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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">x9QPpR3Lys8FQ8HnPZYXHqp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000601011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200063</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200063</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento Percut&#226;neo da Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral Secund&#225;ria por MitraClip: Mitra-FR <italic>versus</italic> COAPT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8466-3789</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9964-3289</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nhola</surname>
            <given-names>Lara Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morhy</surname>
            <given-names>Samira Saady</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sergio Barros-Gomes</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Ecocardiograma - Av Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>sergiomed2@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Barros-Gomes S; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barros-Gomes S, Lemos PA, Fischer CH, Vieira MLC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barros-Gomes S, Tarasoutchi F, Rodrigues ACT, Nhola LF, Lemos PA, Morhy SS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1011</fpage>
      <lpage>1018</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Cardiaca</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da V&#225;lvula Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) secund&#225;ria, ou funcional, deve-se a altera&#231;&#245;es na geometria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) secund&#225;ria &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Ocorre quando uma doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca ou uma cardiopatia dilatada de qualquer etiologia causa dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE, dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral e/ou deslocamento do m&#250;sculo papilar, resultando em m&#225; coapta&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides valvares e refluxo valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Dados estat&#237;sticos da American Heart Association indicam que 16.250 por milh&#227;o de americanos tenham IM secund&#225;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> n&#250;meros que totalizam mais de 5 milh&#245;es de casos somente nos EUA, e estima-se que esse n&#250;mero seja ainda maior tendo em vista o cont&#237;nuo crescimento e envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o. Isso &#233; importante, uma vez que a IM secund&#225;ria acarreta um mau progn&#243;stico e &#233; preditor independente de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Por muitos anos, a interven&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica da IM secund&#225;ria (cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea) foi restrita a casos refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento cl&#237;nico convencional,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> com evid&#234;ncia respaldada principalmente por dois importantes estudos do grupo Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> O primeiro estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> randomizou 301 pacientes com IM isqu&#234;mica de grau moderado e n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;as na geometria ventricular entre os pacientes que receberam revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdico <italic>versus</italic> a combina&#231;&#227;o revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e reparo valvar mitral. O segundo estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> estudou 251 pacientes com IM grave e n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;as com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade, al&#233;m da maior recorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia mitral e taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es entre os pacientes tratados com plastia da v&#225;lvula mitral <italic>versus</italic> troca valvar. Por causa desses dois estudos, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> e a Diretriz Brasileira de Valvopatias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> classificaram a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea da v&#225;lvula mitral como Classe IIb de indica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>At&#233; recentemente, nenhum estudo randomizado havia comparado a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea da IM secund&#225;ria com o tratamento cl&#237;nico convencional. Em 2018, a conduta frente &#224; IM secund&#225;ria mudou decisivamente com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o de dois ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados: o Multicentre Study of Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair MitraClip Device in Patients with Severe Secondary Mitral Regurgitation (MITRA-FR)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> e o Cardiovascular Outcomes Assessment of the MitraClip Percutaneous Therapy for Heart Failure Patients with Functional Mitral Regurgitation (COAPT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Esses estudos avaliaram a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a de duas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas em pacientes com IM secund&#225;ria importante &#8211; a terapia percut&#226;nea com MitraClip&#174; em conjunto com tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado <italic>versus</italic> tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado isolado.</p>
      <p>Neste artigo, abordaremos as principais similaridades e diferen&#231;as entre os dois estudos e faremos considera&#231;&#245;es a respeito da aplica&#231;&#227;o desse procedimento na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, incluindo o perfil ideal do candidato para o procedimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de recrutamento, randomiza&#231;&#227;o e seguimento cl&#237;nico</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">MITRA-FR</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">COAPT</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Pacientes, n</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">304</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">614</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Pacientes interven&#231;&#227;o/Controle, n</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">152/152</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">302/312</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Tempo de estudo, anos</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2013-2017</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2012-2017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">- ERO, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt;20</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt;30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">- VR, ml/batimento</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">30</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">- FEVE, %</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">15-40</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">20-50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">- DSFVE, mm</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">NA</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8804;70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">- Medica&#231;&#245;es de base</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Ajustadas em cada bra&#231;o de acordo com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Dose m&#225;xima estabilizada e terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o se apropriado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">- Sintomas</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">NYHA II, III, IV</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">NYHA II, III, IV</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ERO: orif&#237;cio regurgitante efetivo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VR: volume regurgitante.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>MITRA-FR</title>
        <p>O MITRA-FR foi um estudo multic&#234;ntrico em 37 centros franceses que randomizou 304 pacientes com IM secund&#225;ria importante, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) sist&#243;lica sintom&#225;tica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) entre 15% e 40% em duas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas, na raz&#227;o de 1:1, alocados para tratamento percut&#226;neo com MitraClip&#174; em conjunto com tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado (grupo interven&#231;&#227;o; 152 pacientes) <italic>versus</italic> tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado isolado (grupo controle; 152 pacientes).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> A IM secund&#225;ria importante foi definida como tendo &#225;rea do orif&#237;cio regurgitante efetivo (ERO) &gt;20 mm<sup>2</sup> ou volume regurgitante (VR) &gt;30 mL por batimento. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi mortalidade por qualquer causa ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC dentro de 12 meses. Os pacientes dos dois grupos apresentaram uma melhora da classe funcional, mas sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos. Por fim, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no desfecho prim&#225;rio combinado (54,6% <italic>vs.</italic> 51,3%, respectivamente; p = 0,53), taxa de mortalidade (24,3% <italic>vs.</italic> 22,4%; p &gt;0,05) e taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (48,7% <italic>vs.</italic> 47,4%; p &gt;0,05) entre o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o <italic>versus</italic> controle durante 1 ano de seguimento.<bold/> Da mesma forma, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no desfecho prim&#225;rio combinado (63,8% <italic>vs.</italic> 67,1%, respectivamente; p &gt;0,05), taxa de mortalidade (34,9% <italic>vs.</italic> 34,2%; p &gt;0,05) e taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (55,9% <italic>vs.</italic> 61,8%; p &gt;0,05) entre o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o <italic>versus</italic> controle durante 2 anos de seguimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o MitraClip&#174; &#233; seguro e efetivo na IM secund&#225;ria em compara&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, mas sem melhora na sobrevida ou redu&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC em pacientes com IM secund&#225;ria e IC sist&#243;lica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>COAPT</title>
