#227;o e les&#227;o renal em ratos por meio da estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina e inibi&#231;&#227;o da &#243;xido n&#237;trico-sintase neuronal (nNOS). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Como fator de relaxamento derivado do endot&#233;lio, o &#243;xido n&#237;trico &#233; crucial para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e uma meta-an&#225;lise verificaram que para um aumento de 60 umol/L nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU, o risco relativo de hipertens&#227;o aumentou em 13%, e esse risco parece mais pronunciado em indiv&#237;duos mais jovens e em mulheres. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A hiperuricemia est&#225; comumente associada &#224; pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o em adultos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O AU s&#233;rico tamb&#233;m se mostrou um fator de risco independente para um padr&#227;o circadiano de hipertens&#227;o <italic>non-dipper.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Quanto mais alto o n&#237;vel de AU s&#233;rico, mais dif&#237;cil &#233; controlar a press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial noturna, a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica noturna e o pico de press&#227;o arterial matinal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em um estudo inicial, n&#227;o se observou hiperuricemia em 25&#8211;40% dos hipertensos n&#227;o tratados e 75% dos indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o maligna. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o se encontrou nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU ou risco de hipertens&#227;o incidente entre homens mais velhos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quando a hipertens&#227;o se complica com hiperuricemia, ambas causam e afetam uma &#224; outra, o que agrava o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a. Portanto, apesar da associa&#231;&#227;o entre AU s&#233;rico e hipertens&#227;o, seu mecanismo permanece obscuro. Assim, em nosso estudo, exploramos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre altos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU e hipertens&#227;o entre adultos chineses na prov&#237;ncia de Anhui, no norte da China.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi realizado de mar&#231;o a setembro de 2017 no Centro de Exame F&#237;sico de um Hospital Popular na Prov&#237;ncia de Anhui, no norte da China. Um total de 1.191 participantes com idades entre 35 e 75 foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, incluindo 643 casos de hipertens&#227;o e 548 indiv&#237;duos normotensos. Indiv&#237;duos sem valor s&#233;rico de AU (n=53) foram exclu&#237;dos. Por fim, 1.138 adultos, incluindo 223 normotensos, 316 pr&#233;-hipertensos e 599 hipertensos, foram selecionados para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU e hipertens&#227;o. O protocolo de estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Wannan Medical College.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta dos dados e medi&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Cada participante passou por entrevista presencial e preencheu um question&#225;rio padr&#227;o incluindo caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico e caracter&#237;sticas de estilo de vida. Todas as informa&#231;&#245;es foram coletadas por uma equipe de pesquisa treinada. No exame f&#237;sico, todos os indiv&#237;duos tiveram sua altura, peso e press&#227;o arterial (PA) medidos. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado como o peso corporal (kg) dividido pela altura ao quadrado (m <sup>2</sup> ). Uma equipe de pesquisa bem treinada mediu a PA uma vez usando esfigmoman&#244;metro eletr&#244;nico com o participante na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada ap&#243;s pelo menos 5 minutos de repouso. Todos os indiv&#237;duos jejuaram durante a noite por pelo menos 10 horas antes da coleta de sangue. Amostras de sangue venoso de 5 ml foram coletadas para medir os n&#237;veis de colesterol total (CT), triglicer&#237;deos (TG), colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, glicose (GLI) e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU. Os fumantes foram definidos como consumidores de cigarros que fumavam ao menos 20 cigarros por semana ou ao menos 3 meses por ano. Beber &#225;lcool no m&#237;nimo 2 vezes por semana ou no m&#237;nimo 6 meses por ano foi considerado consumo de &#225;lcool.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como PAS&#8805;140 mmHg e/ou PAD&#8805;90 mmHg, ou uso de anti-hipertensivos, e a pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o foi considerada PAS de 120&#8211;139 mmHg e/ou PAD 80&#8211;89 mmHg. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A hiperuricemia foi definida como n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU &gt;4,75 mg/dL em homens e &gt;4,04 mg/dL em mulheres. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU foram categorizados por quartis como &#8804;2,65, 2,66&#8211;3,24, 3,25&#8211;3,98 e &#8805;3,99 mg/dL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
        <p>A normalidade dos dados foi determinada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os dados quantitativos s&#227;o resumidos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (m&#233;dia&#177;DP) com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal; os dados qualitativos, como propor&#231;&#245;es. As diferen&#231;as de sexo nas caracter&#237;sticas gerais foram analisadas usando o teste t pareado de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste qui-quadrado (&#967;2) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As diferen&#231;as para as vari&#225;veis entre os grupos foram determinadas por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de um fator ou teste &#967;2, e as corre&#231;&#245;es de Bonferroni foram usadas para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. Al&#233;m disso, aplicou-se a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla n&#227;o condicional para estimar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AU e hipertens&#227;o. Realizou-se o teste do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para avaliar as inter-rela&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis basais e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU. Utilizou-se o equipamento Epidata 3.1 (The Epidata Association, Odense, Dinamarca) para estabelecer bases de dados. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o software SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Um p&lt;0,05 bicaudal foi definido como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes</title>
        <p>Este estudo incluiu 1.138 indiv&#237;duos (223 controles, 316 pr&#233;-hipertensos e 599 hipertensos) com idades entre 35 e 75 anos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dados demogr&#225;ficos e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos participantes. As caracter&#237;sticas de colesterol LDL, creatinina, tabagismo e consumo de &#225;lcool n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos, enquanto idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), glicose (GLI), colesterol total (CT), triglicer&#237;deos (TG), colesterol HDL e AU apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU (mg/dL) foram significativamente maiores no grupo pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o (3,5&#177;1,1) e hipertens&#227;o (3,4&#177;1,1) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (3,2&#177;1,0) em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o (p&lt;0,05 para todos). Al&#233;m disso, a preval&#234;ncia de hiperuricemia foi de 10,3%, 17,1% e 17,0% em normotensos, pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas de normotens&#227;o, pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>Normotens&#227;o (n=223)</th>
