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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7PMzdNGksKXPGyG4gDbPxqm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000601007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200927</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200927</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Evolu&#231;&#227;o da Angioplastia Transluminal Coronariana na America Latina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1633-0883</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0361-2569</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Michel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Denk</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarbine</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Lazaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maranh&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Fernando Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Ortiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini Ltda</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini Ltda, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Curitiba</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Costantino Roberto Costantini</bold> &#8226; Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini Ltda &#8211; Hemodin&#226;mica - Rua Pedro Collere, 890. CEP <postal-code>80320-320</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>crcostantini@hospitalcostantini.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Costantini CR, Macedo RM, Denk MA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Costantini CR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Costantini CR, Macedo RM, Denk MA, Tarbine S, Garcia L, Maranh&#227;o MFC, Costantini CO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1007</fpage>
      <lpage>1010</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Cineangiografia/hist&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o/hist&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio/metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="2"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Em agosto de 1979, dois anos e um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da primeira angioplastia no mundo por Andreas Gr&#252;ntzig (setembro de 1977),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> recebemos na Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba (SCMC) um paciente (A. S. O.) de 55 anos, sexo masculino, com quadro de angina aos esfor&#231;os. O mesmo foi submetido a uma cineangiocoronariografia, que mostrou uma les&#227;o cr&#237;tica (estenose avaliada entre 75-80%), localizada no segmento proximal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD). A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (ACEsq) apresentava aspecto angiogr&#225;fico normal e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) uma hipocinesia discreta na parede inferior com a v&#225;lvula mitral competente.</p>
    <p>Surgia, ent&#227;o, a oportunidade de colocar em pr&#225;tica pela primeira vez na America Latina a t&#233;cnica descrita por Gr&#252;ntzig et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Isso porque as les&#245;es encontradas neste paciente preenchiam as caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas necess&#225;rias: les&#227;o &#250;nica, curta (&lt; 10 mm), proximal, com aus&#234;ncia de espasmo, conc&#234;ntrica, n&#227;o calcificada e indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Dessa forma, ap&#243;s uma discuss&#227;o entre a equipe cl&#237;nica e o servi&#231;o de cirurgia cardiovascular, optou-se por propor ao paciente a dilata&#231;&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o da ACD como tentativa de tratamento de sua insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a sua concord&#226;ncia, em 10 de agosto de 1979 o paciente foi encaminhado para a sala de hemodin&#226;mica, sendo submetido &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) descrita por Costantini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Ap&#243;s a ICP, a obstru&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica da ACD foi reduzida a uma les&#227;o de grau discreto (estenose avaliada entre 15-20%). Apesar do bom resultado angiogr&#225;fico, existia a preocupa&#231;&#227;o com o metabolismo do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco. Na aus&#234;ncia de outro m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, foi realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica por meio da extra&#231;&#227;o de uma amostra de sangue do seio coron&#225;rio para avalia&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido l&#225;tico, que confirmou a adequada oferta de oxig&#234;nio ao m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco conforme demonstra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>A) ACD Les&#227;o em segmento proximal; B) Local da les&#227;o p&#243;s-angioplastia; C) Dosagem de &#225;cido l&#225;ctico pr&#233; e p&#243;s-angioplastia (ano de 1979).