<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="rapid-communication" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">MwW8ZvPb84X4kgHMKSSty3p</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000601019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190835</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190835</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda Supranormal - Estado da Arte</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6332-6249</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Ziyin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Yufeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4553-4834</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Yafeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jiangsu Province</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jiangsu Province</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Jiangsu Province &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Yafeng Zhou</bold> &#8226; First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University - Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China. Suzhou <postal-code>215006</postal-code> &#8211; China. E-mail: <email>zhouyafeng73@126.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Huang Z, Zhou Y; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Huang Z, Jiang Y; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Zhou Y; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Jiang Y, Zhou Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con" id="fn1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1019</fpage>
      <lpage>1022</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Em 2019, um artigo publicado no <italic>European Heart Journal</italic> reconheceu pela primeira vez a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8805; 65% como um novo fen&#243;tipo de IC, ou a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o supranormal (ICFEsn), com o objetivo principal de promover a investiga&#231;&#227;o desta nova categoria. Eles analisaram a mortalidade em pessoas com IC e descobriram que havia uma rela&#231;&#227;o em forma de U entre a mortalidade e a FEVE. Sendo assim, os pacientes com ICFEsn tinham uma mortalidade geral mais alta em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros pacientes diagnosticados com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp). Este artigo descreve a situa&#231;&#227;o atual da ICFEsn e discute as perspectivas futuras com base nos resultados preliminares de nosso grupo. Para melhor tratar os pacientes com ICFEsn, &#233; fundamental que cardiologistas e m&#233;dicos entendam as diferen&#231;as e semelhan&#231;as desse novo fen&#243;tipo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Diast&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81873484</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Natural Scientific Foundation of Jiangsu Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>BK20161226</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Jiangsu Province's Key Provincial Talents Program</funding-source>
          <award-id>ZDRCA2016043</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Jiangsu Province's 333 High-Level Talents Project</funding-source>
          <award-id>BRA2017539</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873484) e Natural Scientific Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20161226). O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Jiangsu Province's Key Provincial Talents Program (ZDRCA2016043) and Jiangsu Province's 333 High-Level Talents Project (BRA2017539).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Estima-se que mais de 100 milh&#245;es de pessoas sofram de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> No estudo DIGITALIS realizado no Brasil, 64,2% desses pacientes foram diagnosticados com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp). Recentemente, um novo tipo de IC, denominado IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de faixa m&#233;dia (ICFEfm), foi descrito. De acordo com dados n&#227;o publicados da base de dados DIGITALIS, a preval&#234;ncia de IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) foi de 19%, a ICFEfm foi de 22% e a ICFEp foi de 59%. Isso mostra que a ICFEp &#233; respons&#225;vel por uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de casos de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em um artigo publicado no <italic>European Heart Journal</italic>, que investigou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) avaliada clinicamente e a mortalidade em uma grande coorte cl&#237;nica, foi encontrada uma rela&#231;&#227;o em forma de U entre a mortalidade e a FEVE, sugerindo que pode ser inadequado reunir todos os pacientes com ICFEp em um &#250;nico grupo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Esses resultados podem anunciar o reconhecimento de um novo fen&#243;tipo de IC com FEVE &#8805; 65%, que &#233; caracterizado por uma mortalidade por todas as causas mais elevada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o supranormal (ICFEsn) demonstrou ter manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, tratamento e progn&#243;stico especiais. Mais pesquisas precisam ser realizadas para explorar as caracter&#237;sticas e o tratamento dessa nova categoria de IC. O fen&#243;tipo ICFEsn pode ser reconhecido como uma classifica&#231;&#227;o clinicamente relevante por diretrizes nacionais e internacionais.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Fisiopatologia e Patologia da ICFEsn</title>