                  <th>Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o (n=316)</th>
                  <th>Hipertens&#227;o (n=599)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,1&#177;11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">58,2&#177;11,2</td>
                  <td align="center">61,2&#177;9,8 <sup>#*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">22,3&#177;2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">23,3&#177;2,9 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">24,1&#177;2,9 <sup>#*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">108,3&#177;7,8</td>
                  <td align="center">126,2&#177;7,4 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">148,2&#177;19,2 <sup>#*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">69,7&#177;5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">79,5&#177;6,5 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">89,1&#177;13,0 <sup>#*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GLI (mmol / L)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6&#177;1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6&#177;1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0&#177;2,2 <sup>#*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7&#177;1,1 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7&#177;1,2 <sup>#*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol HDL (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4&#177;0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3&#177;0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2&#177;0,4 <sup>#*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol LDL (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,235</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (umol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">82,5&#177;61,8</td>
                  <td align="center">80,4&#177;13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">86,1&#177;39,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,110</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AU (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2&#177;1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5&#177;1,1 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3,4&#177;1,1 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo atual (n=362)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (29,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (30,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">202 (33,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,336</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etilismo atual (n=415)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (30,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (37,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">229 (38,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,114</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Preval&#234;ncia de hiperuricemia (n=179)</td>
                  <td align="center">23(10,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54(17,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">102(17,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>PAS: Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; GLI: Glicose; CT: Colesterol total; TG: Triglicer&#237;deos; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; AU: &#193;cido &#250;rico. p: Todos os participantes dos grupos de normotens&#227;o, pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o tiveram as vari&#225;veis analisadas por ANOVA de um fator ou teste do qui-quadrado. #: p&lt;0,05 vs. Normotens&#227;o. *: p&lt;0,05 vs. Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Por subgrupo dividido por sexo, dos 1,138 indiv&#237;duos, 568 eram do sexo masculino e 570 eram do sexo feminino. O n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de AU s&#233;rico foi de 3,67 mg/dL em homens e 3,11 mg/dL em mulheres (p&lt;0,05). Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a entre os grupos no sexo masculino. Outras an&#225;lises quantitativas de caracter&#237;sticas do AU s&#233;rico (mg/dL) indicaram que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU (2,92&#177;0,81, 3,06&#177;0,85, 3,22&#177;0,98) aumentaram linearmente em normotens&#227;o, pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o em mulheres, com valor de <italic>p</italic> de 0,008 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU em normotens&#227;o, pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o no sexo feminino.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1072-00098-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis de vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas nos quartis de AU s&#233;rico</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as informa&#231;&#245;es basais dos indiv&#237;duos em cada quartil de AU s&#233;rico. Os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de IMC, PAD, TG, colesterol LDL e creatinina mostraram-se aumentados com n&#237;veis elevados de AU s&#233;rico nos quartis (p&lt;0,01 para tend&#234;ncia).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes do estudo de acordo com os quartis de AU s&#233;rico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th colspan="4">AU s&#233;rico (mg/dL)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">valor de p para tend&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Q1(&#8804; 2,65)</th>
                  <th>Q2(2.66-3.24)</th>
                  <th>Q3(3,25-3,98)</th>
                  <th>Q4(&#8805;3,99)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,2&#177;10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">59,2&#177;10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">58,7&#177;10,7</td>
                  <td align="center">59,4&#177;11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,305</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">23,1&#177;2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">23,1&#177;2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">23,5&#177;2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">24,3&#177;3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">133,2&#177;23,0</td>
                  <td align="center">136,9&#177;21,4</td>
                  <td align="center">132,7&#177;22,4</td>
                  <td align="center">134,4&#177;20,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,914</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD(mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,5&#177;13,2</td>
                  <td align="center">83,4&#177;12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">83,0&#177;12,7</td>
                  <td align="center">83,7&#177;12,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GLI (mmol / L)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0&#177;2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8&#177;2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6&#177;1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8&#177;1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5&#177;1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5&#177;1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7&#177;1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,098</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2&#177;0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5&#177;1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8&#177;1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol HDL (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3&#177;0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3&#177;0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2&#177;0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2&#177;0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,266</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol LDL (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (umol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,7&#177;14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">81,9&#177;53,5</td>
