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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6Yb9gx8jkFMpRGfDSy8TVhR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000701059</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190772</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190772</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Mitral e Implante Transcateter de V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica: um Estudo de Acompanhamento Multi-Institucional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0688-4674</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana de Cerjat Bernardes P. da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerios</surname>
            <given-names>Enio Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2806-743X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarmento-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Dourado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siciliano</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1152-8946</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Esteves</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6260-9626</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio S&#226;ndoli de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas - UFPR, Curitiba , PR - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco , Rio de Janeiro , RJ - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein , S&#227;o Paulo , SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Cardiologia , Porto Alegre , RS - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label> 6 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Santa Izabel , Salvador , BA - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label> 7 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz , S&#227;o Paulo , SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label> 8 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o , S&#227;o Paulo , SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label> 9 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s , S&#227;o Paulo , SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Luciana de Cerjat Bernardes P. da Cunha &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Rua General Carneiro, 181. Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lucianacerjat@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cunha LCBP, Guerios EE, Brito Jr. FS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Guerios EE, Brito Jr. FS, Carvalho LA, Lemos Neto P, Sarmento-Leite R, Abizaid AA, Mangione JA, Oliveira AD, Siciliano A, Esteves V; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cunha LCBP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Guerios EE, Brito Jr. FS, Cunha CLP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesses</p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1059</fpage>
      <lpage>1069</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM) &#233; prevalente em pacientes submetidos a implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (TAVI). H&#225; algumas controv&#233;rsias sobre o impacto progn&#243;stico da RM na sobrevida de pacientes submetidos a TAVI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre TAVI e RM em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes do Registro Brasileiro de TAVI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Setecentos e noventa e cinco pacientes do Registro Brasileiro de TAVI foram divididos na linha de base, alta e acompanhamento de acordo com o grau da RM da maneira seguinte: ausente/leve (RMAL) ou moderado/grave (RMMG). Eles foram subsequentemente reagrupados de acordo com as mudan&#231;as imediatas e tardias na gravidade da RM ap&#243;s TAVI da maneira seguinte: RM sem mudan&#231;a, melhora ou piora. Foram analisados os preditores e o impacto progn&#243;stico na linha de base, bem como as mudan&#231;as na gravidade da RM. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>RMMG basal estava presente em 19,3% dos pacientes e foi um preditor de aumento da mortalidade tardia. Imediatamente ap&#243;s o TAVI, 47,4% dos casos melhoraram para RMAL, previsto por uma pontua&#231;&#227;o mais alta da <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons</italic> e um grau mais alto de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica basal. No acompanhamento, 9,2% dos casos de RMAL pioraram para RMMG, enquanto 36,8% dos casos de RMMG melhoraram para RMAL. Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) mais baixa na linha de base e melhora na FEVE durante o acompanhamento foram preditores de melhora da RM. Piora progressiva da RM no acompanhamento foi um preditor independente de maior mortalidade tardia ap&#243;s TAVI (p = 0,005).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>A RMMG na linha de base &#233; um preditor de mortalidade tardia ap&#243;s TAVI. FEVE mais baixa e melhora na FEVE durante o acompanhamento s&#227;o preditores de melhora da RM ap&#243;s TAVI. A pior progressiva da gravidade da RM durante o acompanhamento &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade tardia; isto &#233; um achado raro na literatura.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante Transcateter da V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Sobrevida</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Aproximadamente dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo) sintom&#225;tica grave e indica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia de troca valvar apresentam algum grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e, em alguns casos, indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de dupla troca valvar. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Para pacientes submetidos &#224; troca isolada da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, RM moderada ou grave pode estar associada a maiores taxas de mortalidade, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e subsequente cirurgia da v&#225;lvula mitral. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para pacientes com EAo e RM graves para os quais a cirurgia n&#227;o &#233; a escolha terap&#234;utica ideal, implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (TAVI) pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o apropriada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Visto que, em alguns pacientes, uma redu&#231;&#227;o de grau pode ser esperada ou pode ser indicada subsequente interven&#231;&#227;o transcateter da v&#225;lvula mitral, a RM geralmente n&#227;o &#233; tratada neste cen&#225;rio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, no caso de cirurgia a&#243;rtica isolada, a gravidade da RM pode diminuir, permanecer inalterada ou mesmo aumentar ap&#243;s TAVI. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Embora muitos estudos demonstrem consistentemente que a RM importante na linha de base est&#225; associada a resultados piores, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas de mudan&#231;as na gravidade da RM ap&#243;s TAVI s&#227;o escassas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre TAVI e RM em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes do Registro Brasileiro de TAVI. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A nossa hip&#243;tese foi que RM moderada/grave (RMMG) na linha de base e deteriora&#231;&#227;o progressiva da RM influenciam o progn&#243;stico de TAVI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>O Registro Brasileiro de TAVI multic&#234;ntrico &#233; um registro de participa&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria, realizado desde 2008 pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia Intervencionista, que agrega os resultados de TAVI realizados em 22 centros de todo o Brasil. Os pacientes foram retrospectiva e prospectivamente inclu&#237;dos no registro desde o primeiro TAVI realizado no Brasil. O registro foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Albert Einstein de S&#227;o Paulo, em 10 de novembro de 2010, e inserido na Plataforma Brasil (uma base de dados nacional e unificada de registros de pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos). Todos os pacientes prospectivamente inclu&#237;dos forneceram consentimento esclarecido por escrito.</p>
        <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o de TAVI foi limitada a grupos de pacientes inoper&#225;veis ou de alto risco cir&#250;rgico com EAo sintom&#225;tica grave ou biopr&#243;tese cir&#250;rgica degenerada. O risco de mortalidade cir&#250;rgica foi estimado usando o EuroScore <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e o escore de risco da Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os detalhes, as defini&#231;&#245;es e os resultados de registros parciais foram publicados anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O presente estudo incluiu pacientes tratados entre janeiro de 2008 e janeiro de 2015. Foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise os pacientes previamente submetidos a cirurgia da v&#225;lvula mitral e os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam registros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o adequados. O acompanhamento foi realizado nas consultas m&#233;dicas com exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos; o &#250;ltimo ecocardiograma de acompanhamento foi usado para comparar com os exames de linha de base e de alta.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de TAVI</title>
        <p>Foi realizado o TAVI usando pr&#243;teses CoreValve (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, EUA) por acesso transfemoral e transubcl&#225;via, Sapien XT (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, EUA) por acesso transfemoral e transapical, e Inovare (Braile Biom&#233;dica, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil) implantado apenas pelo acesso transapical. O procedimento foi realizado de acordo com t&#233;cnicas de padr&#227;o, previamente detalhadas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A escolha do acesso, o tipo de anestesia (geral ou seda&#231;&#227;o) e o uso da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica intra-operat&#243;ria foram deixados a crit&#233;rio do operador. Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, foram administrados aspirina (100 mg uma vez ao dia) e clopidogrel (300 mg como dose de ataque e 75 mg uma vez ao dia posteriormente) aos pacientes durante um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 30 dias. Um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico completo dos pacientes foi realizado nos per&#237;odos pr&#233;-, peri- e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o (quando havia v&#225;rios ecocardiogramas, foi inclu&#237;do o &#250;ltimo). A gravidade da RM foi definida como ausente, leve, moderada ou grave de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da American Society of Echocardiography, integrando par&#226;metros estruturais, Doppler e quantitativos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos e os ecocardiogramas dos pacientes foram analisados na linha de base, na alta hospitalar e no acompanhamento tardio (tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 16,6 meses). Em cada um desses per&#237;odos, os pacientes foram separados em dois grupos, de acordo com o grau de RM. Um grupo incluiu pacientes com RM ausente ou leve (RMAL) e o outro incluiu aqueles com RMMG, conforme descrito em estudos anteriores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Subsequentemente, os pacientes foram reagrupados de acordo com a mudan&#231;a na gravidade da RM ap&#243;s TAVI, ao comparar os per&#237;odos da linha de base, da alta e do acompanhamento, da maneira seguinte: pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o no grau de RM, aqueles com piora da RM (de RMAL para RMMG) e aqueles com melhora da gravidade de RM (de RMMG para RMAL). Foram identificados os preditores cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de melhora/piora da RM e foi analisada a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as mudan&#231;as no grau de RM e as taxas de mortalidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foram realizadas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;stcas com IBM SPSS Statistics para Windows, Vers&#227;o 20.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, EUA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para verificar a normalidade dos dados; a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi aceita para a maioria das vari&#225;veis, sem comprometer as demais an&#225;lises. As associa&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos foram avaliadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas usando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes ou o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney para comparar grupos definidos pelo grau de RM basal (RMAL ou RMMG). A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unilateral ou o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis foi usado para comparar os grupos definidos pelas mudan&#231;as de RM (sem mudan&#231;a, piora ou melhora). A probabilidade de sobrevida foi estimada por curvas de Kaplan-Meier. Para analisar o efeito das mudan&#231;as de RM no tempo de sobrevida, modelos de regress&#227;o de risco proporcional de Cox n&#227;o ajustados e ajustados foram adaptados, incluindo covari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,05 nos modelos n&#227;o ajustados. Os modelos finais foram avaliados pelo m&#233;todo da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a stepwise e backward, considerando-se o valor de p &lt; 0,05 para os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o. A raz&#227;o de risco (HR, da sigla em ingl&#234;s para <italic>hazard ratio</italic> ) e os intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% foram apresentados para os modelos finais. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Dos 819 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no Registro Brasileiro de TAVI, 795 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise. Um diagrama de fluxo dos pacientes &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> detalha as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de linha de base dos pacientes de acordo com o seu grau de RM de linha de base. Antes do procedimento, a RM era ausente/leve em 642 pacientes (80,7%) e moderada/grave em 153 pacientes (19,3%). Os pacientes com RMMG eram mais velhos e apresentavam mais comorbidades (insufici&#234;ncia renal, n&#237;veis mais baixos de hemoglobina, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, implante de marca-passo anterior, graus mais avan&#231;ados de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), escores de risco cir&#250;rgico mais elevados, fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o mais baixas, di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos de VE maiores, mais regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica grave, &#225;reas valvares a&#243;rticas menores e gradientes a&#243;rticos mais baixos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diagrama de fluxo dos pacientes. Este fluxograma especifica a taxa de mortalidade dos grupos RMAL e RMMG. &#201; poss&#237;vel observar que a taxa de mortalidade antes da alta inclui a mortalidade peri-procedimento. Os &#8220;registros incompletos&#8221; est&#227;o relacionados &#224; aus&#234;ncia de ecocardiogramas adequados para an&#225;lise. RMAL: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral ausente/leve; RMMG: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral moderada/grave.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1059-90772-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos pacientes e compara&#231;&#227;o de grupos definidos por disfun&#231;&#227;o de RM na linha de base (n = 795)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Popula&#231;&#227;o inteira (n = 795)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">De acordo com disfun&#231;&#227;o RM na linha de base</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">valor p*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Ausente/leve (n = 642)</th>