</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1007-00927-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>Nos anos seguintes, o paciente (A. S. O.) foi rigorosamente monitorado quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o de sua doen&#231;a coronariana. Outros tratamentos foram realizados ao longo do tempo, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de novas t&#233;cnicas e tecnologias. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresentam toda a sua evolu&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica entre os anos de 1982 e 2009.</p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <label>Figura 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica entre 1982 e 2009 (A. S. O.).</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1007-00927-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <label>Tabela 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Descritivo do quadro evolutivo e tratamento do paciente (A. S. O.) entre 1982 e 2009</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
        <colgroup width="25%">
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
          <col/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <th align="left" valign="middle">Data</th>
            <th valign="middle" align="center">Exame</th>
            <th valign="middle" align="center">Diagn&#243;stico</th>
            <th valign="middle" align="center">Conduta</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">1982</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">Cateterismo card&#237;aco:<break/>3 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">ACD com resultado angiogr&#225;fico mantido; TCESQ: les&#227;o de grau discreto; ADA e ACX: les&#245;es de grau discreto.</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">Tratamento cl&#237;nico</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">1993</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">Cateterismo card&#237;aco:<break/>14 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">VE fun&#231;&#227;o preservada; ACD: les&#227;o de grau discreto no 1/3 proximal. TCESQ: les&#227;o de grau discreto; ADA: les&#227;o de grau moderado no 1/3 proximal e severo no 1/3 m&#233;dio; ACX: les&#227;o de grau severo no 1/3 distal.</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">ICP com aterectomia rotacional em ADA e com cateter-bal&#227;o em ACX</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">1997</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">Cateterismo card&#237;aco:<break/>18 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">VE fun&#231;&#227;o preservada, ACD: les&#227;o de grau discreto no 1/3 proximal e severo no 1/3 distal com presen&#231;a de placa ulcerada pelo USIC. TCESQ: les&#227;o de grau discreto; ADA: reestenose angiogr&#225;fica de angioplastia pr&#233;via; ACX: resultado angiogr&#225;fico. mantido em 1/3 distal.</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">ICP com implante de stent PS 4,0*15 mm em segmento distal de ACD e com cateter-bal&#227;o em 1/3 m&#233;dio proximal de ADA</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">1999</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">Cateterismo card&#237;aco:<break/>20 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o<break/>(angina est&#225;vel)</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">VE fun&#231;&#227;o preservada; ACD: les&#227;o de grau discreto no 1/3 proximal avaliado com USIC e boa evolu&#231;&#227;o em local submetido a stent PS. TCESQ: les&#227;o de grau discreto; ADA: resultado angiogr&#225;fico mantido; ACX: resultado angiogr&#225;fico mantido em 1/3 distal.</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">Tratamento cl&#237;nico</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">2003</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">Cateterismo card&#237;aco:<break/>24 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o<break/>(angina est&#225;vel)</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">VE Fun&#231;&#227;o preservada, ACD: les&#227;o de grau discreto na 1/3 proximal e boa evolu&#231;&#227;o em local submetido a stent PS. TCESQ: les&#227;o de grau discreto; ADA: reestenose angiogr&#225;fica de angioplastia pr&#233;via e placa ulcerada em &#243;stio; ACX: reestenose angiogr&#225;fica de grau moderado em 1/3 distal.</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">ICP com implante de dois stents Cypher&#174; guiados com USIC em 1/3 proximal e m&#233;dio de ADA (2,75*18 e 2,75*33 mm). Placa ulcerada do &#243;stio avaliada com USIC e mantida em tratamento cl&#237;nico por apresentar l&#250;men arterial preservado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">2005</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">Cateterismo card&#237;aco:<break/>26 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o<break/>(angina est&#225;vel recorrente)</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">VE Fun&#231;&#227;o preservada; ACD: les&#227;o de grau moderado na 1/3 proximal e boa evolu&#231;&#227;o em local submetido a stents PS avaliados com USIC. TCESQ: les&#227;o de grau moderado; ADA: les&#227;o ostial com crit&#233;rios de severidade pela avalia&#231;&#227;o com USIC; ACX: reestenose angiogr&#225;fica de grau severo em 1/3 distal.