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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6JQKwSG3vk6RybYZRCDnBFP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000600950</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190520</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190520</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Press&#227;o Arterial de Crian&#231;as: Associa&#231;&#227;o a Indicadores Antropom&#233;tricos, Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal, Aptid&#227;o Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e Atividade F&#237;sica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4224-0868</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Gisele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3013-1760</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5941-5089</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gaya</surname>
            <given-names>Adroaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8335-6947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gaya</surname>
            <given-names>Anelise Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade SOGIPA de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade SOGIPA de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gisele Pinheiro</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Rua Felizardo, 750. CEP <postal-code>90040-060</postal-code>, Jardim Bot&#226;nico, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>giselepinheiros@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pinheiro G, Gaya A, Gaya AR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pinheiro G, Mello J, Gaya AR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pinheiro G, Mello J, Gaya A, Gaya AR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pinheiro G, Mello J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Gaya AR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pinheiro G, Gaya A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mello J, Gaya A, Gaya AR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>116</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>950</fpage>
      <lpage>956</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Evid&#234;ncias apontam vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e de condicionamento f&#237;sico como fatores associados &#224; press&#227;o arterial infantil. Analis&#225;-los em apenas um contexto &#233; um meio relevante de identificar o peso que cada um deles pode apresentar no desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Identificar as poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es de medidas antropom&#233;tricas, da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, da atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa (AFMV) e da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (ApC) com a press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo correlacional com abordagem quantitativa. Duzentos e quinze (215) estudantes com idades de 6 a 12 anos de uma escola p&#250;blica de Porto Alegre, selecionados por crit&#233;rio de conveni&#234;ncia. A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida atrav&#233;s de um esfigmoman&#244;metro digital. Para o tratamento dos dados, os valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram padronizados (escore Z) e somados. As vari&#225;veis testadas como preditoras foram: AFMV; Percentual de gordura (%G); &#205;ndice de massa corporal (IMC); Raz&#227;o cintura/estatura (RCE); Matura&#231;&#227;o som&#225;tica; ApC. Ap&#243;s a verifica&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de normalidade, as associa&#231;&#245;es brutas e ajustadas (para sexo, idade e matura&#231;&#227;o som&#225;tica) foram testadas atrav&#233;s de equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o linear. Para as an&#225;lises, foi considerado p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Tr&#234;s diferentes modelos indicaram os melhores conjuntos de fatores associados &#224; press&#227;o arterial padronizada: O Modelo 1 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,21) se constituiu das vari&#225;veis RCE (&#946; = 9,702) e AFMV (&#946; = &#8211; 0,021); O Modelo 2 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,19) foi composto pelas vari&#225;veis IMC (&#946; = 0,156) e AFMV (&#946; = &#8211; 0,021); O Modelo 3 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,18) incluiu as vari&#225;veis %G (&#946; = 0,063) e ApC (&#946; = &#8211; 0,004).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial de crian&#231;as &#233; predita pelas vari&#225;veis corporais %G, IMC e RCE. Al&#233;m disso, est&#225; associada negativamente &#224; AFMV e a ApC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Antropometria</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade Motora</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</funding-source>
          <award-id>401969/2016-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico, n&#250;mero 401969/2016-9.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A press&#227;o arterial &#233; um importante indicador da sa&#250;de cardiovascular e metab&#243;lica. Crian&#231;as com n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial t&#234;m alta probabilidade de se tornarem adultos hipertensos. Portanto, o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoce podem evitar eventos cardiovasculares adversos a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Apesar de a hipertens&#227;o arterial ser mais frequente na vida adulta, evid&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas sugerem que a sua g&#234;nese possa estar localizada na inf&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Todavia, cabe ressaltar que pesquisas recentes demonstram &#237;ndices consider&#225;veis da preval&#234;ncia de elevados valores de press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Para compreendermos a hipertens&#227;o na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia considerarmos vari&#225;veis como: idade, estatura, sexo, sobrepeso/obesidade, n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica e n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> O estudo de Freedman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> sugeriu que crian&#231;as com sobrepeso ou obesidade a mais chances de apresentarem n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial elevados. Pesquisas mostram uma associa&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica e a press&#227;o arterial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> assim como outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> t&#234;m demonstrado que crian&#231;as e adolescentes com baixos n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria acrescido a um excesso de peso possuem mais chances de apresentar fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias sobre todos os fatores avaliados em um mesmo estudo agregam informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes sobre a magnitude da influ&#234;ncia que cada indiv&#237;duo pode apresentar para o desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Desse modo, o presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar as poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es do conjunto de medidas antropom&#233;tricas, de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, de atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa e de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria com a variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal com m&#233;todo correlacional e abordagem quantitativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sujeitos da Pesquisa</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> s&#227;o estudantes de primeiro a quinto ano do ensino fundamental, com idade entre 6 a 12 anos e matriculados em escolas p&#250;blicas. A popula&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> foi composta por aproximadamente 400 crian&#231;as estudantes do 1&#186; ao 5&#186; ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola p&#250;blica estadual de Porto Alegre. A popula&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel foi selecionada por conveni&#234;ncia, justificada pelo fato desta escola atender a disciplina de est&#225;gio supervisionado do curso de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica na mesma universidade frequentada pelos pesquisadores e, como tal, permitir pleno acesso dos mesmos &#224; comunidade escolar.</p>
        <p>Para compor a amostra foram convidadas todas as crian&#231;as matriculadas nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. Foram avaliadas 215 crian&#231;as de 6 a 12 anos de idade. Ap&#243;s a coleta de dados, para identificar a dimens&#227;o amostral que mais equilibra a probabilidade entre os erros de tipo I e II, respectivamente, e para justificar a testagem estat&#237;stica em uma amostra n&#227;o aleat&#243;ria, foi utilizado o programa G-Power, vers&#227;o 3.1.</p>
        <p>Foi feito o c&#225;lculo para testes da fam&#237;lia F, mais especificamente o de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla. O alpha utilizado foi 0,05, o tamanho de efeito de foi 0,15 (m&#233;dio), o poder do teste foi de 0,95 e o n&#250;mero de preditores foi 8 (oito) (considerando o modelo com o maior n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis poss&#237;vel neste estudo: raz&#227;o cintura-estatura (RCE), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura (%G), atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa, aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, sexo, idade e matura&#231;&#227;o som&#225;tica). A partir destes crit&#233;rios foi estipulada uma dimens&#227;o amostral m&#237;nima de 160 sujeitos.</p>
        <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada no per&#237;odo entre mar&#231;o e abril de 2017. A escola foi convidada a participar do estudo e consentiu atrav&#233;s de uma Carta de Anu&#234;ncia. Em seguida, foi convocada e realizada uma reuni&#227;o com os pais para detalhar o estudo. Por fim, estes receberam e assinaram um Termo de Consentimento do Livre e Esclarecido. Os alunos, por sua vez, assinaram um Termo de Assentimento. Ambos os termos explicavam o estudo. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Humanos da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) sob o parecer n&#186; 2.571.198.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de Coleta de Dados</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas (estatura, massa e per&#237;metro da cintura) foram avaliadas seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Manual de Medidas e Testes do Proesp-Br.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> A massa corporal foi avaliada com os escolares descal&#231;os, atrav&#233;s de uma balan&#231;a digital port&#225;til (<italic>Tech Line</italic>) e cuja precis&#227;o era de 100 g. Os valores foram aferidos em Kg, com o uso de uma casa decimal.</p>
        <p>Para a medi&#231;&#227;o da estatura foi utilizada uma fita m&#233;trica com precis&#227;o de 2 mm, presa verticalmente &#224; parede a 1 m do solo e estendida de baixo para cima. Os resultados foram aferidos em cm, com o uso de uma casa decimal e o aux&#237;lio de um esquadro para a leitura. A medida de per&#237;metro da cintura foi aferida atrav&#233;s de uma fita m&#233;trica flex&#237;vel posicionada no ponto m&#233;dio entre a borda inferior da &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca, geralmente pr&#243;xima da cicatriz umbilical. As demais vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de Mirwald et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> A altura do indiv&#237;duo quando sentado foi aferida com um banco padr&#227;o para todas as crian&#231;as e uma fita m&#233;trica com precis&#227;o de 2 mm fixada &#224; parede. O ponto-zero da fita m&#233;trica foi fixado no acento do banco.</p>
        <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do IMC foram utilizadas as vari&#225;veis estatura e massa corporal, para o c&#225;lculo da RCE foram utilizadas as vari&#225;veis estatura e per&#237;metro da cintura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Para o c&#225;lculo da matura&#231;&#227;o som&#225;tica foram utilizadas as vari&#225;veis sexo, estatura, massa corporal, estatura sentada, comprimento da perna (diferen&#231;a entre estatura total e estatura sentado) e idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