                  <td align="center">83,1&#177;14,1</td>
                  <td align="center">96,6&#177;54,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>PAS: Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; GLI: Glicose; CT: Colesterol total; GT: Triglicer&#237;deos; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; AU: &#193;cido &#250;rico. p: Todos os participantes dos grupos de normotens&#227;o, pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o tiveram as vari&#225;veis analisadas por ANOVA de um fator para tend&#234;ncia linear.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas por sexo</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU estiveram positivamente correlacionados com IMC, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), CT, TG, colesterol LDL e creatinina em ambos os sexos. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU estiveram negativamente correlacionados com a idade e positivamente correlacionados com IMC, CT, TG, colesterol LDL e creatinina em homens. No sexo feminino, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU estiveram positivamente associados com IMC, PAD, TG, colesterol LDL e creatinina ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos participantes do estudo por sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Homens</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Mulheres</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Total</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,091</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,042</td>
                  <td align="center">0,314</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,012</td>
                  <td align="center">0,679</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,167</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,138</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,177</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,063</td>
                  <td align="center">0,133</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0.63</td>
                  <td align="center">0,133</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,821</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055</td>
                  <td align="center">0,187</td>
                  <td align="center">0,116</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,099</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GLI (mmol / L)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,069</td>
                  <td align="center">0,101</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                  <td align="center">0,593</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,017</td>
                  <td align="center">0,570</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,152</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,065</td>
                  <td align="center">0,123</td>
                  <td align="center">0,080</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,230</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,205</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol HDL (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                  <td align="center">0,786</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,998</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,041</td>
                  <td align="center">0,163</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol LDL (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,250</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,148</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,187</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,443</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,230</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>PAS: Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; GLI: Glicose; CT: Colesterol total; TG: Triglicer&#237;deos; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; AU: &#193;cido &#250;rico.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre quartis de AU s&#233;rico e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta as raz&#245;es de chances de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o pelo aumento dos quartis de AU s&#233;rico. Ap&#243;s o ajuste para idade e sexo na pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, as raz&#245;es de chances (ORs) (IC 95%) foram 1,686 (1,024&#8211;2,775) e 2,064 (1,220&#8211;3,492), respectivamente, no 2&#186; e 4&#186; quartil em compara&#231;&#227;o com o 1&#186; quartil. Ap&#243;s ajustar novamente o IMC, GLI, CT, TG, colesterol HDL, a associa&#231;&#227;o ainda se apresentava estatisticamente significativa. O segundo quartil dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU esteve significativamente associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o, com um OR (IC 95%) de 2,061 (1,313&#8211;3,235) e 2,036 (1,256&#8211;3,298), para os modelos 1 e 2, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o entre quartis de AU s&#233;rico e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">AU s&#233;rico (mg/dL)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Idade ajustada para sexo</th>
                  <th>Multivariada</th>
                  <th>Idade ajustada para sexo</th>
                  <th>Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q1(&#8804; 2,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q2(2,66&#8211;3,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,686 (1,024&#8211;2,775)*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,718 (1,028&#8211;2,872)*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,061 (1,313&#8211;3,235)*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,036 (1,256&#8211;3,298)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q3(3,25&#8211;3,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,091 (0,683&#8211;1,742)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,018 (0,627&#8211;1,654)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,105 (0,723&#8211;1,689)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,912 (0,576&#8211;1,444)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q4(&#8805;3,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,064 (1,220&#8211;3,492)*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,738 (1,003&#8211;3,010)*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,236 (1,387&#8211;3,606)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,613 (0,967&#8211;2,690)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>Multivariada ajustada para idade, sexo, IMC, GLI, CT, TG, Colesterol HDL; * Comparado com Q1, p&lt;0,05.