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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DQKCtm6fLjM4VcwtDcTPVvM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000600999</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aneurisma Persistente da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Direita, Mesmo ap&#243;s Corre&#231;&#227;o de F&#237;stula com o Ventr&#237;culo Direito</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7773-4174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Edmar Atik</bold> &#8226; Rua Dona Adma Jafet 74 cj 73. CEP <postal-code>01308-050</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>edmar.atik@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Atik E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>999</fpage>
      <lpage>1002</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>F&#237;stula Arteriovenosa/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>F&#237;stula coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;ria/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>F&#237;stula Coron&#225;ria Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Dentre as f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rio cavit&#225;rias, as mais encontradas correspondem as que envolvem a coron&#225;ria direita e as cavidades card&#237;acas direitas com sobrecarga de volume correspondente pelo desvio arteriovenoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas correspondem a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, angina com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e arritmias. Sopro cont&#237;nuo orienta facilmente ao diagn&#243;stico do defeito cong&#234;nito, que se torna consolidado pelas imagens. Outras f&#237;stulas sempre devem ser lembradas na suspeita diagn&#243;stica diferencial, como o canal arterial persistente, janela aortopulmonar, colaterais sist&#234;mico-pulmonares e f&#237;stulas do seio de valsalva com ventr&#237;culo direito. A cirurgia card&#237;aca e/ou interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas formam a base terap&#234;utica para a resolu&#231;&#227;o das f&#237;stulas. Pouco se comenta, no entanto, acerca da evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s os procedimentos, dado que a dilata&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via persiste e pode se constituir em outro problema evolutivo a maior prazo.</p>
      <p>Este aspecto forma a raz&#227;o principal dessa avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>Sopro card&#237;aco auscultado com dois dias de vida era decorrente de pequena comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular de 3 mm de di&#226;metro, evidenciada na ocasi&#227;o por ecocardiograma. Com poucos meses de vida, o sopro n&#227;o mais foi ouvido na presun&#231;&#227;o do fechamento espont&#226;neo desse defeito. Com 8 meses de idade, sopro cont&#237;nuo foi auscultado na borda external direita pela primeira vez. Nesta ocasi&#227;o, o ecocardiograma revelou a presen&#231;a de f&#237;stula entre a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita dilatada, com di&#226;metro de 6,5 mm, e a via de entrada do ventr&#237;culo direito. O paciente permanecia assintom&#225;tico, com discreto aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca na radiografia de t&#243;rax e com dist&#250;rbio discreto de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito no eletrocardiograma. Esta f&#237;stula foi seccionada cirurgicamente com 10 meses de idade, sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. O paciente apresentou boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica posterior at&#233; 14 anos de idade, e mantendo-se sem sintomas.</p>
          <p>Exame f&#237;sico: bom estado geral, eupn&#233;ico, acian&#243;tico, pulsos normais nos 4 membros. Peso: 54 Kg, Alt.: 170 cm, PA: 110/60 mmHg, FC: 68 bpm, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio=98%. Aorta n&#227;o palpada na f&#250;rcula.</p>
          <p>Prec&#243;rdio: <italic>ictus cordis</italic> n&#227;o palpado, sem impuls&#245;es sist&#243;licas na borda external esquerda. Bulhas card&#237;acas normofon&#233;ticas, sopro sist&#243;lico suave e discreto, de eje&#231;&#227;o, +/4, na borda external esquerda. F&#237;gado n&#227;o palpado e pulm&#245;es limpos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames complementares</title>
        <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma:</bold> Ritmo sinusal, PR: 0,17, QRS: 0,08, com complexos polif&#225;sicos em V1 (rsr's') e RS em V6, com ondas S espessadas nas precordiais esquerdas, indicativo de dist&#250;rbio final de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito. A onda T era isoel&#233;trica em V1. AP= +60&#176;, AQRS= +120&#176;, AT= + 40&#176; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax em proje&#231;&#227;o p&#243;stero-anterior salienta &#225;rea card&#237;aca e trama vascular pulmonar normais. Eletrocardiograma salienta os sinais do dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito com complexo QRS polif&#225;sico em V1 e ondas S espessadas, sem sobrecargas cavit&#225;rias.