<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="editorial" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QdfQX8ZJBNTkyRcM6bK6Ydz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000600968</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210118</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210118</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><italic>No-Reflow</italic> nas S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas: Um Velho Inimigo ou uma Nova Fronteira?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5705-4865</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garzon</surname>
            <given-names>Stefano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Stefano Garzon</bold> &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Av. Albert Einstein, 627. CEP <postal-code>05652-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>stefano.lemos@einstein.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>968</fpage>
      <lpage>969</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia Vascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica &#233; a principal causa de &#243;bitos no mundo, tendo sido respons&#225;vel por 16% dos &#243;bitos no mundo em 2019.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> No entanto, devido &#224; cont&#237;nua evolu&#231;&#227;o do tratamento m&#233;dico e das t&#233;cnicas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, tem-se observado um constante decl&#237;nio nas taxas de mortalidade em s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) nos &#250;ltimos anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Atualmente, a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) &#233; o tratamento padr&#227;o-ouro para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> e uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica b&#225;sica para SCA sem IAMCST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> No entanto, e particularmente em pacientes com STEMI, a ICP pode ser muito desafiadora &#224;s vezes. Um dos eventos mais temidos durante a ICP no IAMCST &#233; o fen&#244;meno comumente denominado &#8220;<italic>no-reflow</italic>&#8221;, um comprometimento na perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica secund&#225;rio &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular sem evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Descrito inicialmente em modelos animais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> tamb&#233;m foi reconhecido em humanos nas d&#233;cadas seguintes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> sendo descrito pela primeira vez ap&#243;s a ICP por IAMCST por Feld em 1992.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Sua ocorr&#234;ncia est&#225; relacionada a desfechos de curto e de longo prazo ap&#243;s ICP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> e est&#225; presente em mais de 20% dos pacientes submetidos a ICP prim&#225;ria por IAMCST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Em uma publica&#231;&#227;o recente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Rezkalla et al. revisaram exaustivamente o manejo do <italic>no-reflow</italic>, identificando muitos fatores de risco, como maior tempo de reperfus&#227;o, dilata&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o de alta press&#227;o, stents mais longos e tamb&#233;m caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do paciente, muitas das quais se sobrep&#245;em &#224;s da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e SCA. Caso seja previsto o <italic>no-reflow</italic>, medidas t&#233;cnicas e farmacol&#243;gicas podem ser tomadas na tentativa de evit&#225;-lo, possivelmente minimizando sua ocorr&#234;ncia e alertando o operador a agir prontamente caso ocorra.</p>
    <p>De acordo com essa ideia, o artigo &#8220;Compara&#231;&#227;o entre Dois Escores de Risco quanto &#224; Predi&#231;&#227;o de Obstru&#231;&#227;o Microvascular Coronariana durante a Interven&#231;&#227;o Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria&#8221;,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> publicado na edi&#231;&#227;o atual desta revista, explora a capacidade de dois escores de risco em prever a ocorr&#234;ncia de <italic>no-reflow</italic>. Ele compara o escore SAK, que utiliza par&#226;metros puramente cl&#237;nicos (in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; o tempo de insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o, n&#237;vel de ACT na interna&#231;&#227;o, classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip, idade, raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos e n&#237;veis de glicose), com o escore ATI, cujos par&#226;metros s&#227;o uma medida invasiva de resist&#234;ncia microvascular (MIRM) obtida por meio do escore de microcateter coronariano, idade e trombo na art&#233;ria culpada. Nesse estudo, ambos os escores tiveram bom desempenho, com o escore SAK apresentando uma AUC de 0,855. Nesse estudo, o <italic>no-reflow</italic> se mostrou mais comumente associado a pacientes com idade mais avan&#231;ada, com maior tempo, maiores n&#237;veis de glicose, maiores n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica, maior contagem de leuc&#243;citos, classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip III e aumento de biomarcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, o que est&#225; de acordo com a literatura m&#233;dica atual. Por&#233;m, outros fatores, como hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, diabetes e tabagismo n&#227;o estiveram relacionados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno, sugerindo que sua fisiopatologia ainda n&#227;o esteja totalmente esclarecida. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; dados sobre como o <italic>no-reflow</italic> foi tratado e se o tratamento resultou em melhora da resist&#234;ncia microvascular e possivelmente melhores resultados.</p>