                  <th>Moderada/grave (n = 153)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,5 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">81,2 &#177; 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">83,1 &#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">389 (48,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">313 (48,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (49,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,838</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">465 (58,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">375 (58,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (58,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,926</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (14,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (15,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (11,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,251</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (17,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (18,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (11,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,051</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular cerebral/AIT</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (7,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,771</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">253 (31,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">206 (32,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (30,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,744</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">601 (75,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">484 (75,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (76,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,780</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                  <td align="center">615 (77,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">485 (75,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (85,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marca-passo pr&#233;-procedimento</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (10,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (8,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (15,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">176 (22,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (20,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (28,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe funcional NYHA III ou IV</td>
                  <td align="center">648 (81,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">511 (79,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (89,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (12,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (18,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade EuroScore</td>
                  <td align="center">16 ( 17,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,2 (16,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,1 (17,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade STS</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2 (10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6 (9,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica basal moderada/grave</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (11,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">60(10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">35(23,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valvoplastia a&#243;rtica por bal&#227;o pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (9,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE basal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,7 &#177; 14,9</td>
                  <td align="center">60,1 &#177; 14,4</td>
                  <td align="center">53,2 &#177; 16,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico basal do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,8 &#177; 9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">50,2 &#177; 8,8</td>
                  <td align="center">53,4 &#177; 10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;rea basal da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica &#193;rea basal da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (cm <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66 &#177; 0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67 &#177; 0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 &#177; 0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio basal (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,3 &#177; 16,0</td>
                  <td align="center">50,1 &#177; 15,7</td>
                  <td align="center">46,3 &#177; 16,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#225;ximo basal (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,0 &#177; 24,8</td>
                  <td align="center">82,3 &#177; 24,6</td>
                  <td align="center">76,0 &#177; 25,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Resultados descritos por frequ&#234;ncia (porcentagem), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil). *Teste t de Student para amostras independentes, teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney (vari&#225;veis quantitativas) ou teste do qui-quadrado (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas), p &lt; 0,05. AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, NYHA: New York Heart Association, RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons, VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Foram implantadas as pr&#243;teses CoreValve em 597 pacientes (73%) por acessos transarteriais, Sapien XT em 200 pacientes (24%) (3 por via transapical e 197 por via transarterial) e Inovare em 22 pacientes (3%) por acessos transapicais. No total, 770 pacientes receberam as pr&#243;teses por via transarterial, enquanto 25 foram por via transapical. Setecentos e setenta e nove pacientes (98%) receberam pr&#243;teses para EAo grave nativa e 16 (2%) receberam pr&#243;teses v&#225;lvula-em-v&#225;lvula para biopr&#243;teses cir&#250;rgicas degeneradas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preditores de mortalidade tardia</title>
        <p>De acordo com o modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox ajustado, a doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica (HR 1,6; IC 95%, 1,11-2,32; p = 0,012), valvoplastia a&#243;rtica por bal&#227;o anterior (HR 1,97; IC 95%, 1,25-3,11; p = 0,004), e RMMG na linha de base (HR 1,50; IC 95%, 1,05-2,14; p = 0,027) foram preditores independentes basais de mortalidade tardia, com tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 16,6 meses e acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 12,4 meses (primeiro quartil: 2,6 meses e terceiro quartil: 24,7 meses) nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mudan&#231;as na gravidade da RM: pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o versus alta</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, o grau de RM foi comparado entre a linha de base e a alta em um total de 697 pacientes. O TAVI n&#227;o alterou o grau de RM em compara&#231;&#227;o com a linha de base em 83,8% (n = 584) dos pacientes. A gravidade da RM piorou ap&#243;s TAVI em 8,7% (n = 49) dos pacientes com RMAL na linha de base, mas melhorou em 47,8% (n = 64) daqueles com RMMG na linha de base ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mudan&#231;as na gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM): linha de base, alta e per&#237;odos de acompanhamento. Isso inclui pacientes com dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos completos para todos os tr&#234;s per&#237;odos. Linha de base: n = 795; alta: n = 697; acompanhamento: n = 488. **Varia&#231;&#227;o do grau de RM ao comparar a linha de base com o &#250;ltimo acompanhamento para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o, excluindo &#243;bitos e registros incompletos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1059-90772-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Houve maior preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal em pacientes cujo grau de RM piorou ap&#243;s TAVI (p = 0,022). Na an&#225;lise univariada, escore STS mais alto (p = 0,013) e regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica basal mais grave (p = 0,010) foram preditores de melhora na gravidade da RM. Outros dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos basais, bem como altera&#231;&#245;es de par&#226;metros, como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e o gradiente a&#243;rtico entre a linha de base e a alta, n&#227;o foram associados a melhora ou piora da gravidade da RM ap&#243;s TAVI ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de grupos definidos por mudan&#231;as na gravidade da RM: linha de base versus alta ap&#243;s TAVI (n = 697)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Mudan&#231;as na gravidade da RM na linha de base versus alta</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">valor p*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Sem mudan&#231;a n = 584</th>
                  <th>Piora n = 49</th>
                  <th>Melhora n = 64</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,3 &#177; 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">82,4 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">81,9 &#177; 6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,559</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">294 (50,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (48,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,590</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">332 (56,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (59,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,136</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (15,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,629</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (18,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (20,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,184</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular cerebral/AIT</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (8,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,986</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (32,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (26,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (31,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,728</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">429 (73,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (81,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (79,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,279</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                  <td align="center">444 (76,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (89,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (85,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8 &#177;1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0&#177;1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5&#177;1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,374</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (22,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (26,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,431</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe funcional NYHA III ou IV</td>
                  <td align="center">471 (80,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (79,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (85,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,570</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (12,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (15,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,642</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade EuroScore</td>
