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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HNZpfDPS7fZfC3P6dqPtRgC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000600957</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210117</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210117</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Press&#227;o Arterial em Crian&#231;as. O Papel Fundamental da Atividade F&#237;sica e da Gordura Corporal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9104-9042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Agostinis-Sobrinho</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilan</surname>
            <given-names>Katiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Klaipeda University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Health Sciences</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Klaipeda</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="LT">Litu&#226;nia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Klaipeda University - Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda &#8211; Litu&#226;nia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: C&#233;sar A. Agostinis-Sobrinho &#8226;</bold> Klaipeda University - manto gatve Klaipeda <postal-code>92294</postal-code> &#8211; Litu&#226;nia E-mail: <email>cesaragostinis@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>957</fpage>
      <lpage>958</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/hereditariedade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; o principal fator de risco global para doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares al&#233;m de ser a principal causa de morte prematura em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O n&#250;mero de adultos com press&#227;o alta aumentou de 594 milh&#245;es em 1975 para 1,13 bilh&#227;o em 2015.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) estima que 1 em cada 4 homens e 1 em cada 5 mulheres tinham hipertens&#227;o e que, em 2025, 1,56 bilh&#227;o de adultos viver&#227;o com hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O aumento da press&#227;o arterial na inf&#226;ncia est&#225; se tornando mais comum na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica em geral, representando um desafio consider&#225;vel para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Estudos t&#234;m sugerido que a hipertens&#227;o arterial na inf&#226;ncia parece seguir desde a inf&#226;ncia at&#233; a idade adulta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> e est&#225; associada a eventos cardiovasculares prejudiciais ao longo da vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> No entanto, a press&#227;o arterial elevada &#233; um dos mais importantes contribuintes evit&#225;veis para doen&#231;as e morte e &#233; considerada um dos principais fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares com ra&#237;zes na inf&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>.</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Estudos indicam que n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados durante a inf&#226;ncia s&#227;o uma condi&#231;&#227;o multifatorial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Gen&#233;tica, idade, sexo, etnia, sobrepeso/obesidade, ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio, sedentarismo e fatores socioecon&#244;micos foram apontados como os principais fatores de risco para hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
    <p>A inatividade f&#237;sica e a obesidade se tornaram um problema de sa&#250;de global e as evid&#234;ncias indicam que ambas est&#227;o independentemente associadas ao aumento da press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> A preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o infantil est&#225; aumentando paralelamente aos aumentos globais na preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, a hipertens&#227;o relacionada &#224; obesidade contribui ainda mais para o agrupamento de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
    <p>A atividade f&#237;sica e o alto comportamento sedent&#225;rio desempenham um papel fundamental na sa&#250;de de crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> A literatura atual relata que a atividade f&#237;sica confere benef&#237;cios para a melhoria da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica (aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e muscular), sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica (press&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia, glicose e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina), sa&#250;de &#243;ssea, resultados cognitivos (desempenho acad&#234;mico, fun&#231;&#227;o executiva), sa&#250;de mental (redu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas de depress&#227;o); e redu&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, alguns estudos em crian&#231;as demonstraram que baixos n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (ACR) est&#227;o inversamente associados ao aumento da press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Assim como um alto n&#237;vel de ACR na inf&#226;ncia est&#225; associada a n&#237;veis normais de press&#227;o arterial na idade adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref></p>
