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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vPXQbHZ8G3prYkcDFv4nSTb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000601003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200873</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200873</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Redu&#231;&#227;o no N&#250;mero de Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda Suspeita e Confirmada nos Primeiros Meses da Pandemia da Covid-19: An&#225;lise de uma Rede Brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1940-4470</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Amaral Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manfredi</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Bertolami</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo Nogueres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Musa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Griz</surname>
            <given-names>Hemilo Borba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Setta</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furlan</surname>
            <given-names>Valter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano Paulista</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiologia Americas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiologia Americas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alvorada Moema</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alvorada Moema, S&#227;o Paulo, SP Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano Botafogo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Americas Medical City</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Americas Medical City, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Joana Recife</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Joana Recife, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva</bold> &#8226; Hospital Samaritano Paulista - R. Dr. Fausto Ferraz, 204-232. CEP <postal-code>01333-030</postal-code>, Bela Vista, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>pgabriel@prestadores.samaritanopaulista.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Barros e Silva PGM, Dutra AAF, Manfredi AB, Furlan V; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Dutra AAF, Sampaio PPN, Correa CM, Griz HB, Setta D; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barros e Silva PGM, Dutra AAF, Manfredi AB, Sampaio PPN, Correa CM, Griz HB, Setta D, Furlan V; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barros e Silva PGM.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1003</fpage>
      <lpage>1006</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hospitais P&#250;blicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor no Peito</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitais Privados</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo Comparativo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os primeiros relatos de infec&#231;&#245;es pela s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave coronav&#237;rus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ocorreram em dezembro de 2019 em Wuhan, China.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A doen&#231;a (denominada doen&#231;a coronav&#237;rus-2019, Covid-19) se espalhou rapidamente pelo mundo e, em 11 de mar&#231;o de 2020, a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) declarou estado de pandemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> O &#8220;Lockdown&#8221; era uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o comum em pa&#237;ses afetados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Apesar de toda a aten&#231;&#227;o dada &#224; Covid-19 pelas autoridades de sa&#250;de, outras doen&#231;as tamb&#233;m podem ser impactadas por esta nova circunst&#226;ncia. As taxas de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares agudas mudaram em pa&#237;ses como It&#225;lia e Estados Unidos, com redu&#231;&#227;o nas interna&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Dados nacionais anteriores sobre s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) j&#225; est&#227;o bem e amplamente descritos, mas esses estudos n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram o per&#237;odo da Covid-19.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Assim, apesar de o Brasil ter sido o segundo pa&#237;s mais afetado em n&#250;mero de casos de Covid-19,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> o impacto nas interna&#231;&#245;es por suspeita ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de SCA ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem definido nos sistemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico e privado brasileiros.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste relat&#243;rio foi comparar o n&#250;mero de pacientes com suspeita e confirma&#231;&#227;o de SCA antes e durante os primeiros meses da pandemia de Covid-19 em uma rede de hospitais privados no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>An&#225;lise de cadastro de pacientes inclu&#237;dos em um mesmo Protocolo de Dor Tor&#225;cica em uma rede de 16 hospitais de seis diferentes Estados do Brasil. O estudo foi aprovado pelo conselho de revis&#227;o institucional (20710119.4.0000.5533).