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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">FcTRYM6M5rVdGcgCHVG7jbN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000701027</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190158</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190158</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico dos N&#237;veis Plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP em Pacientes Hospitalizados com Mais de 80 Anos de Idade em um Hospital em Pequim, China</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1888-6087</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Qiwei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gao</surname>
            <given-names>Peng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fu</surname>
            <given-names>Shihui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Hao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bai</surname>
            <given-names>Yongyi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luo</surname>
            <given-names>Leiming</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ye</surname>
            <given-names>Ping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Chinese People&#8217;s Liberation Army General Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Chinese People&#8217;s Liberation Army General Hospital , Beijing - China </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Geriatric Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Chinese People&#8217;s Liberation Army General Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Geriatric Cardiology , Chinese People&#8217;s Liberation Army General Hospital , Beijing - China </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Ping Ye &#8226; Chinese People&#8217;s Liberation Army General Hospital - Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, People&#8217;s Republic of China Beijing 100853 - China Email: <email>yeping301@sina.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Zhu Q, Gao P, Fu S, Wang H, Bai Y, Luo L, Ye P; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Zhu Q, Gao P, Wang H; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Zhu Q, Gao P, Fu S, Bai Y, Ye P; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Zhu Q, Ye P; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Zhu Q, Fu S, Wang H, Bai Y, Luo L, Ye P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1027</fpage>
      <lpage>1036</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>Apesar das evid&#234;ncias crescentes de que o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico N-terminal pr&#243;-c&#233;rebro (NT-proBNP) tem um valor progn&#243;stico importante em adultos mais velhos, h&#225; dados limitados sobre seu valor preditivo progn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar o significado cl&#237;nico do NT-proBNP em pacientes hospitalizados com mais de 80 anos de idade em Pequim, China.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Este estudo prospectivo e observacional foi conduzido em 724 pacientes muito idosos em uma enfermaria geri&#225;trica (idade &#8805;80 anos, varia&#231;&#227;o, 80-100 anos, m&#233;dia, 86,6&#177;3,0 anos). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada foi utilizada para rastrear os fatores independentemente associados ao NT-proBNP, e o modelo de regress&#227;o de risco proporcional de Cox foi utilizado para rastrear as associa&#231;&#245;es entre os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e os principais <italic>endpoints</italic> . Os principais endpoints avaliados foram mortes por todas as causas e ECAM. Valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>As taxas de preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coronariana, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes mellitus foram 81,4%, 75,1% e 41,2%, respectivamente. O n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de NT-proBNP foi 770&#177;818 pg/mL. Utilizando an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear multivariada, foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es entre o NT-proBNP plasm&#225;tico e &#237;ndice de massa corporal, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, uso de betabloqueador, n&#237;veis de hemoglobina, albumina plasm&#225;tica, triglic&#233;rides, creatinina s&#233;rica, e nitrog&#234;nio ur&#233;ico no sangue. O risco de morte por todas as causas (HR, 1,63; IC 95%, 1,005-2,642; p = 0,04) e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM; HR, 1,77; IC 95%, 1,289-3,531; p = 0,04) no grupo com o n&#237;vel mais alto NT-proBNP foi significativamente maior do que no grupo com NT-proBNP mais baixo, de acordo com os modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox ap&#243;s o ajuste para v&#225;rios fatores. Como esperado, os par&#226;metros da ecocardiografia ajustaram o valor progn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP no modelo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>O NT-proBNP foi identificado como um preditor independente de morte por todas as causas e ECAM em pacientes hospitalizados com mais de 80 anos de idade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Encef&#225;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Envelhecimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso de 80 anos ou mais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP, <italic>Brain natriuretic peptide</italic> ) foi descrito pela primeira vez em 1988, ap&#243;s seu isolamento do c&#233;rebro porcino. Logo descobriu-se que o mioc&#225;rdio ventricular era a principal fonte de s&#237;ntese e secre&#231;&#227;o de BNP. O BNP &#233; inicialmente sintetizado como um pr&#233;-horm&#244;nio em resposta ao estiramento do mi&#243;cito, sendo ent&#227;o enzimaticamente clivado em BNP biologicamente ativo e o fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-ProBNP) inativo, em propor&#231;&#245;es iguais. Muitos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o BNP e o NT-proBNP s&#227;o importantes preditores de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular em adultos de meia-idade e idosos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, como h&#225; dados limitados sobre indiv&#237;duos com idade &#8805;80 anos, o valor preditivo do BNP e do NT-proBNP nesses idosos n&#227;o est&#225; claro. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A China &#233; o pa&#237;s mais populoso do mundo. Com a melhoria dos padr&#245;es de vida e das instala&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, a popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa com 80 anos ou mais aumentou gradualmente. De acordo com os resultados do censo de 2010, existem aproximadamente 20 milh&#245;es de pessoas com 80 anos ou mais na China. Como os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP aumentam com a idade, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> formulamos a hip&#243;tese de que um aumento nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP reflete o risco de morte por todas as causas e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) em indiv&#237;duos com 80 anos ou mais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo prospectivo e observacional examinou pacientes muito idosos (idade &#8805; 80 anos) que foram hospitalizados no Departamento de Medicina Interna Geri&#225;trica do <italic>Chinese People&#8217;s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital</italic> , Pequim, China. Os pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos caso tivessem doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas graves, como colagenose, caquexia, infec&#231;&#227;o grave, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica grave, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda ou s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, ou tivessem se submetido a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou angioplastia coron&#225;ria transluminal percut&#226;nea nos 6 meses anteriores. Um total de 739 pacientes muito idosos foram inclu&#237;dos entre novembro de 2007 e outubro de 2010; 326 foram hospitalizados por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria (DCC) est&#225;vel, 278 foram hospitalizados por controle deficiente da press&#227;o arterial (a press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o estava controlada dentro da faixa-alvo sem mudan&#231;a do medicamento), 39 foram internados no hospital por doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias (31 casos tinham infec&#231;&#245;es do trato respirat&#243;rio superior), e 17 foram internados no hospital por doen&#231;as digestivas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Question&#225;rio e exame f&#237;sico</title>
        <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a idade do paciente e o hist&#243;rico da doen&#231;a, incluindo DCC, hipertens&#227;o, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), diabetes mellitus (DM) e c&#226;ncer, foram coletadas pelo m&#233;dico na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O exame f&#237;sico incluiu medidas de altura e peso. Ap&#243;s o paciente ter ficado sentado por pelo menos 5 minutos, a press&#227;o arterial foi medida com um esfigmoman&#244;metro de mesa calibrado, o que &#233; consistente com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais. A press&#227;o arterial do paciente foi medida tr&#234;s vezes consecutivamente com pelo menos 1 minuto entre as medidas, e os valores m&#233;dios foram utilizados para a an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio bioqu&#237;mico</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial completa. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de pacientes entre 6h e 8h ap&#243;s jejum noturno (&#8805;12 horas) para medir os seguintes par&#226;metros: colesterol total (CT), triglic&#233;rides (TG), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol (LDL-C), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol (HDL-C), creatinina s&#233;rica (CrS), nitrog&#234;nio ur&#233;ico no sangue (BUN, do ingl&#234;s <italic>blood urea nitrogen</italic> ) e NT-proBNP. As amostras de sangue foram enviadas ao Laborat&#243;rio de Bioqu&#237;mica do PLA General Hospital. Para cada par&#226;metro, os mesmos reagentes, m&#233;todos e instrumentos foram utilizados para analisar todas as amostras. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de CrS foram determinadas utilizando um ensaio enzim&#225;tico (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Basel, Su&#237;&#231;a) e um autoanalisador Hitachi 7600 (Hitachi, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o). Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP foram determinados utilizando-se um imunoensaio por eletroquimioluminesc&#234;ncia (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Alemanha) e um analisador Roche (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas da ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia foi realizada em at&#233; 3 dias a partir da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ultrassonografistas experientes. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi determinada utilizando a regra de Simpson do biplano a partir de imagens card&#237;acas apicais de quatro e duas c&#226;maras. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo (DAE), o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSFVE), di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE), di&#226;metro do septo interventricular (DSI) e espessura da parede posterior (EPP) foram medidos em tr&#234;s batimentos consecutivos, e os resultados foram calculados como m&#233;dia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) foi calculada utilizando a vers&#227;o chinesa da equa&#231;&#227;o <italic>Modification of Diet in Renal Disease</italic> da seguinte forma: <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> TFGe (mL/min/ 1,73 m <sup>2</sup> ) = 175 &#215; CrS padr&#227;o (mg/dL) <sup>-1,234</sup> &#215; idade (ano) <sup>0,179</sup> &#215; 0,79 (se o paciente for do sexo feminino). A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) foi definida de acordo com as diretrizes da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi definido como o peso (kg) dividido pelo quadrado da altura (m). A massa ventricular esquerda (MVE) foi calculada como {0,8 [1,04 (DDFVE + EPP + DSI) 3 - (DDFVE) <sup>3</sup> ]} + 0,6 g <sup>7</sup> . A &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC) foi calculada como 0,0061 &#215; altura <sup>0,0124</sup> &#215; peso <sup>-0,0099</sup> O &#237;ndice da MVE (IMVE) foi definido como a MVE dividida pela ASC. A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) foi definida de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios: (i) IMVE maior que 125 g/m <sup>2</sup> (paciente masculino) e/ou (ii) IMVE&gt; 110 g/m <sup>2</sup> (paciente feminino). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o foi definida de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios: (i) press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805;140 mm Hg, (ii) press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805;90 mm Hg, e/ou (iii) uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A DM foi definida de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios: (i) n&#237;veis de glicose em jejum maiores ou iguais a 7,1 mmol/L, (ii) n&#237;veis de glicose no sangue venoso em 2 horas &#8805;11,1 mmol/L, e/ou (iii ) uso de hipoglicemiantes ou insulina. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os diagn&#243;sticos de DCC, FA e c&#226;ncer foram confirmados pelo hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguimento e <italic>endpoints</italic></title>
        <p>As consultas de seguimento foram realizadas de dezembro de 2015 a janeiro de 2016. Durante essas consultas no PLA <italic>General Hospital</italic> chin&#234;s, todos os pacientes receberam um question&#225;rio. O intervalo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi de 5,3 anos [intervalo interquartil (IIQ), 2,7-6,6 anos]. Quinze pacientes foram perdidos durante o seguimento, e exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Dados completos de seguimento foram obtidos de 724 pacientes (taxa de seguimento, 98%).</p>