</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">ICP com implante de um stent Taxus&#174; em 1/3 distal da ACX (2,75*24 mm) e implante de stent Taxus&#174; em &#243;stio de ADA (3,0*32 mm) guiados com USIC</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">2007</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">Cateterismo card&#237;aco:<break/>28 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o<break/>(angina est&#225;vel classe II)</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">VE fun&#231;&#227;o preservada, ACD: les&#227;o de grau moderado a importante no 1/3 proximal na avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica e lim&#237;trofe na avalia&#231;&#227;o com USIC e boa evolu&#231;&#227;o em local submetido a stent PS. TCESQ: les&#227;o de grau severo no 1/3 distal, ADA: boa evolu&#231;&#227;o de stents pr&#233;vios avaliados com USIC, ACX: boa evolu&#231;&#227;o de stent pr&#233;vio.</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">ICP com implante de um stent Taxus&#174; em TCESQ (4,0*28 mm) guiado com USIC</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">2008</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">Check-up:<break/>angiotomografia/<break/>cintilografia</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">Perfus&#227;o normal; VE fun&#231;&#227;o preservada; ACD: les&#227;o de grau moderado a importante (60-70%) no 1/3 proximal e stent PS com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m com les&#227;o severa (70%) em seu bordo proximal. TCESQ: stent pr&#233;vio com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o; ADA: stents pr&#233;vios com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o; ACX: stent pr&#233;vio com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o.</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">Tratamento cl&#237;nico</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">2009</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">Cateterismo card&#237;aco:<break/>30 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o (angina est&#225;vel classe II)</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">ACD: Avalia&#231;&#227;o do 1/3 proximal com USIC na modalidade de histologia virtual e OCT evidenciando &#225;rea luminal lim&#237;trofe com presen&#231;a de grande core necr&#243;tico pela histologia e presen&#231;a de uma fina camada da &#237;ntima pela avalia&#231;&#227;o com OCT; no 1/3 distal observa-se boa evolu&#231;&#227;o do stent PS e placa severa em 1/3 m&#233;dio com presen&#231;a de &#250;lcera.</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="center">ICP com implante de um stent met&#225;lico (3,5*18 mm) em 1/3 m&#233;dio de ACD.<break/>Les&#227;o de 1/3 proximal da ACD foi mantida em tratamento cl&#237;nico</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
      <table-wrap-foot>
        <fn id="TFN1">
          <p>ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; TCESQ: tronco coron&#225;ria esquerda; ACX: art&#233;ria circunflexa; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; USIC: ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio; OCT: tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica; PS: Palmaz-Schatz.</p>
        </fn>
      </table-wrap-foot>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>Em mar&#231;o de 2010, o paciente reingressa com novo quadro de angina est&#225;vel (AE) classe II, sendo submetido ao nono cateterismo card&#237;aco, como apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>. A ventriculografia apresentava VE com volumes discretamente aumentados devido &#224; hipocinesia difusa, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 46% (A) e progress&#227;o importante da les&#227;o do 1/3 proximal submetida &#224; angioplastia em 1979 (B). O USIC mostrou uma &#225;rea luminal de 3,22 mm<sup>2</sup> (C). ACEsq apresentava &#243;tima evolu&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica nos locais submetidos a implante de <italic>stents</italic> (D, E). Por apresentar quadro de AE e com a progress&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica do 1/3 proximal da ACD optou-se pelo implante de dois <italic>stents</italic> Taxus&#174; 4,0*16 mm e 4,0*12 mm (F), guiados com USIC (G, H). Os dois <italic>stents</italic> pr&#233;vios nos 1/3 m&#233;dio e distal apresentavam hiperplasia neointimal de grau discreto pela avalia&#231;&#227;o com USIC (I, J). Na avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica e com USIC dos <italic>stents</italic> implantados previamente em TCESQ e ADA, observou-se uma &#243;tima evolu&#231;&#227;o com presen&#231;a de discreto grau de hiperplasia neointimal (L-O).</p>
    <fig id="f3">
      <label>Figura 3</label>
      <caption>
        <title>A) VE; B) ACD resultado angiogr&#225;fico; C) ACD resultado USIC les&#227;o severa 1/3 proximal; D) TCESQ/ACX resultado angiogr&#225;fico; E) ADA resultado angiogr&#225;fico; F) ACD p&#243;s-implante de stents 1/3 proximal; G, H) ACD USIC p&#243;s novos stents 1/3 proximal; I, J) ACD USIC stents pr&#233;vios em 1/3 m&#233;dio e distal; K-O) TCESQ/ADA resultado angiogr&#225;fico e com USIC stents.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1007-00927-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s 41 anos de pioneirismo, seguindo com entusiasmo a t&#233;cnica que Gr&#252;ntzig nos ensinou, oferecemos aos nossos pacientes o que h&#225; de mais novo dentro da cardiologia intervencionista, buscando sempre novas tecnol&#243;gicas para fortalecer cada vez mais o tratamento da doen&#231;a coronariana.</p>