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes e vari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>Em 2019, uma rede privada de hospitais implementou um Protocolo de Dor Tor&#225;cica com o objetivo de padronizar a investiga&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento de pacientes com suspeita de sintomas de SCA e fornecer m&#233;tricas para iniciativas de melhoria da qualidade. Os indiv&#237;duos foram inclu&#237;dos no Protocolo de Dor Tor&#225;cica com base nos seguintes crit&#233;rios: dor tor&#225;cica aguda independentemente dos fatores de risco e/ou sintoma equivalente a angina, como falta de ar (dispneia) em pacientes com alto risco card&#237;aco (idade &gt;65 anos ou hist&#243;rico de fatores de risco). Os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de SCA foram classificados de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de supradesnivelamento de ST. Os mesmos crit&#233;rios foram usados antes e durante a pandemia de Covid-19 para inclus&#227;o no protocolo de dor tor&#225;cica. As op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento tamb&#233;m foram as mesmas nos dois per&#237;odos, ou seja, prefer&#234;ncia pela interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria nos casos de infarto com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). As &#250;nicas diferen&#231;as foram relativas ao uso rotineiro de equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual (EPI) e o local de investiga&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com a probabilidade de Covid-19, j&#225; que os pacientes com sintomas infecciosos ou respirat&#243;rios foram avaliados em unidades espec&#237;ficas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos de mortalidade intra-hospitalar e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (FE&lt;40%) tamb&#233;m foram coletados rotineiramente de todos os pacientes com SCA em ambos os per&#237;odos.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis relacionadas aos primeiros tr&#234;s meses da pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil (mar&#231;o a maio de 2020) foram comparadas &#224;s do mesmo per&#237;odo de 2019, e tamb&#233;m aos dois meses imediatamente anteriores ao surto (janeiro e fevereiro de 2020) e &#224; m&#233;dia dos resultados dos &#250;ltimos 12 meses. Essas diferentes compara&#231;&#245;es foram escolhidas para que se pudesse avaliar um maior n&#250;mero de casos em um per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o mais longo e para evitar varia&#231;&#245;es sazonais que podem ocorrer ao longo de diferentes per&#237;odos do ano calend&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, enquanto as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o (DP). Os grupos foram comparados pelo teste t para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste de Qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Os valores de p bicaudais abaixo de 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. A an&#225;lise foi realizada no software R, vers&#227;o 3.6.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de pacientes com suspeita de SCA antes e durante os primeiros meses da pandemia de Covid-19</title>
        <p>A idade m&#233;dia (52,9 &#177; 7,2 vs. 53,2 &#177; 6,9; p = 0,16) e a porcentagem de mulheres nas amostras (45,3%, 749/1.653 vs. 46,9%, 1.427/3.040; p = 0,29) n&#227;o mudou comparando-se pacientes com suspeita de SCA nos primeiros meses da Covid-19 com o mesmo per&#237;odo do ano anterior (mar&#231;o a maio de 2019). O n&#250;mero de pacientes atendidos no pronto-socorro com sintomas suspeitos de SCA (e inclu&#237;dos no Protocolo de Dor Tor&#225;cica) diminuiu nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses da pandemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Essa queda foi mais pronunciada nos dois primeiros meses em S&#227;o Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro, por&#233;m mais gradual nos hospitais do Nordeste do Brasil (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). No Distrito Federal, a curva n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o relevante no in&#237;cio da pandemia, mas a an&#225;lise se limitou a apenas um hospital (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). No geral, a m&#233;dia mensal de pacientes com suspeita de sintomas de SCA nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses da pandemia reduziu 42,1% em compara&#231;&#227;o aos 12 meses anteriores (934,0 &#177; 81,2 vs. 541,3 &#177; 134,7; p&lt;0,01), 46,6% em compara&#231;&#227;o aos mesmos tr&#234;s meses em 2019 (1013,3 &#177; 74,2 vs. 541,3 &#177; 134,7; p&lt;0,01), e 39,6% em rela&#231;&#227;o a janeiro e fevereiro de 2020 (895,0 &#177; 4,2 vs. 541,3 &#177; 134,7; p = 0,03).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#250;mero de pacientes com suspeita de S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda antes e durante os tr&#234;s primeiros meses da pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil (geral e em quatro regi&#245;es diferentes). DF: Distrito Federal (1 hospital); NE: Nordeste (3 hospitais de 3 Estados diferentes: Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte e Cear&#225;); RJ: Rio de Janeiro (4 hospitais); SP: S&#227;o Paulo (8 hospitais).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1003-00873-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de pacientes com SCA confirmada antes e durante os primeiros meses da pandemia de Covid-19</title>
        <p>Comparando os primeiros tr&#234;s meses da pandemia de Covid-19 com a m&#233;dia mensal dos 12 meses anteriores, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o de 36,5% no n&#250;mero de pacientes com SCA, sendo mais pronunciada em casos de SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Esses resultados foram semelhantes aos de tr&#234;s relat&#243;rios internacionais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). As taxas de mortalidade intra-hospitalar desta rede brasileira nos 12 meses anteriores tamb&#233;m foram comparadas &#224;s atuais e, ao contr&#225;rio dos dados do Registro italiano, n&#227;o foram superiores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Apesar de n&#227;o haver aumento na mortalidade, a porcentagem de pacientes que receberam alta com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (&lt;40%) ap&#243;s SCA foi maior nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses da pandemia quando comparada aos 12 meses anteriores (7,1%, 127/1.777 vs. 11,1%, 34/306; p = 0,02). Durante 15 meses de an&#225;lise (mar&#231;o de 2019 a maio de 2020), todos os pacientes com SCA receberam terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla e todos os pacientes com IAMCSST receberam terapia de reperfus&#227;o. O tempo m&#233;dio porta-bal&#227;o dos 12 meses anteriores n&#227;o mudou quando comparado aos primeiros meses da pandemia de Covid-19 (70,3 &#177; 18,1 vs.72,1 &#177; 19,8; p = 0,60).