                  <td align="center">15,6 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4 (15,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,1 (17,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade STS</td>
                  <td align="center">6,9 (10,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5 (14,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5 (12,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica basal moderada/grave (AR)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (11,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (25,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valvoplastia a&#243;rtica por bal&#227;o pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (5,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,309</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE basal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,2 &#177; 15,0</td>
                  <td align="center">55,3 &#177; 15,5</td>
                  <td align="center">57,3 &#177; 14,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,160</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico basal do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,8 &#177; 9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">51,2 &#177; 11,0</td>
                  <td align="center">52,4 &#177; 10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,430</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;rea basal da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (cm <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67 &#177; 0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67 &#177; 0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 &#177; 0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,360</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio basal (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,5 &#177; 16,0</td>
                  <td align="center">46,3 &#177; 12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">49,5 &#177; 19,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,434</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#225;ximo basal (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (34,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (37,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,324</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE, diferen&#231;a entre a linha de base e a alta (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,314</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio, diferen&#231;a entre a linha de base e a alta (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">-39,6 &#177; 16,1</td>
                  <td align="center">-39,7 &#177; 12,9</td>
                  <td align="center">-37,5 &#177; 23,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,686</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#225;ximo, diferen&#231;a entre a linha de base e a alta (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">-63,1 &#177; 24,9</td>
                  <td align="center">-60,3 &#177; 22,3</td>
                  <td align="center">-56,6 &#177; 34,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,174</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Resultados descritos por frequ&#234;ncia (porcentagem), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil). *ANOVA unilateral, teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis (vari&#225;veis quantitativas) ou teste do qui-quadrado (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas), p &lt; 0,05. AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, NYHA: New York Heart Association, RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons, TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mudan&#231;as na gravidade da RM: alta versus acompanhamento</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a alta, o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado em 488 pacientes, com tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 16,6 &#177; 14,1 meses (acompanhamento mediano: 12,4 meses, primeiro quartil: 2,6 meses e terceiro quartil: 24,7 meses). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a alta, n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;as na gravidade da RM em 86,4% (n = 422) dos pacientes. Apenas 9,2% (n = 38) dos pacientes com RMAL na alta apresentaram graus piores da gravidade da RM, enquanto 36,8% (n = 28) dos pacientes com RMMG na alta apresentaram melhora para RMAL durante o acompanhamento ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>A FEVE mais baixa na linha base (p = 0,015) foi um preditor de melhora tardia da gravidade da RM na an&#225;lise univariada. Al&#233;m disso, foi observada uma forte tend&#234;ncia de melhora tardia da gravidade da RM em pacientes com melhora da FEVE durante o acompanhamento (p = 0,052, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). N&#227;o foram identificados fatores preditivos de piora tardia da gravidade da RM.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de grupos definidos por mudan&#231;as na gravidade da RM: alta ap&#243;s TAVI versus per&#237;odos de acompanhamento (n = 488)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Mudan&#231;as na gravidade da RM na alta versus acompanhamento (m&#233;dio = 16,6 meses)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">valor p*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Sem mudan&#231;a n = 422</th>
                  <th>Piora n = 38</th>
                  <th>Melhora n = 28</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,1 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">81,7 &#177; 6,4</td>
                  <td align="center">83,9 &#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,119</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">216 (51,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (39,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (46,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,356</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">238 (56,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (65,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (67,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,287</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (14,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (18,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,538</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (17,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,830</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular cerebral/AIT</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (6,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,659</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (30,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (34,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (35,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,755</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">306 (72,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (71,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,938</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                  <td align="center">323 (76,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (78,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (92,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,131</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,968</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (20,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (23,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (39,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe funcional NYHA III ou IV</td>
                  <td align="center">347 (82,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (73,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,365</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (12,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (18,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (17,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,407</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade EuroScore</td>
                  <td align="center">15,2 (15,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,8 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,4 (21,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,077</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade STS</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (10,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9 (13,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6 (8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,254</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica basal moderada/grave</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (13,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (16,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,825</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valvoplastia a&#243;rtica por bal&#227;o pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (6,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,744</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE basal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,6 &#177; 15,3</td>
                  <td align="center">59,0 &#177; 14,5</td>
                  <td align="center">49,8 &#177; 16,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico basal do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,6 &#177; 8,0</td>
                  <td align="center">51,4 &#177; 9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">51,8 &#177; 8,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,569</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;rea basal da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (cm <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66 &#177; 0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70 &#177; 0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62 &#177; 0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,317</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio basal (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,5 &#177; 16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">46,0 &#177; 14,4</td>
                  <td align="center">45,7 &#177; 14,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,104</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE na alta (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,4 &#177; 13,4</td>
                  <td align="center">61,4 &#177; 12,7</td>
                  <td align="center">55,3 &#177; 15,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,117</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE na alta (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,4 &#177; 9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">51,8 &#177; 9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">51,6 &#177; 8,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,642</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio na alta (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2 &#177; 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">9,2 &#177; 7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6 &#177; 3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,131</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#225;ximo na alta (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,068</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE, diferen&#231;a entre linha de base e acompanhamento (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio, diferen&#231;a entre linha de base e acompanhamento (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,212</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#225;ximo, diferen&#231;a entre linha de base e acompanhamento (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2 (9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,170</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica residual moderada/grave</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,540</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Resultados descritos por frequ&#234;ncia (porcentagem), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil). *ANOVA unilateral, teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis (vari&#225;veis quantitativas) ou teste do qui-quadrado (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas), p &lt; 0,05. AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, NYHA: New York Heart Association, RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons, TAVI: implante transcateter de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortalidade</title>
        <p>Mudan&#231;as na gravidade da RM na linha de base versus a alta (tanto melhora [HR 1,17; IC 95%, 0,69-1,98; p = 0,56] quanto piora [HR 1,28; IC 95%, 0,70-2,32; p = 0,43]) n&#227;o foram preditores significativos de mortalidade tardia ap&#243;s TAVI, mesmo quando ajustado para fatores determinantes de sobrevida, como n&#237;vel basal de hemoglobina (HR 0,89; IC 95%, 0,81-0,98; p = 0,013), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva de classe funcional III/IV da NYHA (HR 1,95; IC 95%, 1,14-3,34; p = 0,015), e valvoplastia a&#243;rtica por bal&#227;o anterior (HR 2,19; IC 95%, 1,29-3,72; p = 0,004). Em uma an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada, as mudan&#231;as tardias na gravidade da RM tamb&#233;m n&#227;o tiveram um impacto nas taxas de mortalidade. No entanto, quando ajustados para fatores que aumentaram a mortalidade neste per&#237;odo, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva de classe funcional III/IV NYHA (HR 2,6; IC 95%, 1,11-6,05; p = 0,026) e valvoplastia a&#243;rtica por bal&#227;o anterior (HR 2,5; IC 95% , 1,31-4,83; p = 0,005), a piora da RM entre a alta e os per&#237;odos de acompanhamento, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a RM inalterada, foi fortemente associada a um aumento do risco de mortalidade (HR 2,74; IC 95%, 1,36-5,48; p = 0,005) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ). As curvas de Kaplan-Meier que demonstram as probabilidades de sobrevida para cada grupo desde a alta at&#233; o acompanhamento s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Impacto de grupos definidos por mudan&#231;as na gravidade da RM: linha de base at&#233; a alta, alta at&#233; acompanhamento, e mortalidade geral</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Tempo m&#233;dio (meses)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">&#211;bitos (%)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">N&#227;o ajustado</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Ajustado**</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>HR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>valor p*</th>