        <p>Os principais <italic>endpoints</italic> avaliados foram morte por todas as causas e ECAM. A morte foi verificada a partir da certid&#227;o de &#243;bito (um documento legal incluindo hora, local e outras informa&#231;&#245;es). Os ECAM inclu&#237;ram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, terapia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, angina pectoris inst&#225;vel e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou acidente vascular cerebral. A incid&#234;ncia de ECAM foi o evento que n&#227;o causou &#243;bito, sendo que apenas a primeira vez foi registrada quando ocorreu mais de um evento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi empregado para verificar a normalidade dos dados. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o) e aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica foram expressas como mediana e IIQ. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;mero e porcentagem. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP sofreram transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica natural porque n&#227;o houve distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP basais foram categorizados como quartil 1 (&#8804;124 pg/mL, n = 181), quartil 2 (124-271 pg/mL, n = 180), quartil 3 (271-668 pg/mL, n = 182) e quartil 4 (&#8805;668 pg/mL, n = 181). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre grupos foram comparadas utilizando an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia, enquanto a compara&#231;&#227;o entre duas amostras independentes foi realizada utilizando o teste U de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos foram comparadas com os testes Qui-Quadrado e Exato de Fisher.</p>
        <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o linear, e as premissas de linearidade para as vari&#225;veis independentes cont&#237;nuas dos res&#237;duos padronizados foram avaliadas atrav&#233;s da plotagem dos res&#237;duos contra a vari&#225;vel preditora, enquanto a colinearidade entre as vari&#225;veis independentes foi avaliada utilizando os fatores de infla&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada (crit&#233;rio de entrada <italic>P</italic> &#8804; 0,10) foi utilizada para rastrear os fatores independentemente associados ao NT-proBNP.</p>
        <p>As rela&#231;&#245;es entre os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e os principais <italic>endpoints</italic> foram avaliadas utilizando o modelo de regress&#227;o de risco proporcional de Cox. O modelo 1 foi ajustado para idade e sexo. O modelo 2 foi ajustado para as vari&#225;veis do modelo 1 mais IMC, hipertens&#227;o, FA, DCC, DM, hemoglobina, albumina plasm&#225;tica, TFGe, LDL-C e HDL-C. O modelo 3 foi ajustado para vari&#225;veis do modelo 2 mais o uso de medicamentos cardiovasculares. O modelo 4 foi ajustado para as vari&#225;veis do modelo 3 mais FEVE, DAE e IMVE. N&#227;o foi utilizada corre&#231;&#227;o para risco competitivo ao avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre NT-proBNP e ECAM. As curvas de mortalidade cumulativa e ECAM foram geradas com o m&#233;todo Kaplan-Meier. As curvas de caracter&#237;sticas de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foram geradas para avaliar a precis&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP na previs&#227;o de morte por todas as causas e ECAM.</p>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o software SPSS para Windows (vers&#227;o 13.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL) e o software State (vers&#227;o 11.0; Stata Corporation, College Station, TX). Valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes</title>
        <p>Um total de 724 pacientes muito idosos foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. A idade dos pacientes variou de 80 a 100 anos (m&#233;dia de 86,6 &#177; 3,0 anos) e a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (93,3%). Ao n&#237;vel basal, o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de NT-proBNP foi de 770 &#177; 818 pg/mL Medicamentos cardiovasculares, caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, fatores de risco cardiovascular e testes laboratoriais associados em cada grupo s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Os pacientes no quartil mais alto dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP eram significativamente mais velhos, apresentavam maior preval&#234;ncia de DCC e FA e tinham n&#237;veis mais altos de CrS, DAE e IMVE; esses pacientes tamb&#233;m apresentavam um IMC mais baixo e menores n&#237;veis de TFGe, CT, TG, LDL-C, hemoglobina, albumina plasm&#225;tica, FEVE e PAD.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes em cada quartil de n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Todos os pacientesinclu&#237;dos</th>
                  <th colspan="4">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p valor</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&lt;124</th>
                  <th>124-271</th>
                  <th>271-668</th>
                  <th>&#8805;668</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>n</td>
                  <td align="center">724</td>
                  <td align="center">181</td>
                  <td align="center">180</td>
                  <td align="center">182</td>
                  <td align="center">181</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,6&#177;3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">85,7&#177;2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">86,1&#177;2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">87,0&#177;2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">87,4&#177;3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">680(93,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">171(94,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">169(93,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">168(92,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">172(95,0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,727</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44(6,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(5,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(6,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14(7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(5,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DCC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">589(81,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">135(74,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">144(80)</td>
                  <td align="center">150(82,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">160(88,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HT (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">544(75,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">124(68,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">135(75)</td>
                  <td align="center">144(79,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">141(77,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,088</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">298(41,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">71(39,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">69(38,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">76(41,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">82(45,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,537</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">130(18,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(8,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">27(14,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">72(39,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">23,8&#177;2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">24,7&#177;2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">23,7&#177;2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">23,5&#177;2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">23,3&#177;2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">770&#177;818</td>
                  <td align="center">70&#177;27</td>
                  <td align="center">190&#177;37</td>
                  <td align="center">420&#177;93</td>
                  <td align="center">2399&#177;1618</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFGe (ml/min.1.73m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">75,7&#177;20,4</td>
                  <td align="center">82,8&#177;17,2</td>
                  <td align="center">77,8&#177;19,7</td>
                  <td align="center">75,6&#177;20,7</td>
                  <td align="center">66,6&#177;22,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CrS (ug/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">99,6&#177;29,4</td>
                  <td align="center">85,1&#177;16,6</td>
                  <td align="center">92,4&#177;21,2</td>
                  <td align="center">98,1&#177;28,3</td>
                  <td align="center">122,5&#177;50,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BUN (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,61&#177;2,50</td>
                  <td align="center">6,48&#177;1,63</td>
                  <td align="center">6,83&#177;1,64</td>
                  <td align="center">7,59&#177;2,41</td>
                  <td align="center">9,55&#177;3,88</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,14&#177;0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">4,31&#177;0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">4,24&#177;0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">4,00&#177;0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">3,99&#177;0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,45&#177;0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">1,62&#177;0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">1,41&#177;0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42&#177;0,62</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34&#177;0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,37&#177;0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">2,54&#177;0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">2,46&#177;0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">2,23&#177;0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">2,26&#177;0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16&#177;0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13&#177;0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18&#177;0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18&#177;0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16&#177;0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,473</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb (g/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">124,6&#177;13,9</td>
                  <td align="center">131,6&#177;12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">125,3&#177;11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">122,1&#177;13,6</td>
                  <td align="center">119,2&#177;15,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALB (g/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">39&#177;2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0&#177;2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">39,8&#177;2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">38,4&#177;2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">37,7&#177;2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0&#177;3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">61,4&#177;3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">60,8&#177;2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">59,7&#177;4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">57,9&#177;4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE&lt;40%</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE&gt;50%</td>
                  <td align="center">697</td>
                  <td align="center">180</td>
                  <td align="center">179</td>
                  <td align="center">173</td>
                  <td align="center">165</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDFVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,5&#177;2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">48,2&#177;2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">47,9&#177;2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">48,8&#177;2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">49,3&#177;3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSFVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,9&#177;2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">32,2&#177;1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">32,3&#177;2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">33,2&#177;2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">34,0&#177;2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,2&#177;3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">36,3&#177;2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">36,0&#177;2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">37,4&#177;2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">39,3&#177;3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SIV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,7&#177;1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6&#177;1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5&#177;1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">10,7&#177;1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9&#177;1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,1&#177;0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0&#177;0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0&#177;0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,203</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMVE (g/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">123,2&#177;19,9</td>
                  <td align="center">118,9&#177;15,7</td>
                  <td align="center">118,0&#177;16,0</td>
                  <td align="center">126,7&#177;19,4</td>
                  <td align="center">129,1&#177;27,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medicamento antiplaquet&#225;rio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">493(68,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">118(65,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">129(71,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">120(65,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">126(69,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,506</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatinas (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">311(43,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">84(46,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">70(38,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">78(42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">79(43,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,547</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BCC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">361(49,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">95(52,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">93(51,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">87(47,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">86(47,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,697</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92(12,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(11,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">25(13,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">14(7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">32(17,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">227(31,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">55(30,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">62(34,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">68(37,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">42(23,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA/BRA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">307(42,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">72(39,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">85(47,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">79(43,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">71(39,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,386</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">291(40,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">58(32,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">56(31,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">82(45,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">95(52,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">129,3&#177;9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">129,3&#177;9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">129,9&#177;8,5</td>