    <p>Ao acompanhar a trajet&#243;ria do paciente A. S. O., tivemos a grandiosa oportunidade de conhecer os aspectos morfol&#243;gicos desta patologia coron&#225;ria, que &#233; evolutiva e n&#227;o tem cura. Foi poss&#237;vel acompanhar todo o avan&#231;o terap&#234;utico e o diagn&#243;stico por imagem (angiografia, USIC e OCT), desde a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do primeiro cateter-bal&#227;o at&#233; a primeira gera&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s 34 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, o paciente A. S. O. faleceu em 2013 em virtude de causas neurol&#243;gicas. Aos seus familiares e em sua mem&#243;ria fica nosso eterno agradecimento pela confian&#231;a depositada em nossa equipe. Al&#233;m disso, ressaltamos a import&#226;ncia dos colegas Dr. Fl&#225;vio Nogueira (<italic>in memoriam</italic>) e Dr. Donaldo Pereira Garcia (<italic>in memoriam</italic>), que contribu&#237;ram sobremaneira para a evolu&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica no Brasil.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gr&#252;ntzig</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Myler</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanna</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turina</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transluminal angioplasty of coronary artery stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1977</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>84</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. Gr&#252;ntzig AR, Myler ES, Hanna ES, Turina MI. Transluminal angioplasty of coronary artery stenosis. Circulation. 1977; 56 (Suppl 2): 84-90.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costantini</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rojas</surname>
              <given-names>RI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michelotto</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angioplastia coronariana transluminal. Aspectos cineangiogr&#225;ficos e metab&#243;licos. Relato de um caso</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1980</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>307</fpage>
          <lpage>310</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Costantini CR, Garcia LC, Garcia DP, Rojas RI, Michelotto PV, Nogueira F. Angioplastia coronariana transluminal. Aspectos cineangiogr&#225;ficos e metab&#243;licos. Relato de um caso. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1980; 34(4): 307-10.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Evolution of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Latin America</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1633-0883</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0361-2569</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Michel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Denk</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarbine</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Lazaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maranh&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Fernando Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Ortiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini Ltda, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Costantino Roberto Costantini</bold> &#8226; Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini Ltda &#8211; Hemodin&#226;mica - Rua Pedro Collere, 890. Postal Code <postal-code>80320-320</postal-code>, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>crcostantini@hospitalcostantini.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Costantini CR, Macedo RM, Denk MA; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Costantini CR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Costantini CR, Macedo RM, Denk MA, Tarbine S, Garcia L, Maranh&#227;o MFC, Costantini CO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Cineangiography/history</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/history</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty Balloon, Coronary/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardium/metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Evolution</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In August 1979, two years and one month after the first percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed in the world by Andreas Gr&#252;ntzig,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> we received at Santa Casa de Misericordia in Curitiba (SCMC) a 55-year-old male patient (A.S.O.) with Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) class 2 stable angina. Coronary angiography showed a severe (75-80 DS%) lesion in the middle segment of the Right Coronary Artery (RCA). The left coronary artery system did not have any significant atherosclerotic lesion and the left ventriculogram showed mild inferior wall hypokinesia with competent mitral and aortic valves.</p>
