<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">V43JM9TPrqgxSPynCFJh55r</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000701037</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210138</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210138</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Que Prever da Vida Cardiovascular aos 85?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7789-6285</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kok</surname>
            <given-names>Wouter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Amsterdam University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Amsterd&#227;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="NL">Holanda</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Amsterdam University Medical Center , Amsterd&#227; &#8211; Holanda </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Wouter Kok &#8226; Amsterdam Universitair Medisch Central &#8211; Cardiology - Meibergdreef 9 Duivendrecht 1115 ZJ - Amsterd&#227; &#8211; Holanda E-mail: <email>w.e.kok@amc.uva.nl</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1037</fpage>
      <lpage>1038</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os de Sa&#250;de para Idosos</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico-Tipo B</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Embora haja muita literatura para a previs&#227;o de risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e terapias preventivas, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> as estimativas de risco s&#227;o menos conhecidas para pacientes com idade &gt;80 anos. &#201; necess&#225;rio suprir essa lacuna de conhecimento, pois o estado de sa&#250;de dos idosos com idade mais avan&#231;ada ter&#225; cada vez mais impacto na assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um estudo detalhado realizado em Pequim por Zhu et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> publicado nesta revista, descreve o risco em 5 anos de doen&#231;a cardiovascular em 724 pacientes chineses muito idosos &#8211; todos com idade &gt;80 anos, a maioria deles do sexo masculino. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Eles foram internados em um Departamento de Cardiologia Geri&#225;trica, &#225;rea que est&#225; em evolu&#231;&#227;o a n&#237;vel internacional. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os motivos da interna&#231;&#227;o estavam relacionados principalmente a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e controle da hipertens&#227;o; apenas alguns foram admitidos devido a doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias ou do trato digestivo. Ap&#243;s um seguimento m&#233;dio de 5,3 anos e taxa de seguimento de 98%, cerca de 50% dos pacientes morreram, a maioria deles devido a infec&#231;&#245;es, e apenas 1 em 16 pacientes de causa card&#237;aca. O estudo mostra que a morbidade cardiovascular e o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o podem ser previstos com sucesso pelos n&#237;veis do fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-ProBNP). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade por todas as causas e eventos cardiovasculares com baixos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP tem sido realizada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral com idade de 50 a 89 anos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e na popula&#231;&#227;o geri&#225;trica com idade &gt;80 anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Como dever&#237;amos interpretar esses n&#237;veis baixos e o que eles predizem? Com base em outros estudos, parece que esses n&#237;veis mais baixos de NT-proBNP n&#227;o apenas predizem a morte cardiovascular, mas tamb&#233;m a n&#227;o-cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o pode ser que as varia&#231;&#245;es do NT-proBNP em n&#237;veis t&#227;o baixos s&#227;o uma medida da idade biol&#243;gica, refletindo as v&#225;rias intera&#231;&#245;es com o NT-proBNP. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> H&#225; outras medidas de vitalidade, como escores de fragilidade em pacientes idosos que tamb&#233;m predizem eventos CV; portanto, esse conceito n&#227;o &#233; novo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o preservadas, estamos come&#231;ando a ver que valores baixos de NT-proBNP mant&#234;m seu valor preditivo para mortalidade por todas as causas, embora n&#227;o haja certeza de que os desfechos ser&#227;o cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a descoberta de que n&#237;veis muito mais elevados de NT-proBNP, como por exemplo na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, nem sempre implicam em uma mortalidade por todas as causas muito alta ou imediata; isso &#233; exemplificado em um estudo de pacientes idosos com idade &#8805; 85 anos nos quais os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP na faixa de 1707-9729 ng/L ainda estavam associados &#224; sobrevida de 1 ano de quase 100%, enquanto somente os pacientes acima dessa faixa apresentaram aumento da mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O risco final a ser previsto depende das distribui&#231;&#245;es de riscos adicionais. Portanto, o achado no artigo de Zhu et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> de que n&#237;veis baixos de NT-proBNP predizem independentemente a mortalidade por todas as causas &#233; o esperado, mas tem a contrapartida de que a maior parte da mortalidade foi n&#227;o-cardiovascular, e o registro documentado de que quase todos os pacientes tinham fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada no ecocardiograma. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Portanto, &#233; um achado interessante que tamb&#233;m os eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECAM) n&#227;o-fatais, que t&#234;m uma incid&#234;ncia muito maior do que a mortalidade cardiovascular, s&#227;o previstos de forma precisa pelos baixos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP. Na Tabela 3, os ECAM (n = 202) s&#227;o apresentados com uma incid&#234;ncia de cerca de 1 em 4 pacientes (28%) ap&#243;s um seguimento m&#233;dio de 5 anos; a maioria dos eventos envolvem s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (incid&#234;ncia de 19%), e um pouco menos frequentes s&#227;o os acidentes vasculares cerebrais (incid&#234;ncia de 5%). Sabe-se que essas incid&#234;ncias de ECAM aumentam exponencialmente com a idade, como visto em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brit&#226;nica, onde pessoas com idade &gt;80 anos t&#234;m um risco de incid&#234;ncia em 10 anos de 50% de doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#8211; um composto de eventos coron&#225;rios e cerebrais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Devido &#224; alta incid&#234;ncia de ECAM, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes idosos com riscos intermedi&#225;rios desses eventos j&#225; teria implica&#231;&#245;es para a preven&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o somente para aqueles com maior risco de ECAM. Tamb&#233;m pode ser interessante saber qual &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a morbidade cardiovascular (ECAM) e a mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