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0999-01010-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p><bold>Radiografia de t&#243;rax:</bold> &#193;rea card&#237;aca normal (&#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico=0,46) com arco m&#233;dio retificado, arco a&#243;rtico normal e trama vascular pulmonar normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p><bold>Ecocardiograma:</bold> As cavidades card&#237;acas eram normais, sendo VE=50, AE=37, VD=26, FEVE=68%, septo e parede posterior de VE= 8 mm. A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita era dilatada com 9 mm de di&#226;metro (Z score= 12,6) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiografia salienta a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita dilatada em conex&#227;o com a cavidade de ventr&#237;culo direito em A, B e D e a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda de dimens&#227;o normal em C, em per&#237;odo pr&#233;vio &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca. As imagens recentes do ecocardiograma em corte transversal mostram ainda a grande dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita na emerg&#234;ncia da aorta. Ao: aorta; CD: coron&#225;ria direita; CE: coron&#225;ria esquerda; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0999-01010-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p><bold>Teste ergom&#233;trico:</bold> n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular com onda T mantendo-se positiva e sem altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST, mesmo com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aumentada. N&#227;o ocorreram arritmias durante o exame.</p>
        <p><bold>Cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica:</bold> N&#227;o houve demonstra&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica at&#233; estresse induzido com 171 bpm.</p>
        <p><bold>Holter de 24 horas:</bold> Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca variou de 53 a 150, com m&#233;dia de 83 bpm. Raras extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares observadas durante o exame.</p>
        <p><bold>Angiotomografia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias:</bold> Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita dilatada, com di&#226;metro de 9x12 mm no &#243;stio, em extens&#227;o de 30 mm, estando oclu&#237;da no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio (ligadura cir&#250;rgica). A art&#233;ria marginal direita era de pequena import&#226;ncia e a art&#233;ria descendente posterior se apresentava com discreta opacifica&#231;&#227;o. A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda era normal. A descendente anterior contornava o &#225;pice e as demais art&#233;rias n&#227;o apresentavam obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal.</p>
        <p><bold>Cateterismo card&#237;aco e angiografia pr&#233;vios &#224; cirurgia:</bold> As press&#245;es intracavit&#225;rias eram normais. AD=8; VD=30/4/11; TP=28/15/19; VE=70/2/10; Ao=65/30/42 mmHg. A angiografia na aorta e seletiva nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias mostravam dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita que desembocava na parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico Cl&#237;nico:</bold> F&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita na via de entrada do ventr&#237;culo direito com discreta manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, mas com acentuada dilata&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, que persistiu a longo prazo ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <list list-type="alpha-upper">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico:</bold> Neste lactente sem sintomas, os elementos cl&#237;nicos orientaram para o diagn&#243;stico de f&#237;stula arteriovenosa para as cavidades direitas, no &#225;trio ou ventr&#237;culo. Eram exteriorizados por sopro cont&#237;nuo na borda external direita, aumento discreto das cavidades card&#237;acas e da trama vascular pulmonar na radiografia de t&#243;rax e ainda com dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito no eletrocardiograma. Essa impress&#227;o foi consolidada pelo ecocardiograma, em uma demonstra&#231;&#227;o n&#237;tida da dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, confirmada pela angiografia coron&#225;ria.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico diferencial:</bold> O sopro cont&#237;nuo, quando auscultado, orienta &#224; presen&#231;a de f&#237;stula arteriovenosa em alguma localiza&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica. Assim, se presente na borda external esquerda alta, orienta para a persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial. Caso seja ele aud&#237;vel na borda external esquerda, mas em regi&#227;o mais baixa, para a janela aortopulmonar. Na regi&#227;o da axila para f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rias ao &#225;trio esquerdo e ainda na borda external direita para f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rias ou mesmo da aorta ascendente para as cavidades card&#237;acas direitas. Caso seja o sopro cont&#237;nuo aud&#237;vel no dorso, &#224; direita ou esquerda da coluna vertebral, orienta para colaterais sist&#234;mico-pulmonares que ocorrem na atresia pulmonar associada &#224; comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><bold>Conduta:</bold> Houve indica&#231;&#227;o para al&#237;vio imediato da sobrecarga das cavidades card&#237;acas direitas, t&#227;o logo se diagnosticou a anomalia coron&#225;ria, ainda sem sintomas e com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal. A interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi bem-sucedida com 10 meses de idade, simplesmente pela