<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="other" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HMFxzwXYywdjcrqmgsrDDTj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000601023</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200706</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200706</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endocardite de Pr&#243;tese Valvular A&#243;rtica por <italic>Neisseria Elongata</italic> ap&#243;s Procedimento de Bentall: Quando a Imagem Multimodal &#233; Chave para o Diagn&#243;stico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9913-0435</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8837-2746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queir&#243;s</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia Espinho EPE</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vila Nova de Gaia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia Espinho EPE, Vila Nova de Gaia - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mariana Brand&#227;o</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia Espinho EPE - Rua Concei&#231;&#227;o Fernandes S/N Vila Nova de Gaia <postal-code>4400-129</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>mariana_brandao@msn.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ferreira ND; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Brand&#227;o M, Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P, Queir&#243;s PR, Ferreira ND, Oliveira M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1023</fpage>
      <lpage>1026</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva A&#243;rtica/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma A&#243;rtico</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses Valvulares Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Neisseria Elongata</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="4"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Homem diab&#233;tico de 65 anos com procedimento de Bentall pr&#233;vio e pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica mec&#226;nica apresentou febre e dor abdominal, juntamente com sopro sist&#243;lico (III/VI) e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios elevados. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) abdominal revelou infarto espl&#234;nico. Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) foi negativo para vegeta&#231;&#245;es. Diante da suspeita persistente de endocardite infecciosa (EI) com embolia perif&#233;rica, iniciou-se terapia antimicrobiana emp&#237;rica. Posteriormente, o paciente apresentou bloqueio atrioventricular total, necessitando de estimula&#231;&#227;o transvenosa tempor&#225;ria. Posteriormente, implantou-se um marca-passo epic&#225;rdico.</p>
    <p>Na ocasi&#227;o, a TC card&#237;aca revelou uma massa hipoatenuante de formato irregular apensa ao lado ventricular do anel de sutura prot&#233;tico, compat&#237;vel com vegeta&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>), interferindo na abertura normal de um dos discos da pr&#243;tese (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">V&#237;deo 1</xref>). Um novo ETE tamb&#233;m mostrou uma pequena vegeta&#231;&#227;o altamente m&#243;vel e um abscesso anular na pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). As hemoculturas foram positivas para <italic>Neisseria elongata</italic>, confirmando o diagn&#243;stico de endocardite de v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica (EVP); terapia antimicrobiana foi adaptada. Apesar da melhora precoce, o paciente posteriormente apresentou ataxia &#8220;de novo&#8221; e a TC de cr&#226;nio revelou infarto no territ&#243;rio vertebrobasilar direito. Novas culturas continuaram negativas e os n&#237;veis de coagula&#231;&#227;o estavam dentro da faixa terap&#234;utica. Uma pequena vegeta&#231;&#227;o persistia na TC card&#237;aca e no ETE, e infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio tornou-se aparente na cortina mitro-a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>1A) TC card&#237;aca na admiss&#227;o mostrando vegeta&#231;&#227;o na valva a&#243;rtica e altera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias na fibrosa intervalvar e espa&#231;os septais interatriais. 1B) TC card&#237;aca na alta com tecido inflamat&#243;rio residual.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1023-00706-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <fig id="f2">
      <label>Figura 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>2A) Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, corte es&#244;fago m&#233;dio eixo longo da valva a&#243;rtica. (a) Vegeta&#231;&#227;o (seta vermelha) e infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio (seta branca). (b) Abscesso anular (seta vermelha). Ao: aorta ascendente; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. 2B) Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico na alta, corte es&#244;fago m&#233;dio eixo longo da valva a&#243;rtica. N&#227;o h&#225; visualiza&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#227;o ou abscesso. Ao: aorta ascendente; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1023-00706-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    <fig id="f3">
      <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>URL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11605/2020-0706-video1.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11605/2020-0706-video1.mp4</ext-link></title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1023-00706-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    <p>O paciente foi recusado para cirurgia devido ao risco proibitivo de reopera&#231;&#227;o, e uma estrat&#233;gia conservadora foi adotada ap&#243;s discuss&#227;o em <italic>Heart Team</italic>. Ap&#243;s oito semanas de antibioterapia, alcan&#231;ou-se remiss&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial. A TC revelou uma pr&#243;tese normofuncionante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">V&#237;deo 2</xref>) e os achados patol&#243;gicos previamente observados estavam ausentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">VFigura 1B</xref>). As vegeta&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o eram mais evidentes ao ETE (Figura 3).</p>
    <fig id="f4">