    <p>Uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o tentadora dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP da Tabela 1 &#233; que 4 categorias do NT-proBNP resumem os riscos de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria anterior, hipertens&#227;o, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, com o aumento de todos os riscos com os n&#237;veis mais altos de NT-proBNP. Os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP n&#227;o parecem refletir a presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus (distribui&#231;&#227;o igual) ou n&#237;veis de colesterol (que diminuem com eleva&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP). Entretanto, um modelo de risco seria necess&#225;rio para as estimativas de risco reais desses fatores.</p>
    <p>Para aqueles interessados em terapias preventivas, os ECAM no estudo de Zhu et al. ocorreram apesar dos medicamentos protetores (70% dos pacientes receberam agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios, 45% receberam estatinas, e 40% inibidores de ECA ou BRAs). Seria interessante avaliar as intera&#231;&#245;es dos medicamentos ap&#243;s considerar toda a gama de risco de eventos CV (e n&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos tercis do NT-proBNP).</p>
    <p>Pode-se concluir, com base no trabalho de Zhu et al., que a vida cardiovascular aos 85 pode ser prevista pelos baixos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP, mas, ao mesmo tempo, devemos reconhecer que essa avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o deveria depender somente dos pontos de corte do NT-proBNP.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Pr&#233;coma DB, Oliveira GMM, Sim&#227;o AF, Dutra OP, Coelho OR, Izar MCO, et al Updated Cardiovascular Prevention Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology - 2019. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019 Nov 4;113(4):787-891. doi: 10.5935/abc.20190204.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dutra</surname>
              <given-names>OP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>OR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izar</surname>
              <given-names>MCO</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Updated Cardiovascular Prevention Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology - 2019</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <month>11</month>
          <day>4</day>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>787</fpage>
          <lpage>891</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190204.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Nascimento BR, Brant LCC, Oliveira GMM, Malachias MVB, Reis GMA, Teixeira RA, et al. Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology in Portuguese-Speaking Countries: data from the Global Burden of Disease, 1990 to 2016. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018 Jun;110(6):500-11. doi: 10.5935/abc.20180098.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brant</surname>
              <given-names>LCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malachias</surname>
              <given-names>MVB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reis</surname>
              <given-names>GMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology in Portuguese-Speaking Countries: data from the Global Burden of Disease, 1990 to 2016</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <month>06</month>
          <day>110</day>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>500</fpage>
          <lpage>511</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180098.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Zhu Q, Gao P, Fu S, Wang H, Bai Y, Luo L, et al. Prognostic Value of Plasma NT-proBNP levels in Hospitalized Patients Older than 80 Years of Age in a Hospital in Beijing, China. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(6):1027-1036</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bai</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luo</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of Plasma NT-proBNP levels in Hospitalized Patients Older than 80 Years of Age in a Hospital in Beijing, China</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1027</fpage>
          <lpage>1036</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Dodson JA, Matlock DD, Forman DE. Geriatric Cardiology: An Emerging Discipline. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32(9):1056-64. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2016.03.019</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dodson</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matlock</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forman</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Geriatric Cardiology: An Emerging Discipline</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1056</fpage>
          <lpage>1064</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cjca.2016.03.019</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Kistorp C, Raymond I, Pedersen F, Gustafsson F, Faber J, Hildebrandt P. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, and urinary albumin levels as predictors of mortality and cardiovascular events in older adults. JAMA. 2005 Apr 6;293(13):1609-16. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.13.1609.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kistorp</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raymond</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gustafsson</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faber</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hildebrandt</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, and urinary albumin levels as predictors of mortality and cardiovascular events in older adults</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <month>04</month>
          <day>6</day>
          <volume>293</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1609</fpage>
          <lpage>1616</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.293.13.1609.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Vaes B, de Ruijter W, Degryse J, Westendorp RG, Gussekloo J. Clinical relevance of a raised plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level in a population-based cohort of nonagenarians. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 May;57(5):823-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02218.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vaes</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Ruijter</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Degryse</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Westendorp</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gussekloo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical relevance of a raised plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level in a population-based cohort of nonagenarians</article-title>