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de AU est&#227;o envolvidas na remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular e na disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, que pode ser a causa de dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O AU pode ser considerado um importante antioxidante, que n&#227;o s&#243; estabiliza a atividade da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial (eNOS), mas tamb&#233;m aumenta o armazenamento de gordura e triglicer&#237;deos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos t&#234;m demonstrado forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre o AU e a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, aterosclerose e hipertens&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, relatamos que n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU mais elevados estiveram positivamente associados com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o de meia-idade e idosos, e n&#237;veis elevados de AU s&#233;rico podem indicar um aumento correspondente na PAD. O risco geral de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o aumentou 73,8% para o quartil mais elevado vs. mais baixo dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, verificamos que uma associa&#231;&#227;o mais robusta nas mulheres participantes.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores examinaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU e hipertens&#227;o, e os resultados estavam de acordo com nossos achados. Sundstrom et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> revelaram que o aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU foi preditor independente de desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o ap&#243;s um seguimento de curto prazo. N&#237;veis elevados de colesterol LDL e AU s&#233;rico s&#227;o fatores de risco para disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e envelhecimento vascular. A presen&#231;a concomitante de valores sub&#243;timos de colesterol LDL e AU s&#233;rico est&#225; associada a risco aumentado de hipertens&#227;o em uma amostra populacional saud&#225;vel. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de 5 anos descobriu que o aumento de AU &#233; um forte marcador de risco para hipertens&#227;o desenvolvida a partir da pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o em adultos japoneses. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, estudos cl&#237;nicos piloto sugerem que a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU pode reduzir a press&#227;o arterial em adolescentes pr&#233;-hipertensos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Atualmente, a pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o &#233; comum na China. Aproximadamente 20&#8211;50% dos adultos s&#227;o acometidos por pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o em todo o mundo, e isso aumenta o risco de hipertens&#227;o incidente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o est&#225; aumentando rapidamente na China, mas suas causas e fatores associados n&#227;o foram bem estudados.</p>
      <p>Observamos que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU aumentaram linearmente na normotens&#227;o, pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o em mulheres, e essa associa&#231;&#227;o entre AU s&#233;rico e press&#227;o arterial se mostrou mais forte entre as mulheres do que entre os homens. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU estiveram associados positivamente &#224; PAD, principalmente em mulheres. Alguns estudos anteriores demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU e a hipertens&#227;o mais pronunciada em mulheres. Peng et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m verificaram que a hiperuricemia estava associada &#224; pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o entre 1.773 mulheres chinesas com idade &#8805;30. Resultados semelhantes foram apresentados em um estudo de seguimento, no qual Strasak et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> demonstraram que o AU s&#233;rico &#233; um preditor independente de todas as principais formas de morte cardiovascular em mulheres idosas. A varia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de AU s&#233;rico em mulheres na menopausa sugere uma intera&#231;&#227;o com os horm&#244;nios sexuais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Pesquisas mostram que a diferen&#231;a de sexo na press&#227;o arterial come&#231;a a aparecer na adolesc&#234;ncia e o surto de crescimento puberal ocorre mais cedo nas meninas do que nos meninos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> H&#225; aumento mais significativo da PAS em meninos do que em meninas, enquanto h&#225; maior aumento da PAD em meninas do que em meninos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Outras altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e hormonais complexas podem contribuir para a hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Diversas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas. Em primeiro lugar, o desenho transversal usado para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AU s&#233;rico e pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o limita nossa capacidade de estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal. Este problema pode ser resolvido por estudos longitudinais no futuro. Em segundo lugar, o mecanismo de intera&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o e aumento de &#225;cido &#250;rico n&#227;o foi explorado. Mais estudos ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para examinar a poss&#237;vel diferen&#231;a de sexo na associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de AU e hipertens&#227;o em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nossos achados sugerem que o AU s&#233;rico est&#225; significativamente associado &#224; pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o, e a associa&#231;&#227;o se mostrou mais robusta nas participantes do sexo feminino. Portanto, o manejo precoce adequado dos n&#237;veis de AU em adultos pode ser importante para prevenir o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Eckert</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saha</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pratt</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Synchronization of adolescent blood pressure and pubertal somatic growth</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>5019</fpage>
          <lpage>5022</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>:  O presente estudo foi financiado por the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81874280 e No. 81673266); Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. 1808085QH283 e No. 1808085MH297); Key Projects of Anhui Provincial Department of Education (No. KJ2019A0405); Key Program in the Youth Elite Support Plan in Universities of Anhui Province (No. gxyqZD2017066).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Serum Uric Acid and Pre-hypertension and Hypertension among Chinese Adults</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2147-9407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Lijun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaoyu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0292-8681</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhengmei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jin</surname>
            <given-names>Yuelong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chang</surname>
            <given-names>Weiwei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Yan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yao</surname>