    <p>De fato, a preval&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial durante a inf&#226;ncia tamb&#233;m se tornou um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica significativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Do ponto de vista da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, estudos confi&#225;veis para identificar poss&#237;veis mecanismos associados ao aparecimento da hipertens&#227;o servem como base para preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento adequados, bem como para a aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos de sa&#250;de baseada em evid&#234;ncias e formula&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas. Levando tudo isso em considera&#231;&#227;o juntamente com a condi&#231;&#227;o multifatorial da hipertens&#227;o arterial, do estudo publicado na ABC Cardiol,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> os autores buscaram investigar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre medidas antropom&#233;tricas, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa e ACR com press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as de 6 a 12 anos. Os autores observaram que a gordura corporal (porcentagem de gordura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/altura) estava negativamente associada aos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial. Al&#233;m disso, observaram que a atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa e a ACR tamb&#233;m tiveram grande impacto na press&#227;o arterial. Os achados do estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> s&#227;o particularmente importantes do ponto de vista da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, uma vez que tanto a atividade f&#237;sica quanto o peso corporal s&#227;o fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para a preven&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o, ambos devem ser considerados simultaneamente em interven&#231;&#245;es futuras. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de altos &#237;ndices de gordura corporal e baixos n&#237;veis de ACR e atividade f&#237;sica na inf&#226;ncia podem permitir interven&#231;&#245;es precoces, prevenindo a hipertens&#227;o em idades precoces e adultas.</p>
    <p>O estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> apresenta alguns pontos fortes importantes que devem ser destacados, como a novidade da an&#225;lise do impacto de diversas vari&#225;veis sobre os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos em crian&#231;as de ambos os sexos, bem como a avalia&#231;&#227;o objetiva de atividade f&#237;sica com aceler&#244;metros, uma vez que esses dispositivos n&#227;o dependem da mem&#243;ria do sujeito e podem capturar todo o padr&#227;o di&#225;rio de atividade f&#237;sica. O estudo tamb&#233;m apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como seu desenho transversal, e os autores n&#227;o podem inferir que as associa&#231;&#245;es observadas refletem rela&#231;&#245;es causais. Al&#233;m disso, faltam dados coletados sobre a ingest&#227;o alimentar, o que poderia fornecer um modelo preditor mais robusto.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a press&#227;o arterial elevada na inf&#226;ncia representa um desafio consider&#225;vel &#224; sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em todo o mundo. A hipertens&#227;o pedi&#225;trica &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o que tem efeitos profundos na vida adulta, aumentando o risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Portanto, considerando que tanto a atividade f&#237;sica quanto a obesidade/sobrepeso s&#227;o as principais condi&#231;&#245;es modific&#225;veis, interagindo com as altera&#231;&#245;es epigen&#233;ticas, elas devem ser consideradas simultaneamente em futuras interven&#231;&#245;es com o objetivo de melhorar o perfil de sa&#250;de das crian&#231;as. O incremento da atividade f&#237;sica ou exerc&#237;cio para melhorar a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e diminuir a obesidade/sobrepeso pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia preventiva eficaz para a redu&#231;&#227;o e prote&#231;&#227;o contra o aumento da press&#227;o arterial. No entanto, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o os resultados do estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> bem como a literatura atual, especialistas cient&#237;ficos recomendam fortemente que crian&#231;as e adolescentes fa&#231;am pelo menos uma m&#233;dia de 60 minutos por dia de atividade f&#237;sica de intensidade moderada a vigorosa, principalmente aer&#243;bica, durante a semana para oferecer benef&#237;cios significativos &#224; sa&#250;de e mitigar riscos. Al&#233;m disso, atividades aer&#243;bicas de intensidade vigorosa, bem como aquelas que fortalecem m&#250;sculos e ossos, devem ser incorporadas pelo menos 3 dias por semana.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditoral referente a artigo: Press&#227;o Arterial de Crian&#231;as: Associa&#231;&#227;o a Indicadores Antropom&#233;tricos, Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal, Aptid&#227;o Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e Atividade F&#237;sica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Blood Pressure in Children. The Key Role of Physical Activity and Body Fatness</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9104-9042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Agostinis-Sobrinho</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilan</surname>
            <given-names>Katiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Klaipeda</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="LT">Litu&#226;nia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Klaipeda University - Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda &#8211; Litu&#226;nia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: C&#233;sar A. Agostinis-Sobrinho &#8226;</bold> Klaipeda University - manto gatve Klaipeda <postal-code>92294</postal-code> &#8211; Lithuania E-mail: <email>cesaragostinis@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Blood Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension/heredity</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarism</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>High blood pressure is the leading global risk factor for chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular diseases and is the leading cause of premature death worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> The number of adults with high blood pressure increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 1 in 4 men and 1 in 5 women had hypertension and that by 2025, 1.56 billion adults will be living with hypertension.</p>