        <p>O desempenho ideal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) depende de duas condi&#231;&#245;es: um VE complacente, que permite seu preenchimento a partir da press&#227;o atrial esquerda baixa durante a di&#225;stole, e um VE firme na s&#237;stole, que ejeta o volume sist&#243;lico &#224; press&#227;o arterial. O ecocardiograma &#233; a t&#233;cnica de imagem mais utilizada para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, e a FEVE &#233; o &#237;ndice mais utilizado. Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp frequentemente apresentam FEVE normal (FEVE&#8805;50%) e que &#233; caracterizada por disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>Como um tipo especial de ICFEp, a ICFEsn tamb&#233;m &#233; caracterizada por disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Em um estudo publicado recentemente, concluiu-se que pacientes com FEVE mais alta t&#234;m um progn&#243;stico pior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> A poss&#237;vel raz&#227;o para isso &#233; que pessoas com cora&#231;&#227;o hipertr&#243;fico (e FEVE muito alta) podem bombear maior volume de sangue a cada batimento e serem particularmente suscet&#237;veis &#224; isquemia mediada pelo suprimento de oxig&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal pode ser outra raz&#227;o para o mau progn&#243;stico na ICFEsn. A FEVE mais alta pode ser devida &#224; maior ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema adren&#233;rgico e do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) e a maior ativa&#231;&#227;o desses sistemas pode contribuir para a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca progressiva e disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Pacientes com cora&#231;&#227;o remodelado tinham maior probabilidade de sofrer parada card&#237;aca ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, quando comparados ao grupo com FE normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Os motivos descritos acima podem explicar o aumento da mortalidade dos pacientes com ICFEsn (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mecanismos da ICFEsn. ICFEsn: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o supranormal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SRAA: Sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1019-90835-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Abordagem diagn&#243;stica</title>
        <p>De acordo com as &#250;ltimas Diretrizes da ESC para IC aguda e cr&#244;nica, o diagn&#243;stico de IC &#233; baseado na combina&#231;&#227;o de sintomas, sinais, pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos e resultados do ecocardiograma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Em uma an&#225;lise recente de um grande conjunto de dados, os pesquisadores come&#231;aram a definir pacientes com FEVE &#8805;65% como um novo tipo de HF, denominado ICFEsn. Como um tipo especial de IC diast&#243;lica, o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEsn pode exigir a presen&#231;a de sinais ou sintomas de IC, n&#237;veis elevados de BNP, evid&#234;ncia de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal do VE e evid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ou marcadores substitutos que incluem hipertrofia do VE, aumento do AE e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Ao mesmo tempo, a FEVE &#8805;65% medida pelo ecocardiograma &#233; uma das condi&#231;&#245;es essenciais para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEsn. Os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos detalhados para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEsn s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos na investiga&#231;&#227;o de ICFEsn</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Categorias</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Crit&#233;rios</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sintomas e/ou sinais de IC</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Falta de ar, dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna, Toler&#226;ncia reduzida ao exerc&#237;cio, Fadiga, cansa&#231;o, tempo aumentado para recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, Edema de tornozelo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Press&#227;o venosa jugular elevada, refluxo hepatojugular, Terceira bulha card&#237;aca (ritmo de galope), impulso apical deslocado lateralmente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">FEVE</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">FEVE &#8805;65%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">N&#237;veis elevados de PNs</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">BNP&gt;35 pg/mL<break/>and/ou NT-proBNP&gt;125 pg/mL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Evid&#234;ncia objetiva de outras altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais e estruturais card&#237;acas subjacentes &#224; IC</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo (IVAE), &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda (IMVE), E /e', e' septal e parede lateral m&#233;dia, <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal ou velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (VRT)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Um teste de estresse ou press&#227;o de enchimento do VE elevada medida invasivamente</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Um teste de estresse diast&#243;lico realizado com ecocardiografia, press&#227;o capilar pulmonar em cunha (PCPC), press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDFVE)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tratamento da ICFEsn</title>
        <p>Embora j&#225; exista uma classifica&#231;&#227;o rudimentar de IC usada para o tratamento de precis&#227;o na IC, uma verdadeira abordagem da Medicina de Precis&#227;o para a IC ainda est&#225; em sua inf&#226;ncia, e o tratamento de pacientes com ICFEp e ICFEr tamb&#233;m &#233; baseado em uma abordagem modelo &#8220;tamanho &#250;nico&#8221;.</p>