            <given-names>Yingshui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College/ Institute of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhu - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Clinical Nutrition, Hefei BOE Hospital, Hufei - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Yingshui Yao &#8226; No. 22, Wenchang Road, Wuhu 241002, Anhui, China./No.18, Wuxia Shanxi Road, Wuhu 241002, Anhui - China E-mail: yingshuiyao@163.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Zhang X, Yao Y, Chen Y; Acquisition of data: Zhang X, Fang Z, Jin Y; Analysis and interpretation of the dat and Writing of the manuscript a: Zhu L; Statistical analysis: Fang Z, Chang W; Obtaining financing: Zhu L, Jin Y, Chang W, Yao Y, Chen Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>The authors Lijun Zhu and Xiaoyu Zhang have contributed equally to the manuscript</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Uric acid (UA), the end product of purine nucleotide metabolism, participates in the processes of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Experimental evidence suggests it is an important mediator in the physiological response to blood pressure increase.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association between serum UA levels and pre-hypertension and hypertension in a Chinese population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September 2017, and 1,138 participants aged 35 to 75 were enrolled in this study, where 223 normotensive, 316 pre-hypertensive, and 599 hypertensive subjects were selected to evaluate the association between serum UA levels and hypertension. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Serum UA levels were significantly higher in the pre-hypertension and hypertension group compared to the control group in the entire population (p&lt;0.05 for all). Quantitative trait analysis indicated that serum UA levels were (2.92&#177;0.81, 3.06&#177;0.85, 3.22&#177;0.98 mg/d) linearly increased in normotensive, pre-hypertensive and hypertensive females, with a p value of 0.008. Serum UA levels in the quartiles were positively correlated with DBP (p&lt;0.05), particularly in females. After adjusting for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of pre-hypertension from the lowest (referent) to the highest levels of serum UA were 1.718 (1.028&#8211;2.872), 1.018 (0.627&#8211;1.654) and 1.738 (1.003&#8211;3.010). Additionally, the second quartile of serum UA levels were significantly associated with hypertension, with an OR (95% CI) of 2.036 (1.256&#8211;3.298).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>This study suggests that higher serum UA levels are positively associated with pre-hypertension and hypertension among Chinese adults.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Uric Acid</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperuricemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is increasing rapidly in the world communities. The overall age-standardized prevalence rate of cardiovascular diseases increased significantly from 1990 to 2016 &#8212; by 14.7% &#8212; and the annual number of deaths from CVD increased from 2.51 million to 3.97 million in China.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> High blood pressure (BP) has a major public health burden worldwide due to its high prevalence and it is a major risk factor for a series of CVD including stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure and renal failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> According to the &#8220;Summary of report on cardiovascular diseases in China (2018)&#8221;, the number of hypertensive patients in China is about 245 million and the prevalence rate of males is higher than that of females.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Hypertension, a highly heterogeneous disorder, is influenced by the interaction between many factors such as sodium intake, alcohol, smoking, overweight, and genetic factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In recent years, many studies have shown that high serum uric acid (UA) levels are associated with increased incidence of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>UA is the end product of purine nucleotide metabolism, and the disorder of purine metabolism or abnormal excretion of UA can lead to increased serum UA levels. Furthermore, increased serum UA concentration in the body results in hyperuricemia, ultimately leading to gout.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A screened cohort study has shown that hyperuricemia is a predictor of hypertension in both men and women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Animal research has revealed that mild hyperuricemia causes hypertension and renal injury in rats via stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system and inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, NO is crucial to the maintenance of blood pressure (BP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A systematic review and meta-analysis reported that for a 60 umol/L increase in serum UA levels, the relative risk of hypertension increased by 13%, and this risk appears more pronounced in younger individuals and women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Hyperuricemia is commonly associated with pre-hypertension in adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Serum UA has also been shown to be an independent risk factor for a non-dipper circadian pattern of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The higher the level of serum UA, the more difficult it is to control nighttime ambulatory blood pressure, nighttime diastolic blood pressure and morning blood pressure peak.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In an early study, hyperuricemia was reported in 25&#8211;40% of untreated hypertensive and 75% of malignant hypertensive subjects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, no independent association between serum UA levels and risk of incident hypertension was found among older men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When hypertension is complicated with hyperuricemia, both of them cause and affect each other, which aggravates the development of the disease. Therefore, despite an association between serum UA and hypertension, its mechanism remains unclear. Thus, in our study, we explored the association between high serum UA levels and hypertension among Chinese adults in Northern Anhui Province.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This study was conducted from March to September 2017 at the Physical Examination Center of a People&#8217;s Hospital in Northern Anhui Province. A total of 1,191 participants aged 35 to 75 were enrolled in this study, including 643 hypertension cases and 548 normotensive subjects. Individuals with missing serum UA (n=53) value were excluded. Ultimately, 1,138 adults, including 223 normotensive, 316 pre-hypertensive, and 599 hypertensive subjects, were selected to evaluate the association between serum UA levels and hypertension. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wannan Medical College.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and measurement</title>
          <p>Each participant completed a face-to-face interview and a standard questionnaire including demographic characteristics, medical history, and lifestyle characteristics. All information was collected by trained research staff. On physical examinations, all subjects were measured for height, weight, and blood pressure (BP). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body weight (kg) divided by height squared (m<sup>2</sup>). A well-trained research staff measured BP once using electronic sphygmomanometer with the participant in the sitting position after at least 5 minutes of rest. All the subjects fasted overnight for at least 10 hours before blood sampling. Venous blood samples of 5 ml were taken for measuring plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, glucose (GLU), and serum UA levels. Smokers were defined as cigarette consumers who had smoked at least 20 cigarettes per week or at least 3 months per year. Drinking alcohol at least 2 times per week or at least 6 months per year was considered as alcohol consumption.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition</title>