        <p>O COAPT foi um estudo multic&#234;ntrico que randomizou 614 pacientes em 78 centros americanos e canadenses com IC sist&#243;lica sintom&#225;tica e IM secund&#225;ria moderada a importante (3+) ou importante (4+), definida como ERO &gt;30 mm<sup>2</sup> ou VR &gt;45 mL por batimento, com FEVE &#8805;20% (FEVE m&#233;dia 31,3 &#177; 9,3%), na raz&#227;o de 1:1, alocados para tratamento percut&#226;neo com MitraClip&#174; em conjunto com tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado (grupo interven&#231;&#227;o; 302 pacientes) <italic>versus</italic> tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado isolado (grupo controle; 312 pacientes).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> IC sintom&#225;tica foi definida como sintomas de IC apesar da dose m&#225;xima medicamentosa tolerada. O desfecho prim&#225;rio de efic&#225;cia foi hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC dentro de 24 meses, e o desfecho prim&#225;rio de seguran&#231;a foi evento livre de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao MitraClip&#174; em 12 meses. A taxa anual de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC dentro de 24 meses foi 35,8% por paciente/ano no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o <italic>versus</italic> 67,9% no grupo controle (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> 0,53; 95% IC 0,40-0,70; p &lt;0,001). A porcentagem de evento-livre de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao dispositivo em 12 meses foi 96,6% (p &lt;0,001), enquanto morte por qualquer causa em 24 meses ocorreu em 29,1% no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o a 46,1% no grupo controle (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> 0,62; 95% IC, 0,46-0,82; p &lt;0,001). O grupo interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o somente reduziu a taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC em 47%, mas tamb&#233;m reduziu a mortalidade em 38%. A redu&#231;&#227;o no risco absoluto da mortalidade por todas as causas no grupo MitraClip&#174; foi 17%, e o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para prevenir uma morte em 2 anos foi 5,9; j&#225; para prevenir uma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC em 2 anos foi 3,1. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que a terapia combinada MitraClip&#174; e tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado em pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica sintom&#225;tica e IM moderada a importante ou importante reduz o n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC e a mortalidade por todas as causas em 2 anos, quando comparada com tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado exclusivamente. As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> comparam as caracter&#237;sticas e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos entre os dois estudos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">a</xref></th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">MITRA-FR</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">COAPT</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Cl&#237;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o MitraClip&#174;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">70 &#177; 10</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">72 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o controle</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">71 &#177; 10</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73 &#177; 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="left">Sexo, masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">120 (79)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">201 (67)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">107 (70)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(62)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">NYHA, %</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- I</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- II</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">32,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- III</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">58,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">52,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- IV</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o MitraClip&#174;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">95 (62,5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">184 (60,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o controle</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">85 (56,3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">189 (60,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana pr&#233;via</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o MitraClip&#174;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">71 (46,7)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">PCI: 130 (43,0) CABG: 121 (40,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o controle</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62 (42,4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">PCI: 153 (49,0) CABG: 126 (40,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o MitraClip&#174;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">46 (30,5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">115 (38,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o controle</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">35 (23,0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">109 (34,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Risco Cir&#250;rgico</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Escore STS</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">NA</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8,2 &#177; 5,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- EuroScore II</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,2 (3,5-11)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Ecocardiogr&#225;fica</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Gravidade da IM, %</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- ERO 20-29 mm<sup>2</sup> (moderada)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">157 (52,2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">80 (13,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- ERO 30-39 mm<sup>2</sup> (moderada/importante)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">95 (31,6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">270 (45,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- ERO &#8805; 40 mm<sup>2</sup> (importante)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">49 (16,3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">241 (40,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">ERO, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31 &#177; 10</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">41 &#177; 15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">VDFVEI, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">135 &#177; 35</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">101 &#177; 34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">33 &#177; 7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31 &#177; 9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>ERO: orif&#237;cio regurgitante efetivo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NA: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel; NYHA: New York Heart Association; STS: Society Toracic of Surgery &#8211; risco de morte em 30 dias ap&#243;s troca valvar mitral; VDFVEI: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o reportadas em n&#250;meros (porcentagens); vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o reportadas como m&#233;dia &#177; SD e mediana (varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfecho cl&#237;nico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">MITRA-FR</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">COAPT</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Grupo MitraClip&#174; apenas, n</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Complica&#231;&#245;es no procedimento</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21 (14,6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">25 (8,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- IM &#8805; +2 na alta</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">93 (24,4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">214 (17,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- IM &#8805; +2 em 2 anos</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">48 (49,5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26 (22,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Mortalidade por qualquer causa em 2 anos, n</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o MitraClip&#174;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">53 (34,9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">80 (29,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o controle</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">52 (34,2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">121 (46,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Valor p</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt;0,05</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por ICC em 2 anos, n</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o MitraClip&#174;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">85 (55,9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">92 (35,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o controle</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">94 (61,8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">151 (56,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Valor p</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt;0,05</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Mortalidade por qualquer causa ou hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es associadas a IC em 2 anos, n</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o MitraClip&#174;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">97 (63,8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">129 (45,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">- Bra&#231;o controle</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">102 (67,1)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">191 (67,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Valor p</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt;0,05</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o reportadas em n&#250;meros (porcentagens).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>IM &#8805; +2 em 1 ano.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Principais Similaridades e Diferen&#231;as</title>