ligadura cir&#250;rgica da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita dilatada, e sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. A evolu&#231;&#227;o posterior foi adequada com preserva&#231;&#227;o da boa condi&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica e da boa fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. No entanto, houve a persist&#234;ncia da dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, ao longo de 14 anos, pressupondo-se da&#237; a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas da estrutura da parede arterial, que sem d&#250;vida ir&#225; persistir, com a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es que possam surgir em decorr&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O local mais comum da f&#237;stula coron&#225;ria &#233; no ventr&#237;culo direito (41%), sendo no &#225;trio direito em 26%, &#225;trio esquerdo em 5%, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 3%, seio coron&#225;rio em 7%, veia cava superior em 1% e art&#233;ria pulmonar em 17%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita &#233; a mais acometida (50%) e com sintomas, sendo que a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (42%), em geral evolui sem sintomas. Essas f&#237;stulas em geral n&#227;o se associam com outras cardiopatias e a maioria delas s&#227;o simples, podendo mais raramente serem m&#250;ltiplas. A exterioriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica se manifesta por sopro cont&#237;nuo, sobrecarga de volume cavit&#225;ria com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmia, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e s&#237;ncope. Em alguns casos pode evoluir at&#233; com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar. A conduta cir&#250;rgica por ligadura ou intervencionista por emboliza&#231;&#227;o transcateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca s&#227;o as mais aceitas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Na evolu&#231;&#227;o posterior h&#225; normaliza&#231;&#227;o do dist&#250;rbio hemodin&#226;mico. No entanto, preocupa nesta anomalia a persist&#234;ncia da dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ao longo do tempo, mesmo ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o adequada do defeito. Tem se recomendado nesses pacientes o uso de antiadesivos plaquet&#225;rios, al&#233;m da rotineira submiss&#227;o a controles m&#233;dicos peri&#243;dicos. Nesta evolu&#231;&#227;o da mesma maneira, a parede da art&#233;ria aneurism&#225;tica deve sempre ser avaliada afim da poss&#237;vel preven&#231;&#227;o de ruptura dessa estrutura. Descreve-se ademais a endocardite infecciosa em alguns casos, constituindo-se assim em outra preocupa&#231;&#227;o evolutiva.</p>
      <p>Descri&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa da evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s as interven&#231;&#245;es corretivas das f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rias tem sido rara,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> mas concludente de fen&#244;menos de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria por trombose, al&#233;m da continuidade da dilata&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria e da&#237; a necessidade nestes pacientes do uso at&#233; de anticoagulantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Como premissa dessa conduta terap&#234;utica, em grupo de 13 destes pacientes acompanhados ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o, nove deles recebiam anticoagulantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Comenta-se que maior possibilidade de evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel, em face da maior dilata&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, reside no grupo de pacientes que se apresentem com f&#237;stulas mais distais, e cujo diagn&#243;stico tenha sido feito tardiamente.</p>
      <p>Em suma, o acompanhamento posterior &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o das f&#237;stulas coron&#225;rio cavit&#225;rias deve ser rigoroso com avalia&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias do ponto de vista anat&#244;mico e funcional, sequenciais, rotineiras e rigorosas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Persistent Aneurysm of the Right Coronary Artery, Even after Correction of a Fistula with the Right Ventricle</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7773-4174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Edmar Atik</bold> &#8226; Rua Dona Adma Jafet 74 cj 73. Postal Code <postal-code>01308-050</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>edmar.atik@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Atik E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Arteriovenous Fistula/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Artery Coronary Cavitary, Fistula/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Evolution</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Fistula Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Among the coronary-cavitary fistulas, the most commonly found type corresponds to that involving the right coronary artery and the right cardiac cavities, with corresponding volume overload due to arteriovenous deviation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> The clinical manifestations correspond to heart failure, angina with myocardial infarction and arrhythmias. A continuous murmur easily suggests the diagnosis of a congenital defect, which is consolidated by the imaging examinations. Other fistulas should always be suspected in the differential diagnosis, such as the patent ductus arteriosus, aortopulmonary window, systemic-pulmonary collaterals, and fistulas of the sinus of Valsalva with the right ventricle cavity. Cardiac surgery and / or percutaneous interventions comprise the therapeutic basis for fistula resolution. Little is said, however, about the evolution after the procedures, given that the previous coronary dilation persists and may constitute another evolution problem in the longer term.</p>