          <p>Hypertension was defined as SBP&#8805;140 mmHg and/or DBP&#8805;90 mmHg, or use of antihypertensive drugs, and pre-hypertension was considered SBP 120&#8211;139 mmHg and/or DBP 80&#8211;89 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Hyperuricemia was defined as serum UA levels &gt;4.75 mg/dL in males and &gt;4.04 mg/dL in females.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Serum UA levels were categorized by quartiles as &#8804;2.65, 2.66&#8211;3.24, 3.25&#8211;3.98, and &#8805;3.99 mg/dL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analyses</title>
          <p>Data normality was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Quantitative data are summarized as mean and standard deviation (mean&#177;SD) with normal distribution; qualitative data as proportions. Gender differences in general characteristics were analyzed using Student&#8217;s unpaired t-test for continuous variables and the Chi-square (&#967;2) test for categorical variables. The differences for variables among the groups were determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or &#967;2 test, and Bonferroni corrections were used for multiple comparisons. Additionally, multiple unconditional logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the relationship between UA and hypertension. Pearson&#8217;s correlation coefficient test was performed to assess the interrelationships between baseline variables and serum UA levels. Epidata 3.1 (The Epidata Association, Odense, Denmark) was used to establish databases. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). A 2-tailed p&lt;0.05 was defined as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participant characteristics</title>
          <p>This study included 1,138 individuals (223 controls, 316 pre-hypertensives, and 599 hypertensive subjects) aged 35 to 75. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . The characteristics of LDL-C, creatinine, smoking, and drinking were not significantly different between the groups, whereas age, body mass index (BMI), glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and UA did exhibit significantly differences. Serum UA levels (mg/dL) were significantly higher in the prehypertension (3.5&#177;1.1) and hypertension (3.4&#177;1.1) group compared to the control group (3.2&#177;1.0) in the entire population (p&lt;0.05 for all). Moreover, the prevalence of hyperuricemia was 10.3%, 17.1% and 17.0% in normotensives, pre-hypertensives and hypertensives, respectively.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic characteristics of normotension, pre-hypertension and hypertension</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>Normotension (n =223)</th>
                    <th>Pre-hypertension (n=316)</th>
                    <th>Hypertension (n=599)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (year)</td>
                    <td align="center">56.1&#177;11.3</td>
                    <td align="center">58.2&#177;11.2</td>
                    <td align="center">61.2&#177;9.8<sup>#*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI(kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.3&#177;2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">23.3&#177;2.9<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">24.1&#177;2.9<sup>#*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">108.3&#177;7.8</td>
                    <td align="center">126.2&#177;7.4<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">148.2&#177;19.2<sup>#*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">69.7&#177;5.9</td>
                    <td align="center">79.5&#177;6.5<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">89.1&#177;13.0<sup>#*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GLU (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.6&#177;1.6</td>
                    <td align="center">5.6&#177;1.6</td>
                    <td align="center">6.0&#177;2.2<sup>#*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.4&#177;0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">4.5&#177;0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">4.7&#177;1.1<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.2&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">1.7&#177;1.2<sup>#*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.4&#177;0.4</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3&#177;0.4</td>
                    <td align="center">1.2&#177;0.4<sup>#*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.6&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">2.7&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">2.6&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.235</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine (umol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">82.5&#177;61.8</td>
                    <td align="center">80.4&#177;13.5</td>
                    <td align="center">86.1&#177;39.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.110</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>UA (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.2&#177;1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">3.5&#177;1.1<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">3.4&#177;1.1<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current smoker (n=362)</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (29.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">95 (30.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">202 (33.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.336</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current drinker (n=415)</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (30.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">118 (37.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">229 (38.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.114</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prevalence of hyperuricemia (n=179)</td>
                    <td align="center">23(10.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">54(17.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">102(17.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.046</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; GLU: Glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA: Uric acid. p: All participants from the normotension, pre-hypertension and hypertension groups had the variables analyzed by one-way ANOVA or Chi- square test.<sup>#</sup>: p&lt;0.05 vs. Normotension.<sup>*</sup>: p&lt;0.05 vs. Pre-hypertension.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>By gender subgroup, of the 1,138 subjects, 568 were males, and 570 were females. The mean level of serum UA was 3.67 mg/dL in males and 3.11 mg/dL in females (p&lt;0.05). Serum UA levels showed no difference between the groups in males. Further quantitative trait analysis of the serum UA (mg/dL) indicated that those for serum UA (2.92&#177;0.81, 3.06&#177;0.85, 3.22&#177;0.98) increased linearly in normotension, pre-hypertension and hypertension in females, with a p value of 0.008 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of serum UA levels in normotension, pre-hypertension and hypertension in females.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1072-00098-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Levels of demographic and clinical variables in the serum UA quartiles</title>