    <p>Em estudo publicado recentemente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Viana et al. compararam os escores SYNTAX e GRACE na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade cardiovascular e eventos coronarianos n&#227;o fatais recorrentes ap&#243;s SCA. Ambos foram eficazes na predi&#231;&#227;o de morte cardiovascular (estat&#237;stica-C 0,80 vs. 0,89, p=0,19, para os escores SYNTAX e GRACE, respectivamente), mas o escore SYNTAX anat&#244;mico foi o &#250;nico capaz de predizer eventos coron&#225;rios recorrentes n&#227;o fatais (estat&#237;stica-C 0,64 vs. 0,50, p=0,027), sugerindo que complica&#231;&#245;es e resultados intraprocedimento, como <italic>no-reflow</italic>, n&#227;o s&#227;o levados em considera&#231;&#227;o ao usar escores de risco puramente cl&#237;nicos para SCA.</p>
    <p>Compreender toda a complexidade do ACS ainda parece estar fora do nosso alcance no momento. No entanto, perceber que o progn&#243;stico e os resultados de tais pacientes resultam de diversos fatores cl&#237;nicos e intraprocedimento pode ser o farol para nos ajudar a navegar por essas &#225;guas turbulentas e ainda n&#227;o totalmente percorridas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Compara&#231;&#227;o entre Dois Escores de Risco quanto &#224; Predi&#231;&#227;o de Obstru&#231;&#227;o Microvascular Coronariana durante a Interven&#231;&#227;o Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization.(WHO)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>World Health Statistics</source>
          <publisher-name>Monitoring Health For The SDGs Sustainable Development Goals</publisher-name>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <year>2020</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1. World Health Organization.(WHO). World Health Statistics. Monitoring Health For The SDGs Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva;2020.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fox</surname>
              <given-names>KAA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steg</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eagle</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goodman</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granger</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Decline in rates of death and heart failure in acute coronary syndromes, 1999-2006</article-title>
          <source>J Am Med Assoc</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>297</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1892</fpage>
          <lpage>1900</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2. Fox KAA, Steg PG, Eagle KA, Goodman SG, Anderson FA, Granger CB, et al. Decline in rates of death and heart failure in acute coronary syndromes, 1999-2006. J Am Med Assoc. 2007;297(17):1892-900.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ibanez</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agewall</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antunes</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bucciarelli-Ducci</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>119</fpage>
          <lpage>177</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3. Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, Antunes MJ, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Bueno H, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):119-77.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Collet</surname>
              <given-names>J-P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thiele</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbato</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barth&#233;l&#233;my</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauersachs</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1289</fpage>
          <lpage>1367</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4. Collet J-P, Thiele H, Barbato E, Barth&#233;l&#233;my O, Bauersachs J, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(14):1289-367.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa-Uva</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neumann</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahlsson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alfonso</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banning</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benedetto</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothoracic Surg</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>4</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5. Sousa-Uva M, Neumann FJ, Ahlsson A, Alfonso F, Banning AP, Benedetto U, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur J Cardiothoracic Surg. 2019; 55(1):4-90.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kloner</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ganote</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jennings</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The &#8220;no reflow&#8221; phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Invest</source>
          <year>1974</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1496</fpage>
          <lpage>1508</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6. Kloner RA, Ganote CE, Jennings RB. The &#8220;no reflow&#8221; phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J Clin Invest. 1974;54(6):1496-508.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krug</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesnil de Rochemont</surname>
              <given-names>Du</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Korb</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Blood supply of the myocardium after temporary coronary occlusion</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>1966</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7. Krug A, Du Mesnil de Rochemont, Korb G. Blood supply of the myocardium after temporary coronary occlusion. Circ Res. 1966;19(1):57-62.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schofer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mathey</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Scintigraphic evidence of the &#8220;No reflow&#8221; phenomenon in human beings after coronary thrombolysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>593</fpage>