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mudan&#231;as relativas nos diagn&#243;sticos de S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda e mortalidade hospitalar antes e durante o per&#237;odo inicial da pandemia de Covid-19 na an&#225;lise atual e na literatura internacional (Norte da It&#225;lia<sup>4</sup>, Kaiser Permanente<sup>5</sup>, Registro Italiano<sup>6</sup>)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Total SCA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IAMCSST</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IAMSSST</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Mortalidade no hospital</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Norte da It&#225;lia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">redu&#231;&#227;o de 28%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">redu&#231;&#227;o de 24%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">redu&#231;&#227;o de 43%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Kaiser Permanente<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">redu&#231;&#227;o de 48%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">redu&#231;&#227;o de 40%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">redu&#231;&#227;o de 49%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Registro italiano<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">d</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">redu&#231;&#227;o de 48.4%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">redu&#231;&#227;o de 26.5%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">redu&#231;&#227;o de 65.1%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">RR<sub>geral</sub>= 3.6 (2.0&#8211;6.4)<break/>RR<sub>IAMCSST</sub>= 3.3 (1.7&#8211;6.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Rede brasileira<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">e</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">redu&#231;&#227;o de 36.5%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">e</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">redu&#231;&#227;o de 28.9%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">e</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">redu&#231;&#227;o de 39.5%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">e</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">RR<sub>geral</sub>= 0.85 (0.4-1.7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">e</xref> <break/>RR<sub>IAMCSST</sub>= 1.2 (0.3-4.0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">e</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>SCA: S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda; IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; RR: Raz&#227;o de risco.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Nos relat&#243;rios da Kaiser Permanente e do Registro Italiano, apenas o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi avaliado.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>An&#225;lise retrospectiva de pacientes consecutivos admitidos por s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda em 15 hospitais no norte da It&#225;lia, comparando fevereiro e mar&#231;o a dois per&#237;odos de controle: per&#237;odo correspondente no ano anterior (2019) e um per&#237;odo anterior no mesmo ano (2020)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. N&#243;s relatamos a m&#233;dia de ambas as an&#225;lises.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o foi baseada em um banco de dados de um sistema de presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados de sa&#250;de de janeiro a mar&#231;o de 2020, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os dados de abril de 2020<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>d</label>
              <p>Dados baseados em uma pesquisa nacional sobre admiss&#245;es por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em unidades de cuidados coron&#225;rios na It&#225;lia em um per&#237;odo de uma semana durante o surto de Covid-19, e em compara&#231;&#227;o com a semana equivalente em 2019<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>e</label>
              <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a m&#233;dia dos primeiros tr&#234;s meses da pandemia de Covid-19 (94 SCA por m&#234;s; 21 IAMCSST por m&#234;s; 53,3 IAMSSST por m&#234;s) e a m&#233;dia dos 12 meses anteriores (148,1 SCA por m&#234;s; 29,5 IAMCSST por m&#234;s; 88,1 IAMSSST por m&#234;s). No geral, a taxa de mortalidade foi de 3,4% (61/1,777) nos 12 meses anteriores e 2,9% nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses da pandemia (9/306). A mortalidade foi de 3,9% entre os pacientes com IAMCSST (14/354) nos 12 meses anteriores e 4,7% (3/63) nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses da pandemia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este artigo teve como objetivo avaliar os n&#250;meros relacionados &#224; SCA no Brasil, incluindo o n&#250;mero de pacientes que procuram atendimento m&#233;dico e a taxa de diagn&#243;sticos confirmados e principais desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Encontramos redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apenas no n&#250;mero de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de SCA, mas tamb&#233;m no n&#250;mero de pacientes que procuram atendimento m&#233;dico por suspeita de SCA. A maioria das publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores focava pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado, e n&#227;o suspeita cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Isso variou de acordo com a regi&#227;o, sendo mais pronunciado nos dois primeiros meses em S&#227;o Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro, com decl&#237;nio gradual no Nordeste do Brasil. Provavelmente, isso decorre do n&#250;mero total de casos de Covid-19, que foi mais pronunciado em S&#227;o Paulo, especialmente na fase inicial da pandemia.</p>