                  <td align="center">128,6&#177;9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">129,4&#177;10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,753</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,3&#177;5,8</td>
                  <td align="center">68,2&#177;5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">68,1&#177;5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">66,9&#177;5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">66,2&#177;6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAM (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">88,0&#177;6,0</td>
                  <td align="center">88,6&#177;6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">88,7&#177;5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">87,5&#177;5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">87,3&#177;6,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,152</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPmmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,9&#177;8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">61,1&#177;7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">61,9&#177;8,7</td>
                  <td align="center">61,7&#177;8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">63,2&#177;9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,348</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>DCC: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria; HT: hipertens&#227;o; DM: diabetes mellitus; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico N-terminal pr&#243;-c&#233;rebro; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; CrS: creatinina s&#233;rica; BUN: nitrog&#234;nio ur&#233;ico no sangue; AU: &#225;cido &#250;rico; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglic&#233;rides; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol; Hb: hemoglobina; ALB: albumina plasm&#225;tica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DAE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; SIV: septo interventricular; PPVE: parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda; BCC: bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; PP: press&#227;o de pulso.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>Ao n&#237;vel basal, a idade avan&#231;ada, DCC, FA, CrS, BUN, DAE e IMVE foram positivamente associados aos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP, enquanto a TFGe, CT, LDL-C, TG, hemoglobina, albumina plasm&#225;tica, FEVE, IMC, PAD, e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia foram inversamente associados aos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP, como demonstrado pelos resultados das an&#225;lises univariadas. Utilizando a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada, a idade avan&#231;ada (p = 0,019), FA, CrS, BUN, DAE e o uso de betabloqueador foram positivamente associados com os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP, enquanto a TFGe, TG, hemoglobina, albumina plasm&#225;tica, FEVE, e o IMC foram inversamente associados aos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="5" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Valor de r</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                  <th>Valor &#946; padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                  <th>95% IC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,926</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,178</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,082</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002 to 0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DCC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,136</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">0,913</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,104 to 0,093</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HT</td>
                  <td align="center">0,072</td>
                  <td align="center">0,053</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                  <td align="center">0,753</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,075 to 0,104</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA</td>
                  <td align="center">0,310</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,218</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,213 to 0,414</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">0,047</td>
                  <td align="center">0,202</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFGe</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,240</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,131</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,005 to 0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Crs</td>
                  <td align="center">0,285</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,192</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001 to 0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BUN</td>
                  <td align="center">0,325</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,112</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004 to 0,028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,162</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,058</td>
                  <td align="center">0,485</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,067 to 0,142</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,173</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,050</td>
                  <td align="center">0,535</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,161 to 0,084</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                  <td align="center">0,495</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,111</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,088</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,107 to -0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,293</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,121</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,006 to -0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALB</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,287</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,137</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,033 to -0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,261</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,179</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,029 to -0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,292</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,179</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015 to 0,036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,163</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,865</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,001 to 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,170</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,111</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,032 to -0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Droga antiplaquet&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                  <td align="center">0,478</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatinas</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,848</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BCC</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,056</td>
                  <td align="center">0,136</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,047</td>
                  <td align="center">0,204</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">0,074</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                  <td align="center">0,057</td>
                  <td align="center">0,088</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,014 to 0,205</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">0,883</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">0,172</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,124</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,066 to 0,219</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,860</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,110</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,992</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,006 to 0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAM</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,075</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,065</td>
                  <td align="center">0,080</td>
                  <td align="center">0,065</td>
                  <td align="center">0,064</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000 to 0,007</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>DCC: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria; HT: hipertens&#227;o; DM: diabetes mellitus; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico N-terminal pr&#243;-c&#233;rebro; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; Crs: creatinina s&#233;rica; BUN: nitrog&#234;nio ur&#233;ico no sangue; CT: colester&#243;is totais; TG: triglic&#233;rides; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol; Hb: hemoglobina; ALB: albumina plasm&#225;tica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DAE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda; BCC: bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; PP: press&#227;o de pulso.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP com mortalidade por todas as causas e ECAM</title>
        <p>Durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 5,3 anos (IIQ 2,7&#8211;6,6 anos), 353 pacientes (48,8%) morreram; 45 (12,7%) morreram de causas card&#237;acas e 150 (42,5%) morreram de infec&#231;&#227;o. A taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas aumentou significativamente de 28,7% no quartil mais baixo dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP (&lt;124 pg/mL) para 77,3% no quartil mais alto dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP (&#8805;668 pg/mL), de acordo com os resultados utilizando um modelo n&#227;o ajustado. A an&#225;lise de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier foi realizada para estudar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os subgrupos e a probabilidade de sobrevida; os pacientes com n&#237;veis mais elevados de NT-proBNP apresentaram uma probabilidade de sobrevida significativamente menor ( <italic>P</italic> = 0,008; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). O risco de morte por todas as causas [ <italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> (HR), 1,63; Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC), 1,005&#8211;2,642; <italic>P</italic> = 0,04)] para pacientes no quartil mais alto dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP foi significativamente maior do que para pacientes no quartil mais baixo dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP, de acordo com os resultados utilizando o modelo de regress&#227;o de risco proporcional de Cox ap&#243;s o ajuste para idade, sexo, IMC, presen&#231;a de uma comorbidade (HT, DCC ou FA), TFGe, press&#227;o de pulso, uso de um medicamento cardiovascular (IECA e betabloqueador) e n&#237;veis de BUN, TG, hemoglobina e albumina plasm&#225;tica (Modelo 3; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas de Kaplan-Meier demonstrando a incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de morte por todas as causas em pacientes muito idosos com diferentes n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP (quartil 1: &lt;124 pg/mL, quartil 2: 124-271 pg/mL, quartil 3: 271-668 pg/mL e quartil 4: &#8805;668 pg/mL). O risco de mortalidade por todas as causas foi significativamente maior no quartil 4 (77,3%) do que no quartil 1 (28,7%) (HR = 1,63; IC 95%, 1,005-2,642; p = 0,04). Log-rank, p = 0,008. NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico N-terminal pr&#243;-c&#233;rebro; HR: Hazard Ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1027-90158-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP com morte, ECAM, SCA e acidente vascular cerebral</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="5">HR (IC95%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Grupo 1</th>
                  <th>Grupo 2</th>
                  <th>Grupo 3</th>
                  <th>Grupo 4</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>(n=181)</th>
                  <th>(n=180)</th>
                  <th>(n=182)</th>
                  <th>(n=181)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade por todas as causas</td>
                  <td align="center">52(28,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60(33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">101(55,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">140(77,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR n&#227;o ajustado</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,058(0,729-1,535)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,301(0,928-1,822)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,432(1,039-1,974)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,073(0,686-1,680)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,52(1,020-2,265)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,668(1,137-2,449)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,057(0,629-1,777)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,414(0,864-2,312)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,583(0,984-2,545)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 3</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,993(0,583-1,687)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,391(0,847-2,285)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,629(1,005-2,642)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 4</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,934(0,549-1,590)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,354(0,819-2,236)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,473(0,884-2,454)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECAM</td>