        <p>Com base na patologia e fisiopatologia da ICFEsn, pode-se deduzir que os pacientes com ICFEsn podem ser sens&#237;veis a v&#225;rios medicamentos tradicionais que s&#227;o ben&#233;ficos para outros tipos de IC. Entretanto, nenhum medicamento mostrou quaisquer benef&#237;cios confirmados experimentalmente. Por exemplo, os &#946;-bloqueadores podem ser &#250;teis para o tratamento de ICFEsn, pois seu efeito cronotr&#243;pico negativo (diminui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) aumenta o per&#237;odo de enchimento diast&#243;lico e o suprimento de oxig&#234;nio para o mioc&#225;rdio. IECA, BRA e espironolactona tamb&#233;m podem ter um efeito na ICFEsn, diminuindo a remodela&#231;&#227;o progressiva. Mas todos os medicamentos precisam de estudos prospectivos e testes cl&#237;nicos para identificar seus efeitos.</p>
        <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico em pacientes com ICFEsn pode beneficiar os pacientes, melhorando a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e controlando a obesidade. Mas a quantidade certa de exerc&#237;cio para ICFEsn requer ensaios cl&#237;nicos para confirm&#225;-la. Em artigo publicado recentemente, pesquisadores avaliaram o tema Medicina de Precis&#227;o em ICFEp. A Medicina de Precis&#227;o fornece um novo conceito para o tratamento da IC e pode tamb&#233;m ter um efeito na ICFEsn.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perspectivas futuras</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo recente calculou as taxas de risco (<italic>hazard ratios</italic>, HRs) ajustadas para mortalidade com um valor mais baixo de FEVE de 60-64% e descobriu que o desvio da FEVE de 60% a 64% foi associado a uma sobrevida mais baixa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Pacientes com ICFEsn tiveram um risco de morte quase 2 vezes maior do que pacientes com FEVE entre 60%-64%. Tamb&#233;m dividimos os pacientes com ICFEsn em dois grupos, tratando-os com IECA / BRA ou n&#227;o tratando. Os dados preliminares mostraram um efeito favor&#225;vel na sobreviv&#234;ncia do paciente. IECA/BRA podem ser agentes terap&#234;uticos atraentes para o tratamento de pacientes com ICFEsn. Mais estudos prospectivos e ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados s&#227;o essenciais para o estabelecimento de terapias com recomenda&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncias s&#243;lidas.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hazard Ratio ajustado para mortalidade de acordo com a FEVE.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1019-90835-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a proposta dessa nova categoria de IC, haver&#225; cada vez mais pesquisas sobre esse tipo de IC, contribuindo para um melhor entendimento desse novo fen&#243;tipo, e se um aumento na mortalidade para FEVE &#8805;65% se aplica a pessoas com hipertens&#227;o e obesidade continua sendo uma quest&#227;o significativa que merece mais estudos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Com base na pesquisa existente, conclu&#237;mos que os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de ICFEsn (FEVE&#8805;65%) t&#234;m uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica especial, que &#233; caracterizada por uma mortalidade por todas as causas mais elevada em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros pacientes com ICFEp.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873484) e Natural Scientific Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20161226).</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Jiangsu Province's Key Provincial Talents Program (ZDRCA2016043) and Jiangsu Province's 333 High-Level Talents Project (BRA2017539).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowski</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voors</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur J HeartFail</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>891</fpage>
          <lpage>975</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur J HeartFail. 2016;18(8):891-975.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blaha</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiuve</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Das</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>146</fpage>
          <lpage>603</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(10):146&#8211;603.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lekavich</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barksdale</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neelon</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart failure preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): an integrated and strategic review</article-title>
          <source>Heart Failure Reviews</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>643</fpage>
          <lpage>653</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3. Lekavich CL, Barksdale DJ, Neelon V, Wu JR . Heart failure preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): an integrated and strategic review. Heart Failure Reviews. 2015; 20(6):643-53.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jorge</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart failure with normal ejection fraction: new diagnostic criteria and pathophysiological advances</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>180</fpage>
          <lpage>187</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4. Mesquita ET, Jorge AJ. Heart failure with normal ejection fraction: new diagnostic criteria and pathophysiological advances. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(2):180-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wehner</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jing</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haggerty</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suever</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leader</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hartzel</surname>