        <p>Os dois ensaios tiveram resultados conflitantes, com o COAPT mostrando benef&#237;cio do MitraClip&#174; <italic>versus</italic> terapia medicamentosa, enquanto o MITRA-FR n&#227;o mostrou benef&#237;cio relacionado ao MitraClip&#174;. N&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vida de que esses dois estudos mudaram nosso entendimento de IM secund&#225;ria. No entanto, por que eles apresentaram resultados significativamente diferentes? Por que o estudo COAPT teve um resultado positivo, enquanto o MITRA-FR foi neutro? Provavelmente as repostas a tais quest&#245;es s&#227;o multifatoriais e incluem diferen&#231;as na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, otimiza&#231;&#227;o da terapia medicamentosa, grau da IM e no remodelamento ventricular.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Recrutamento:</title>
          <p>O recrutamento do COAPT foi mais seletivo em compara&#231;&#227;o ao MITRA-FR, visto que seu recrutamento foi mais lento e prolongado. O n&#250;mero de pacientes foi diferente nos dois estudos: COAPT recrutou cerca de 300 pacientes em cada bra&#231;o, e o MITRA-FR cerca de 150 pacientes. Talvez o tamanho amostral da popula&#231;&#227;o do MITRA-FR, ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de pacientes com seguimento incompleto, possa n&#227;o ter sido suficiente para detectar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica e, dessa forma, evitar o erro estat&#237;stico tipo II, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos secund&#225;rios. No estudo COAPT, o n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es entre as duas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas divergiu desde o in&#237;cio do seguimento, parcialmente explicado pelo tratamento medicamentoso mais rigoroso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Grau da IM:</title>
          <p>No MITRA-FR, a m&#233;dia de ERO foi 31 mm<sup>2</sup>, enquanto o COAPT teve m&#233;dia de ERO de 41 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Apesar de o crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o de ambos os estudos ter sido IM ao menos moderada a importante, o estudo COAPT seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es americanas de 2008,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> que classifica como IM moderada a importante quando o ERO &#233; &#8805; 30 mm<sup>2</sup> e/ou VR de 45 mL; j&#225; o MITRA-FR seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es europeias de 2012:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> ERO &#8805; 20 mm<sup>2</sup> e/ou VR de 30 mL como IM moderada a importante. Essa discord&#226;ncia &#233; baseada no conceito de que a mortalidade em pacientes com IM secund&#225;ria &#233; significativamente maior para n&#237;veis menores de ERO e VR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Entretanto, o mecanismo da IM funcional &#233; complexo e n&#227;o se sabe se ERO ou VR moderados atuam ativamente como causadores do remodelamento e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, ou se s&#227;o meros marcadores resultantes da cardiomiopatia incipiente. As diretrizes subsequentes retornaram o ERO e o VR ao valor habitual; com base nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais, ERO de 30 mm<sup>2</sup> &#233; considerado moderado, enquanto ERO &#8805; 40 mm<sup>2</sup> &#233; importante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Novos estudos sugerem que a abordagem unificada &#8211; baseada na integra&#231;&#227;o de ERO, VR e fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante (FR) &#8211; possa ser um excelente discriminador de IM secund&#225;ria importante quando comparada aos algoritmos estabelecidos nas &#250;ltimas diretrizes e, portanto, um excelente identificador de pacientes com alto risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Dito isso, um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes (52%) com IM moderada (ERO 20 a 30 mm<sup>2</sup>) foi recrutado no MITRA-FR, enquanto apenas 14% dos pacientes com essas caracter&#237;sticas foram recrutados no COAPT. J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; IM importante (ERO &#8805; 40 mm<sup>2</sup>), apenas 16% dos pacientes do MITRA-FR tinham IM importante <italic>versus</italic> 41% do COAPT. Os achados dos dois estudos sugerem que o benef&#237;cio do MitraClip&#174; &#233; maior nos pacientes com ERO &gt; 40 mm<sup>2</sup> (<italic>i. e.</italic>, IM verdadeiramente importante).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Remodelamento Ventricular:</title>
          <p>O volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado (VDFVEI) m&#233;dio dos pacientes do estudo MITRA-FR foi 135 mL/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> comparado a 101 mL/m<sup>2</sup> do COAPT. O VE foi significativamente maior no MITRA-FR, caracterizando ventr&#237;culos mais remodelados, em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados de cardiomiopatia. Essa diferen&#231;a &#233; provavelmente devido &#224; exclus&#227;o de pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o/disfun&#231;&#227;o severa no COAPT (di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE &gt;70 mm), enquanto no MITRA-FR n&#227;o havia essa limita&#231;&#227;o. O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o da FEVE entre os dois estudos tamb&#233;m foi diferente: o COAPT incluiu pacientes com FEVE 20% a 50% <italic>versus</italic> FEVE de 10% a 40% no MITRA-FR. Interessantemente, um subgrupo de pacientes do estudo COAPT que n&#227;o se beneficiou do tratamento por MitraClip&#174; (n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es associadas a IC em 12 meses) foi o dos pacientes com ERO e VDFVEI relativamente semelhantes &#224;queles recrutados no estudo MITRA-FR (ERO &#8805; 30 mm<sup>2</sup> e VDFVEI &gt;96 mL/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Esses fatos sugerem que pacientes com IM moderada, VE marcadamente mais dilatados e com maior disfun&#231;&#227;o possam n&#227;o ser os candidatos ideais para o tratamento com MitraClip&#174;. De fato, a alta recorr&#234;ncia de IM e o pior desfecho cl&#237;nico j&#225; haviam sido reportados previamente na corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de pacientes com IM isqu&#234;mica, dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular (di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE &gt;65 mm) e disfun&#231;&#227;o grave do VE (FEVE &lt;20% e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE &gt;55 mm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> No estudo MITRA-FR, a cardiomiopatia foi, possivelmente, o principal causador dos sintomas de IC e, consequentemente, o determinante do desfecho cl&#237;nico desfavor&#225;vel, ou seja, a IM foi meramente um fator secund&#225;rio ao remodelamento ventricular. Em contrapartida, no COAPT, a IC foi, em parte, decorrente da IM e, por isso, o grau da IM no estudo COAPT foi maior, enquanto a cardiomiopatia foi menos avan&#231;ada (VE de dimens&#227;o menor e FEVE maior).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Terapia Medicamentosa e Otimiza&#231;&#227;o Terap&#234;utica:</title>
          <p>No estudo COAPT, o crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o de pacientes foi IC sist&#243;lica sintom&#225;tica apesar da dose m&#225;xima medicamentosa tolerada, uso de terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o, uso de desfibriladores e terapia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (se apropriado). Os pacientes foram otimizados clinicamente antes do recrutamento, e apenas poucos ajustes de medica&#231;&#227;o foram feitos no decorrer do seguimento. J&#225; no MITRA-FR, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel otimizar a medica&#231;&#227;o em todos os pacientes antes da randomiza&#231;&#227;o, e m&#250;ltiplos reajustes ocorreram ao longo do seguimento. No MITRA-FR, a medica&#231;&#227;o foi ajustada pelos investigadores, enquanto no COAPT a medica&#231;&#227;o foi ajustada mais rigorosamente por um grupo de especialistas que supervisionavam a dose m&#225;xima tolerada, antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. A posologia inicial e as doses ajustadas de cada medica&#231;&#227;o foram contabilizadas no estudo COAPT. Este rigor em termos de posologia e otimiza&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa implementada no estudo COAPT certamente n&#227;o reflete a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sucesso na Redu&#231;&#227;o da IM:</title>
          <p>No final de 12 meses, 83% dos pacientes do MITRA-FR tiveram IM &#8804; +2 (moderada) em compara&#231;&#227;o a 95% dos pacientes do COAPT. Consequentemente, 17% dos pacientes do MITRA-FR tiveram IM &#8805; +3 (moderada/importante) em 12 meses em compara&#231;&#227;o a 5% dos pacientes do COAPT. O estudo COAPT teve uma estrat&#233;gia mais agressiva em termos de clipes implantados quando comparado ao MITRA-FR (uso de um clipe em 36% dos casos para o COAPT <italic>vs.</italic> 46% para o MITRA-FR; dois clipes em 55% dos casos do COAPT <italic>vs.</italic> 45% para o MITRA-FR; tr&#234;s clipes em 8% dos pacientes do COAPT <italic>vs.</italic> 9% do MITRA-FR; quatro clipes em 0,3% dos pacientes do COAPT <italic>vs.</italic> 0% para o MITRA-FR). &#201; poss&#237;vel que a maior taxa de sucesso na redu&#231;&#227;o da IM possa estar associada a resultados favor&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fisiopatologia:</title>