                  <th>HR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>valor p*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RM da linha de base at&#233; a alta</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem mudan&#231;a (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,6</td>
                  <td align="center">24,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Piora</td>
                  <td align="center">44,0</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21 (0,68 &#8211; 2,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,512</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28 (0,70&#8211;2,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,426</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Melhora</td>
                  <td align="center">35,1</td>
                  <td align="center">25,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 (0,61 &#8211; 1,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,912</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 (0,69&#8211;1,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,561</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RM da alta at&#233; o acompanhamento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem mudan&#231;a (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,1</td>
                  <td align="center">16,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Piora</td>
                  <td align="center">51,3</td>
                  <td align="center">28,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,61 (0,85 &#8211; 3,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,141</td>
                  <td align="center">2,74 (1,36 &#8211; 5,48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Melhora</td>
                  <td align="center">50,5</td>
                  <td align="center">18,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42 (0,62 &#8211; 3,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,408</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48 (0,62 &#8211; 3,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,377</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox (raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a stepwise e backward) e teste de Wald, p &lt; 0,05. **Disfun&#231;&#227;o mitral da linha de base at&#233; a alta: ajustada para n&#237;vel basal de hemoglobina, classe funcional da NYHA e valvoplastia a&#243;rtica por bal&#227;o pr&#233;via; **Disfun&#231;&#227;o mitral da alta at&#233; o acompanhamento: ajustada para classe funcional da NYHA e valvoplastia a&#243;rtica por bal&#227;o pr&#233;via. HR: raz&#227;o de chances, IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a, RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas de Kaplan-Meier com probabilidades de sobrevida desde a alta at&#233; os per&#237;odos de acompanhamento para grupos com melhora, sem mudan&#231;a e piora da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM) ap&#243;s TAVI (n = 488). Modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox comparando RM inalterada &#224; piora da RM: p = 0,005; comparando RM inalterada com melhora da RM: p = 0,377.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1059-90772-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, observamos o seguinte: 1) a RMMG na linha de base em pacientes submetidos ao TAVI foi associada &#224; idade, &#224; presen&#231;a de comorbidades e &#224; gravidade da estenose a&#243;rtica; 2) a RMMG na linha de base foi um preditor de mortalidade tardia ap&#243;s TAVI; 3) aproximadamente metade dos pacientes com RMMG na linha de base apresentou melhora da gravidade da RM imediatamente ap&#243;s TAVI e, al&#233;m disso, 37% dos pacientes com RMMG na alta apresentaram melhora da RM no acompanhamento tardio; 4) a regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica moderada/grave na linha de base foi um preditor de melhora imediata da RMMG ap&#243;s TAVI; 5) os pacientes que apresentaram melhora progressiva da RM no acompanhamento tardio ap&#243;s TAVI foram aqueles que apresentaram menor FEVE na linha de base e melhora da FEVE ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o; e, por fim, 6) a piora progressiva da gravidade da RM no acompanhamento tardio p&#243;s-TAVI foi um preditor independente de mortalidade; no entanto, nenhum preditor foi identificado para tal piora.</p>
      <p>Em corrobora&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos, 20% dos pacientes do Registro Brasileiro de TAVI apresentavam RMMG na linha de base e esses pacientes tinham comorbidades mais graves do que aqueles com RM menos grave. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No entanto, existe alguma controv&#233;rsia na literatura a respeito do valor progn&#243;stico da RMMG basal na mortalidade dos pacientes ap&#243;s TAVI. Alguns estudos n&#227;o mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> enquanto outras publica&#231;&#245;es demonstraram a influ&#234;ncia significativa da RM na mortalidade precoce e/ou tardia, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> em particular uma an&#225;lise do US Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry que inclui mais de 4.000 pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> De maneira semelhante a esses estudos posteriores, nossos resultados tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a presen&#231;a da RMMG na linha de base leva ao aumento da taxa de mortalidade tardia ap&#243;s TAVI.</p>
      <p>De acordo com a gravidade da RM, havia quatro grupos e eles foram analisados juntos nos grupos de RM ausente/leve e moderada/grave. Isso foi feito devido ao n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes com RM grave (n = 20 pacientes, 2,4%). Na literatura, todos os estudos relacionados &#224; RM em pacientes com TAVI analisaram RM moderada e grave em apenas um grupo (RM moderada/grave) como n&#243;s. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel definir a etiologia da RM (org&#226;nica/degenerativa versus funcional) com base em nossos dados de registro. Vollenbroich et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> estudou a influ&#234;ncia da RM funcional versus degenerativa no desfecho cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s TAVI, verificando 36% de RM funcional e 64% de RM degenerativa entre os pacientes com RMMG. A RM degenerativa apresentou risco aumentado durante o acompanhamento de longo prazo ap&#243;s TAVI, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RM funcional. Muratori et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m verificou RM org&#226;nica mais prevalente entre pacientes com RMMG submetidos a TAVI, mostrando uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o do grau de RM ap&#243;s TAVI em pacientes com RM funcional e um impacto negativo no acompanhamento de longo prazo para a RM org&#226;nica. Portanto, a etiologia da RM pode influenciar o progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s TAVI, mas n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estudar esse assunto em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</p>
      <p>Est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis poucas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a frequ&#234;ncia e o valor progn&#243;stico das mudan&#231;as na gravidade da RM ap&#243;s TAVI. Conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> e, de acordo com os achados de Boerlage-van Dijk et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> mais de 80% dos nossos pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o no seu grau basal de RM durante o acompanhamento tardio ap&#243;s TAVI. No entanto, quase metade dos pacientes com RMMG na linha de base apresentou um grau de RM melhorado imediatamente ap&#243;s TAVI. Entre aqueles sem melhora imediata, quase 40% apresentou melhora no acompanhamento tardio. A literatura recente sugere que a gravidade da RM pr&#233;-procedimento melhora ap&#243;s TAVI em 29% a 70% dos pacientes e, na maioria dos casos, &#233; mantida no acompanhamento, tendo um impacto favor&#225;vel na mortalidade tardia e nas taxas de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s TAVI. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Como preditores dessa melhora, foram identificados a aus&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o anular mitral, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> a RM funcional (ao inv&#233;s da degenerativa), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> a aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> a aus&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> bloqueio de ramo esquerdo persistente, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> gradientes transa&#243;rticos iniciais mais altos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> a aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana concomitante <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e o implante de uma pr&#243;tese Edwards-Sapien em vez de CoreValve. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Identificamos menor FEVE na linha de base e uma melhora na FEVE ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o como preditores de melhora da RM. Estes preditores tamb&#233;m foram identificados por outros autores, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> podendo ser explicados pelo remodelamento ventricular esquerdo reverso e a consequente redu&#231;&#227;o das for&#231;as de alongamento do complexo valvar mitral ap&#243;s TAVI. Esta explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; apoiada pela demonstra&#231;&#227;o anterior de que os pacientes com melhora da gravidade da RM ap&#243;s TAVI mostram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no volume diast&#243;lico final do VE e altera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas anulares mitrais favor&#225;veis ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A influ&#234;ncia da redu&#231;&#227;o do volume diast&#243;lico final do VE na melhora da RM tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada pela associa&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica moderada/grave na linha de base com a melhora precoce da gravidade da RM ap&#243;s TAVI, conforme demonstramos.</p>
      <p>O Registro Brasileiro de TAVI foi planejado para incluir a maioria dos procedimentos de TAVI realizados no Brasil e, como uma amostra do mundo real, inclu&#237;mos tanto EAo grave na v&#225;lvula nativa, que constitu&#237;a a grande maioria (98%), quanto pacientes com biopr&#243;teses a&#243;rticas cir&#250;rgicas degeneradas (n = 16, 2% dos pacientes). Isto poderia ser considerado uma falha na nossa sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, mas um estudo recente de Akodad et al. demonstrou que o TAVI v&#225;lvula-em-v&#225;lvula &#233; t&#227;o seguro e vi&#225;vel quanto o TAVI na EAo nativa, sem influ&#234;ncia significativa no acompanhamento destes pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Tal achado indica que a inclus&#227;o de um pequeno n&#250;mero de biopr&#243;teses cir&#250;rgicas degeneradas n&#227;o deve afetar os nossos resultados e conclus&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Um dos achados mais importantes do presente estudo foi que a deteriora&#231;&#227;o progressiva da RM tem um impacto negativo na mortalidade tardia em pacientes submetidos a TAVI. Sabe-se que uma por&#231;&#227;o significativa dos pacientes que apresentam melhora inicial da gravidade da RM, tanto ap&#243;s a troca cir&#250;rgica da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica quanto ap&#243;s o TAVI, regride ao estado basal se acompanhados por mais de 1 ano. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, foi raramente relatado na literatura o achado de que esta piora da RM &#233; um preditor independente de taxas mais altas de mortalidade tardia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Este achado pode desempenhar um papel importante em futuras estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas durante o acompanhamento para TAVI. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre piora da RM e aumento da mortalidade ap&#243;s TAVI n&#227;o indica que o tratamento para RM levaria &#224; melhoria da evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s TAVI, uma vez que pode ser apenas um indicativo da progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No entanto, o tratamento percut&#226;neo associado para RM j&#225; tem sido utilizado para pacientes com TAVI com bons resultados, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> e esta terapia combinada poder&#225; ser uma op&#231;&#227;o no futuro.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Devido &#224; natureza n&#227;o randomizada do estudo, n&#227;o houve grupo controle e, como o desenho do estudo foi observacional, falhas na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes s&#227;o poss&#237;veis. No entanto, o Registro de TAVI reflete a pr&#225;tica do mundo real no ambiente brasileiro. A an&#225;lise foi parcialmente baseada em dados retrospectivos e tamb&#233;m incluiu coleta prospectiva de dados na maioria dos pacientes. Embora os crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da RM tenham sido definidos pelas diretrizes atuais, n&#227;o existe laborat&#243;rio central para avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, podendo, portanto, estar sujeito a varia&#231;&#227;o inter-observador. Os casos de RM foram separados de acordo com a gravidade, mas n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel definir a sua etiologia (org&#226;nica versus funcional) com base nos dados do registro. A dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento tardio teve grande varia&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos continuamente de 2008 a 2015; desta maneira, alguns pacientes demoraram mais para evidenciar mudan&#231;as de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s TAVI. Por fim, uma por&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o negligenci&#225;vel de pacientes foi perdida durante o acompanhamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O Registro Brasileiro de TAVI &#233; a maior s&#233;rie de TAVI na Am&#233;rica do Sul. Inclui o primeiro procedimento realizado no Brasil e tem o acompanhamento mais longo desses pacientes. O registro reflete a pr&#225;tica do mundo real no ambiente brasileiro. Em nosso estudo, &#233; evidente que a RMMG na linha de base foi um preditor de maior taxa de mortalidade tardia ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. A maioria dos pacientes com RMMG na linha de base, especialmente aqueles com FEVE mais baixa na linha de base e aqueles que mostraram melhora progressiva na FEVE, mostraram uma melhora no grau de RM durante o acompanhamento. A piora progressiva da gravidade da RM ap&#243;s TAVI resultou em maior taxa de mortalidade tardia e deve ser considerada no atendimento futuro desses pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Luciana de Cerjat Bernardes P. da Cunha pela Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>: O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, clique aqui.</p>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl1" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href=""/>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship between Mitral Regurgitation and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: a Multi-Institutional Follow-up Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0688-4674</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana de Cerjat Bernardes P. da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerios</surname>