          <p>Baseline information of the subjects in each serum UA quartile is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Mean BMI, DBP, TG, LDL-C, and creatinine were found to be increased with high levels of serum UA in the quartiles (p&lt; 0.01 for trend).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the study participants according to serum UA quartiles</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Characteristic</th>
                    <th colspan="4">Serum UA (mg/dL)</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p-values for trend</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Q1(&#8804;2.65)</th>
                    <th>Q2 (2.66-3.24)</th>
                    <th>Q3(3.25-3.98)</th>
                    <th>Q4(&#8805;3.99)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (year)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.2&#177;10.5</td>
                    <td align="center">59.2&#177;10.5</td>
                    <td align="center">58.7&#177;10.7</td>
                    <td align="center">59.4&#177;11.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.305</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.1&#177;2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">23.1&#177;2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">23.5&#177;2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">24.3&#177;3.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">133.2&#177;23.0</td>
                    <td align="center">136.9&#177;21.4</td>
                    <td align="center">132.7&#177;22.4</td>
                    <td align="center">134.4&#177;20.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.914</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">80.5&#177;13.2</td>
                    <td align="center">83.4&#177;12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">83.0&#177;12.7</td>
                    <td align="center">83.7&#177;12.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GLU (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.0&#177;2.4</td>
                    <td align="center">5.8&#177;2.2</td>
                    <td align="center">5.6&#177;1.5</td>
                    <td align="center">5.8&#177;1.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.120</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.5&#177;1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">4.5&#177;1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">4.5&#177;0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">4.7&#177;1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.098</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.2&#177;0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3&#177;0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">1.5&#177;1.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8&#177;1.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3&#177;0.4</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3&#177;0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">1.2&#177;0.4</td>
                    <td align="center">1.2&#177;0.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.266</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.5&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">2.6&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">2.7&#177;0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">2.9&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine (umol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">73.7&#177;14.3</td>
                    <td align="center">81.9&#177;53.5</td>
                    <td align="center">83.1&#177;14.1</td>
                    <td align="center">96.6&#177;54.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; GLU: Glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA: Uric acid. p: All participants from the normotension, pre-hypertension and hypertension groups had the variables analyzed by one-way ANOVA for linear trend.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlation of serum UA levels and clinical characteristics by gender</title>
          <p>Serum UA levels were positively correlated with BMI, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), TC, TG, LDL-C, and creatinine in both genders. Serum UA levels were negatively correlated with age, and were positively correlated with BMI, TC, TG, LDL-C, and creatinine in males. In females, serum UA levels were positively associated with BMI, DBP, TG, LDL-C, and creatinine ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correlation of serum UA levels and clinical characteristics of the study participants by gender</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Characteristics</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Male</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Female</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Total</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (year)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.091</td>
                    <td align="center">0.030</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.042</td>
                    <td align="center">0.314</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.012</td>
                    <td align="center">0.679</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.167</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.138</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.177</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.063</td>
                    <td align="center">0.133</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0.63</td>
                    <td align="center">0.133</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                    <td align="center">0.821</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.055</td>
                    <td align="center">0.187</td>
                    <td align="center">0.116</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                    <td align="center">0.099</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GLU (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.069</td>
                    <td align="center">0.101</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                    <td align="center">0.593</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.017</td>
                    <td align="center">0.570</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.152</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.065</td>
                    <td align="center">0.123</td>
                    <td align="center">0.080</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.230</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.205</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.011</td>
                    <td align="center">0.786</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.998</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.041</td>
                    <td align="center">0.163</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.250</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.148</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.187</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine</td>
                    <td align="center">0.143</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.443</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.230</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; GLU: Glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C; High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA: Uric acid.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association between serum UA quartiles and pre-hypertension and hypertension</title>