      <p>Childhood raised blood pressure is becoming more common in the general pediatric population, representing a considerable public health challenge worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Studies have suggested that childhood high blood pressure seems to track from childhood to adulthood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> and is associated with detrimental lifelong cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> However, raised blood pressure is one of the most important preventable contributors to disease and death and is considered to be one of the major modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease with roots in childhood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Studies indicate that high blood pressure levels during childhood are a multifactorial condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Genetics, age, gender, ethnicity, overweight/obesity, sodium and potassium intake, physical inactivity, and socioeconomic factors have been named as the main risk factors for hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Physical inactivity and obesity have become a global health issue and the evidence indicate that both are independently associated with raised blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The prevalence of childhood hypertension is rising in parallel with global increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> In addition, obesity-related hypertension contributes further to the clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Physical activity and high sedentary behavior play a key role in children and adolescents health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Current literature report that physical activity confers benefits for improved physical fitness (cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness), cardiometabolic health (blood pressure, dyslipidemia, glucose, and insulin resistance), bone health, cognitive outcomes (academic performance, executive function), mental health (reduced symptoms of depression); and reduced adiposity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> In addition, some studies in children have demonstrated that low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with raised blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> As well as a high level of CRF in childhood is associated with normal levels of blood pressure in adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Indeed, the prevalence of a high levels of blood pressure during childhood has also become a significant public health issue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> From the public health perspective, reliable studies to identify possible mechanisms associated to hypertension onset serve as a basis for adequate prevention and treatment, as well as evidence-based health resource allocation and policy making. Taking all this into account along with the multifactorial condition of high blood pressure, the study of published in ABC Cardiol,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> the authors sought to investigate the associations between anthropometric measurements, body composition, moderate-vigorous physical activity, and CRF with blood pressure in children aged 6 to 12 years old. The authors found that body fatness (percentage of fat, body mass index, and waist/height ratio) was negatively associated with blood pressure levels. In addition, they observed that moderate-vigorous physical activity and CRF, also had a great impact on blood pressure. Findings from study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> are particularly important from a public health perspective, since both physical activity and body weight are modifiable risk factors for the prevention of hypertension, both should be simultaneously considered in future interventions. The early identification of high body fatness, and low levels of CRF and physical activity in childhood may allow early interventions, thereby preventing hypertension at an early age as well as in the adulthood.</p>
      <p>The study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> present some important strengths that should be highlighted, such as the novelty of the analysis of the impact of several variables on blood pressure levels in children of both genders as well as the objectively assessment of physical activity with accelerometers, as these devices do not rely on subjects&#8217; recall and may capture the entire daily pattern of physical activity. The study also presents to certain limitations, such as its cross-sectional design, and the authors cannot infer that their observed associations reflect causal relationships. Moreover, there is a lack of data collected regarding food intake, which could provide a more robust predictor model.</p>
      <p>In conclusion childhood raised blood pressure represents a considerable public health challenge worldwide. Pediatric hypertension is a condition that has profound effects on later life, increasing the risk for future cardiovascular events in adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Therefore, considering that both physical activity and obesity/overweight are main modifiable conditions, interacting with epigenetic changes, they should be simultaneously considered in future interventions aiming to improve the health profile of children. The increment of physical activity or exercise to improve physical fitness and decrease obesity/overweight may be an effective preventive strategy for reduction and protection against raised blood pressure. However, taking the findings of study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> into account, as well as the current literature, scientific experts strongly recommend that children and adolescents should do at least an average of 60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous-intensity, mostly aerobic, physical activity, across the week to offer significant health benefits and mitigate health risks. In addition, vigorous-intensity aerobic activities, as well as those that strengthen muscle and bone, should be incorporated at least 3 days a week.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Blood Pressure in Children: Association with Anthropometric Indicators, Body Composition, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Physical Activity</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