          <source>J Am Geriatr Soc</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <month>05</month>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>823</fpage>
          <lpage>829</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02218.x.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. van Peet PG, de Craen AJ, Gussekloo J, de Ruijter W. Plasma NT-proBNP as predictor of change in functional status, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the oldest old: the Leiden 85-plus study. Age (Dordr). 2014;36(3):9660. doi:10.1007/s11357-014-9660-1</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van Peet</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Craen</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gussekloo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Ruijter</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Plasma NT-proBNP as predictor of change in functional status, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the oldest old: the Leiden 85-plus study</article-title>
          <source>Age (Dordr)</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <size units="pages">9660</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11357-014-9660-1</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Muscari A, Bianchi G, Forti P, Magalotti D, Pandolfi P, Zoli M; Pianoro Study Group. N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP): a possible surrogate of biological age in the elderly people. Geroscience. 2020 Aug 11. doi: 10.1007/s11357-020-00249-2. Epub ahead of print.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muscari</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bianchi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forti</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalotti</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pandolfi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zoli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Pianoro Study Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP): a possible surrogate of biological age in the elderly people</article-title>
          <source>Geroscience</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <month>08</month>
          <day>11</day>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11357-020-00249-2.</issue-id>
          <comment>Epub ahead of print</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Sergi G, Veronese N, Fontana L, De Rui M, Bolzetta F, Zambon S, et al. Pre-frailty and risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly men and women: the Pro.V.A. study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Mar 17;65(10):976-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.040.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sergi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veronese</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontana</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Rui</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bolzetta</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zambon</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pre-frailty and risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly men and women: the Pro.V.A. study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <month>03</month>
          <day>17</day>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>976</fpage>
          <lpage>983</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.040.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Salah K, Stienen S, Pinto YM, Eurlings LW, Metra M, Bayes-Genis A, et al. Prognosis and NT-proBNP in heart failure patients with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction. Heart. 2019 Aug;105(15):1182-1189. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314173. Epub 2019 Apr 8. PMID: 30962192; PMCID: PMC6662953.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salah</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stienen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>YM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eurlings</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bayes-Genis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognosis and NT-proBNP in heart failure patients with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <month>08</month>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1182</fpage>
          <lpage>1189</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314173.</issue-id>
          <comment>Epub 2019 Apr 8. PMID: 30962192; PMCID: PMC6662953</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Vergaro G, Januzzi JL Jr, Cohen Solal A, Aimo A, Arzilli C, Zyw L, Valleggi A, et al. NT-proBNP prognostic value is maintained in elderly and very elderly patients with chronic systolic heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2018 Nov 15;271:324-30. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.006. PMID: 30223365.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vergaro</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen Solal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aimo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arzilli</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zyw</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valleggi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>NT-proBNP prognostic value is maintained in elderly and very elderly patients with chronic systolic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <month>11</month>
          <day>15</day>
          <volume>271</volume>
          <fpage>324</fpage>
          <lpage>330</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.006.</issue-id>
          <comment>PMID: 30223365</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Brindle P. Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2017 May 23;357:j2099. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j2099.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hippisley-Cox</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coupland</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brindle</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <month>05</month>
          <day>23</day>
          <volume>357</volume>