          <p>Diverg&#234;ncias em termos de fisiopatologia foram elegantemente demonstradas por Packer e Grayburn et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> que apresentaram o conceito de IM proporcional <italic>versus</italic> IM desproporcional com base na combina&#231;&#227;o de ERO e volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF) &#8211; raz&#227;o ERO/VDF. Assumindo uma FEVE de 30% e uma fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante de 50% (perfil dos pacientes dos estudos), os autores mostraram graficamente que um ERO de 30 mm<sup>2</sup> e um VDF maior (entre 220 e 240 mL) poderia resultar em uma fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante de 50%, assim como um ERO de 20 mm<sup>2</sup> e um VDF normal poderiam resultar em uma fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante de 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Os autores sugerem que o tratamento percut&#226;neo da v&#225;lvula mitral pelo MitraClip&#174; seja mais ben&#233;fico em pacientes com IM desproporcional ao tamanho do VE &#8211; isto &#233;, quando a IM for maior do que a esperada para um VE dilatado, o tratamento com MitraClip&#174; poder&#225; ter um resultado mais favor&#225;vel (ERO maior e VE menor). Em contrapartida, IM proporcional representaria pacientes mais doentes, com ventr&#237;culos maiores e menor grau de IM &#8211; em outras palavras, pacientes com cardiomiopatia em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado tardiamente selecionados para o tratamento intervencionista.</p>
          <p>No entanto, Gaasch e Meyer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> sugeriram que a gravidade da IM entre os dois estudos n&#227;o seja t&#227;o diferente e que, de fato, seja semelhante. Os autores advogam que a fisiopatologia da IM &#233; melhor descrita atrav&#233;s do VR (ou a fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante) em vez do ERO. O VR &#233; determinado pelo ERO e pela magnitude e dura&#231;&#227;o do gradiente de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica atrav&#233;s da v&#225;lvula regurgitante, ou seja, o ERO &#233; apenas uma das vari&#225;veis determinantes do VR. &#201; o VR que afeta o tamanho do VE a uma determinada FEVE, e exibe uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta com o VDF. Desse modo, eles propuseram graficamente que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre gravidade da IM e tamanho do VE seja baseada no conceito entre VR e VDF &#8211; raz&#227;o VR/VDF &#8211;; o seu quociente &#233; corrigido de maneira uniforme, tornando-o um &#237;ndice adimensional. Assumindo uma fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante de 50% no estudo COAPT (suposi&#231;&#227;o baseada na FEVE e em dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos) e fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante de 53% fornecida no MITRA-FR, a raz&#227;o VR sobre VDF (VR/VDF) foi de 0,18 e 0,15, respectivamente. Esses coeficientes de proporcionalidade s&#227;o relativamente baixos (ambos &lt;0,20) e semelhantes aos valores reportados em estudos pr&#233;vios de IM secund&#225;ria, refletindo uma contribui&#231;&#227;o proporcionalmente pequena do VR para um VDF grande. Assim, h&#225; um aumento desproporcional do VE no perfil dos pacientes dos dois estudos tipicamente visto em pacientes com IM secund&#225;ria (IM desproporcional) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com IM prim&#225;ria (VDF proporcional ao VR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Volumes subestimados:</title>
          <p>No estudo COAPT, os pacientes tiveram um ERO m&#233;dio de 41 &#177; 15 mm<sup>2</sup>, o que corresponde a um VR de no m&#237;nimo 45 a 60 mL. O volume ejetado total do VE no estudo COAPT foi 57 mL (volume diast&#243;lico final do VE subtra&#237;do pelo volume sist&#243;lico final), o que &#233; totalmente incompat&#237;vel para manter um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco satisfat&#243;rio. Assumindo um volume ejetado total do VE de 57 mL, ent&#227;o o VR &#233; o volume ejetado total do VE subtra&#237;do pelo volume ejetado para a via de sa&#237;da (ou seja, o volume ejetado total do VE &#233; igual ao VR mitral mais o volume ejetado na via de sa&#237;da). Com base nesses c&#225;lculos, o volume ejetado para a frente &#233; de 0 a 15 mL, o que seria incompat&#237;vel com a vida. Est&#225; claro que o VDF no estudo COAPT est&#225; subestimado. Se assumirmos um ERO de 41 mm<sup>2</sup> e um VR de 60 mL (aproximado do estudo COAPT), ent&#227;o o VDF deveria ser maior que 300 mL (assumindo uma fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante de 50% e FEVE de 31% como relatado no estudo). De qualquer forma, o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE foi menor no estudo COAPT (m&#233;dia de 69 mm no MITRA-FR <italic>vs.</italic> 62 mm no COAPT) confirmando VE menores.</p>
          <p>De fato, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da IM secund&#225;ria atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma bidimensional &#233; desafiadora devido a in&#250;meras limita&#231;&#245;es do pr&#243;prio m&#233;todo, al&#233;m da complexa fisiopatologia da IM. Em pacientes com IM funcional, em sua grande maioria, o ERO e o VR pelo m&#233;todo PISA s&#227;o subestimados com os valores da resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> e ecocardiografia tridimensional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> O orif&#237;cio n&#227;o circular e o comportamento din&#226;mico da IM contribuem significativamente para essas diferen&#231;as. Talvez a fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante possa suprir essas limita&#231;&#245;es e corroborar como vari&#225;vel essencial de gravidade, al&#233;m do seu importante papel progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> A fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante &#233; calculada pela raz&#227;o do VR sobre o volume ejetado total (VR/volume ejetado total), que, apesar de serem vari&#225;veis dependentes de condi&#231;&#245;es de carga, tamanho e fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, o seu quociente &#233; corrigido de maneira uniforme por esses par&#226;metros, podendo assim ser um indicador mais robusto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title><italic>Outros fatores</italic>:</title>
          <p>Vale lembrar que, diferentemente da IM prim&#225;ria, em que sua gravidade &#233; puramente quantificada com base no grau da IM, a IM secund&#225;ria &#233; complexa, heterog&#234;nea e influenciada por v&#225;rios fatores: idade, doen&#231;a de base subjacente, comorbidades, remodelamento do VE, extens&#227;o do infarto, dist&#250;rbios hemodin&#226;micos, entre outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> No estudo COAPT, o desfecho combinado mortalidade ou interna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no bra&#231;o que recebeu terapia por MitraClip&#174; foi relativamente alto (46%). Isso mostra que, independentemente do reparo da v&#225;lvula, esses pacientes continuam tendo um progn&#243;stico reservado, visto que boa parte do risco &#233; relacionada a esses fatores.</p>
          <p>Nessa mesma linha, Cavalcante et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> revelaram que a fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante e o tamanho do infarto medidos em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica &#233; um importante estratificador de risco que vai al&#233;m do tamanho do VE e outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas. Os autores tamb&#233;m mostraram que o progn&#243;stico desses pacientes &#233; pior &#224; medida que o tamanho do infarto e do grau de IM aumentam. Interessantemente, a extens&#227;o da fibrose n&#227;o foi medida nos estudos MITRA-FR e COAPT, mas acreditamos que certamente teve impacto cl&#237;nico no desfecho desses estudos. Talvez, pacientes com um cora&#231;&#227;o maior e com uma maior &#225;rea de infarto n&#227;o possam se beneficiar do MitraClip&#174;; do mesmo modo, podemos especular que os pacientes do estudo MITRA-FR continham maior &#225;rea de fibrose e, por isso, menor benef&#237;cio com terapia por MitraClip&#174;. Novos estudos correlacionando desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes tratados por MitraClip&#174; e extens&#227;o da fibrose seriam interessantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es na Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Os dois estudos avaliaram a mesma entidade cl&#237;nica: a IM funcional ou secund&#225;ria. No COAPT, os pacientes eram sintom&#225;ticos (apesar da rigorosa terapia cl&#237;nica otimizada), tinham IM mais importante, VE menores e melhor fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao MITRA-FR. No estudo MITRA-FR, os pacientes apresentavam IM menos importante, VE maiores e com pior fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, em est&#225;gio mais avan&#231;ado de cardiomiopatia. A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi o principal causador da IC e de desfechos cl&#237;nicos e, por isso, a terapia com MitraClip&#174; pode n&#227;o ser t&#227;o ben&#233;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
        <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o antecipada da IM secund&#225;ria antes que o VE se dilate em excesso &#233; crucial. Embora seja considerada sucesso de procedimento IM residual &#8804; +2 (moderada), a meta do procedimento deve ser IM &#8804; +1 (leve) e a implanta&#231;&#227;o de clipes adicionais deve ser considerada com o objetivo de atingir essa meta. Tendo em vista os achados do COAPT e MITRA-FR, acreditamos que os dois estudos s&#227;o complementares. Esperamos que o estudo randomizado RESHAPE-HF (A Randomized Study of the MitraClip Device in Heart Failure Patients with Clinically Significant Functional Mitral Regurgitation),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> ainda em recrutamento e com o mesmo crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o do COAPT, possa fornecer um entendimento ainda maior na fisiopatologia da IM secund&#225;ria, especialmente ap&#243;s dados conflitantes.</p>