                  <td align="center">30(16,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41(22,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49(26,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82(45,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR n&#227;o ajustado</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,512(0,309-0,849)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,516(0,322-0,827)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,568(0,370-0,874)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,020(0,569-1,828)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,025(0,591-1,778)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,979(1,193-3,285)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,021(0,492-2,118)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,975(0,508-1,873)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,748(0,893-3,425)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 3</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,956(0,446-2,053)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,071(0,545-2,102)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,769(1,289-3,531)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 4</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,799(0,362-1,762)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,797(0,392-1,621)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,313(0,621-2,780)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SCA</td>
                  <td align="center">16(53,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25(61%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34(69,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62(75,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR n&#227;o ajustado</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55(0,86-2,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,74(0,97-3,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,02(1,33-3,59)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,53(0,85-2,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,67(0,93-2,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,01(1,25-3,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,04(0,99-4,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48(0,72-3,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,12(1,18-4,45)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 3</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,94(0,94-4,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,39(0,66-2,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,89(1,14-4,08)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 4</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,67(0,81-3,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12(0,51-2,44)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,54(0,87-3,58)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">12(40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(26,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(7,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR n&#227;o ajustado</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66(0,31-1,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27(0,11-0,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39(0,15-1,01)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,737(0,35-1,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25(0,10-0,64)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41(0,16-1,08)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36(0,48-3,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28(0,09-0,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59(0,17-2,03)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 3</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27(0,44-3,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32(0,12-1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73(0,19-2,80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 4</td>
                  <td align="center">1(controle)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28(0,40-4,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34(0,09-1,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93(0,21-4,23)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>O modelo 1 foi ajustado para idade e sexo. O modelo 2 foi ajustado para as vari&#225;veis do modelo 1 mais hipertens&#227;o, DM, FA, DCC, IMC, hemoglobina, albumina plasm&#225;tica, TFGe, LDL-C e HDL-C. O modelo 3 foi ajustado para as vari&#225;veis do modelo 2 mais medicamentos cardiovasculares. O modelo 4 foi ajustado para as vari&#225;veis do modelo 3 mais FEVE, DAE e IMVE. NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico N-terminal pr&#243;-c&#233;rebro; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; HR: Hazard Ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; DCC: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria; HT: hipertens&#227;o; DM: diabetes mellitus; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DAE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda; ECAM: eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Havia 202 pacientes com ECAM durante o seguimento. A incid&#234;ncia de ECAM aumentou significativamente de 16,6% no quartil mais baixo dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP para 45,3% no quartil mais alto dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP. Uma an&#225;lise de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier revelou diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (teste <italic>log-rank</italic> , p = 0,002; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). O risco de ECAM (HR, 1,77; IC95%, 1,29-3,53; p = 0,04) para pacientes no quartil mais alto dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP foi significativamente maior do que para pacientes no quartil mais baixo dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP, ap&#243;s o ajuste para m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco cardiovascular. Uma an&#225;lise adicional de subgrupo encontrou que a maior incid&#234;ncia de ECAM foi a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) n&#227;o fatal (67,8%). O risco de SCA (HR, 1,89; IC95%, 1,14-4,08; p = 0,04) para pacientes no quartil mais alto dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP foi significativamente maior do que para pacientes no quartil mais baixo dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP ap&#243;s ajuste para m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco cardiovascular (Modelo 3). Entretanto, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP n&#227;o foram associados ao risco de morte (HR, 1,47; IC95%, 0,88-2,45; p = 0,14), ECAM (HR, 1,31; IC95%, 0,62-2,78; p = 0,48) ou SCA (HR, 1,54; IC95%, 0,87-3,58; p = 0,20), de acordo com os resultados obtidos utilizando o modelo de regress&#227;o de risco proporcional de Cox ap&#243;s ajuste adicional para FEVE, DAE e IMVE (Modelo 4; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas de Kaplan-Meier demonstrando a incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de ECAM em pacientes muito idosos com diferentes n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP (quartil 1: &lt;124 pg/mL, quartil 2: 124-271 pg/mL, quartil 3: 271-668 pg/mL e quartil 4: &#8805;668 pg/mL). O risco de ECAM foi significativamente maior no quartil 4 (45,3%) do que no quartil 1 (16,6%) (HR = 1,77; IC de 95%, 1,289-3,531; p = 0,04). Log-rank, p = 0,002. NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico N-terminal pr&#243;-c&#233;rebro; HR: Hazard Ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1027-90158-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Curvas ROC dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP para prever morte por todas as causas e ECAM</title>
        <p>Os dados apresentados nas curvas ROC mostram que o NT-proBNP &#233; um preditor razoavelmente preciso de morte por todas as causas e ECAM. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi de 0,71 (IC95%, 0,677&#8211;0,752; p&lt;0,001) para morte por todas as causas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). O valor de corte para os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP para prever morte por todas as causas foi de 406 pg/mL e mostrou um &#237;ndice de Youden m&#225;ximo de 0,36, com uma sensibilidade de 65% e uma especificidade de 81%. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi de 0,58 (IC95%, 0,537&#8211;0,626; p=0,001) para ECAM ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ). O valor de corte para os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP para prever ECAM foi de 406 pg/mL e mostrou um &#237;ndice de Youden m&#225;ximo de 0,23, com uma sensibilidade de 69% e uma especificidade de 54%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva ROC de NT-proBNP para prever a morte por todas as causas. A AUC foi de 0,71 (IC de 95%, 0,677-0,752), p &lt;0,001. ROC: receiver operating characteristic; NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico N-terminal pr&#243;-c&#233;rebro; AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1027-90158-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva ROC de NT-proBNP para prever os ECAM. A AUC foi de 0,58 (IC de 95%, 0,537-0,626), p = 0,001. ROC: receiver operating characteristic; NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico N-terminal pr&#243;-c&#233;rebro; AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1027-90158-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O principal achado deste estudo &#233; que o NT-proBNP &#233; um preditor independente de morte por todas as causas e ECAM nessa popula&#231;&#227;o muito idosa, embora os par&#226;metros da ecocardiografia tenham enfraquecido seu valor preditivo. Al&#233;m disso, o risco de morte (77,3%) e ECAM em 5 anos (45,3%) estava particularmente aumentado em indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP &#8805;668 pg/mL neste estudo, sugerindo que &#233; poss&#237;vel ter uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco independente com NT-proBNP em pacientes idosos.</p>
      <p>Muitos estudos confirmaram que o NT-proBNP &#233; um biomarcador preditivo importante em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> n&#227;o apenas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e outras DCV, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> mas tamb&#233;m na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No entanto, em pessoas muito idosas, h&#225; dados limitados sobre seu valor preditivo progn&#243;stico. No presente estudo, o NT-proBNP foi um preditor independente de morte por todas as causas e ECAM em pacientes muito idosos (&#8805;80 anos), o que &#233; consistente com os resultados de estudos anteriores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Vaes et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> relataram pela primeira vez que o NT-proBNP era um fator progn&#243;stico independente em idosos ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 anos). Entretanto, para aquela popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, o hist&#243;rico de DCV foi baseado em diferentes padr&#245;es de diagn&#243;stico; nem todos os participantes realizaram exame de ecocardiografia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esses fatores podem afetar o valor progn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, os hist&#243;ricos de hipertens&#227;o, DCC e FA foram baseados em padr&#245;es de diagn&#243;stico aceitos; todos os participantes foram submetidos a um exame de ecocardiografia. O NT-proBNP foi um preditor independente de morte por todas as causas, ECAM e SCA ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo e fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais. Uma vez que o valor progn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP n&#227;o estava mais presente significativamente ap&#243;s o ajuste para os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (FEVE, DAE e IMVE), nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que a medida do NT-proBNP e os achados da ecocardiografia podem se complementar. A medida do NT-proBNP &#233; uma forma r&#225;pida e barata de possivelmente evitar a necessidade de um ecocardiograma no caso de valores baixos e, por outro lado, &#233; uma melhor indica&#231;&#227;o para um ecocardiograma nos casos de n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP mais alto.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, poucos estudos t&#234;m discutido o valor progn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP em idosos e n&#227;o h&#225; pesquisas sobre o valor de corte ideal para os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP para predizer morte ou ECAM nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em estudos anteriores, os valores de corte ideais diferiram para diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> os quais foram muito altos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e &lt;90 pg/mL na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Fu et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> relataram que o valor de corte ideal para NT-proBNP para prever a morte em pacientes chineses mais velhos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; de 369,5 pg/mL em pacientes sem DRC e 2.584,1 pg/mL em pacientes com DRC. Neste estudo, os resultados das curvas ROC indicam que o NT-proBNP &#233; um preditor razoavelmente preciso para morte por todas as causas e ECAM. As &#225;reas sob as curvas ROC foram 0,71 (IC95%, 0,677-0,752) para morte por todas as causas e 0,58 (IC95% CI, 0,537-0,626) para ECAM. O valor de corte para os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP (406 pg/mL) apresentou uma sensibilidade de 65% e uma especificidade de 81% para prever a morte por todas as causas, e uma sensibilidade de 69% e uma especificidade de 54% para prever ECAM. Mas este valor n&#227;o &#233; adequado como o valor de corte ideal para prever a morte por todas as causas e ECAM devido &#224; baixa especificidade e sensibilidade. Simultaneamente, tamb&#233;m foi observado que os indiv&#237;duos no quartil mais alto (n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP &#8805; 668pg/mL) apresentou 77,3% de risco de morte e 45,3% de risco de ECAM durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento, significativamente maior do que nos outros tr&#234;s grupos; isso identifica uma popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco, e &#233; clinicamente relevante.</p>