      <label>V&#237;deo 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>URL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11605/2020-0706-video2.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11605/2020-0706-video2.mp4</ext-link></title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1023-00706-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s um ano de seguimento, o doente permaneceu assintom&#225;tico, sem sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ou laboratoriais de recidiva.</p>
    <p>Tanto quanto sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro relato de caso de EVP em paciente com procedimento de Bentall pr&#233;vio devido a <italic>Neisseria elongata</italic>. Destacamos a import&#226;ncia da imagem multimodal, principalmente quando o diagn&#243;stico permanece incerto ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica inconclusiva. Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, o diagn&#243;stico se baseou nos achados da TC, inclu&#237;do como um dos crit&#233;rios major diagn&#243;sticos nas diretrizes mais recentes de endocardite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A TC tem excelente resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e permite a visualiza&#231;&#227;o detalhada da anatomia paravalvar e suas complica&#231;&#245;es, com menos artefato de sombra da pr&#243;tese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Apesar das indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas &#243;bvias, o paciente foi tratado com sucesso com uma estrat&#233;gia conservadora (controversa). Embora a remo&#231;&#227;o e a substitui&#231;&#227;o do material prot&#233;sico fossem tradicionalmente consideradas obrigat&#243;rias, se a interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o for vi&#225;vel, os pacientes devem ser tratados com antibioterapia prolongada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Diversas s&#233;ries, incluindo o registro ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> declararam a discrep&#226;ncia entre as indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas orientadas por diretrizes e a pr&#225;tica real, em grande parte explicada por pacientes cada vez mais complexos, com mais comorbidades e interven&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias com material prot&#233;sico intracard&#237;aco. Este caso &#233; ilustrativo dos desafios atuais envolvidos no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de EVP, onde o tratamento conservador pode, ocasionalmente, ser bem-sucedido e ser a &#250;nica op&#231;&#227;o aceit&#225;vel.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Habib</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lancellotti</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antunes</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bongiorni</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casalta</surname>
              <given-names>J-P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Zotti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>44</issue>
          <fpage>3075</fpage>
          <lpage>3128</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, Bongiorni MG, Casalta J-P, Del Zotti F et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J. 2015; 36(44):3075&#8211;128.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cahill</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baddour</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Habib</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salaun</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pettersson</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Challenges in Infective Endocarditis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>325</fpage>
          <lpage>344</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Cahill TJ, Baddour LM, Habib G, Hoen B, Salaun E, Pettersson GB et al. Challenges in Infective Endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 69(3):325-44.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Machelart</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greib</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wirth</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camou</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Issa</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vialland</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Graft infection after a Bentall procedure: A case series and systematic review of the literature</article-title>
          <source>Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>158</fpage>
          <lpage>162</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3. Machelart I, Greib C, Wirth G, Camou F, Issa N, Vialland JF, et al. Graft infection after a Bentall procedure: A case series and systematic review of the literature. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017; 88(2):158&#8211;62.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Habib</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erba</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iung</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donal</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cosyns</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laroche</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>39</issue>
          <fpage>3222</fpage>
          <lpage>3233</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4. Habib G, Erba PA, Iung B, Donal E, Cosyns B, Laroche C et al. Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2019; 40(39):3222-33.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prosthetic Aortic Valve Endocarditis by <italic>Neisseria Elongata</italic> after Bentall Procedure: When Multimodality Imaging is Key to Diagnosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9913-0435</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8837-2746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queir&#243;s</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vila Nova de Gaia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia Espinho EPE, Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Mariana Brand&#227;o</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia Espinho EPE - Rua Concei&#231;&#227;o Fernandes S/N Vila Nova de Gaia <postal-code>4400-129</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>mariana_brandao@msn.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Acquisition of data: Ferreira ND; Writing of the manuscript: Brand&#227;o M, Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gon&#231;alves-Teixeira P, Queir&#243;s PR, Ferreira ND, Oliveira M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Infective endocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Neisseria elongata</kwd>