            <given-names>Enio Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2806-743X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarmento-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Dourado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siciliano</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1152-8946</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Esteves</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6260-9626</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio S&#226;ndoli de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas - UFPR, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Luiz, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Luciana de Cerjat Bernardes P. da Cunha &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Rua General Carneiro, 181. Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: lucianacerjat@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cunha LCBP, Guerios EE, Brito Jr. FS; Data acquisition: Guerios EE, Brito Jr. FS, Carvalho LA, Lemos Neto P, Sarmento-Leite R, Abizaid AA, Mangione JA, Oliveira AD, Siciliano A, Esteves V; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Cunha LCBP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Guerios EE, Brito Jr. FS, Cunha CLP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Mitral regurgitation (MR) is prevalent in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). There are some controversies about the prognostic impact of MR in survival of TAVI patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To examine the relationship between TAVI and MR in a patient population from the Brazilian TAVI Registry.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Seven hundred and ninety-five patients from the Brazilian TAVI Registry were divided at baseline, discharge, and follow-up according to their MR grade as follows: absent/mild (AMMR) or moderate/severe (MSMR). They were subsequently regrouped according to their immediate and late changes in MR severity after TAVI as follows: no change, improved, or worsened MR. Predictors and prognostic impact on baseline as well as changes in MR severity were analyzed. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Baseline MSMR was present in 19.3% of patients and was a predictor of increased late mortality. Immediately after TAVI, 47.4 % of cases improved to AMMR, predicted by a higher Society of Thoracic Surgeons score and a higher grade of baseline aortic regurgitation. Upon follow-up, 9.2% of cases of AMMR worsened to MSMR, whereas 36.8% of cases of MSMR improved to AMMR. Lower baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and improvement in LVEF at follow-up were predictors of MR improvement. Progressive worsening of MR upon follow-up was an independent predictor of higher late mortality after TAVI (p = 0.005).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Baseline MSMR predicts late mortality after TAVI. Lower LVEF and improved LVEF at follow-up predict MR improvement after TAVI. Progressive worsening of MR severity at follow-up is an independent predictor of late mortality, which is a rare finding in the literature.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Insuffciency</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Transcatheter Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Survival Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Approximately two thirds of patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) and indication for surgical valve replacement present with some degree of mitral regurgitation (MR)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and, in some cases, an indication for double valve replacement surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> For patients undergoing isolated aortic valve replacement, moderate or severe MR may be associated with higher mortality rates, congestive heart failure, and subsequent mitral valve surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>For patients with severe AS and MR for whom surgery is not the ideal therapeutic choice, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) may be a suitable option.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Since, in some patients, a grade reduction may be expected, or subsequent transcatheter mitral valve intervention may be indicated, MR is generally not treated in this scenario.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, in the case of isolated aortic surgery, MR severity may decrease, remain unchanged, or even increase after TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although many studies consistently demonstrate that important MR at baseline is associated with poorer outcomes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> information regarding the prognostic implications of changes in MR severity after TAVI is scarce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between TAVI and MR in a patient population from the Brazilian TAVI Registry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> We hypothesized that moderate/severe MR (MSMR) at baseline and progressive deterioration of MR influences the prognosis of TAVI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>The multicenter Brazilian TAVI Registry is a voluntary participation registry, conducted since 2008 by the Brazilian Society of Interventional Cardiology, which aggregates the results of TAVI performed in 22 centers across Brazil. Patients have been retrospectively and prospectively included in the registry since the first TAVI was performed in Brazil. The registry was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Albert Einstein Hospital, S&#227;o Paulo, on November 10, 2010, and inserted in the &#8220; <italic>Plataforma Brasil</italic> &#8221; (a national and unified database of research records involving human beings). All prospectively included patients provided informed written consent.</p>
          <p>Indication for TAVI was limited to groups of inoperable or high-surgical-risk patients with severe symptomatic AS or degenerated surgical bioprosthesis. The surgical mortality risk was estimated using the EuroScore<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Details, definitions, and partial registry results have been previously published.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>This study included patients treated between January 2008 and January 2015. Patients who had previously undergone mitral valve surgery or patients who did not have adequate pre- and post-intervention echocardiographic records were excluded from the analysis. Follow-up was performed at medical visits with echocardiographic studies; the last follow-up echocardiogram was used to compare with baseline and discharge studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TAVI procedure</title>
          <p>TAVI was performed using CoreValve prostheses (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) by transfemoral and transubclavian access, Sapien XT (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) by transfemoral and transapical access, and Inovare (Braile Biom&#233;dica, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil) implanted only by the transapical route. The procedure was performed according to standard techniques, previously described in detail.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The choice of access, type of anesthesia (general or sedation), and the use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was left to the operator&#8217;s discretion. After the intervention, aspirin (100 mg once daily) and clopidogrel (300 mg as a loading dose and 75 mg once daily thereafter) were administered to the patients for a minimum of 30 days. A complete transthoracic echocardiogram of the patients was performed in the pre-, peri-, and post-intervention periods (if there were several echocardiograms, the last one was included). MR severity was defined as absent, mild, moderate, or severe according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography, integrating structural, Doppler, and quantitative parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Patients&#8217; clinical data and echocardiograms were analyzed at baseline, hospital discharge, and late follow-up (mean follow-up time of 16.6 months). In each of these periods, the patients were separated into two groups, according to their MR grade. One group included patients with absent or mild MR (AMMR), and the other included those with MSMR, as described in prior studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Subsequently, patients were regrouped according to the change in MR severity after TAVI when comparing baseline, discharge, and follow-up periods, as follows: patients who showed no change in MR grade, those with worsened MR (from AMMR to MSMR), and those with improved MR severity (from MSMR to AMMR). Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of MR improvement/worsening were identified, and the relationship between changes in MR grade and mortality rates was analyzed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed with the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and range, while categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify the normality of the data; normality of data distribution was accepted for most of the variables, without compromising other analyses. Associations in categorical variables between groups were assessed using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test. Continuous variables were analyzed using Student&#8217;s t test for independent samples or non-parametric Mann-Whitney test to compare groups defined by baseline MR grade (AMMR or MSMR). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the groups defined by MR changes (no change, worsened, or improved). Survival probability was estimated by Kaplan-Meier curves. To analyze the effect of MR changes on survival time, non-adjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression models were adapted by including covariates with p &lt; 0.05 in the non-adjusted models. Final models were assessed by stepwise backward likelihood ratio method considering a p value &lt; 0.05 for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were presented for the final models. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the patients</title>
          <p>Of the 819 patients included in the Brazilian TAVI Registry, 795 patients were included in this analysis. A patient flow diagram is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> , and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> details patients&#8217; baseline clinical characteristics according to their baseline MR grade. Prior to the procedure, MR was absent/mild in 642 patients (80.7%) and moderate/severe in 153 patients (19.3%). Patients with MSMR were older, and they presented with more comorbidities (renal failure, lower hemoglobin levels, pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, previous pacemaker implantation, more advanced heart failure grades), higher surgical risk scores, lower ejection fractions, larger LV diastolic diameters, more severe aortic regurgitation, smaller aortic valve areas, and lower aortic gradients.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Patient flow diagram. This flow chart specifies the mortality rate in the AMMR and MSMR groups. Note that the mortality rate before discharge includes the peri-procedural mortality. &#8220;Incomplete records&#8221; are related to the absence of good echocardiograms for analysis. AMMR: absent/mild mitral regurgitation; MSMR: moderate/severe mitral regurgitation; FU: follow-up.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1059-90772-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of patients and comparison of groups defined by baseline MR dysfunction (n = 795)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Characteristic</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">Whole population (n = 795)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">According to baseline MR dysfunction</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p value*</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Absent/mild (n = 642)</th>