      <p>Os dados identificados nesta rede de 16 hospitais de seis Estados diferentes refor&#231;am os achados de relat&#243;rios internacionais anteriores sobre redu&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;sticos de SCA intra-hospitalar. A queda no n&#250;mero de casos confirmados pode indicar que os casos mais graves que n&#227;o procuraram imediatamente atendimento m&#233;dico podem ter apresentado resultado fatal fora do hospital. Isso foi identificado em publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> mas n&#227;o p&#244;de ser avaliado em nosso banco de dados nacional, que inclui apenas informa&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares. Al&#233;m disso, a redu&#231;&#227;o &gt;40% no n&#250;mero de pacientes que procuraram atendimento m&#233;dico nos primeiros meses da pandemia foi associada a uma taxa maior de pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o baixa apesar de cuidados m&#233;dicos adequados nas m&#233;tricas de qualidade, indicando que a popula&#231;&#227;o afetada por SCA na fase pand&#234;mica era composta por pacientes mais graves. Isso pode ser um ind&#237;cio de que os pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#245;es menos graves e transit&#243;rias podem n&#227;o ter procurado atendimento m&#233;dico na fase inicial da pandemia por medo de contamina&#231;&#227;o. Assim, a queda dr&#225;stica nos casos de SCA pode ser justificada n&#227;o apenas por casos mais cr&#237;ticos com desfechos potencialmente fatais fora dos hospitais, mas tamb&#233;m por pacientes com manifesta&#231;&#245;es menos graves que normalmente buscariam avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, mas n&#227;o o fizeram no contexto da pandemia. Esta &#250;ltima situa&#231;&#227;o representa o grupo de pacientes que podem ter sobrevivido ao evento agudo, mas estariam em maior risco no futuro devido &#224; falta de tratamento.</p>
      <p>Em suma, o n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes admitidos para avalia&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia traz preocupa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes que tiveram um evento de SCA em casa e poderiam apresentar piores desfechos em curto e longo prazo. Nossos achados, juntamente com dados anteriores da literatura internacional, refor&#231;am a necessidade de procurar atendimento m&#233;dico em casos de suspeita de eventos cardiovasculares, mesmo durante um per&#237;odo de lockdown, como no in&#237;cio da pandemia de Covid-19.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um relat&#243;rio baseado em um banco de dados espec&#237;fico desenvolvido para monitorar iniciativas de melhoria relacionadas ao Protocolo de Dor Tor&#225;cica. Informa&#231;&#245;es como dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes, exceto idade e sexo, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das nos registros e n&#227;o puderam ser avaliadas. Finalmente, a falta de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre infec&#231;&#227;o concomitante ou recente por Covid-19 n&#227;o permite uma an&#225;lise de uma poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o com menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes com hist&#243;rico recente de infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em uma rede de hospitais no Brasil, identificamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o de mais de 40% em pacientes com suspeita de SCA e 36,5% nas interna&#231;&#245;es por SCA confirmada quando comparamos os primeiros meses da pandemia de Covid-19 com a m&#233;dia dos meses anteriores. Esses achados alertam para um n&#250;mero menor de pacientes que procuram o pronto-socorro durante da pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil. As sociedades m&#233;dicas nacionais e os sistemas de sa&#250;de devem monitorar as potenciais consequ&#234;ncias adversas na sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, como um aumento nos casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 20710119.4.0000.5533. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer Alexsandro Vieira dos Santos, Fabiola de F&#225;tima Ribeiro de Souza, Katrin Fenzl e Nilson Lopes de Araujo pelo apoio na an&#225;lise de dados e na elabora&#231;&#227;o de gr&#225;ficos.</p>
    </ack>
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          <article-title>Characteristics Associated With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests and Resuscitations During the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in New York City</article-title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reduction in the Number of Patients with Suspected and Confirmed Acute Coronary Syndrome during the early months of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Analysis of a Brazilian Network</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1940-4470</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Amaral Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manfredi</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Bertolami</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Paulo Nogueres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Musa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Griz</surname>
            <given-names>Hemilo Borba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Setta</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furlan</surname>