          <size units="pages">j2099</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.j2099.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Valor Progn&#243;stico dos N&#237;veis Plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP em Pacientes Hospitalizados com Mais de 80 Anos de Idade em um Hospital em Pequim, China</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>What to Expect from Cardiovascular Life at 85?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7789-6285</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kok</surname>
            <given-names>Wouter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam - Netherlands</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Wouter Kok &#8226; Amsterdam Universitair Medisch Central &#8211; Cardiology - Meibergdreef 9 Duivendrecht 1115 ZJ - Amsterdam - Netherlands E-mail: w.e.kok@amc.uva.nl</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Services for the Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptide</kwd>
        <kwd>B-Type</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>While there is plenty of literature for risk prediction of cardiovascular disease and preventive therapies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> risk estimates are less well known for patients aged &gt; 80 years. There is a need to address this gap in knowledge, as the health status of very elderly people will increasingly impact on health care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A detailed study carried out in Beijing by Zhu et al., published in this journal, describes the 5-year risk of cardiovascular disease in 724 very elderly Chinese patients - all &gt; 80 years old, most of them men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> They were admitted to the geriatric cardiology department, something that is an evolving field at the international level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The reasons for hospital admission were mostly related to coronary artery disease and hypertension control; only a few were admitted for respiratory or digestive tract disease. After a median follow-up of 5.3 years and a follow-up rate of 98%, about 50% of the patients died, most of them from infections and only 1 in 16 patients from a cardiac cause. The study shows that cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality risk in this population can be successfully predicted by the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (NT-proBNP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Predicting all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events with low levels of NT-proBNP has been done in the general population aged 50-89 years,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and in the geriatric population &gt;80 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> How should we interpret these low levels, and what do they predict? Based on other studies, it seems that lower levels of NT-proBNP not only predict cardiovascular but also non-cardiovascular death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> One interpretation may be that variations in NT-proBNP at such low levels are a measure of biological age, reflecting the various interactions with NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> There are other measures of vitality, such as frailty scores in elderly patients that also predict CV events, so this concept is not new.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Also, in heart failure with preserved ejection fractions we are starting to see that low values of NT-proBNP maintain their predictive value for all-cause mortality, although there is no certainty that the outcomes will be cardiovascular ones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Contrarywise, the finding that much higher levels of NT-proBNP, for example in heart failure, do not always imply a very high or immediate all-cause mortality; this is exemplified in a study of elderly patients aged &#8805;85 years in whom a range of NT-proBNP levels of 1707- 9729 ng/L was still associated with a 1-year survival of almost 100%, while only patients with levels above this range showed increased mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The final risk to be predicted therefore probably depends on distributions of additional risks. Thus, the finding in the study by Zhu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> that low levels of NT-proBNP independently predict all-cause mortality is as expected, but it has the catch that most of the mortality was non-cardiovascular, and the documentation that shows that almost every patient had an echocardiogram with preserved ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Therefore it is an interesting finding that also major adverse non-fatal cardiovascular events (MACEs), which have a much higher incidence than cardiovascular mortality, are well predicted by low NT-proBNP levels. In Table 3 the MACEs (n= 202) are shown with an incidence of about 1 in 4 patients (28%) after a median follow-up of 5 years; most events comprise acute coronary syndrome (19% incidence), and somewhat less frequent are cerebral stroke (5% incidence). These incidences of MACE are known to exponentially increase with old age, such as seen in a British population, where people aged &gt; 80 years have a 10-year incidence risk of 50% of cardiovascular disease - a composite of coronary and cerebral events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Because of the high incidence of MACE, identifying elderly patients with intermediate risks of these events would already have implications for prevention, and not only for those with the highest risk of MACE. It also may be interesting to know what the relationship is between cardiovascular morbidity (MACE) and all-cause mortality.</p>
      <p>A tempting interpretation of NT-proBNP from Table 1 is that 4 NT-proBNP categories summarize the risks of previous coronary heart disease, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and decreased renal function, all increasing with higher NT-proBNP levels. The NT-proBNP levels do not appear to reflect diabetes mellitus (equal distribution) or cholesterol levels (decreasing with higher NT-proBNP). However, a risk model would be needed for the actual risk estimates of these factors.</p>
      <p>For those interested in preventive therapies, the MACEs in the study by Zhu et al. occurred despite protective medications (70% of patients received antiplatelet agents, 45% statins, 40% ACE inhibitors or ARBs). It would be interesting to assess medication interactions after considering the full range of the risk of CV events (not only in relation to NT-proBNP tertiles).</p>
      <p>It can be inferred from the work of Zhu et al. that cardiovascular life at 85 may be predicted by low levels of NT-proBNP, but at the same time, we should acknowledge that this risk assessment should not depend on the cutoff levels of NT-proBNP alone.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Prognostic Value of Plasma NT-proBNP levels in Hospitalized Patients Older than 80 Years of Age in a Hospital in Beijing, China</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