        <p>This aspect comprises the main reason for this assessment.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Case description</title>
          <p><bold>Clinical data:</bold> Heart murmur auscultated at two days of age was due to a small 3-mm diameter interventricular septal defect, evidenced at the time by the echocardiogram. At a few months of life, the murmur was no longer heard in the presumption of spontaneous closure of this defect. At 8 months of age, a continuous murmur was heard on the right external border for the first time. On this occasion, the echocardiogram disclosed the presence of a fistula between the dilated right coronary artery, with a diameter of 6.5 mm, and the right ventricular cavity at the inlet portion. The patient remained asymptomatic, with a slightly enlarged cardiac area on the chest X-ray and with a mild conduction disturbance through the right branch on the electrocardiogram. This fistula was surgically sectioned at 10 months of age, without extracorporeal circulation. The patient had a good clinical evolution after the age of 14 and remained asymptomatic.</p>
          <p>Physical examination: good general condition, eupneic, acyanotic, normal pulses in the four limbs. Weight: 54 Kg, Height: 170 cm, BP: 110/60 mm Hg, HR: 68 bpm, oxygen saturation = 98%. Aorta not palpable at suprasternal notch.</p>
          <p>Precordium: apical impulse was not palpable, without systolic impulses on the left external border. Normal-intensity heart sounds, mild and discrete systolic murmur, ejection type, +/4 intensity, on the left sternal edge. Liver was not palpable and lungs were clear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complementary Exams</title>
          <p><bold>Electrocardiogram:</bold> sinus rhythm, PR: 0.17, QRS: 0.08, with polyphasic complexes in V1 (rsr's') and RS in V6, with thickened S waves in the left precordial area, indicative of final conduction disturbance by the right branch. The T wave was isoelectric in V1. AP= +60&#176;, AQRS= +120&#176;, AT= +40&#176; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Chest X-ray highlights normal cardiac area and pulmonary vascular network. Electrocardiogram highlights the signs of conduction disturbance through the right branch, with a polyphasic V1 complex in V1 and thickened S waves, without cavitary overload.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0999-01010-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p><bold>Chest radiography:</bold> normal cardiac area (cardiothoracic index = 0.46) with rectified middle arch, normal aortic arch and normal pulmonary vascular network (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p><bold>Echocardiogram:</bold> Cardiac cavities were normal, with LV = 50, LA = 37, RV = 26 mm, LVEF = 68%, ventricular septum and LV posterior wall = 8 mm. The right coronary artery was dilated, measuring 9 mm in diameter (Z score = +12.6) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Angiography highlights the dilated right coronary artery in connection with the right ventricular cavity in A, B and D and the normal-sized left coronary artery in C, in the period prior to cardiac surgery. Recent cross-sectional echocardiogram images also show the large dilation of the right coronary artery in the emergence of the aorta. Ao: aorta; RCA: right coronary artery; LCA: left coronary artery; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-116-05-0999-01010-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p><bold>Exercise test:</bold> it did not disclose changes in ventricular repolarization with T-wave remaining positive and without changes in the ST-segment, even with increased heart rate. There were no arrhythmias during the examination.</p>
          <p><bold>Myocardial scintigraphy:</bold> there was no demonstration of myocardial ischemia until it was induced by stress at 171 bpm.</p>
          <p><bold>24-hour Holter:</bold> heart rate ranged from 53 to 150, with an average of 83 bpm. Rare ventricular extrasystoles were observed during the examination.</p>
          <p><bold>Angiotomography of the coronary arteries:</bold> dilated right coronary artery, with a diameter of 9x12 mm in the ostium, in an extension of 30 mm, being occluded in the middle third (surgical ligation). The right marginal artery was of minor importance and the posterior descending artery was slightly opaque. The left coronary artery was normal. The anterior descendant artery outlined the apex and the other arteries had no luminal obstruction.</p>