          <lpage>598</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8. Schofer J, Montz R, Mathey DG. Scintigraphic evidence of the &#8220;No reflow&#8221; phenomenon in human beings after coronary thrombolysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5(3):593-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bates</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krell</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dean</surname>
              <given-names>EN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Neill</surname>
              <given-names>WW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vogel</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Demonstration of the &#8220;no-reflow&#8221; phenomenon by digital coronary arteriography</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>177</fpage>
          <lpage>178</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9. Bates ER, Krell MJ, Dean EN, O&#8217;Neill WW, Vogel RA. Demonstration of the &#8220;no-reflow&#8221; phenomenon by digital coronary arteriography. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57(1):177-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Feld</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lichstein</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schachter</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shani</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early and late angiographic findings of the &#8220;no-reflow&#8221; phenomenon following direct angioplasty as primary treatment for acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>782</fpage>
          <lpage>784</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10. Feld H, Lichstein E, Schachter J, Shani J. Early and late angiographic findings of the &#8220;no-reflow&#8221; phenomenon following direct angioplasty as primary treatment for acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1992;123(3):782-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morishima</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sone</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okumura</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsuboi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kondo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mukawa</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angiographic no-reflow phenomenon as a predictor of adverse long-term outcome in patients treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for first acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1202</fpage>
          <lpage>1209</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11. Morishima I, Sone T, Okumura K, Tsuboi H, Kondo J, Mukawa H, et al. Angiographic no-reflow phenomenon as a predictor of adverse long-term outcome in patients treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for first acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(4):1202-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harrison</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aggarwal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ou</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rumsfeld</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roe</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence and outcomes of no-reflow phenomenon during percutaneous coronary intervention among patients with acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>178</fpage>
          <lpage>184</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12. Harrison RW, Aggarwal A, Ou FS, Klein LW, Rumsfeld JS, Roe MT, et al. Incidence and outcomes of no-reflow phenomenon during percutaneous coronary intervention among patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(2):178-84.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jaffe</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charron</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puley</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dick</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strauss</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Microvascular obstruction and the no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>3152</fpage>
          <lpage>3156</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13. Jaffe R, Charron T, Puley G, Dick A, Strauss BH. Microvascular obstruction and the no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2008;117(24):3152-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rezkalla</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stankowski</surname>
              <given-names>R V.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanna</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kloner</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of No-Reflow Phenomenon in the Catheterization Laboratory</article-title>
          <source>JACC: Cardiovasc Intervent</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>215</fpage>
          <lpage>223</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14. Rezkalla SH, Stankowski R V., Hanna J, Kloner RA. Management of No-Reflow Phenomenon in the Catheterization Laboratory. JACC: Cardiovasc Intervent. 2017;10(3):215-23.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Xiao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Comparison between Two Risk Scores as for the Prediction of Coronary Microvascular Obstruction during Primary ercutaneous Intervention</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>959</fpage>
          <lpage>967</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15. Xiao Y, Chen H, Liu D, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhang Q, et al. The Comparison between Two Risk Scores as for the Prediction of Coronary Microvascular Obstruction during Primary ercutaneous Intervention. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(5):959-967.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Viana</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>VCA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lacerda</surname>
              <given-names>YF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bagano</surname>
              <given-names>GO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Compet&#234;ncia Progn&#243;stica Distinta entre Modelo Cl&#237;nico e Anat&#244;mico em S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas: Compara&#231;&#227;o por Tipo de Desfecho</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>219</fpage>