            <given-names>Valter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritan Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiologia Americas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alvorada Moema, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Americas Medical City, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Joana Recife, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva</bold> &#8226; Hospital Samaritano Paulista - R. Dr. Fausto Ferraz, 204-232. Postal Code <postal-code>01333-030</postal-code>, Bela Vista, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>pgabriel@prestadores.samaritanopaulista.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Barros e Silva PGM, Dutra AAF, Manfredi AB, Furlan V; Acquisition of data: Dutra AAF, Sampaio PPN, Correa CM, Griz HB, Setta D; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Barros e Silva PGM, Dutra AAF, Manfredi AB, Sampaio PPN, Correa CM, Griz HB, Setta D, Furlan V; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Barros e Silva PGM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hospitals, Public</kwd>
        <kwd>Chest Pain</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitals, Private</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Comparative Study</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The first reports of infections by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in December of 2019 in Wuhan, China.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> This disease (named as coronavirus disease-2019, Covid-19) rapidly spread globally and, on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the state of pandemic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Lockdown was a common recommendation for countries affected by the outbreak.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Despite all the attention put on Covid-19 by the health authorities, other diseases could also be impacted by this new circumstance. Rates of acute cardiovascular diseases changed in countries such as Italy and United States, with a reduction in hospital admissions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Previous national data regarding acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is already well and largely described, but these studies did not include the Covid-19 period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Thus, despite the fact that Brazil was the second most affected country when it comes to number of Covid-19 cases,<sup>9</sup> the impact in hospital admissions due to suspected or confirmed ACS is still not well defined in both private and public Brazilian healthcare systems.</p>
        <p>The objective of this report was to compare the number of patients with suspected and confirmed ACS before and during the early months of the Covid-19 pandemic in a network of private hospitals in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>Analysis of a registry of patients included in the same Chest Pain Protocol in a network of 16 hospitals in 6 different States in Brazil. The study was approved by the institutional review board (20710119.4.0000.5533).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study participants and study variables</title>
          <p>In 2019, a private network of hospitals implemented a Chest Pain Protocol aiming to standardize investigation and treatment of patients with suspected symptoms of ACS and to provide metrics for quality improvement initiatives. Subjects were included in the Chest Pain Protocol based on the following criteria: acute chest pain regardless of risk factors and/or anginal equivalent symptom, such as shortness of breath (dyspnea), in patients at high cardiac risk (age &gt;65 years old or history of risk factors). Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of ACS were classified according to presence or absence of ST-elevation. The same criteria were used before and during the Covid-19 outbreak for inclusion in the Chest Pain Protocol. The treatment options were also the same in both periods, that is, preference for primary percutaneous coronary intervention in cases of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The only differences were regarding the routine use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and the location for investigation according to Covid-19 probability, since patients with infectious or respiratory symptoms were evaluated in specific units.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Clinical outcomes of in-hospital mortality and low ejection fraction (EF&lt;40%) were also routinely collected from all ACS patients in both periods.</p>
          <p>The variables related to the first three months of Covid-19 outbreak in Brazil (March to May, 2020) were compared to those of the same period in 2019, and also to the two months just before the Covid-19 outbreak in Brazil (January and February, 2020) and the average of previous 12-month results. These different comparisons were chosen so one could assess a larger number of cases in a longer period of observation and also to avoid seasonal variations that may occur along different periods of a calendar year.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were reported as absolute and relative frequencies, while continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation (SD). Groups were compared by the t-test for continuous variables and the Chi-square test for categorical variables. P values were two-tailed, and values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The analysis was performed using the R software, version 3.6.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Analysis of patients with Suspected ACS before and during the early months of the Covid-19 pandemic</title>