        <p>Ainda estamos no processo de defini&#231;&#227;o do candidato ideal para o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia mitral secund&#225;ria por MitraClip&#174;. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o tamanho do infarto e/ou fibrose tamb&#233;m possam ajudar na melhor sele&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, &#233; necess&#225;rio certificar que a gravidade da IM &#233; puramente atribu&#237;vel &#224; gravidade da IM e n&#227;o a outros fatores de risco e fatores confundidores. O estudo COAPT refor&#231;a o importante papel da IM na fisiopatologia da IC sist&#243;lica e, com a sele&#231;&#227;o apropriada de pacientes &#8211; excluindo os VE maiores, mais doentes, com maior &#225;rea de fibrose e IM moderada e selecionando pacientes nos quais a IM seja t&#227;o severa que contribua para a gravidade da doen&#231;a &#8211;, o tratamento percut&#226;neo da IM secund&#225;ria por MitraClip&#174; pode ser ben&#233;fico, desde que obede&#231;a aos seguintes crit&#233;rios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>):</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Garantia de que a gravidade da IM seja puramente atribu&#237;vel &#224; gravidade da IM e n&#227;o a outros fatores que influenciam a IM (idade, comorbidades, outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, extens&#227;o da fibrose, extens&#227;o do remodelamento).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da IM pela integra&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros al&#233;m do ERO: VR, fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante e poss&#237;vel quantifica&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o da &#225;rea de fibrose.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>IM &#8805; +3 (moderada a importante), definida como ERO &#8805; 30 mm<sup>2</sup> e/ou VR de 45 mL por batimento.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>FEVE de 20% a 50% e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE &lt;70 mm.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Sintomas de IC, apesar da terapia cl&#237;nica otimizada (m&#225;xima dose tolerada), incluindo terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, se apropriada.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Grupo intervencionista com experi&#234;ncia, com sucesso t&#233;cnico na redu&#231;&#227;o da IM &#8805; +2 maior que 95%.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Presen&#231;a de um time multidisciplinar (<italic>heart team</italic>) para manejo, tratamento e otimiza&#231;&#227;o da IC.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o, acompanhamento de perto das medica&#231;&#245;es e do <italic>status</italic> vol&#234;mico.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Identifica&#231;&#227;o antecipada da IM secund&#225;ria e encaminhamento a um time multidisciplinar (<italic>heart team</italic>) antes que o ventr&#237;culo dilate muito ou o paciente seja hospitalizado, necessitando de cuidados intensivos ou de suporte inotr&#243;pico.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A complexidade da insufici&#234;ncia mitral funcional e a sele&#231;&#227;o do candidato ideal* para o implante de MitraClip&#174;. Disf.: disfun&#231;&#227;o; DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ERO: orif&#237;cio regurgitante efetivo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FR: fra&#231;&#227;o regurgitante; VR: volume regurgitante.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1011-00063-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Percutaneous Treatment of Secondary Mitral Regurgitation by MitraClip: Mitra-FR vs. COAPT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8466-3789</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9964-3289</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nhola</surname>
            <given-names>Lara Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morhy</surname>
            <given-names>Samira Saady</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Sergio Barros-Gomes</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Ecocardiograma - Av Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>sergiomed2@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Barros-Gomes S; Writing of the manuscript: Barros-Gomes S, Lemos PA, Fischer CH, Vieira MLC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Barros-Gomes S, Tarasoutchi F, Rodrigues ACT, Nhola LF, Lemos PA, Morhy SS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve, Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Trials</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Secondary or functional mitral regurgitation (MR) is due to changes in the geometry of the left ventricle (LV) secondary to ventricular dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> It occurs when an ischemic heart disease or a dilated cardiomyopathy of any etiology causes dilation of the LV, dilation of the mitral ring, and/or displacement of the papillary muscle, resulting in poor coaptation of the valve cusps and valve regurgitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> the American Heart Association indicates that 16,250 per million North Americans have secondary MR,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> totaling more than 5 million cases in the United States of America alone, and this number is estimated to be even greater due to the continued growth and aging of the population. This is noteworthy, as secondary MR causes a poor prognosis and is an independent predictor of mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>For many years, the mechanical intervention of secondary MR (surgical or percutaneous) has been restricted to cases refractory to conventional clinical treatment,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> with evidence mainly supported by two important studies conducted by the Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The first study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> randomized 301 patients with moderate ischemic MR and found no differences in ventricular geometry between patients who undergone surgical myocardial revascularization versus the combination of surgical revascularization and mitral valve repair. The second study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> surveyed 251 patients with severe MR and found no differences regarding mortality, in addition to the greater recurrence of mitral regurgitation and complication rates among patients treated with mitral valve repair versus valve replacement. Considering these two studies, the recommendations of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> and the Brazilian Guidelines for Valvular Heart Disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> classified surgical or percutaneous mitral valve intervention as a Class IIb indication.</p>
        <p>Until recently, no randomized trial had compared percutaneous secondary MR intervention with the conventional clinical treatment. In 2018, the conduct towards secondary MR decisively changed with the presentation of two randomized clinical trials: the <italic>Multicentre Study of Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair MitraClip Device in Patients With Severe Secondary Mitral Regurgitation</italic> (MITRA-FR)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> and the <italic>Cardiovascular Outcomes Assessment of the MitraClip Percutaneous Therapy for Heart Failure Patients with Functional Mitral Regurgitation</italic> (COAPT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> These studies evaluated the efficacy and safety of two therapeutic strategies in patients with severe secondary MR &#8211; percutaneous therapy with MitraClip&#174; together with optimized clinical treatment versus optimized clinical treatment alone.</p>
        <p>In this article, the main similarities and differences between both studies will be addressed, in addition to considering the application of this procedure to the clinical practice, including the ideal profile of the candidate for the procedure. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref></p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of recruitment, randomization and clinical follow-up</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">MITRA-FR</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">COAPT</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Patients, n</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">304</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">614</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Patients Intervention/Control, n</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">152/152</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">302/312</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Study period, years</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2013-2017</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2012-2017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Inclusion criteria</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">ERO, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt; 20</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt; 30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">RV, mL/beat</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">LVEF, %</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15-40</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20-50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">LVESD, mm</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">NA</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8805; 70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Daily medications</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Adjusted in each group according to clinical practice</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Maximum stabilized dose and resynchronization<break/>therapy if appropriate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Symptoms</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">NYHA II, III, IV</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">NYHA II, III, IV</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; ERO: effective regurgitant orifice area; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; RV: regurgitant volume.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>MITRA-FR</title>