          <lpage>225</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16. Viana MS, Correia VCA, Ferreira FM, Lacerda YF, Bagano GO, Fonseca LL, et al. Compet&#234;ncia Progn&#243;stica Distinta entre Modelo Cl&#237;nico e Anat&#244;mico em S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas: Compara&#231;&#227;o por Tipo de Desfecho. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(2):219-25.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>No Reflow in Acute Coronary Syndromes: An Old Foe or a New Frontier?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5705-4865</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garzon</surname>
            <given-names>Stefano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Stefano Garzon</bold> &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Av. Albert Einstein, 627. Postal Code <postal-code>05652-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>stefano.lemos@einstein.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemic</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Interventions</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Resistance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 16% of the world's deaths in 2019.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> However, due to continuous evolution in medical treatment and revascularization techniques, a steady decline in death rates in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) has been observed in recent years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Currently, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the gold-standard treatment for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> and a mainstay therapeutic option for non-STEMI ACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> and stable coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Nonetheless, and particularly in STEMI patients, PCI can be very challenging at times. One of the most dreaded events during PCI in STEMI is the phenomenon commonly referred as &#8220;no-reflow&#8221;, an impaired myocardial perfusion secondary to microvascular obstruction without angiographic evidence of coronary obstruction(6). Initially described in animal models,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> it was also recognized in humans in the following decades,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> being first described after PCI for STEMI by Feld in 1992.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Its occurrence is related to poorer short- and long-term outcomes following PCI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> and it is present in more than 20% of patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      <p>In a recent publication,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Rezkalla et al. thoroughly reviewed the management of no-reflow, identifying many risk factors, which include longer time to reperfusion, high-pressure balloon dilation, longer stents, and also clinical characteristics of the patient, many of which overlap with those of coronary artery disease and ACS. If no-reflow is anticipated, pharmacological and technical measures can be taken in an attempt to prevent it, potentially minimizing its occurrence and alerting the operator to promptly act in case it occurs.</p>
      <p>According to this idea, the article &#8220;The Comparison between Two Risk Scores as for the Prediction of Coronary Microvascular Obstruction during Primary Percutaneous Intervention,&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> published in the current edition of this journal, explores the ability of two risk scores in predicting the occurrence of no-reflow. It compares the SAK score, which uses purely clinical parameters (symptom onset to balloon inflation time, ACT level on admission, Killip classification, age, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and glucose levels), with the ATI score, whose parameters are an invasive measure of microvascular resistance (IMR) obtained via coronary microcatheter, age and thrombus score in the culprit artery. In this study, both scores performed well, with the SAK score presenting an AUC of 0.855. In this study, no-reflow was more commonly associated with older patients with longer reperfusion times, higher glucose levels, higher serum creatinine levels, higher leucocyte counts, Killip III classification and increased myocardial necrosis biomarkers, which is in accordance with current medical literature. However, other factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and smoking were not related to the occurrence of the phenomenon, suggesting that its physiopathology is not yet fully understood. Also, there are no data regarding how no-reflow was treated and whether the treatment resulted in improvement of microvascular resistance and possibly better outcomes.</p>
      <p>In a study recently published,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Viana et al. compared the SYNTAX and GRACE scores in predicting cardiovascular mortality and recurring non-fatal coronary events after ACS. Both were effective in predicting cardiovascular death (C-statistic 0.80 vs. 0.89, p=0.19, for the SYNTAX and GRACE scores, respectively), but the anatomical SYNTAX score was the only one capable of predicting recurring non-fatal coronary events (C-statistic 0.64 vs. 0.50, p=0.027), suggesting that intra-procedural complications and outcomes, such as no-reflow, are not accounted for when using purely clinical ACS risk scores.</p>
      <p>Understanding the full complexity of ACS still seems to be out of our reach at the moment. However, realizing that prognosis and outcomes of such patients result from numerous clinical and intra-procedural factors might be the beacon to help us navigate these troubled and not-yet-fully-charted waters.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short editorial related to the article: The Comparison between Two Risk Scores as for the Prediction of Coronary Microvascular Obstruction during Primary Percutaneous Intervention</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