          <p>The mean age (52.9 &#177; 7.2 vs. 53.2 &#177; 6.9; P =0.16) and percentage of women in the samples (45.3%, 749/1,653 vs. 46.9%, 1,427/3,040; P= 0.29) did not change comparing patients with suspected ACS in the early months of Covid-19 with the same period in the previous year (March to May, 2019). The number of patients seen to the emergency department with suspected ACS symptoms (and included in the Chest Pain Protocol) dropped in the first three months of the pandemic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). This decrease was more pronounced in the first two months in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, while it was more gradual in the hospitals from the Northeast of Brazil (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). In the Federal District, the curve did not show a relevant change during the start of the pandemic, but the analysis was limited to only one hospital (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). Overall, the monthly average of patients with suspected symptoms of ACS in the first three months of the pandemic reduced 42.1% compared to the previous 12 months (934.0 &#177; 81.2 vs. 541.3 &#177; 134.7; p &lt; 0.01), 46.6% compared to the same three months in 2019 (1013.3 &#177; 74.2 vs. 541.3 &#177; 134.7; p &lt; 0.01), and 39.6% compared to January and February of 2020 (895.0 &#177; 4.2 vs. 541.3 &#177; 134.7; p = 0.03).</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Number of patients with suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome before and during the first three months of the Covid-19 outbreak in Brazil (overall and in four different regions). DF: Federal District (1 hospital); NE: Northeast (3 hospitals from 3 different States: Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte and Cear&#225;); RJ: Rio de Janeiro (4 hospitals); SP: S&#227;o Paulo (8 hospitals).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-1003-00873-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Analysis of Patients with Confirmed ACS before and during the Early Months of the Covid-19 pandemic</title>
          <p>Comparing the first three months of the Covid-19 outbreak with the monthly average in the 12 previous months, a reduction of 36.5% in the number of ACS patients was seen, being more pronounced in non-ST elevation ACS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). These results were similar to those of three international reports (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). The rates of In-hospital mortality in this Brazilian network in the 12 previous months were also checked against the current ones and, unlike the Italian Registry's data, they were not higher (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). In spite of no increase in mortality, the percentage of patients being discharged after an ACS with low ejection fraction was higher in the first three months of the pandemics when compared to the 12 previous months (7.1%, 127/1,777 vs. 11.1%, 34/306; p = 0.02). During 15 months of analysis (March, 2019 to May, 2020), all eligible patients with ACS received double antiplatelet therapy and all STEMI patients received reperfusion therapy. The mean door-to-balloon time of the 12 previous months did not change when checked against that of the early months of the Covid-19 pandemic (70.3&#177;18.1 vs.72.1&#177;19.8; p=0.60).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relative changes in Acute Coronary Syndrome diagnoses and in-hospital mortality before and during initial period of Covid-19 outbreak in the current analysis and in the international literature (North Italy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>, Kaiser Permanente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>, Italian Registry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Total ACS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref></th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">STEMI</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">NSTEMI</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">In-hospital mortality</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">North Italy<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">28% reduction</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">24% reduction</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">43% reduction</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Not available</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Kaiser Permanente<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">c</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">48% reduction</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">40% reduction</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">49% reduction</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Not available</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Italian Registry<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">d</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">48.4% reduction</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">26.5% reduction</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">65.1% reduction</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">RR<sub>overall</sub>= 3.6 (2.0&#8211;6.4)<break/>RR<sub>STEMI</sub>= 3.3 (1.7&#8211;6.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Brazilian Network<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">e</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">36.5% reduction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">e</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">28.9% reduction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">e</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">39.5% reduction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">e</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">RR<sub>overall</sub>= 0.85 (0.4-1.7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">e</xref><break/>RR<sub>STEMI</sub>= 1.2 (0.3-4.0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">e</xref></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>ACS: Acute Coronary Syndrome; STEMI: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction; NSTEMI: Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial infarction; RR: Risk Ratio.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>In the reports from Kaiser Permanente and Italian Registry, only acute myocardial infarction was evaluated.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>Retrospective analysis of consecutive patients who were admitted for acute coronary syndrome at 15 hospitals in northern Italy, comparing February and March to two control periods: a corresponding period in the previous year (2019) and an earlier period in the same year (2020)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. We reported the average from both analyses.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>c</label>