          <p>MITRA-FR was a multicenter study conducted in 37 French centers that randomized 304 patients with severe secondary MR, symptomatic systolic heart failure (HF), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between 15% and 40% in two therapeutic strategies, in a 1:1 ratio, allocated for percutaneous treatment with MitraClip&#174; together with optimized clinical treatment (intervention group; 152 patients) versus isolated optimized clinical treatment (control group; 152 patients).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Severe secondary MR was defined as having an effective regurgitant orifice area (ERO) &gt; 20 mm<sup>2</sup> or regurgitant volume (RV) &gt; 30 mL per beat. The primary endpoint was mortality from any cause or hospitalization for HF within 12 months. Patients in both groups showed an improvement in the functional class, but with no significant difference between the two groups. Finally, there was no significant difference in the composite primary endpoint (54.6% vs. 51.3%, respectively; p = 0.53), mortality rate (24.3% vs. 22.4%; p &gt; 0.05), and hospitalization rate (48.7% vs. 47.4%; p &gt; 0.05) between the intervention versus control group during 1 year of follow-up. Likewise, there was no significant difference in the composite primary endpoint (63.8% vs. 67.1%, respectively; p &gt; 0.05), mortality rate (34.9% vs. 34.2%; p &gt; 0.05), and hospitalization rate (55.9% vs. 61.8%; p &gt; 0.05) between the intervention versus control group during 2 years of follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> The authors concluded that MitraClip&#174; is safe and effective in secondary MR compared with optimized clinical treatment, but with no improvement in survival or reduced hospitalization for HF in patients with secondary MR and systolic HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>COAPT</title>
          <p>COAPT was a multicenter study that randomized 614 patients in 78 North American and Canadian centers with symptomatic systolic HF and moderate to severe (3+) or severe (4+) secondary MR, defined as ERO &gt; 30 mm<sup>2</sup> or RV &gt; 45 mL per beat, with LVEF &#8805;of 20% (mean LVEF of 31.3 &#177; 9.3%), in the ratio of 1: 1, allocated for percutaneous treatment with MitraClip&#174; together with optimized clinical treatment (intervention group; 302 patients) versus isolated optimized clinical treatment (control group; 312 patients).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Symptomatic HF was defined as symptoms of HF despite the maximum tolerated drug dose. The primary efficacy endpoint was hospitalization for HF within 24 months and the primary safety endpoint was an event free of complications related to MitraClip&#174; at 12 months. The annual rate of hospitalization for HF within 24 months was 35.8% per patient/year in the intervention group versus 67.9% in the control group (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> 0.53; 95%CI 0.40-0.70; p &lt;0.001). The percentage of event-free complications related to the device in 12 months was 96.6% (p &lt; 0.001), whereas death from any cause in 24 months occurred in 29.1% in the intervention group compared with 46.1% in the control group (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> 0.62; 95%CI, 0.46-0.82; p &lt; 0.001). The intervention group not only reduced the rate of hospitalizations for HF by 47%, but also reduced mortality by 38%. Reduction in the absolute risk of all-cause mortality in the MitraClip&#174; group was 17%, and the number necessary for treatment in order to prevent death in 2 years was 5.9; to prevent hospitalization for HF in 2 years, it was 3.1. The authors concluded that the MitraClip&#174; combined therapy and optimized clinical treatment for patients with symptomatic systolic HF and moderate to severe or severe MR reduces the number of hospitalizations for HF and all-cause mortality in 2 years when compared with exclusively optimized clinical treatment. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">3</xref> compare the characteristics and clinical outcomes between both studies.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Variable<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">a</xref></th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">MITRA-FR</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">COAPT</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Clinical</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">Age, years</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; MitraClip group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">70 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">72 &#177; 12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; Control group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">71 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">73 &#177; 10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="2">Sex, male, n (%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">120 (79)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">201 (67)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">107 (70)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">(62)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">NYHA, %</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">-I</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">-II</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">32.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">-III</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">58.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">52.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">-IV</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; MitraClip group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">95 (62.5)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">184 (60.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; Control group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">85 (56.3)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">189 (60.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Previous myocardial revascularization</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; MitraClip group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">71 (46.7)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">PCI: 130 (43.0) CABG: 121 (40.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; Control group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">62 (42.4)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">PCI: 153 (49.0) CABG: 126 (40.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Previous cardiac resynchronization</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; MitraClip group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">46 (30.5)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">115 (38.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; Control group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">35 (23.0)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">109 (34.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Surgical Risk</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">- STS score</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">NA</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8.2 &#177; 5.9%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">- EuroScore II</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.2 (3.5-11)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">MR severity, %</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">- ERO 20-29 mm<sup>2</sup> (moderate)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">157 (52.2)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">80 (13.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">- ERO 30-39 mm<sup>2</sup> (moderate/severe)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">95 (31.6)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">270 (45.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">- ERO &#8805; 40 mm<sup>2</sup> (severe)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">49 (16.3)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">241 (40.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">ERO, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">31 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">41 &#177; 15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">LVEDVI, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">135 &#177; 35</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">101 &#177; 34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">LVEF, %</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">33 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">31 &#177; 9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>ERO: effective regurgitant orifice area; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NA: not applicable; NYHA: New York Heart Association; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons &#8211; risk of death within 30 days after mitral valve replacement; LVEDVI: left ventricular end-diastolic volume index.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>Categorical variables are reported in numbers (percentages); continuous variables are reported as mean &#177; standard deviation [SD] and median (interquartile range).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfecho cl&#237;nico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Variable<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref></th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">MITRA-FR</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">COAPT</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" colspan="2" align="left">MitraClip Group only, n</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">- Complications in the procedure</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">21 (14.6)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">25 (8.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">- MR &#8805; +2 on discharge</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">93 (24.4)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">214 (17.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">- MR &#8805; +2 in 2 years</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">48 (49.5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">b</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">26 (22.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Mortality from any cause in 2 years, n</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; MitraClip group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">53 (34.9)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">80 (29.