                    <th>Moderate/severe (n = 153)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">81.5 &#177; 7.3</td>
                    <td align="center">81.2 &#177; 7.5</td>
                    <td align="center">83.1 &#177; 6.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">389 (48.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">313 (48.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (49.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.838</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                    <td align="center">465 (58.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">375 (58.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">90 (58.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.926</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous myocardial infarction</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (14.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">99 (15.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (11.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.251</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peripheral vascular disease</td>
                    <td align="center">136 (17.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">118 (18.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (11.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.051</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke/TIA</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (7.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (7.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (8.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.771</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">253 (31.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">206 (32.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (30.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.744</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">601 (75.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">484 (75.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (76.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.780</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Renal failure</td>
                    <td align="center">615 (77,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">485 (75.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">130 (85.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Preprocedural pacemaker</td>
                    <td align="center">81 (10.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (8.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (15.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 1.7</td>
                    <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 1.8</td>
                    <td align="center">11.5 &#177; 1.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.045</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">176 (22.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">133 (20.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (28.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.048</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA functional class III or IV</td>
                    <td align="center">648 (81.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">511 (79.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">137 (89.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">106 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (12.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (18.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.044</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EuroScore mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">16 ( 17.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.2 (16.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">21.1 (17.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>STS score mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">7.2 (10.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.6 (9.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.9 (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate/severe baseline aortic regurgitation</td>
                    <td align="center">95 (11.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">60(10,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">35(23.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous balloon aortic valvuloplasty</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (6,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (5,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (9,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,105</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline EF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.7 &#177; 14.9</td>
                    <td align="center">60.1 &#177; 14.4</td>
                    <td align="center">53.2 &#177; 16.0</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline LV diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.8 &#177; 9.4</td>
                    <td align="center">50.2 &#177; 8.8</td>
                    <td align="center">53.4 &#177; 10.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline aortic valve area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66 &#177; 0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67 &#177; 0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63 &#177; 0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.016</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline mean aortic gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.3 &#177; 16.0</td>
                    <td align="center">50.1 &#177; 15.7</td>
                    <td align="center">46.3 &#177; 16.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline peak aortic gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">81.0 &#177; 24.8</td>
                    <td align="center">82.3 &#177; 24.6</td>
                    <td align="center">76.0 &#177; 25.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Results described by frequency (percentage), mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range). *Student t test for independent samples, non-parametric Mann-Whitney test (quantitative variables), or chi-square test (categorical variables), p &lt; 0.05. EF: ejection fraction, LV: left ventricle, MR: mitral regurgitation, NYHA: New York Heart Association, STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons, TIA: transient ischemic attack.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>CoreValve prostheses were implanted in 597 patients (73%) by transarterial accesses, Sapien XT in 200 patients (24%) (3 by transapical and 197 by transarterial approaches), and Inovare in 22 patients (3%) by transapical access. In total, there were 770 patients who received the prostheses by transarterial accesses, while 25 were by transapical access. Seven hundred and seventy nine patients (98%) had prostheses for native severe AS, and 16 (2%) had valve-in-valve prosthesis for degenerated surgical bioprostheses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictors for late mortality</title>
          <p>According to the adjusted Cox regression model, peripheral vascular disease (HR 1.6; 95% CI, 1.11-2.32; p = 0.012), previous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (HR 1.97; 95% CI, 1.25-3.11; p = 0.004), and baseline MSMR (HR 1.50; 95% CI, 1.05-2.14; p = 0.027) were independent baseline predictors of late mortality, with mean follow-up time of 16.6 months and median follow-up of 12.4 months (first quartile: 2.6 months and third quartile: 24.7 months) in this population</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Changes in MR severity: pre-intervention versus discharge</title>
          <p>After intervention, MR grade was compared between baseline and discharge in a total of 697 patients. TAVI did not change MR grade in comparison with baseline in 83.8% (n = 584) of patients. MR severity worsened after TAVI in 8.7% (n = 49) of patients with baseline AMMR, but it improved in 47.8% (n = 64) of those with baseline MSMR ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Changes in mitral regurgitation (MR) severity: baseline, discharge, and follow-up periods. This includes patients with complete echocardiography data in all three periods. Baseline: n = 795; discharge: n = 697; follow-up: n = 488. **Variation of MR grade when comparing baseline to the last follow-up for the whole population, excluding deaths and incomplete records.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1059-90772-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>There was a higher prevalence of renal failure in patients whose MR grade worsened after TAVI (p = 0.022). Upon univariate analysis, a higher STS score (p = 0.013) and a more severe baseline aortic regurgitation (p = 0.010) were predictors of an improvement in MR severity. Other baseline echocardiographic data, as well as changes in parameters, such as the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and aortic gradient between baseline and discharge, were not associated with MR severity improvement or worsening after TAVI ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of groups defined by changes in MR severity: baseline versus discharge after TAVI (n = 697)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Characteristic</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Changes in MR severity at baseline versus discharge</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p value*</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Unchanged n = 584</th>
                    <th>Worsened n = 49</th>
                    <th>Improved n = 64</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">81.3 &#177; 7.5</td>
                    <td align="center">82.4 &#177; 5.5</td>
                    <td align="center">81.9 &#177; 6.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.559</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">294 (50.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (48.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.590</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                    <td align="center">332 (56.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (71.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (59.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.136</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous myocardial infarction</td>
                    <td align="center">90 (15.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (10.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.629</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peripheral vascular disease</td>
                    <td align="center">106 (18.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (20.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (9.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.184</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke/TIA</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (8.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (8.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (7.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.986</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">187 (32.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (26.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (31.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.728</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">429 (73.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (81.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (79.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.279</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Renal failure</td>
                    <td align="center">444 (76.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (89.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (85.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.8 &#177;1.8</td>
                    <td align="center">12.0&#177;1.7</td>
                    <td align="center">11.5&#177;1.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.374</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">130 (22.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (16.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (26.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.431</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA functional class III or IV</td>
                    <td align="center">471 (80.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (79.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (85.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.570</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">73 (12.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (16.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (15.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.642</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EuroScore mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">15.6 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.4 (15.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">21.1 (17.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.124</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>STS score mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">6.9 (10.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.5 (14.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.5 (12.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate/severe baseline aortic regurgitation</td>
                    <td align="center">69 (11.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (10.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (25.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous balloon aortic valvuloplasty</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (5,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (6,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (10,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,309</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline EF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">59.2 &#177; 15.0</td>