          <p>In logistic regression analysis, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> presents the odd ratios of pre-hypertension and hypertension by increasing serum UA quartiles. After adjusting for age and sex in pre-hypertension, the odd ratios (ORs) (95% CI) were 1.686 (1.024&#8211;2.775), and 2.064 (1.220&#8211;3.492), respectively in Q2 and Q4 compared to Q1. After additionally adjusting BMI, GLU, TC, TG, HDL-C, the association was still statistically significant. The second quartile of serum UA levels was significantly associated with hypertension, with an OR (95% CI) of 2.061 (1.313&#8211;3.235), and 2.036 (1.256&#8211;3.298), for models 1 and 2, respectively.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Association between serum UA quartiles and pre-hypertension and hypertension</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Serum UA (mg/dL)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Pre-hypertension</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Hypertension</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Age, sex-adjusted</th>
                    <th>Multivariate</th>
                    <th>Age, sex-adjusted</th>
                    <th>Multivariate</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q1 (&#8804;2,65)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q2 (2.66&#8211;3.24)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.686 (1.024&#8211;2.775)*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.718 (1.028&#8211;2.872)*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.061 (1.313&#8211;3.235)*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.036 (1.256&#8211;3.298)*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q3 (3.25&#8211;3.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.091 (0.683&#8211;1.742)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.018 (0.627&#8211;1.654)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.105 (0.723&#8211;1.689)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.912 (0.576&#8211;1.444)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q4 (&#8805;3.99)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.064 (1.220&#8211;3.492)*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.738 (1.003&#8211;3.010)*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.236 (1.387&#8211;3.606)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.613 (0.967&#8211;2.690)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Multivariate was adjusted for age, gender, BMI, GLU, TC, TG, HDL-C; * Compared to Q1, p&lt;0.05.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Abnormal UA levels have been involved in vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction, which may be the cause of cardiovascular disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> UA can be regarded as an important antioxidant, which doe not only stabilize endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity but also increases fat storage and triglycerides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a strong association between UA and coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In our study, we report that higher serum UA levels were found to be positively associated with pre-hypertension and hypertension in middle-aged and old-age population, and high serum UA levels causes a corresponding increase in DBP. The overall risk for pre-hypertension has increased by 73.8% for the highest vs. lowest quartile of serum UA levels, even after adjusting for potential confounding variables. Furthermore, we found that the association was more robust in the female participants.</p>
        <p>Previous studies have examined the association between serum UA levels and hypertension, and the results were in agreement with our findings. Sundstrom et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> revealed that increased serum UA levels were an independent predictor of hypertension development after a short-term follow-up. High LDL-c and serum UA levels are risk factors for endothelial dysfunction and vascular ageing. The contemporary presence of suboptimal LDL-c and serum UA values is associated with an increased risk of hypertension in an overall healthy population sample.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A 5-year retrospective cohort study found that increased UA is a strong risk marker for hypertension developed from pre-hypertension in Japanese adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Moreover, pilot clinical studies suggest lowering serum UA levels has been reported to lower blood pressure in pre-hypertensive adolescents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Currently, pre-hypertension is common in China. Approximately 20&#8211;50% of adults were affected by pre-hypertension worldwide, and this increases the risk of incident hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The prevalence of pre-hypertension is rapidly increasing in China, but its causes and associated factors have not been well studied.</p>
        <p>We observed that serum UA levels were increased linearly in normotension, pre-hypertension and hypertension in females, and this association between serum UA and blood pressure was stronger among females than in males. Besides, serum UA levels were positively associated with DBP, particularly in females. Some previous studies have demonstrated that the association between serum UA levels and hypertension was more pronounced in women. Peng et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> also found that hyperuricemia was associated with pre-hypertension among 1,773 Chinese women aged &#8805;30. Similar results were presented in a follow-up study, in which Strasak et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> demonstrated that serum UA is an independent predictor of all major forms of cardiovascular death in elderly women. The changing levels of serum UA in women at menopause suggests an interaction with sex hormones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Research has reported that the gender difference of blood pressure began to appear in adolescence, and pubertal growth spurt occurs earlier for girls than for boys.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> SBP increased significantly more in boys than in girls, while DBP increased more in girls than in boys.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Other complex physiological and hormonal changes may contribute to hypertension.</p>
        <p>Several limitations must be considered. First, the cross-sectional design used to evaluate the relationship between serum UA and pre-hypertension and hypertension limits our ability to establish a causal relationship. This problem may be solved by longitudinal studies in the future. Secondly, the interaction mechanism between hypertension and increased uric acid has not been explored. Further studies are still needed to examine the potential gender difference of the association between serum UA levels and hypertension in different populations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our findings suggest that serum UA is significantly associated with pre-hypertension and hypertension, and the association was more robust in the female participants. Therefore, proper early management of UA levels in adults may be important to prevent the development of hypertension.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>:  This study was partially funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81874280 and No. 81673266); Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. 1808085QH283 and No. 1808085MH297); Key Projects of Anhui Provincial Department of Education (No. KJ2019A0405); Key Program in the Youth Elite Support Plan in Universities of Anhui Province (No. gxyqZD2017066).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