              <given-names>DN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Routinely reported ejection fraction and mortality in clinical practice: where does the nadir of risk lie?</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>0</volume>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5. Wehner GJ, Jing L, Haggerty CM, Suever JD, Leader JB, Hartzel DN, et al. Routinely reported ejection fraction and mortality in clinical practice: where does the nadir of risk lie? Eur Heart J. 2019;0:1-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saab</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steg</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avezum</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#243;pez-Send&#243;n</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Can an elderly woman's heart be too strong? Increased mortality with high versus normal ejection fraction after an acute coronary syndrome. The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>849</fpage>
          <lpage>854</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6. Saab FA, Steg PG, Avezum A, L&#243;pez-Send&#243;n J, Anderson FA, Huang W, et al. Can an elderly woman's heart be too strong? Increased mortality with high versus normal ejection fraction after an acute coronary syndrome. The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Am Heart J. 2010;160(5):849&#8211;54.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JGF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bunting</surname>
              <given-names>KV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flather</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7. Cleland JGF, Bunting KV, Flather MD, Altman DG, Holmes J, Coats AJS, et al. Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(1):26&#8211;35.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Toma</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezekowitz</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakal</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Connor</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hernandez</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sardar</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The relationship between left ventricular ejection fraction and mortality in patients with acute heart failure: insights from the ASCEND-HF Trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>334</fpage>
          <lpage>341</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8. Toma M, Ezekowitz JA, Bakal JA, O'Connor M, Hernandez AF, Sardar MR, et al. The relationship between left ventricular ejection fraction and mortality in patients with acute heart failure: insights from the ASCEND-HF Trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16(3):334-41.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stecker</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vickers</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waltz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Socoteanu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnn</surname>
              <given-names>BT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mariani</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Population-based analysis of sudden cardiac death with and without left ventricular systolic dysfunction: two-year findings from the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1161</fpage>
          <lpage>1166</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9. Stecker EC, Vickers C, Waltz J, Socoteanu C, Johnn BT, Mariani R, et al. Population-based analysis of sudden cardiac death with and without left ventricular systolic dysfunction: two-year findings from the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47(6):1161-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paulus</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tschope</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanderson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rusconi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flachskampt</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rademakers</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2539</fpage>
          <lpage>2550</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10. Paulus WJ, Tschope C, Sanderson JE, Rusconi C, Flachskampt FA, Rademakers FE, et al. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(20):2539-50.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zile</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roessig</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schelbert</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Developing therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: current state and future directions</article-title>
          <source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>97</fpage>
          <lpage>112</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11. Butler J, Fonarow GC, Zile MR, Lam CS, Roessig L, Schelbert EB, et al. Developing therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: current state and future directions. JACC Heart Fail. 2014;2(2):97&#8211;112.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Failure with Supra-normal Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction &#8211; State of the Art</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6332-6249</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Ziyin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Yufeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4553-4834</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Yafeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jiangsu Province</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jiangsu Province</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University,2 Jiangsu Province &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Yafeng Zhou</bold> &#8226; First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University - Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China. Suzhou <postal-code>215006</postal-code> &#8211; China. E-mail: <email>zhouyafeng73@126.