      <p>Acreditamos que &#233; poss&#237;vel ter uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco independente ao avaliar os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP nesses pacientes idosos. Foi muito semelhante ao aumento do risco de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular observado por van Peet et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> encontrado nos tercis mais elevados dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP para homens (n&#237;vel de corte 649pg/mL), bem como nos tercis superiores dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP para mulheres (n&#237;vel de corte 519pg/mL). Eles declararam que altos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP podem ajudar os m&#233;dicos a identificar pacientes que provavelmente ir&#227;o se beneficiar mais com o seguimento proativo, e nossos resultados foram consistentes com os deles.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, apenas 45 (12,7%) pacientes morreram de causas card&#237;acas neste estudo; a maioria morreu de fal&#234;ncia m&#250;ltipla de &#243;rg&#227;os. Portanto, o valor preditivo do NT-proBNP para morte card&#237;aca n&#227;o foi analisado neste estudo. Em segundo lugar, embora os resultados tenham sido ajustados para m&#250;ltiplas covari&#225;veis que podem estar associadas aos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP, &#233; poss&#237;vel que fatores de confus&#227;o residuais, como tumores, implanta&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica silenciosa possam impactar os achados. Terceiro, devido ao longo per&#237;odo de seguimento, os medicamentos cardiovasculares prim&#225;rios utilizados podem ter mudado com o tempo e, portanto, podem n&#227;o ter refletido nos resultados deste estudo. Quarto, este estudo foi realizado em apenas um centro na China, a popula&#231;&#227;o consistia quase exclusivamente de homens e todos os pacientes estavam hospitalizados e eram muito idosos, portanto, os resultados n&#227;o podem ser aplicados a uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais ampla. Quinto, a fragilidade e outros par&#226;metros f&#237;sicos n&#227;o foram avaliados neste estudo, o que pode impactar os resultados. Em sexto lugar, a an&#225;lise das incid&#234;ncias de ECAM n&#227;o considerou um modelo de risco concorrente com morte n&#227;o card&#237;aca como risco concorrente, o que pode ter subestimado o valor progn&#243;stico do NT-proBNP para prever ECAM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O NT-proBNP foi identificado como um preditor independente de morte por todas as causas e ECAM em pacientes hospitalizados com mais de 80 anos de idade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer a seus colegas do Departamento de Medicina Laboratorial do <italic>Chinese People&#8217;s Liberation Army General Hospital</italic> , por ajudar nos ensaios bioqu&#237;micos. Os autores tamb&#233;m s&#227;o gratos aos participantes do estudo por seu envolvimento.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Chinese PLA General Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo S2016-056-02. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>:  O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Value of Plasma NT-proBNP levels in Hospitalized Patients Older than 80 Years of Age in a Hospital in Beijing, China</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1888-6087</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Qiwei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gao</surname>
            <given-names>Peng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fu</surname>
            <given-names>Shihui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Hao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bai</surname>
            <given-names>Yongyi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luo</surname>
            <given-names>Leiming</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ye</surname>
            <given-names>Ping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Chinese People&#8217;s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese People&#8217;s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ping Ye &#8226; Chinese People&#8217;s Liberation Army General Hospital - Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, People&#8217;s Republic of China Beijing 100853 - China Email: yeping301@sina.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Zhu Q, Gao P, Fu S, Wang H, Bai Y, Luo L, Ye P; Acquisition of data: Zhu Q, Gao P, Wang H; Statistical analysis: Zhu Q, Gao P, Fu S, Bai Y, Ye P; Writing of the manuscript: Zhu Q, Ye P; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Zhu Q, Fu S, Wang H, Bai Y, Luo L, Ye P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Despite growing evidence that N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) has an important prognostic value in older adults, there is limited data on its prognostic predictive value.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical significance of NT-proBNP in hospitalized patients older than 80 years of age in Beijing, China.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This prospective, observational study was conducted in 724 very elderly patients in a geriatric ward (age &#8805;80 years, range, 80100 years, mean, 86.6 3.0 years). Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to screen for factors independently associated with NT-proBNP, and the Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to screen for relationships between NT-proBNP levels and major endpoints. The major endpoints assessed were all-cause death and MACEs. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The prevalence rates of coronary heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were 81.4%, 75.1%, and 41.2%, respectively. The mean NT-proBNP level was 770 &#177; 818 pg/mL. Using multivariate linear regression analyses, correlations were found between plasma NT-proBNP and body mass index, atrial fibrillation, estimated glomerular filtration rate, left atrial diameter, left ventricular ejection fraction, use of betablocker, levels of hemoglobin, plasma albumin, triglycerides, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. The risk of all-cause death (HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.0052.642; P = 0.04) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.2893.531; P = 0.04) in the group with the highest NT-proBNP level was significantly higher than that in the group with the lowest level, according to Cox regression models after adjusting for multiple factors. As expected, echocardiography parameters adjusted the prognostic value of NT-proBNP in the model.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>NT-proBNP was identified as an independent predictor of all-cause death and MACE in hospitalized patients older than 80 years of age.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptide Brain</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Aging; Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged 80 and over</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was first described in 1988 after its isolation from porcine brain. The ventricular myocardium was soon found to be the major source of BNP synthesis and secretion. BNP is initially synthesized as a prehormone in response to myocyte stretch and then it is enzymatically cleaved into biologically active BNP and biologically inactive N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP), in equal proportions. Many studies have shown that BNP and NT-proBNP are important predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in middle-aged and older adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, as there are limited data on individuals aged &#8805;80 years, the predictive value of BNP and NT-proBNP in such elderly individuals is unclear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>China is the most populous country in the world. With improvements in living standards and medical facilities, the Chinese population aged 80 years and older has gradually increased. According to the results of the 2010 census, there are approximately 20 million people aged 80 years and older in China. As plasma NT-proBNP levels increase with age, even in the absence of heart failure or other cardiovascular diseases (CVD),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> we hypothesized that an increase in plasma NT-proBNP levels reflects the risk of all-cause death and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in those aged 80 years and older.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This prospective, observational study examined very elderly patients (age &#8805; 80 years) who were hospitalized in the Department of Geriatric Internal Medicine at the Chinese People&#8217;s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China. Patients were excluded if they had severe systemic diseases, such as collagenosis, cachexia, severe infection, severe liver disease, acute heart failure, or acute coronary syndrome, or had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in the previous 6 months. A total of 739 very elderly patients were enrolled between November 2007 and October 2010; 326 were hospitalized for stable coronary heart disease (CHD), 278 were hospitalized for poor blood pressure control (blood pressure was not controlled within the target range with unchanged drug treatment), 39 were admitted to the hospital for respiratory diseases (31 cases were upper respiratory tract infections), and 17 were admitted to the hospital for digestive diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Questionnaire and physical examination</title>
          <p>Information about patient age and disease history, including CHD, hypertension, atrial fibrillation (AF), diabetes mellitus (DM), and cancer, was collected by the physician upon admission to the hospital.</p>
          <p>The physical examination included measurements of height and weight. After the patient had been seated for at least 5 minutes, blood pressure was measured using a calibrated desktop sphygmomanometer, which is consistent with current recommendations. The patient&#8217;s blood pressure was measured three times consecutively with at least 1 minute between measurements, and the mean values were used for the analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biochemical assay</title>
          <p>All patients underwent a complete laboratory evaluation. Blood samples were collected from patients between 6 am and 8 am after overnight fasting (&#8805;12 hours) to measure the following parameters: total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), serum creatinine (sCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and NT-proBNP. Blood samples were sent to the Biochemical Laboratory of the General Hospital of the PLA. For each parameter, the same reagents, methods, and instruments were used to analyze all samples. Concentrations of sCr were determined using an enzymatic assay (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Basel, Switzerland) and a Hitachi 7600 autoanalyzer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Plasma NT-proBNP levels were determined using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) and a Roche analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography measurements</title>
          <p>Echocardiography was performed within 3 days of admission by experienced ultrasonographists. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was determined using the biplane Simpson&#8217;s rule from apical four- and two-chamber images of the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Left atrial diameter (LAD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd), interventricular septal diameter (IVSd), and posterior wall thickness (PWT) were measured on three consecutive beats, and the results were averaged.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variable definition</title>
          <p>Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Chinese version of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation as follows:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) = 175 &#215; standard sCr (mg/dL)<sup>1</sup>&#215; age (year)<sup>0</sup>&#215; 0.79 (if female). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined according to clinical practice guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Body mass index (BMI) was defined as weight (kg) divided by the square of the height (m). Left ventricular mass (LVM) was calculated as {0.8 [1.04 (LVEDd + PWT + IVSd)<sup>3</sup>&#8211; (LVEDd)<sup>3</sup>]} + 0.6 g<sup>7</sup>. Body surface area (BSA) was calculated as 0.0061 &#215; height<sup>0</sup>&#215; weight<sup>-0</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> LVM index (LVMI) was defined as LVM divided by BSA. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was defined according to the following criteria: (i) LVMI greater than 125 g/m<sup>2</sup>(male) and/or (ii) LVMI &gt; 110 g/m<sup>2</sup>(female).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Hypertension was defined according to the following criteria: (i) systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg, (ii) diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg, and/or (iii) the use of antihypertensive drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> DM was defined according to the following criteria: (i) fasting glucose levels greater than or equal to 7.1 mmol/L, (ii) 2-h venous blood glucose levels greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/L, and/or (iii) the use of hypoglycemic drugs or insulin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Diagnoses of CHD, AF, and cancer were confirmed by the patient&#8217;s medical history.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up and Endpoints</title>
          <p>The follow-up visits were conducted from December 2015 to January 2016. During these visits to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, all patients received a questionnaire. The median follow-up interval was 5.3 years [Interquartile range (IQR), 2.7-6.6 years]. During the follow-up, 15 patients were lost and excluded from the analysis. Complete follow up data were obtained from 724 patients (follow-up rate, 98%).</p>
          <p>The major endpoints assessed were all-cause death and MACEs. Death was ascertained from the death record (a legal document including time, site, and other information). The MACE included non-fatal myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization therapy, unstable angina pectoris, and hospitalization for heart failure or stroke. The incidence of MACE was the event that did not cause death, and only the first time was recorded when more than one occurred.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test employed to verify to the normality of the data. Continuous variables with a normal distribution were expressed as the mean (&#177; standard deviation), and those with a skewed distribution were expressed as the median and IQR. Categorical variables were expressed as the number and percentage. Plasma NT-proBNP levels underwent natural logarithmic transformation because there was no Gaussian distribution. Plasma NT-proBNP levels at baseline were categorized as quartile 1 (&#8804;124 pg/mL, n = 181), quartile 2 (124&#8211;271 pg/mL, n = 180), quartile 3 (271&#8211;668 pg/mL, n = 182), and quartile 4 (&#8805;668 pg/mL, n = 181). Continuous variables between groups were compared using analysis of variance, whereas comparison between two independent samples was performed using Mann-Whitney U test. The categorical variables between groups were compared using the Chi-Square and Fisher&#8217;s exact tests.</p>