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; Control group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">52 (34.2)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">121 (46.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">p value</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt;0.05</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Hospitalizations for CHF in 2 years, n</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; MitraClip group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">85 (55.9)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">92 (35.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; Control group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">94 (61.8)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">151 (56.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">p value</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt;0.05</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Mortality from any cause or hospitalizations associated with HF in 2 years, n</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; MitraClip group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">97 (63.8)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">129 (45.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8211; Control group</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">102 (67.1)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">191 (67.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">p value</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt;0.05</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>HF: heart failure; CHF: congestive heart failure; MR: mitral regurgitation.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>Categorical variables are reported in numbers (percentages).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>MR +2 in 1 year.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Main Similarities and Differences</title>
          <p>Both trials had conflicting results, with COAPT showing benefit from MitraClip&#174; versus drug therapy, whereas MITRA-FR showed no benefit related to MitraClip&#174;. Undoubtedly, these two studies have changed the researchers' understanding of secondary MR. But why did they show significantly different results? Why did the COAPT study have a positive result, whereas the MITRA-FR was neutral? The answer to this question is probably multifactorial and includes differences in patients' selection, optimization of drug therapy, grade of MR, and ventricular remodeling.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Recruitment:</title>
            <p>The COAPT recruitment was more selective compared with MITRA-FR, considering that its recruitment was slower and more prolonged. The number of patients was different in both studies: COAPT recruited about 300 patients in each group, and MITRA-FR, around 150 patients. Perhaps the sample size of the MITRA-FR population, after excluding patients with incomplete follow-up, may not have been sufficient to detect statistical significance and thus avoid type II error, especially in relation to secondary endpoints. In the COAPT study, the number of hospitalizations between the two therapeutic strategies has diverged since the beginning of the follow-up, partially explained by the more rigorous drug treatment.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Grade of MR:</title>
            <p>In MITRA-FR, the mean ERO was 31 mm<sup>2</sup>, whereas COAPT had a mean ERO of 41 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Although the inclusion criterion for both studies was MR with grade from moderate to severe, the COAPT study followed the North American recommendations of 2008,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> which classifies moderate to severe MR when the ERO is &#8805; 30 mm<sup>2</sup> and/or 45 mL RV; MITRA-FR followed the European recommendations of 2012:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> ERO &#8805; of 20 mm<sup>2</sup> and/or 30 mL RV classified as moderate to severe MR. This disagreement is based on the concept that mortality in patients with secondary MR is significantly higher for lower levels of ERO and RV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> However, the mechanism of functional MR is complex and it is unknown whether moderate ERO or RV actively work as causes of ventricular remodeling and dysfunction, or if they are mere markers resulting from incipient cardiomyopathy. Subsequent guidelines returned ERO and RV to their usual values; based on current recommendations, ERO of 30 mm<sup>2</sup> is considered moderate, whereas ERO of &#8805; 40 mm<sup>2</sup> is considered severe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> New studies suggest that the unified approach, based on the integration of ERO, RV, and regurgitant fraction (RF), may be an excellent discriminator of severe secondary MR when compared with the algorithms established in the latest guidelines and, therefore, an excellent identifier of patients at high risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Hence, a significant number of patients (52%) with moderate MR (ERO of 20-30 mm<sup>2</sup>) were recruited for MITRA-FR, whereas only 14% of patients with these characteristics were recruited for COAPT. Regarding severe MR, (ERO &#8805; of 40 mm<sup>2</sup>), only 16% of MITRA-FR patients had severe MR versus 41% of COAPT. The findings of both studies suggest that the benefit of MitraClip&#174; is greater for patients with ERO &gt; 40 mm<sup>2</sup> (i.e., truly severe MR).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Ventricular Remodeling:</title>
            <p>The mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) of the patients in the MITRA-FR study was 135 mL/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> compared with 101 mL/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> of the COAPT. The LV was significantly greater in MITRA-FR, characterizing more remodeled ventricles, in more advanced stages of cardiomyopathy. This difference is probably due to the exclusion of patients with severe dilation/dysfunction in COAPT (LV systolic diameter &gt; 70 mm), whereas in MITRA-FR there was no such limitation. The inclusion criterion for LVEF between the two studies was also different: COAPT included patients with LVEF of 20-50% versus LVEF of 10-40% in MITRA-FR. Interestingly, a subgroup of patients in the COAPT study who did not benefit from treatment with MitraClip&#174; (number of hospitalizations associated with HF within 12 months) consisted of patients with ERO and LVEDVI relatively similar to those recruited in the MITRA-FR study (ERO &#8805; of 30 mm<sup>2</sup> and LVEDVI &gt; 96 mL/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> These facts suggest that patients with moderate MR, markedly more dilated LV, and with greater dysfunction may not be ideal candidates for the treatment with MitraClip&#174;. In fact, the high recurrence of MR and the worst clinical outcome had been previously reported in the surgical correction of patients with ischemic MR, ventricular dilation (LV diastolic diameter &gt; 65 mm), and severe LV dysfunction (LVEF &lt; 20% and LV systolic diameter &gt; 55 mm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> In the MITRA-FR study, cardiomyopathy was possibly the main cause of HF symptoms and, consequently, the determinant of the unfavorable clinical outcome, i.e., MR was merely a factor secondary to ventricular remodeling. On the other hand, in the COAPT study, HF was partly due to MR and, therefore, the grade of MR in the COAPT trial was higher, while cardiomyopathy was less advanced (smaller LV and greater LVEF).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Drug Therapy and Therapeutic Optimization:</title>
            <p>In the COAPT study, the patient inclusion criterion was symptomatic systolic HF despite the maximum tolerated drug dose, use of cardiac resynchronization therapy, use of defibrillators, and myocardial revascularization therapy (if appropriate). Patients were clinically optimized prior to recruitment and only a few medication adjustments were made during follow-up. Conversely, in the MITRA-FR study, it was not possible to optimize the medication in all patients before randomization and multiple readjustments during follow-up. In MITRA-FR, the medication was adjusted by the researchers, whereas in COAPT the medication was more rigorously adjusted by a group of specialists who supervised the maximum tolerated dose, before and after the intervention. The initial dosage and adjusted doses of each medication were accounted for in the COAPT study. Certainly, this rigor in terms of dosage and drug optimization implemented in the COAPT study does not reflect the daily clinical practice.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Success in Reducing MR:</title>
            <p>At the end of 12 months, 83% of MITRA-FR patients had MR &#8804; +2 (moderate) compared with 95% of COAPT patients. Consequently, 17% of MITRA-FR patients had MR &#8805; +3 (moderate/severe) in 12 months compared with 5% of COAPT patients. The COAPT study had a more aggressive strategy in terms of implanted clips when compared with MITRA-FR (use of one clip in 36% of cases for COAPT vs. 46% for MITRA-FR; two clips in 55% of COAPT cases vs. 46% for MITRA-FR; three clips in 55% of COAPT cases vs. 9% of MITRA-FR; four clips in 0.3% of COAPT patients vs. 0% for MITRA-FR). The higher success rate in reducing MR may be associated with favorable results.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Pathophysiology:</title>
            <p>Divergences in terms of pathophysiology have been elegantly demonstrated by Packer and Grayburn et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> who presented the concept of proportionate MR versus disproportionate MR based on the combination of ERO and end-diastolic volume (EDV) &#8211; ERO/EDV ratio. Assuming a LVEF of 30% and a regurgitant fraction of 50% (profile of patients in the trials), the authors graphically showed that an ERO of 30 mm<sup>2</sup> and a higher EDV (between 220-240 mL) could result in a regurgitant fraction of 50%, and a 20 mm<sup>2</sup> ERO and normal EDV could result in a 50% regurgitant fraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> The authors suggest that percutaneous treatment of the mitral valve by MitraClip&#174; is more beneficial for patients with disproportionate MR as for the size of the LV, i.e., when the MR is greater than expected for an dilated LV, treatment with MitraClip&#174; may have a more favorable result (larger ERO and lower LV). In contrast, proportionate MR would represent sicker patients, with larger ventricles and a lower grade of MR. In other words, patients with late-stage cardiomyopathy selected for interventional treatment.</p>