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Huang Z, Zhou Y; Data acquisition, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Huang Z, Jiang Y; Obtaining financing: Zhou Y; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Jiang Y, Zhou Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con" id="fn5">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>The authors also contributed to this article.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>In 2019, an article published in the European Heart Journal recognized for the first time heart failure (HF) with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)&#8805; 65% as a new HF phenotype, heart failure with supra-normal left ventricular ejection fraction (HFsnEF), with the main purpose of promoting research on this new category. They analyzed mortality in people with HF and found that there was a u-shaped relationship between mortality and LVEF. Accordingly, HFsnEF patients had a higher all-cause mortality compared with other patients diagnosed with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This article describes the current situation of HFsnEF and discusses future perspectives based on the preliminary results of our group. To better treat patients with HFsnEF, it is fundamental that cardiologists and physicians understand the differences and similarities of this new phenotype.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure Diastolic</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81873484</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Natural Scientific Foundation of Jiangsu Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>BK20161226</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Jiangsu Province's Key Provincial Talents Program</funding-source>
          <award-id>ZDRCA2016043</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Jiangsu Province's 333 High-Level Talents Project</funding-source>
          <award-id>BRA2017539</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873484) e Natural Scientific Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20161226). This study was partially funded by Jiangsu Province's Key Provincial Talents Program (ZDRCA2016043) and Jiangsu Province's 333 High-Level Talents Project (BRA2017539).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>It is estimated that more than 100 million people suffer from heart failure (HF) worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In the DIGITALIS trial performed in Brazil, 64.2% of these patients were diagnosed with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Recently, a new type of HF, called HF with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) has been described. According to unpublished data from the DIGITALIS database, the prevalence of HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) was 19%, HFmrEF was 22% and HFpEF was 59%. It shows that HFpEF accounts for a large proportion of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In an article published in the European Heart Journal, which investigated the relationship between clinically assessed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and mortality in a large clinical cohort, a u-shaped relationship between mortality and LVEF was found, suggesting that it may be inappropriate to pool all patients with HFpEF into a single group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> These results may herald the recognition of a new phenotype of HF with LVEF &#8805; 65%, which is characterized by a higher all-cause mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Heart failure with supra-normal ejection fraction (HFsnEF) has shown to have special clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis. More research needs to be carried out to explore the characteristics and treatment of this new HF category. The HFsnEF phenotype might be recognized as a clinically relevant classification by national and international guidelines.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Pathophysiology and Pathology of HFsnEF</title>
          <p>Optimal left ventricular (LV) performance depends on two conditions: a compliant LV, which allows it to fill from low left atrial pressure during diastole and a firm LV in systole, which ejects the stroke volume at arterial pressure. The echocardiogram is the most commonly used imaging technique to evaluate diastolic and systolic function, and the LVEF is the most widely used index. Patients diagnosed with HFpEF often have a normal LVEF (LVEF&#8805;50%) and that is characterized by diastolic dysfunction.</p>
          <p>As a special type of HFpEF, HFsnEF is also characterized by diastolic dysfunction. In a recently published study, it was concluded that patients with higher LVEF have a poorer prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> The possible reason is that people with hypertrophic hearts (and very high LVEF) may pump more volume of blood with each beat and be particularly susceptible to oxygen supply&#8211;mediated ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Neurohormonal activation may be another reason for poor prognosis in HFsnEF. Higher LVEF may be due to higher activation of the adrenergic and renin&#8211;angiotensin&#8211;aldosterone system (RAAS) and higher activation of these systems may contribute to progressive heart remodeling and contractile dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Patients with a remodeled heart were more likely to suffer from cardiac arrest or ventricular fibrillation, when compared with the normal EF group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> The reasons described above might explain the increased mortality of the HFsnEF patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>HFsnEF mechanisms. HFsnEF: heart failure with supra-normal left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1019-90835-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnostic approach</title>