      <p>That was the opportunity to put into practice the technique described by Gruntzig et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> for the first time in Latin America. The clinical presentation and the angiographic characteristics of the lesion met all the criteria described by Gruntzig: Single lesion, short length (&lt;10mm), proximal arterial segment, without vasospasm, concentric, non-calcified and feasible for CABG. Thus, after discussing it with the clinical and cardiovascular surgery staff, it was decided to propose the dilation of the RCA obstruction to the patient as an attempt to treat his coronary disease.</p>
      <p>After patient consent was obtained, on August 10, 1979 he was submitted to PCI as described by Costantini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. After the PCI, the severe RCA lesion was reduced to a mild lesion (15-20 DS%). Despite the good angiographic result, there was concern about the heart muscle metabolism. Thus, in the absence of another method for myocardial ischemia assessment, a metabolic evaluation was performed by extracting a blood sample from the coronary sinus during temporary pacemaker-induced tachycardia pre- and post-PCI for evaluation of lactic acid levels. This evaluation confirmed the adequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle after PCI as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) Proximal RCA lesion before PCI, B) Proximal RCA lesion post-PCI, C) Coronary Sinus Lactate level assessment pre- and post-PCI.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1007-00927-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>During the subsequent years, the patient (A.S.O) was closely monitored regarding the coronary heart disease evolution. Other treatments were performed over time and new techniques and technologies were used. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref> show patient evolution between 1982 and 2009.</p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Therapeutical evolution between 1982 and 2009 (A.S.O)</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1007-00927-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Description of the patient's evolution and treatment (A.S.O.) between 1982 and 2009</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Date</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Exam</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Diagnostics</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Conduct</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">1982</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Cardiac Catheterization<break/>3 years of FU</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">LV: RCA preserved systolic function with maintained angiographic result, LMT: mild lesion,<break/>LAD and LCX: mild lesions;</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Clinical Treatment</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">1993</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Cardiac Catheterization<break/>14 years of FU</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">LV: preserved systolic function, RCA: mild lesion in proximal LMT segment: mild lesion, LAD: moderate lesion in the proximal segment and severe lesion in the mid segment, LCX: severe lesion in the distal segment.</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Rotational atherectomy PCI of LAD lesion and balloon PCI of LCX lesion</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">1997</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Cardiac Catheterization<break/>14 years of FU</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">LVEF: preserved systolic function, RCA: mild lesion in the proximal segment and severe lesion in the distal segment with ulcerated plaque on IVUS assessment, LMT: mild lesion, LAD: angiographic restenosis of rotational atherectomy PCI LCX: mild lesion in the distal segment;</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">PCI with 4.0x15 mm Palmaz-Schatz stent implantation in the distal RCA; Balloon PCI of LAD</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">1999</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Cardiac Catheterization<break/>20 years of FU<break/>Stable Angina</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">LV: preserved systolic function, RCA: mild lesion in the proximal segment; good angio and IVUS outcome of the distal stent, LMT: mild lesion, LAD: good angiographic outcome, LCX: good angiographic outcome;</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Clinical treatment</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">2003</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Cardiac Catheterization<break/>24 years of FU<break/>Stable Angina</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">LV: preserved systolic function, RCA: mild lesion in the proximal segment, good angio and IVUS outcome of the distal stent, LMT: mild lesion, LAD: angiographic restenosis, ulcerated plaque in the LCX ostium: in stent 40% DS;</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Proximal and mid LAD IVUS-guided DES PCI (CYPHER 2.75x18 &amp; 2.75x33 mm). Ulcerated ostial plaque evaluated by IVUS and maintained in clinical treatment because it had preserved luminal area.