            <p>Nevertheless, Gaasch and Meyer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> suggested that the severity of MR between the two trials is actually quite similar. The authors argue that the pathophysiology of MR is better described by RV (or the regurgitant fraction) than by ERO. RV is determined by ERO and the magnitude and duration of the systolic pressure gradient through the regurgitant valve, i.e., ERO is only one of the determining variables of RV. In fact, RV affects the LV size at a given LVEF, and has a direct relationship with the EDV. Thus, they graphically proposed that the association between severity of MR and LV size should be based on the ratio between RV and EDV &#8211; RV/EDV ratio &#8211;, with its quotient being uniformly corrected, making it a dimensionless index. Assuming a 50% regurgitant fraction in the COAPT study (assumption based on LVEF and echocardiographic data) and a 53% regurgitant fraction provided in MITRA-FR, the RV/EDV ratio was 0.18 and 0.15, respectively. These coefficients of proportionality are relatively low (both &lt; 0.20) and similar to the values reported in previous studies on secondary MR, reflecting a proportionally small contribution of RV to a large EDV. Thus, there is a disproportionate increase in the LV in the patients' profile of the two trials typically observed in patients with secondary MR (disproportionate MR) compared with patients with primary MR (EDV proportional to RV).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Underestimated volumes:</title>
            <p>In the COAPT study, patients had a mean ERO of 41 &#177; 15 mm<sup>2</sup>, which corresponds to a RV of at least 45-60 mL. The total stroke volume of the LV in the COAPT study was 57 mL (LV end-diastolic volume subtracted from the end-systolic volume), which is totally incompatible to maintain a satisfactory cardiac output. Assuming a 57-mL total stroke volume of the LV, RV is hence the total stroke volume of the LV subtracted from the stroke volume in the outlet (i.e., the total stroke volume of the LV is equal to the mitral RV plus the stroke volume in the left ventricular outflow tract, the forward stroke volume ranges from 0 to 15 mL, which would be incompatible with life. It is clear that EDV in the COAPT study is underestimated. If we assume a 41-mm<sup>2</sup> ERO and a 60-mL RV (similar to the COAPT study), EDV should be greater than 300 mL (assuming a 50% regurgitant fraction and 31% LVEF as reported in the study). Nevertheless, the LV diastolic diameter was smaller in the COAPT study (mean of 69 mm in MITRA-FR versus 62 mm in COAPT), confirming smaller LVs.</p>
            <p>In fact, the quantification of secondary MR using two-dimensional echocardiography is challenging due to the numerous limitations of the method itself, in addition to the complex pathophysiology of MR. In patients with functional MR, ERO and RV, according to the PISA method, are mostly underestimated with values of cardiac resonance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> and three-dimensional echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> The non-circular orifice and the dynamic behavior of MR significantly contribute to these differences. Perhaps the regurgitant fraction can overcome these limitations and corroborate as an essential variable of severity, in addition to its important prognostic role.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> The regurgitant fraction is calculated by the ratio between RV and total stroke volume (RV/total stroke volume) &#8211; which, despite being variables dependent on LV loading conditions, size, and function, its quotient is uniformly corrected by these parameters, thus being a more robust indicator.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title><italic>Other factors</italic>:</title>
            <p>It is worth noting that unlike primary MR, in which severity is purely quantified based on the MR grade, secondary MR is complex, heterogeneous, and influenced by several factors: age, underlying disease, comorbidities, LV remodeling, extent of infarction, hemodynamic disorders, among others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> In the COAPT study, the combined outcome mortality or hospitalization for heart failure in the group that was treated with MitraClip&#174; was relatively significant (46%). This shows that, regardless of valve repair, these patients continue to have a poor prognosis, considering that most part of the risk is related to these factors.</p>
            <p>Likewise, Cavalvante et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> demonstrated that the regurgitant fraction and the infarction size measured in patients with ischemic heart disease consist in important risk stratifications that go beyond the size of the LV and other clinical variables. The authors also reported that the prognosis of these patients is worse as the infarction size and the grade of MR increase. Noteworthily, the extent of fibrosis was not measured in MITRA-FR and COAPT studies, but the authors of the present article believe that it certainly had a clinical impact on the outcome of these studies. Perhaps patients with larger hearts and a larger area of infarction cannot benefit from MitraClip&#174;. Likewise, it is possible to speculate that patients in the MITRA-FR study had a larger area of fibrosis and, therefore, less benefit from the MitraClip&#174; therapy. New studies correlating clinical outcomes in patients treated with MitraClip&#174; and the extent of fibrosis would be interesting.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Implications for Clinical Practice</title>
          <p>Both studies evaluated the same clinical entity: functional or secondary MR. In the COAPT study, patients were symptomatic despite rigorous optimized clinical therapy, had more severe MR, smaller LV, and better systolic function compared with MITRA-FR. In the MITRA-FR study, patients had less severe MR, larger LV, and worse systolic function, in a more advanced stage of cardiomyopathy. Ventricular dysfunction was the main cause of HF and clinical outcomes and, therefore, therapy with MitraClip&#174; may not be considerably beneficial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
          <p>The early identification of secondary MR before LV is over-dilated is crucial. Although being considered a successful procedure a residual MR &#8805; +2 (moderate), the goal of the procedure should be MR &#8804; +1 (mild), and the implantation of additional clips should be taken into account in order to achieve this goal. Considering the findings of COAPT and MITRA-FR studies, the authors of the present article believe that both studies are complementary. It is expected for the randomized study RESHAPE-HF (<italic>A Randomized Study of the MitraClip Device in Heart Failure Patients With Clinically Significant Functional Mitral Regurgitation</italic>),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> still in the recruitment step and with the same inclusion criteria as COAPT, to provide an even greater understanding of the pathophysiology of secondary MR, especially after conflicting data.</p>
          <p>Moreover, the authors are currently in the process of defining the ideal candidate for the treatment of secondary mitral regurgitation by MitraClip&#174;. The size of infarction and/or fibrosis may also assist in better selecting these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> In addition, the severity of MR must be confirmed as being purely due to the severity of MR and not to other risk and confounding factors. The COAPT study emphasizes the important role of MR in the pathophysiology of systolic HF and, with appropriate patient selection, excluding those with larger LV, sicker, with larger area of fibrosis, and moderate MR, and selecting patients with very severe MR in such a way it contributes to the severity of the disease itself, percutaneous treatment of secondary MR by MitraClip&#174; can be beneficial as long as it meets the following criteria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>):</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The complexity of functional mitral regurgitation and the selection of the ideal candidate* for the MitraClip&#174; implant. Dysf.: dysfunction; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; ERO: effective regurgitant orifice area; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RF: regurgitant fraction; RV: regurgitant volume.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1011-00063-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>To ensure that the severity of MR is purely attributable to the severity of MR and not to other factors that influence MR (age, comorbidities, other heart diseases, degree of ventricular dysfunction, extent of fibrosis, extent of remodeling).</p>
          <p>Assessment of the severity of MR by integrating multiple parameters in addition to ERO: RV, regurgitant fraction, and possible quantification of the extent of the fibrosis area.</p>
          <p>MR &#8805; +3 (moderate to severe), defined as ERO &#8805; 30 mm<sup>2</sup> and/or 45 mL RV per beat.</p>
          <p>LVEF of 20-50% and LV systolic diameter &lt; 70 mm.</p>
          <p>Symptoms of HF despite optimized clinical therapy (maximum tolerated dose), including cardiac resynchronization therapy and myocardial revascularization, if appropriate.</p>
          <p>Experienced interventionist group, with technical success in reducing MR &#8805; +2 greater than 95%.</p>
          <p>The presence of a multidisciplinary team (heart team) for the management, treatment, and optimization of HF.</p>
          <p>After intervention, close monitoring of medications and volume status.</p>
          <p>Early identification of secondary MR and referral to a multidisciplinary team (heart team) before over-dilation of the ventricle or the patient is hospitalized, requiring intensive care or inotropic support.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