          <p>According to the latest ESC Guidelines for acute and chronic HF, the diagnosis of HF is based on the combination of symptoms, signs, natriuretic peptides and results of the echocardiogram.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In a recent analysis of a large dataset, researchers started defining patients with LVEF&#8805;65% as a new type of HF, called HFsnEF. As a special type of diastolic HF, the diagnosis of HFsnEF may require the presence of signs or symptoms of HF, elevated BNP levels, evidence of normal systolic LV function and evidence of diastolic dysfunction or surrogate markers that include LV hypertrophy, LA enlargement, and atrial fibrillation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> At the same time, LVEF &#8805;65% measured by the echocardiogram is one of the essential conditions for the diagnosis of HFsnEF. The detailed clinical criteria for the diagnosis of HFsnEF are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical criteria in the investigation of HFsnEF</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Categories</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Criteria</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Symptoms and/or signs of HF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Breathlessness, Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, Reduced exercise tolerance, Fatigue, tiredness, increased time to recover after exercise, Ankle swelling</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Elevated jugular venous pressure, Hepatojugular reflux,<break/>Third heart sound (gallop rhythm), Laterally displaced apical impulse</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">LVEF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">LVEF &#8805;65%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Elevated levels of NPs</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">BNP&gt;35 pg/mL<break/>and/or NT-proBNP&gt;125 pg/mL</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Objective evidence of other cardiac functional and structural alterations underlying HF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Left atrial volume index (LAVI), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), E/e', mean e' septal and lateral wall, longitudinal strain or tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">A stress test or invasively measured elevated LV filling pressure</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">A diastolic stress test performed with echocardiography,<break/>pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Treatment of HFsnEF</title>
          <p>Although there is already a rudimentary classification of HF used for precision treatment in HF, a true Precision Medicine approach to HF is currently still in its infancy, and the treatment of HFpEF and HFrEF patients is also based on a &#8220;one-size-fits-all&#8221; approach.</p>
          <p>Based on the pathology and pathophysiology of HFsnEF, one can deduce that patients with HFsnEF may be sensitive to several traditional drugs that are beneficial for other kinds of HF. But no drugs have shown any experimentally confirmed benefits. For example, &#946;-blockers may be useful for the treatment of HFsnEF, as its negative chronotropic effect (decreased heart rate) increases the diastolic filling period and oxygen supply to the myocardium. ACEIs, ARBs and spironolactone may also have an effect on HFsnEF by decreasing progressive remodeling. But all of the drugs need prospective studies and clinical trials to identify their effects.</p>
          <p>Exercise training in patients with HFsnEF may benefit patients by improving exercise tolerance and managing obesity. But the right amount of exercise for HFsnEF requires clinical trials to confirm it. In a recently published article, researchers assessed the topic of Precision Medicine in HFpEF. Precision Medicine provides a new concept for the treatment of HF and it may also have an effect on HFsnEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Future perspectives</title>
          <p>Our recent study has calculated the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality with a nadir at LVEF of 60&#8211;64% and found that LVEF deviation from 60% to 64% was associated with poorer survival (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). HFsnEF patients had a risk of death that was almost 2-times higher than that of patients with LVEF between 60%-64%. We also divided HFsnEF patients into two groups by treating them with ACEIs/ARBs or not. Preliminary data showed a favorable effect on patient survival. ACEIs/ARBs may be attractive therapeutic agents to treat patients with HFsnEF. More prospective studies and randomized clinical trials are essential for the establishment of therapies with solid evidence-based recommendations.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Adjusted Hazard Ratio for mortality according to LVEF.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1019-90835-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>After this new HF category has been proposed, there will be increasingly more research on this type of HF, contributing to a better understanding of this new phenotype, and whether an increase in mortality for LVEF &#8805;65% applies to people with hypertension and obesity remains a significant question that deserves further studies.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Based on the existing research, we conclude that patients diagnosed with HFsnEF (LVEF&#8805;65%) have a special clinical manifestation, which is characterized by a higher all-cause mortality compared with other HFpEF patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873484) e Natural Scientific Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20161226).</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Jiangsu Province's Key Provincial Talents Program (ZDRCA2016043) and Jiangsu Province's 333 High-Level Talents Project (BRA2017539).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