        <kwd>Bentall procedure</kwd>
        <kwd>Prosthetic valve</kwd>
        <kwd>Multimodality imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A diabetic 65-year-old male with previous Bentall procedure and mechanical aortic valve prosthesis presented with fever and abdominal pain, along with systolic murmur (III/VI) and elevated inflammatory markers. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed splenic infarction. Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) was negative for vegetations. Given the persistent suspicion of infective endocarditis (IE) with peripheral embolism, empirical antimicrobial therapy was initiated. The patient subsequently presented with complete atrioventricular block, requiring temporary transvenous pacing. An epicardial pacemaker was later implanted.</p>
      <p>At the time, cardiac CT revealed an irregular-shaped hypoattenuating mass attached to the ventricular side of the prosthetic suture ring, consistent with vegetation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1A</xref>), interfering with the normal opening of one of the prosthesis discs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Video 1</xref>). Repeat TEE also showed a small highly mobile vegetation and an annular abscess in the prosthetic aortic valve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). Blood cultures were positive for <italic>Neisseria elongata</italic>, confirming the diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE); antimicrobial therapy was tailored. Despite early improvement, the patient later presented with de novo ataxia and brain CT revealed infarction in the right vertebrobasilar territory. New sets of cultures remained negative and coagulation levels were within therapeutic range. A small vegetation persisted on cardiac CT and TEE, and inflammatory infiltrate was apparent at the mitro-aortic curtain.</p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>1A) Cardiac CT scan at admission showing vegetation in the aortic valve and inflammatory changes in the intervalvular fibrosa and inter-atrial septal spaces. 1B) Cardiac CT scan at discharge with residual inflammatory tissue.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1023-00706-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f6">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>2A) Transesophageal echocardiogram, midesophageal long-axis aortic valve plane. (a) Vegetation (red arrow) and inflammatory infiltrate (white arrow). (b) Annular abscess (red arrow). Ao: ascending aorta; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle. 2B) Transesophageal echocardiogram at discharge, midesophageal long-axis aortic valve plane. No vegetation or abscess visible. Ao: ascending aorta; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1023-00706-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f7">
        <label>Video 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>URL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11605/2020-0706-video1.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11605/2020-0706-video1.mp4</ext-link></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1023-00706-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>The patient was refused for surgery due to the prohibitively high risk of re-operation, and a conservative strategy was pursued after Heart Team discussion. Following eight weeks of antimicrobial therapy, clinical and laboratory remission were achieved. CT scan disclosed a normally functioning prosthesis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Video 2</xref>) and the previously observed pathological findings were absent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1B</xref>). Vegetations were no longer evident on TEE (Figure 3).</p>
      <fig id="f8">
        <label>Video 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>URL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11605/2020-0706-video2.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11605/2020-0706-video2.mp4</ext-link></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1023-00706-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>The patient remained asymptomatic at 1-year follow-up, without echocardiographic or laboratory signs of recurrence.</p>
      <p>This is, to our knowledge, the first case report of PVE in a patient with previous Bentall procedure due to <italic>Neisseria elongata</italic>. We highlight the importance of multimodality imaging, particularly when diagnosis remains uncertain after inconclusive echocardiographic evaluation. The diagnosis ultimately relied on CT findings, included as a major diagnostic criterion in the latest endocarditis guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> CT has excellent spatial resolution and enables detailed visualization of paravalvular anatomy and complications, with less artifact and shadowing from the prosthesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Despite the obvious surgical indications, the patient was successfully treated with a conservative (controversial) strategy. Although removal and replacement of prosthetic material was traditionally considered mandatory, if intervention is not feasible, patients should be treated with prolonged antibiotic therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Multiple series, including the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO registry,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> have stated the discrepancy between guideline-directed surgical indications and actual practice, largely explained by evermore complex patients, with more co-morbidities and previous interventions with intracardiac prosthetic material. This case is illustrative of the current challenges involved in the diagnosis and management of PVE, where conservative treatment may sometimes prove successful and the only acceptable option.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