                    <td align="center">55.3 &#177; 15.5</td>
                    <td align="center">57.3 &#177; 14.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.160</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline LV diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.8 &#177; 9.0</td>
                    <td align="center">51.2 &#177; 11.0</td>
                    <td align="center">52.4 &#177; 10.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.430</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline aortic valve area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67 &#177; 0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67 &#177; 0.17</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63 &#177; 0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.360</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline mean aortic gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.5 &#177; 16.0</td>
                    <td align="center">46.3 &#177; 12.6</td>
                    <td align="center">49.5 &#177; 19.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.434</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline peak aortic gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">80 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (34.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (37.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.324</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Difference baseline-discharge EF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (16.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.314</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Difference baseline-discharge aortic mean gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">-39.6 &#177; 16.1</td>
                    <td align="center">-39.7 &#177; 12.9</td>
                    <td align="center">-37.5 &#177; 23.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.686</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Difference baseline-discharge peak aortic gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">-63.1 &#177; 24.9</td>
                    <td align="center">-60.3 &#177; 22.3</td>
                    <td align="center">-56.6 &#177; 34.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.174</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Results described by frequency (percentage), mean &#177; standard deviation, or median (interquatile range). *One-way ANOVA, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (quantitative variables), or chi-square test (categorical variables), p &lt; 0.05 EF: ejection fraction, LV: left ventricle, MR: mitral regurgitation, NYHA: New York Heart Association, STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons, TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation, TIA: transient ischemic attack .</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Changes in MR severity: discharge versus follow-up</title>
          <p>After discharge, clinical and echocardiographic follow-up was performed in 488 patients, with a mean follow-up time of 16.6 &#177; 14.1 months (median follow-up: 12.4 months, first quartile: 2.6 months and third quartile: 24.7 months). Compared with discharge, there were no changes in MR severity in 86.4% (n = 422) of patients. Only 9.2% (n = 38) of patients with AMMR at discharge presented with worse MR severity grades, whereas 36.8% (n = 28) of patients with MSMR at discharge presented with an improvement to AMMR at follow-up ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>Lower baseline LVEF (p = 0.015) was a predictor of late improvement of MR severity in the univariate analysis. In addition, a strong trend towards late improvement of MR severity was observed in patients with LVEF improvement upon follow-up (p = 0.052, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). No predictive factors of late worsening of MR severity were identified.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of groups defined by changes in MR severity: discharge after TAVI versus follow-up periods (n = 488)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Characteristic</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Changes in MR severity at discharge versus follow-up (mean = 16.6 months)</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p value*</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Unchanged n = 422</th>
                    <th>Worsened n = 38</th>
                    <th>Improved n = 28</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">81.1 &#177; 7.3</td>
                    <td align="center">81.7 &#177; 6.4</td>
                    <td align="center">83.9 &#177; 6.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.119</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">216 (51.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (39.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (46.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.356</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                    <td align="center">238 (56.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (65.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (67.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.287</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous myocardial infarction</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (14.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (18.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (21.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.538</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peripheral vascular disease</td>
                    <td align="center">73 (17.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (15.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (21.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.830</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke/TIA</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (6.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (10.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.659</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">128 (30.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (34.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (35.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.755</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">306 (72.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (71.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (75.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.938</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Renal failure</td>
                    <td align="center">323 (76.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (78.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (92.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.131</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 1.7</td>
                    <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 1.7</td>
                    <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.968</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (20.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (23.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (39.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.055</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA functional class III or IV</td>
                    <td align="center">347 (82.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (73.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (85.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.365</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (12.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (18.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (17.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.407</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EuroScore mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">15.2 (15.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">19.8 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">18.4 (21.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.077</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>STS score mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (10.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.9 (13.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.6 (8.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.254</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate/severe baseline aortic regurgitation</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (13.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (16.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.825</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous balloon aortic valvuloplasty</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (6,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (7,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,744</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline EF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.6 &#177; 15.3</td>
                    <td align="center">59.0 &#177; 14.5</td>
                    <td align="center">49.8 &#177; 16.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline LV diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">50,6 &#177; 8,0</td>
                    <td align="center">51.4 &#177; 9.0</td>
                    <td align="center">51.8 &#177; 8.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.569</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline aortic valve area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66 &#177; 0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70 &#177; 0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62 &#177; 0.23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.317</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baseline mean aortic gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.5 &#177; 16.3</td>
                    <td align="center">46.0 &#177; 14.4</td>
                    <td align="center">45.7 &#177; 14.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.104</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Discharge EF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.4 &#177; 13.4</td>
                    <td align="center">61.4 &#177; 12.7</td>
                    <td align="center">55.3 &#177; 15.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.117</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Discharge LV diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.4 &#177; 9.0</td>
                    <td align="center">51.8 &#177; 9.0</td>
                    <td align="center">51.6 &#177; 8.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.642</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Discharge mean aortic gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.2 &#177; 6.1</td>
                    <td align="center">9.2 &#177; 7.9</td>
                    <td align="center">7.6 &#177; 3.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.131</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Discharge peak aortic gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (11)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.5 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (8.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.068</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Difference baseline-follow-up EF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (11)</td>
                    <td align="center">-2 (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (16)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.052</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Difference baseline-follow-up mean aortic gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.212</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Difference baseline-follow-up peak aortic gradient (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">-2 (9.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.170</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate/severe residual aortic regurgitation</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (8.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (5.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.540</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Results described by frequency (percentage), mean &#177; standard deviation, or median (interquatile range). *One-way ANOVA, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (quantitative variables), or chi-square test (categorical variables), p &lt; 0.05 EF: ejection fraction, LV: left ventricle, MR: mitral regurgitation, NYHA: New York Heart Association, STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons, TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation, TIA: transient ischemic attack.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortality</title>
          <p>Changes in MR severity at baseline versus discharge (both improvement [HR 1.17; 95% CI, 0.69&#8211;1.98; p = 0.56] or worsening [HR 1.28; 95% CI, 0.70&#8211;2.32; p = 0.43]) were not significant predictors of late mortality after TAVI, even when adjusted for survival determining factors such as baseline hemoglobin level (HR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81-0.98; p = 0.013), NYHA functional class III/IV congestive heart failure (HR 1.95; 95% CI, 1.14-3.34; p = 0.015), and previous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (HR 2.19; 95% CI, 1.29-3.72; p = 0.004). In a non-adjusted analysis, late changes in MR severity also did not impact mortality rates. However, when adjusted for factors that increased mortality in this period, such as NYHA functional class III/IV congestive heart failure (HR 2.6; 95% CI, 1.11-6.05; p = 0.026) and previous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (HR 2.5; 95% CI, 1.31-4.83; p = 0.005), the worsening of MR between discharge and follow-up periods, compared to unchanged MR, was strongly associated with an increased mortality risk (HR 2.74; 95% CI, 1.36-5.48; p = 0.005) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ). Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrating survival probabilities for each group from discharge to follow-up are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Impact of groups defined by changes in MR severity: baseline to discharge, discharge to follow-up, and general mortality</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th rowspan="3">Mean time (months</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">Deaths (%)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Non-adjusted</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Adjusted**</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>HR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p value*</th>