          <p>The correlations between continuous variables were assessed using linear regression and the assumptions of linearity for the continuous independent variables of the standardized residuals were assessed by plotting the residuals against a predictor variable, whereas collinearity between the independent variables was evaluated using the variance inflation factors. The multivariate linear regression analysis (entry criteria p &#8804; 0.10) was used to screen the factors independently associated with NT-proBNP.</p>
          <p>The relationships between NT-proBNP levels and major endpoints were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression model. Model 1 was adjusted for age and gender. Model 2 was adjusted for the variables in model 1 plus BMI, hypertension, AF, CHD, DM, hemoglobin, plasma albumin, eGFR, LDL-C, and HDL-C. Model 3 was adjusted for the variables in model 2 plus the use of cardiovascular drugs. Model 4 was adjusted for the variables in model 3 plus LVEF, LAD, and LVMI. A correction for competing risk was not used when evaluating the relationship between NT-proBNP and MACE. Cumulative mortality and MACE curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to evaluate the accuracy of NT-proBNP levels in the prediction of all-cause death and MACE.</p>
          <p>All analyses were conducted using SPSS software for Windows (version 13.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL) and State software (version 11.0; Stata Corporation, College Station, TX). <italic>P</italic> values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of participants</title>
          <p>A total of 724 very elderly patients were included in the analysis. Patients&#8217; ages ranged from 80 to 100 years (mean, 86.6 &#177; 3.0 years) and the majority of patients were males (93.3%). At baseline, the mean NT-proBNP level was 770 &#177; 818 pg/mL. Cardiovascular drugs, demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, and related laboratory tests in each group are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Patients in the highest quartile of plasma NT-proBNP levels were significantly older, had a higher prevalence of CHD and AF, and had higher levels of sCr, LAD, and LVMI; these patients also had a lower BMI and lower levels of eGFR, TC, TG, LDL-C, hemoglobin, plasma albumin, LVEF, and DBP.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of patients in each quartile of plasma NT-proBNP levels</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Characteristics</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">All patients included</th>
                    <th colspan="4">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>&lt;124</th>
                    <th>124-271</th>
                    <th>271-668</th>
                    <th>&#8805;668</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>n</td>
                    <td align="center">724</td>
                    <td align="center">181</td>
                    <td align="center">180</td>
                    <td align="center">182</td>
                    <td align="center">181</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age(years)</td>
                    <td align="center">86.6&#177;3.0</td>
                    <td align="center">85.7&#177;2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">86.1&#177;2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">87.0&#177;2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">87.4&#177;3.0</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">680(93.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">171(94.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">169(93.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">168(92.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">172(95.0)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.727</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44(6.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">10(5.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">11(6.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">14(7.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(5.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHD(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">589(81.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">135(74.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">144(80)</td>
                    <td align="center">150(82.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">160(88.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HT(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">544(75.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">124(68.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">135(75)</td>
                    <td align="center">144(79.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">141(77.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.088</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">298(41.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">71(39.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">69(38.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">76(41.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">82(45.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.537</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AF(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">130(18.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">15(8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">16(8.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">27(14.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">72(39.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI(kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.8&#177;2.6</td>
                    <td align="center">24.7&#177;2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">23.7&#177;2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">23.5&#177;2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">23.3&#177;2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP(pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">770&#177;818</td>
                    <td align="center">70&#177;27</td>
                    <td align="center">190&#177;37</td>
                    <td align="center">420&#177;93</td>
                    <td align="center">2399&#177;1618</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>eGFR(ml/min.1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">75.7&#177;20.4</td>
                    <td align="center">82.8&#177;17.2</td>
                    <td align="center">77.8&#177;19.7</td>
                    <td align="center">75.6&#177;20.7</td>
                    <td align="center">66.6&#177;22.1</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>sCr(ug/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">99.6&#177;29.4</td>
                    <td align="center">85.1&#177;16.6</td>
                    <td align="center">92.4&#177;21.2</td>
                    <td align="center">98.1&#177;28.3</td>
                    <td align="center">122.5&#177;50.3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BUN(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.61&#177;2.50</td>
                    <td align="center">6.48&#177;1.63</td>
                    <td align="center">6.83&#177;1.64</td>
                    <td align="center">7.59&#177;2.41</td>
                    <td align="center">9.55&#177;3.88</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.14&#177;0.67</td>
                    <td align="center">4.31&#177;0.67</td>
                    <td align="center">4.24&#177;0.65</td>
                    <td align="center">4.00&#177;0.69</td>
                    <td align="center">3.99&#177;0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.45&#177;0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">1.62&#177;0.60</td>
                    <td align="center">1.41&#177;0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">1.42&#177;0.62</td>
                    <td align="center">1.34&#177;0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">0.023</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.37&#177;0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">2.54&#177;0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">2.46&#177;0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">2.23&#177;0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">2.26&#177;0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16&#177;0.23</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13&#177;0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18&#177;0.25</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18&#177;0.27</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16&#177;0.29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.473</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hb(g/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">124.6&#177;13.9</td>
                    <td align="center">131.6&#177;12.5</td>
                    <td align="center">125.3&#177;11.8</td>
                    <td align="center">122.1&#177;13.6</td>
                    <td align="center">119.2&#177;15.4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALB(g/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">39&#177;2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">40.0&#177;2.6</td>
                    <td align="center">39.8&#177;2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">38.4&#177;2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">37.7&#177;2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.0&#177;3.8</td>
                    <td align="center">61.4&#177;3.1</td>
                    <td align="center">60.8&#177;2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">59.7&#177;4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">57.9&#177;4.4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF&lt;40%</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF&gt;50%</td>
                    <td align="center">697</td>
                    <td align="center">180</td>
                    <td align="center">179</td>
                    <td align="center">173</td>
                    <td align="center">165</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDD(mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">48.5&#177;2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">48.2&#177;2.5</td>
                    <td align="center">47.9&#177;2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">48.8&#177;2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">49.3&#177;3.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVESD(mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.9&#177;2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">32.2&#177;1.7</td>
                    <td align="center">32.3&#177;2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">33.2&#177;2.4</td>
                    <td align="center">34.0&#177;2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAD(mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">37.2&#177;3.1</td>
                    <td align="center">36.3&#177;2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">36.0&#177;2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">37.4&#177;2.6</td>
                    <td align="center">39.3&#177;3.9</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IVS(mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.7&#177;1.1</td>
                    <td align="center">10.6&#177;1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">10.5&#177;1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">10.7&#177;1.2</td>
                    <td align="center">10.9&#177;1.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.040</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PLVW(mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.1&#177;0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">10.0&#177;0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">10.0&#177;0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">10.2&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">10.2&#177;0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.203</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVMI(g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">123.2&#177;19.9</td>
                    <td align="center">118.9&#177;15.7</td>
                    <td align="center">118.0&#177;16.0</td>
                    <td align="center">126.7&#177;19.4</td>
                    <td align="center">129.1&#177;27.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anti-platelet drugs(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">493(68.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">118(65.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">129(71.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">120(65.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">126(69.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.506</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statins(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">311(43.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">84(46.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">70(38.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">78(42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">79(43.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.547</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CCB(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">361(49.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">95(52.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">93(51.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">87(47.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">86(47.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.697</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">92(12.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">21(11.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">25(13.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">14(7.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">32(17.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.035</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ARB(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">227(31.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">55(30.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">62(34.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">68(37.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">42(23.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.023</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI/ARB(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">307(42.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">72(39.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">85(47.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">79(43.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">71(39.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.386</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Betablocker(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">291(40.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">58(32.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">56(31.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">82(45.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">95(52.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean SBP(mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">129.3&#177;9.4</td>