                <p>The comparison reported was based on a database of a health care delivery system from January through March 2020, compared to data from April 2020<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>d</label>
                <p>Data based on a nationwide survey regarding admissions for acute myocardial infarction at Italian coronary care units in a one-week period during the Covid-19 outbreak, and compared with the equivalent week in 2019<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>e</label>
                <p>Comparison between the average of the first three months of the Covid-19 pandemic (94 ACS per month; 21 STEMI per month; 53.3 NSTEMI per month) and the average of the previous 12 months (148.1 ACS per month; 29.5 STEMI per month; 88.1 NSTEMI per month). Overall, the mortality rate was 3.4% (61/1777) in the previous 12 months and 2.9% in the first three months of the pandemic (9/306). The mortality was 3.9% among STEMI patients (14/354) in the previous 12 months and 4.7% (3/63) in the first three months of the pandemic.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This paper aimed to evaluate the numbers related to ACS in Brazil, including the number of patients seeking medical care and the rate of confirmed diagnosis and major clinical outcomes. We found a reduction not only in the number of patients with confirmed ACS diagnosis, but also in the number of patients seeking medical care due to suspected ACS. Most of the previous publications were focused on patients with confirmed diagnosis, not on clinical suspicion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> This varied according to the region, being more pronounced in the first two months in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, with a more gradual decline in the northeast of Brazil. This probably stems from the total number of cases of Covid-19, which was more pronounced in Sao Paulo, especially in the early phase of the pandemic.</p>
        <p>The data identified in this network of 16 hospitals from six different States reinforce the findings from previous international reports about reduction of in-hospital ACS diagnosis. The drop in the number of confirmed cases may indicate that more severe cases that did not immediately seek medical care may have been fatal outcomes out of the hospital. This was identified in previous publications,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> but could not be assessed in our national database, since it includes only in-hospital information. In addition, the &gt;40% reduction in the number of patients who sought medical care in the early months of the pandemic was associated to a higher rate of patients with low ejection fraction despite adequate medical care, indicating that the population affected by ACS in the pandemic phase were composed of more severe patients. This may indicate that patients with less severe and transitory presentations may not have sought medical care in the early phase of the pandemic for fear of contamination. Thus, the drastic drop in ACS cases may be justified not only by more critical cases with potentially fatal outcomes out of the hospitals, but also by patients with less severe manifestations that would normally seek medical evaluation, but did not do so in the context of the pandemic. This last situation accounts for the group of patients that may have survived the acute event, but they would be at a greater risk in the future due to the lack of treatment.</p>
        <p>In summary, the small number of patients admitted for emergency evaluation raises a concern as to patients who had an ACS event at home and could present worse outcomes in the short and long terms. Our findings, along with previous data from the international literature, reinforce how necessary it is to seek medical care in suspected cardiovascular events even during a lockdown period like the start of the Covid-19 pandemic.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This is a report based on a specific database developed for monitoring quality improvement initiatives related to the Chest Pain Protocol. Information such as symptom duration and baseline characteristics of patients, other than age and gender, were not included in the registries and could not be assessed. Finally, the lack of information about concomitant or recent Covid-19 infection does not allow an analysis of a possible relation with lower ejection fraction after myocardial infarction in patients with recent history of SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In a network of hospitals in Brazil, we identified a reduction of more than 40% of patients with suspected ACS and 36.5% in admissions due to confirmed ACS when comparing the early months of the Covid-19 pandemic to the average of previous months. These findings raise an alert of a smaller number of patients seeking emergency departments during the Covid-19 outbreak in Brazil. National medical societies and healthcare systems should monitor potential adverse consequences in the public health such as an increase in cases of heart failure following myocardial infarction.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco under the protocol number 20710119.4.0000.5533. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We would like to thank Alexsandro Vieira dos Santos, Fabiola de F&#225;tima Ribeiro de Souza, Katrin Fenzl and Nilson Lopes de Araujo for their support in data analysis and the creation of graphs.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