                    <th>HR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p value*</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MR from baseline to discharge</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unchanged (reference)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.6</td>
                    <td align="center">24,5</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Worsening</td>
                    <td align="center">44.0</td>
                    <td align="center">28.6</td>
                    <td align="center">1.21 (0.68 &#8211; 2.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.512</td>
                    <td align="center">1.28 (0.70&#8211;2.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.426</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Improvement</td>
                    <td align="center">35.1</td>
                    <td align="center">25.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03 (0.61 &#8211; 1.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.912</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17 (0.69&#8211;1.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.561</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MR from discharge to follow-up</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unchanged (reference)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.1</td>
                    <td align="center">16.9</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Worsening</td>
                    <td align="center">51.3</td>
                    <td align="center">28.2</td>
                    <td align="center">1.61 (0.85 &#8211; 3.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.141</td>
                    <td align="center">2.74 (1.36 &#8211; 5.48)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Improvement</td>
                    <td align="center">50.5</td>
                    <td align="center">18.8</td>
                    <td align="center">1.42 (0.62 &#8211; 3.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.408</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48 (0.62 &#8211; 3.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.377</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*Cox regression model (stepwise backward likelihood ratio ) and Wald test, p &lt; 0.05. **Baseline-to-discharge mitral dysfunction: adjusted for baseline hemoglobin level, NYHA functional class and previous balloon aortic valvuloplasty; **Discharge-to-follow-up mitral dysfunction: adjusted for NYHA functional class and previous balloon aortic valvuloplasty. CI: confidence interval, HR: hazard ratio, MR: mitral regurgitation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier curves with survival probabilities from discharge to follow-up periods for groups with improvement, no change and worsening of mitral regurgitation (MR) after TAVI (n = 488). Cox Regression Models comparing Unchanged MR to worsening of MR: p = 0.005; comparing unchanged MR to improvement of MR: p = 0.377.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1059-90772-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, we observed the following: 1) baseline MSMR in patients undergoing TAVI was associated with age, the presence of comorbidities, and the severity of aortic stenosis; 2) baseline MSMR was a predictor of late mortality after TAVI; 3) approximately half of the patients with baseline MSMR presented with improved MR severity immediately after TAVI, and, in addition, 37% of patients with MSMR upon discharge presented with improved MR at the late follow-up; 4) baseline moderate/severe aortic regurgitation was a predictor of immediate improvement of MSMR after TAVI; 5) patients who showed a progressive improvement in MR at the late follow-up after TAVI were those who presented with a lower baseline LVEF and improved LVEF after intervention; and, finally, 6) progressive worsening of MR severity at the late follow-up post-TAVI was an independent predictor of mortality; however, no predictor of this worsening was identified.</p>
        <p>In corroboration with other studies, 20% of patients in the Brazilian TAVI Registry presented with baseline MSMR, and these patients had more serious comorbidities than those with less severe MR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, there is some controversy in the literature concerning the prognostic value of baseline MSMR on patient mortality after TAVI. Some studies showed no correlation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> whereas other publications demonstrated the influence of significant MR on early and/or late mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> in particular an analysis of the US Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry comprising more than 4,000 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Similar to these later studies, our results also demonstrated that the presence of MSMR at baseline leads to increased late mortality rate after TAVI.</p>
        <p>According to the severity of MR, there were four groups and they were analyzed together in absent/mild MR and moderate/severe MR groups. This was done due to the small number of patients with severe MR (n = 20 patients, 2.4%). In the literature, all the studies related to MR in TAVI patients have analyzed moderate and severe MR in only one group (moderate/severe MR) as we did.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The etiology of MR (organic/degenerative versus functional) could not be defined based on our registry data. Vollenbroich et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> studied the influence of functional versus degenerative MR on clinical outcome after TAVI. They found 36% functional and 64% degenerative MR among the patients with MSMR. Degenerative MR presented increased risk during long-term follow-up after TAVI, in relation to functional MR. Muratori et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> also found organic MR more prevalent among patients with MSMR who underwent TAVI. They showed a greater reduction of MR degree after TAVI in functional MR and a negative impact on long-term follow-up for organic MR. Thus, the etiology of MR may influence prognosis after TAVI but we could not study this topic in our population of patients.</p>
        <p>Little information is available regarding the frequency and prognostic value of changes in MR severity after TAVI. As depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , and, in agreement with the findings of Boerlage-van Dijk et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> more than 80% of our patients presented with no change in their baseline MR grade at the late follow-up after TAVI. However, almost half of the patients with baseline MSMR presented with an improved MR grade immediately after TAVI. Among those without immediate improvement, almost 40% improved at the late follow-up. Recent literature has suggested that pre-procedure MR severity improves after TAVI in 29% to 70% of patients, and, in most cases, it is sustained at follow-up, having a favorable impact on late mortality and re-hospitalization rates after TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The absence of mitral annular calcification,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> functional (rather than degenerative) MR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> absence of pulmonary hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> absence of atrial fibrillation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> persistent left bundle branch block,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> higher initial transaortic gradients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> absence of concomitant coronary artery disease,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and the implantation of an Edwards-Sapien rather than CoreValve prosthesis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> were identified as predictors of this improvement. We identified lower LVEF at baseline and an improvement in LVEF after the intervention as predictors of MR improvement. These predictors have also been identified by other authors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> and they can be explained by reverse left ventricular remodeling and the consequent reduction in the mitral valve complex stretching forces after TAVI. This explanation is supported by the previous demonstration that patients with improved MR severity after TAVI show a significant reduction in LV end-diastolic volume and favorable mitral annular geometric changes after aortic intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> The influence of reduced LV end-diastolic volume on the improvement of MR was also demonstrated by the association of moderate/severe baseline aortic regurgitation with early improvement of MR severity after TAVI that we demonstrated.</p>
        <p>The Brazilian TAVI Registry was planned to include most of the TAVI procedures performed in Brazil, and, as a real-world sample, we included both severe AS in native valve, which constituted the vast majority (98%) and patients with degenerated surgical aortic bioprostheses (n = 16, 2% of patients). This could be considered a flaw in our patient selection, but a recent study by Akodad et al. has shown that valve-in-valve TAVI is as safe and feasible as TAVI in native AS, with no significant influence in the follow-up of such patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> This finding indicates that the inclusion of a small number of degenerated surgical bioprostheses should not affect our results and conclusions.</p>
        <p>One of the most important findings in the present study was that progressive deterioration of MR has a negative impact on late mortality in patients undergoing TAVI. It is known that a significant portion of the patients who show an initial improvement in MR severity, both after surgical aortic valve replacement and after TAVI, regress to baseline status if followed for more than 1 year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> However, the finding that this MR worsening is an independent predictor of higher late mortality rates has seldom been reported in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> This finding could play an important role in future therapeutic strategies during TAVI follow-up. The association between MR worsening and increased mortality after TAVI does not indicate that MR treatment would lead to improved evolution after TAVI, since it can only be an indication of heart failure progression. However, associated percutaneous MR treatment has already been used for TAVI patients with good results,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> and this combined therapy could be an option in the future.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The present study has some limitations. Due to the non-randomized nature of the study, there was no control group, and, as the study design was observational, flaws in patient selection are possible. However, the TAVI Registry reflects the real-world practice in the Brazilian environment. The analysis was partially based on retrospective data and also included prospective data collection in most patients. Although echocardiographic criteria for MR quantification were defined by current guidelines, there is no core lab for echocardiographic evaluation, and it may, therefore, be subject to inter-observer variation. The MR cases were separated according to severity, but their etiology (organic versus functional) could not be defined based on the registry data. The duration of late follow-up had a large variation, since patients were continuously included from 2008 to 2015; thus, some patients took longer to experience remodeling changes after TAVI. Finally, a non-negligible portion of patients was lost during echocardiographic follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The Brazilian TAVI Registry is the greatest series of TAVI in South America. It includes the first procedure carried out in Brazil, and it has the longest follow-up of such patients. The TAVI Registry reflects the real-world practice in the Brazilian environment. From our study, it is evident that baseline MSMR was a predictor of a higher late mortality rate after intervention. Most of the patients with baseline MSMR, especially those with a lower baseline LVEF and those who showed progressive improvement in LVEF, showed an improved MR grade at the follow-up. Progressive worsening of MR severity after TAVI resulted in a higher late mortality rate, and it should be considered in the future care of these patients.</p>
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          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Luciana de Cerjat Bernardes P. da Cunha, from Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>:  There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
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          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please click here.</p>
          <supplementary-material id="suppl1_en" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href=""/>
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