                    <td align="center">129.3&#177;9.4</td>
                    <td align="center">129.9&#177;8.5</td>
                    <td align="center">128.6&#177;9.4</td>
                    <td align="center">129.4&#177;10.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.753</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean DBP(mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">67.3&#177;5.8</td>
                    <td align="center">68.2&#177;5.7</td>
                    <td align="center">68.1&#177;5.2</td>
                    <td align="center">66.9&#177;5.9</td>
                    <td align="center">66.2&#177;6.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.027</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MBP(mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">88.0&#177;6.0</td>
                    <td align="center">88.6&#177;6.2</td>
                    <td align="center">88.7&#177;5.2</td>
                    <td align="center">87.5&#177;5.9</td>
                    <td align="center">87.3&#177;6.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.152</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PP(mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">61.9&#177;8.6</td>
                    <td align="center">61.1&#177;7.9</td>
                    <td align="center">61.9&#177;8.7</td>
                    <td align="center">61.7&#177;8.6</td>
                    <td align="center">63.2&#177;9.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.348</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CHD: coronary heart disease; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; sCr: serum creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; UA: uric acid; TC: total cholesterols; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; Hb: hemoglobin; ALB: plasma albumin; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LAD: left atrial diameter; IVS: interventricular septum; PLVM: posterior left ventricular wall; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; CCB: calcium channel blocker; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor antagonists; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association of plasma NT-proBNP levels with clinical variables</title>
          <p>At baseline, older age, CHD, AF, sCr, BUN, LAD, and LVMI were positively associated with plasma NT-proBNP levels, whereas eGFR, TC, LDL-C, TG, hemoglobin, plasma albumin, LVEF, BMI, DBP, and mean blood pressure levels were inversely associated with plasma NT-proBNP levels, as shown by the results of the univariate analyses. Using the multivariate linear regression analysis, older age (p = 0.019), AF, sCr, BUN, LAD, and using a betablocker were positively associated with plasma NT-proBNP levels, whereas eGFR, TG, hemoglobin, plasma albumin, LVEF, and BMI were inversely associated with plasma NT-proBNP levels ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Association of plasma NT-proBNP levels with clinical variables</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Multivariate</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="5" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>r value</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th>Standard &#946; value</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>sex</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">0.926</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">0.178</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.082</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002 to 0.023</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHD</td>
                    <td align="center">0.136</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">0.913</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.104 to 0.093</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HT</td>
                    <td align="center">0.072</td>
                    <td align="center">0.053</td>
                    <td align="center">0.011</td>
                    <td align="center">0.753</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.075 to 0.104</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.310</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.218</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.213 to 0.414</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DM</td>
                    <td align="center">0.047</td>
                    <td align="center">0.202</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>eGFR</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.240</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.131</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.005 to 0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>sCr</td>
                    <td align="center">0.285</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.192</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001 to 0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BUN</td>
                    <td align="center">0.325</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.112</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004 to 0.028</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.162</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.058</td>
                    <td align="center">0.485</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.067 to 0.142</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.173</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.050</td>
                    <td align="center">0.535</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.161 to 0.084</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">0.026</td>
                    <td align="center">0.495</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.111</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.088</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.107 to -0.010</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hb</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.293</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.121</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.006 to -0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALB</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.287</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.137</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.033 to -0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.261</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.179</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.029 to -0.013</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAD</td>
                    <td align="center">0.292</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.179</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.015 to 0.036</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVMI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.163</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                    <td align="center">0.865</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.001 to 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.170</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.111</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.032 to -0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antiplatelet drug</td>
                    <td align="center">0.026</td>
                    <td align="center">0.478</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>statins</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                    <td align="center">0.848</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CCB</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.056</td>
                    <td align="center">0.136</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.047</td>
                    <td align="center">0.204</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.074</td>
                    <td align="center">0.046</td>
                    <td align="center">0.057</td>
                    <td align="center">0.088</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.014 to 0.205</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI/ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">0.883</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">0.172</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.124</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.066 to 0.219</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.007</td>
                    <td align="center">0.860</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.110</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.992</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.006 to 0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MBP</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.075</td>
                    <td align="center">0.042</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.065</td>
                    <td align="center">0.080</td>
                    <td align="center">0.065</td>
                    <td align="center">0.064</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000 to 0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CHD: coronary heart disease; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; sCr: serum creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; TC: total cholesterols; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Hb: hemoglobin; ALB: plasma albumin; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LAD: left atrial diameter; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; CCB: calcium channel blocker; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor antagonists; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association of plasma NT-proBNP levels with all-cause mortality and MACE</title>
          <p>During a median follow-up of 5.3 years (IQR 2.7&#8211;6.6 years), 353 patients (48.8%) died; 45 (12.7%) died from cardiac causes and 150 (42.5%) died from an infection. The all-cause mortality rate significantly increased from 28.7% in the lowest quartile of plasma NT-proBNP levels (&lt;124 pg/mL) to 77.3% in the highest quartile of plasma NT-proBNP levels (&#8805;668 pg/mL), according to results using an unadjusted model. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to study the relationship between the subgroups and survival probability; patients with higher NT-proBNP levels had a significant lower survival probability (p = 0.008; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). All-cause death risk [hazard ratio (HR), 1.63; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.005&#8211;2.642; p = 0.04)] for patients in the highest quartile of plasma NT-proBNP levels was significantly higher than that for patients in the lowest quartile of plasma NT-proBNP levels, according to results using the Cox proportional hazard regression model after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, presence of a comorbidity (HT, CHD, or AF), eGFR, pulse pressure, use of a cardiovascular drug (ACEI and betablocker), and levels of BUN, TG, hemoglobin, and plasma albumin (Model 3; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrating the cumulative incidence of all-cause death in the very elderly with different NT-proBNP levels (quartile 1: &lt;124 pg/mL, quartile 2: 124-271 pg/mL, quartile 3: 271-668 pg/mL, and quartile 4: &#8805;668 pg/mL). The risk of all-cause mortality was significantly higher in quartile 4 (77.3%) than that in quartile 1 (28.7%) (HR=1.63; 95%CI, 1.005-2.642; p=0.04). Log-rank, p=0.008. Abbreviations: NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1027-90158-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Association of plasma NT-proBNP levels with death, MACE, ACS and stroke</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="5">HR (95% CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="5">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Group 1</th>
                    <th>Group2</th>
                    <th>Group 3</th>
                    <th>Group 4</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>(n=181)</th>
                    <th>(n=180)</th>
                    <th>(n=182)</th>
                    <th>(n=181)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>All-cause mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">52(28.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60(33.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">101(55.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">140(77.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unadjusted HR</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.058(0.729-1.535)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.301(0.928-1.822)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.432(1.039-1.974)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.073(0.686-1.680)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.52(1.020-2.265)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.668(1.137-2.449)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.057(0.629-1.777)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.414(0.864-2.312)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.583(0.984-2.545)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 3</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.993(0.583-1.687)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.391(0.847-2.285)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.629(1.005-2.642)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 4</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.934(0.549-1.590)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.354(0.819-2.236)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.473(0.884-2.454)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MACE</td>