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">2005</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Cardiac Catheterization<break/>26 years of FU<break/>Stable Angina</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">LV: preserved systolic function, RCA: mild lesion in proximal segment; good angio and IVUS outcome of the distal BMS, LMT: moderate lesion<break/>LAD: severe ostial lesion, good angiographic and IVUS evolution of DES, LCX: angiographic restenosis;</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Distal LCX (TAXUS stent) &amp; ostial LAD (TAXUS stent) IVUS-Guided DES PCI</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">2007</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Cardiac Catheterization<break/>28 years of FU<break/>Stable Angina</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">LV: preserved systolic function, RCA: Moderate lesion in the proximal RCA and good angio and IVUS outcome of the distal BMS, LMT: severe lesion<break/>LAD: good angiographic and IVUS evolution of DES LCX: good angiographic and IVUS evolution of DES;</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">LMT IVUS-Guided DES PCI <break/>(TAXUS 4.0x28 mm)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">2008</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Check-up<break/>Multi-Slice Computed Tomography/ Cardiac Nuclear Scan Test</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Normal perfusion, LV with preserved systolic function, RCA: moderate to severe lesion<break/>(60-70%) in the proximal segment and good evolution of the distal BMS;</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Clinical Treatment</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">2009</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Cardiac Catheterization<break/>30 years of FU<break/>Stable Angina</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">RCA: Virtual Histology and OCT assessment of the proximal segment showing intermediate luminal area stenosis with a large Necrotic core and TCFA. Severe stenotic and ulcerated lesion in the mid segment.</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">Mid RCA IVUS-Guided BMS (3.5x18mm) PCI<break/>(3.5x18 mm). The proximal RCA lesion was not submitted to any intervention and maintained on clinical treatment.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>RCA: right coronary artery; LMT: left main trunk; LCX: left circumflex artery; LAD: left anterior descending artery; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; IVUS: intravascular ultrasound; OCT: optical coherence tomography; BMS: bare metal stent; DES: drug-eluting stent; TCFA: thin-cap fibroatheroma.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In March 2010, the patient returned with CCS 2 stable angina, being submitted to the 9<sup>th</sup> cardiac catheterization, of which images are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 03</xref>. The LV gram showed slightly increased LV volumes due to diffuse hypokinesia and a 46% ejection fraction (A) and significant progression of the proximal 1/3 lesion submitted to angioplasty in 1979 (B). The IVUS showed a luminal area of 3.22 mm<sup>2</sup> (C). The LMT, LAD and LCX presented with an excellent angiographic evolution in sites submitted to stent implantation (D,E). Because of angina limitations and the progression of the atherosclerotic plate in the proximal RCA, it was opted to perform the IVUS-Guided DES PCI with two Taxus stents (4.0x16 mm and 4.0x12 mm) (F, G,H). The two previous stents in the middle and distal segments of the RCA showed mild neointimal hyperplasia in the IVUS assessment (I,J). In the angiographic and IVUS evaluation of previously implanted stents in the LMT and LAD, an optimal evolution was observed with the presence of a mild degree of neointimal hyperplasia (L-O).</p>
      <fig id="f6">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) LV; B) pre-intervention RCA; C) RCA IVUS assessment; D) LMT/LCX angiography; E) LAD angiography; F) post-intervention RCA; G,H) post-intervention RCA IVUS; I,J) RCA IVUS assessment of the mid and distal segments in previous stents; K-O) LMT/LAD angiographic and IVUS previous stents.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1007-00927-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Forty-one years after a pioneering intervention, enthusiastically following the technique that Gr&#252;ntzig taught us, we can offer our patients the newest technology in interventional cardiology, always seeking new methods to improve the treatment of coronary heart disease.</p>
      <p>By following the trajectory of patient A.S.O., we had the great opportunity to learn about the morphological aspects of this coronary pathology, which is progressive and has no cure. It was possible to monitor all therapeutic and diagnostic imaging advances (angiography, IVUS and OCT) starting with the use of the first balloon-catheter to the first generation of drug-eluting stents.</p>
      <p>After 34 years of evolution of the first angioplasty performed in Latin America, patient A.S.O. died in 2013 from neurological causes. To his family and in his memory, our eternal gratitude for the trust placed in our team.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