          <p><bold>Cardiac catheterization and angiography prior to surgery:</bold> intracavitary pressures were normal. RA = 8; RV = 30/4-11; PT = 28/15/19; LV = 70/2-10; Ao= 65/30/42 mm Hg. The angiography in the aorta and selective procedure in the coronary arteries showed marked right coronary artery dilation that ended in the lateral wall of the right ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p><bold>Clinical Diagnosis:</bold> Fistula of the right coronary artery in the right ventricular inlet region with mild clinical manifestation but marked coronary dilation, which persisted in the long term after surgical correction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical characteristics</title>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Clinical reasoning:</bold> in this symptom-free infant, the clinical elements guided the diagnosis of arteriovenous fistula to the right cavities, in the atrium or ventricle. They were externalized by continuous murmur on the right sternal edge, slightly enlarged cardiac cavities and pulmonary vascular network on chest X-ray and also with conduction disturbance at the right branch on the electrocardiogram. This impression was consolidated by the echocardiogram, in a clear demonstration of the dilation of the right coronary artery, confirmed by coronary angiography.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Differential diagnosis:</bold> continuous murmur, when heard, suggests the presence of an arteriovenous fistula in some organic location. Thus, if present on the upper left sternal border, it suggests the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus. If it is audible on the left outer edge, but in a lower region, for the aortopulmonary window. In the region of the armpit for coronary fistulas to the left atrium and also on the right sternal border for coronary fistulas or even from the ascending aorta to the right cardiac cavities. If the continuous murmur is audible on the back, to the right or left of the spine, it suggests the presence of systemic-pulmonary collaterals that occur in pulmonary atresia associated with ventricular septal defect.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p><bold>Management:</bold> There was an indication for immediate relief from the overload of the right heart cavities, as soon as the coronary anomaly was diagnosed, still without symptoms and with normal ventricular function. The surgical intervention was successful at 10 months of age, simply performed through surgical ligation of the dilated right coronary artery, and without extracorporeal circulation. The subsequent evolution was adequate, with preservation of good dynamic condition and good cardiac function. However, there was a persistence of aneurysmatic dilation of the right coronary artery over a 14-year period, suggesting the presence of congenital changes in the structure of the arterial wall, which will undoubtedly persist, raising the concern of complications that may arise from it as a result.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The most common site of the coronary fistula is the right ventricle (41%), being found in the right atrium in 26%, left atrium in 5%, left ventricle in 3%, coronary sinus in 7%, superior vena cava in 1% and in pulmonary arteries in 17%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> The fistula in the right coronary artery is the most often affected (50%) and causes symptoms, whereas the left coronary artery (42%) usually evolves without symptoms. These fistulas are generally not associated with other heart diseases, and most of them are simple and can be more rarely multiple. Clinical exteriorization is manifested by continuous murmur, cavity volume overload with heart failure, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction and syncope. In some cases it can even evolve with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Surgical management by ligation or intervention by cardiac transcatheterization embolization are the most often accepted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> In the subsequent evolution, the hemodynamic disorder normalizes. However, this anomaly concerns the persistence of coronary artery dilation over time, even after adequate correction of the defect. Hence, the use of platelet anti-adhesive agents has been recommended in these patients, in addition to the routine referral to periodic medical controls. During this evolution, likewise, the aneurysmatic artery wall should always be evaluated in order to prevent possible rupture of this structure. Infectious endocarditis is also described in some cases, thus constituting another evolutionary concern.</p>
        <p>Careful descriptions of the evolution after corrective interventions for coronary fistulas are rare,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> but conclusive of coronary obstruction phenomena due to thrombosis, in addition to the continuation of coronary dilation and hence, even the need for these patients to use anticoagulants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> As a premise of this therapeutic approach, in a group of 13 of these patients followed after surgical correction, nine of them received anticoagulants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> It is observed that the greatest possibility of an unfavorable evolution, due to the greater coronary dilation, lies in the group of patients with more distal fistulas, and whose diagnosis has been late.</p>
        <p>In short, the follow-up after the correction of cavitary coronary fistulas must be rigorous, with coronary evaluation by anatomical and functional viewpoints, through sequential, routine and rigorous assessments.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