                    <td align="center">30(16.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">41(22.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49(26.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">82(45.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unadjusted HR</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.512(0.309-0.849)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.516(0.322-0.827)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.568(0.370-0.874)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.020(0.569-1.828)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.025(0.591-1.778)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.979(1.193-3.285)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.021(0.492-2.118)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.975(0.508-1.873)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.748(0.893-3.425)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 3</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.956(0.446-2.053)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.071(0.545-2.102)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.769(1.289-3.531)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 4</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.799(0.362-1.762)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.797(0.392-1.621)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.313(0.621-2.780)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACS</td>
                    <td align="center">16(53.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25(61%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34(69.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">62(75.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unadjusted HR</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.55(0.86-2.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.74(0.97-3.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.02(1.33-3.59)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.53(0.85-2.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.67(0.93-2.99)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.01(1.25-3.58</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.04(0.99-4.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48(0.72-3.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.12(1.18-4.45)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 3</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.94(0.94-4.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.39(0.66-2.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.89(1.14-4.08)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 4</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.67(0.81-3.47)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12(0.51-2.44)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.54(0.87-3.58)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">12(40%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11(26.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7(14.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(7.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unadjusted HR</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66(0.31-1.37)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27(0.11-0.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39(0.15-1.01)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.737(0.35-1.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25(0.10-0.64)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41(0.16-1.08)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.36(0.48-3.77)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.28(0.09-0.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59(0.17-2.03)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 3</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27(0.44-3.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32(0.12-1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73(0.19-2.80)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 4</td>
                    <td align="center">1(control)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.28(0.40-4.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34(0.09-1.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93(0.21-4.23)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Model 1 was adjusted for age and gender. Model 2 was adjusted for the variables in model 1 plus hypertension, DM, AF, CHD, BMI, hemoglobin, plasma albumin, eGFR, LDL-C and HDL-C. Model 3 was adjusted for the variables in model 2 plus cardiovascular drugs. Model 4 was adjusted for the variables in model 3 plus LVEF, LAD and LVMI. NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; CHD: coronary heart disease; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LAD: left atrial diameter; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>There were 202 patients with MACE during the follow-up. The incidence of MACE significantly increased from 16.6% in the lowest quartile of plasma NT-proBNP levels to 45.3% in the highest quartile of plasma NT-proBNP levels. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed significant differences between the groups (log-rank test, p = 0.002; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). The risk of MACE (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.29&#8211;3.53; p = 0.04) for patients in the highest quartile of plasma NT-proBNP levels was significantly higher than for patients in the lowest quartile of plasma NT-proBNP levels, after adjusting for multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Further subgroup analysis found that the highest incidence of MACE was nonfatal acute coronary syndrome (ACS)(67.8%). The risk of ACS (HR, 1.89; 95%CI, 1.14-4.08; p=0.04) for patients in the highest quartile of plasma NT-proBNP levels was significantly higher than for patients in the lowest quartile of plasma NT-proBNP levels after adjusting for multiple cardiovascular risk factors (Model 3). However, plasma NT-proBNP levels were not associated with the risk of death (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.88&#8211;2.45; p = 0.14) , MACE (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.62&#8211;2.78; p = 0.48) or ACS (HR, 1.54; 95%CI, 0.87-3.58; p=0.20), according to results using the Cox proportional hazard regression model after further adjusting for LVEF, LAD, and LVMI (Model 4; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrating the cumulative incidence of MACE in the very elderly with different NT-proBNP levels (quartile 1: &lt;124 pg/mL, quartile 2: 124-271 pg/mL, quartile 3: 271-668 pg/mL, and quartile 4: &#8805;668 pg/mL). The risk of MACE was significantly higher in quartile 4 (45.3%) than in quartile 1 (16.6%) (HR=1.77; 95%CI, 1.289-3.531; p=0.04). Log-rank, p=0.002. NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1027-90158-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ROC curves of plasma NT-proBNP levels for predicting all-cause death and MACEs</title>
          <p>The data shown in the ROC curves show that NT-proBNP is a reasonably accurate predictor of all-cause death and MACE. The area under the ROC curve was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.677&#8211;0.752; p &lt; 0.001) for all-cause death ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). The cut-off value for plasma NT-proBNP levels to predict all-cause death was 406 pg/mL and had a maximum Youden index of 0.36, with a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 81%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.58 (95% CI, 0.537&#8211;0.626; p = 0.001) for MACE ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ). The cut-off value for plasma NT-proBNP levels to predict MACE was 406 pg/mL and had a maximum Youden index of 0.23, with a sensitivity of 69% and a specificity of 54%.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A ROC curve of NT-proBNP to predict the all-cause death. The AUC was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.677-0.752), p&lt;0.001. ROC: receiver operating characteristic; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; AUC: area under curve; CI: confidence interval.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1027-90158-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A ROC curve of NT-proBNP to predict MACE. The AUC was 0.58 (95% CI, 0.537-0.626), p=0.001. ROC: receiver operating characteristic; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-06-1027-90158-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main finding of this study is that NT-proBNP is an independent predictor of all-cause death and MACE in this very elderly population, although the parameters of echocardiography weakened its predictive value. In addition, the risk of 5-year death (77.3%) and 5-year MACE (45.3%) was particularly increased in individuals with plasma NT-proBNP levels &#8805;668 pg/mL in this study, suggesting that it is possible to have an independent risk assessment with NT-proBNP in the elderly patients.</p>
        <p>Many studies have confirmed that NT-proBNP is an important predictive biomarker in different populations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> not only in patients with heart failure and other CVDs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> but also in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, in the very elderly, there are limited data on its prognostic predictive value. In the present study, NT-proBNP was an independent predictor of all-cause death and MACE in very elderly patients (&#8805;80 years), which is consistent with results from previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Vaes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> first reported that NT-proBNP was an independent prognostic factor in the very elderly ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 years). However, for that study specific population, a history of CVD was based on different diagnostic standards; not all participants underwent an echocardiography examination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These factors may affect the prognostic value of NT-proBNP.</p>
        <p>In the present study, a history of hypertension, CHD, and AF were based on accepted diagnostic standards; all participants underwent an echocardiography examination. NT-proBNP was an independent predictor of all-cause death, MACE and ACS after adjusting for age, gender, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Since the prognostic value of NT-proBNP was no longer significantly present after adjusting for echocardiographic parameters (LVEF, LAD and LVMI), our hypothesis is that NT-proBNP measurement and echocardiography findings can complement each other. NT-proBNP measurement is a fast and inexpensive way of possibly preventing the need for an echocardiogram in case of low values and, on the other hand, it is a better indication for an echocardiogram in cases of the higher NT-proBNP level.</p>
        <p>Currently, few studies have discussed the prognostic value of NT-proBNP in the very elderly, and there are no studies about the optimal cut-off value for plasma NT-proBNP levels to predict death or MACE in this population.</p>
        <p>In previous studies, the optimal cut-off values differed for different populations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> which were very high in patients with acute decompensated heart failure<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and &lt;90 pg/mL in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Fu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> reported that the optimal cut-off value for NT-proBNP to predict death in older Chinese patients with coronary artery disease is 369.5 pg/mL in non-CKD patients and 2,584.1 pg/mL in CKD patients. In this study, the results from the ROC curves indicate that NT-proBNP is a reasonably accurate predictor of all-cause death and MACE. The areas under the ROC curves were 0.71 (95% CI, 0.677&#8211;0.752) for all-cause death and 0.58 (95% CI, 0.537&#8211;0.626) for MACE. The cut-off value for plasma NT-proBNP levels (406 pg/mL) had a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 81% to predict all-cause death, and a sensitivity of 69% and a specificity of 54% to predict MACE. But this value is not suitable as the optimal cut-off value to predict the all-cause death and MACE, because of low specificity and sensitivity. Simultaneously, it was also observed that the individuals at highest quartile (NT-proBNP level&#8805;668pg/mL) had 77.3% risk of death and 45.3% risk of MACE during the follow-up period, significantly higher than the other three groups; this identifies high risk population and it is clinically relevant.</p>
        <p>We think it is possible to have an independent risk assessment by assessing NT-proBNP levels in this elderly patients. It was very similar to an increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality observed by van Peet et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> found at the higher tertiles of NT-proBNP levels for men (cut-off level 649pg/mL), as well as at the higher tertiles of NT-proBNP levels for women (cutoff level 519pg/mL). They stated that high levels of NT-proBNP may help clinicians to identify patients who will probably benefit the most from a proactive follow-up, and our results were consistent with theirs.</p>
        <p>This study has several limitations. First, only 45 (12.7%) patients died of cardiac causes in this study; most died of multiple-organ failure. Therefore, the predictive value of NT-proBNP for cardiac death was not analyzed in this study. Second, although the results were adjusted for multiple covariates that may be associated with plasma NT-proBNP levels, it is possible that residual confounding factors, such as tumors, pacemaker implantation, and silent myocardial ischemia, may impact the findings. Third, because of the long follow-up period, the primary cardiovascular drugs used may have changed with time and, thus, may not be reflected in the results of this study. Fourth, this study was performed at a single center in China, the population consisted of almost exclusively men, and all patients were hospitalized and very elderly, so the results cannot be applied to a broader population. Fifth, frailty and other physical parameters were not assessed in this study, which may impact the results. Sixth, the analysis of incidences of MACE did not consider a competing risk model with noncardiac death as competing risk, which may have underestimated the prognostic value of NT-proBNP for predicting MACE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>NT-proBNP was identified as an independent predictor of all-cause death and MACE in hospitalized patients older than 80 years of age.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank their colleagues in the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chinese People&#8217;s Liberation Army General Hospital, for helping with the biochemical assays. The authors are also grateful to the study participants for their involvement in the study.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Chinese PLA General Hospital under the protocol number S2016-056-02. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>:  There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