        <p>A aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial foi realizada durante o per&#237;odo de aulas da escola, atrav&#233;s do uso de um esfigmoman&#244;metro digital com bra&#231;adeiras adequadas da marca Omron. Todas as verifica&#231;&#245;es de medidas foram feitas entre o primeiro e o segundo per&#237;odo escolar matutino (entre oito e nove horas), per&#237;odo em que nem todas as crian&#231;as estavam em jejum. Foi solicitado aos alunos que se mantivessem sentados por cinco minutos para que se pudesse obter um valor mais pr&#243;ximo do repouso. Foram feitas tr&#234;s aferi&#231;&#245;es no bra&#231;o direito e, em seguida, computado o valor m&#233;dio. Os valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram padronizados (atrav&#233;s do uso de escore Z). O escore Z da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi somado ao escore Z da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, o que resultou em uma nova vari&#225;vel da press&#227;o arterial padronizada.</p>
        <p>Para mensurar o percentual de gordura, foi utilizado o exame de imagem por absorciometria de duplo feixe de raios X (DXA) da marca GE Healthcare, modelo Lunar Prodigy e realizado por um pesquisador treinado. As crian&#231;as foram instru&#237;das a vestirem roupas sem z&#237;peres, fechos e fivelas, a removerem qualquer pe&#231;a de metal, a se posicionarem deitadas em dec&#250;bito dorsal e permanecerem paradas at&#233; o bra&#231;o do aparelho passar sobre o corpo no trajeto entre cabe&#231;a e os p&#233;s. Os valores, em percentuais, foram calculados automaticamente pelo <italic>software</italic> do equipamento.</p>
        <p>Para mensurar a atividade f&#237;sica foi utilizado um aceler&#244;metro Actigraph (wActiSleep-BT Monitor), que foi posicionado na cintura dos escolares atrav&#233;s de um cinto el&#225;stico na linha axilar m&#233;dia do lado direito. As crian&#231;as foram incentivadas a us&#225;-lo durante sete dias consecutivos. Para fins de an&#225;lise, foram considerados cinco dias (incluso um dia do final de semana) e pelo menos 10 horas por dia de tempo de uso. O equipamento foi mantido durante todo o dia e retirado apenas para o banho ou quaisquer outras atividades aqu&#225;ticas. Ap&#243;s o &#250;ltimo dia de uso do aceler&#244;metro, o aparelho foi retirado pela equipe avaliadora. Posteriormente, atrav&#233;s do <italic>software</italic> Actilife (ActiGraph<sup>&#174;</sup>, version 5.6, EUA) foi verificado se os dados estavam completos.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados em uma taxa de amostragem de 30 Hz, baixados em per&#237;odos de um segundo e agregados em per&#237;odos de 15 segundos. Na apura&#231;&#227;o de <italic>counts</italic> para os pontos de corte em aceler&#244;metros, foi utilizada a proposta de Evenson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> para per&#237;odos de 15 segundos: &#8804; 25 counts/15 segundos para o tempo sedent&#225;rio; &#8805; 574 counts/15 segundos para atividade f&#237;sica moderada e &#8805; 1.003 counts/15 segundos para atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa.</p>
        <p>Para medir a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria foi feito o teste de corrida/caminhada de seis minutos, conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Manual de Medidas e Testes do Proesp-Br.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Para a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, foi utilizada uma quadra com per&#237;metro de 56 metros, demarcada com cones e sinalizadas com giz a cada dois metros para aferir a dist&#226;ncia percorrida por cada crian&#231;a ao final do teste. Foi utilizado tamb&#233;m um cron&#244;metro e um apito para iniciar e finalizar a atividade. As crian&#231;as foram instru&#237;das a percorrer (correr ou caminhar) o maior n&#250;mero de voltas, ou seja, a maior dist&#226;ncia poss&#237;vel. Durante o teste, foi avisada a passagem do tempo aos dois, quatro e cinco minutos, respectivamente, (&#8220;Aten&#231;&#227;o: falta um minuto!&#8221;) e ao final da atividade (com o som do apito). As crian&#231;as deveriam parar no lugar em que estavam no momento do apito e permanecer neste ponto at&#233; que o avaliador anotasse a dist&#226;ncia percorrida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos Estat&#237;sticos</title>
        <p>Inicialmente, todas as vari&#225;veis foram submetidas ao Teste de Normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e demonstraram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Para a an&#225;lise descritiva, foram utilizados valores m&#233;dios e desvios padr&#227;o, m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, al&#233;m de valores de frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A diferen&#231;a entre os sexos foi testada em todas as vari&#225;veis com o Teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes. De in&#237;cio, as associa&#231;&#245;es foram testadas com o Teste de Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. A multicolineariedade foi testada previamente e foi identificada uma alta rela&#231;&#227;o entre a atividade f&#237;sica de moderada-vigorosa e a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Estes procedimentos foram realizados para atender os pressupostos da regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla. A an&#225;lise seguinte se prop&#244;s a estimar a vari&#226;ncia da press&#227;o arterial padronizada a partir das demais vari&#225;veis estudadas.</p>
        <p>Foram testados diferentes modelos de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla a partir do m&#233;todo Stepwise. Aqueles que apresentaram maiores valores de R<sup>2</sup> ajustado foram considerados, desde que mantivessem a l&#243;gica te&#243;rica. Todas as associa&#231;&#245;es foram ajustadas quanto ao sexo, a idade e a matura&#231;&#227;o som&#225;tica, no intuito de retirar o efeito de poss&#237;veis confundidores. Para as an&#225;lises, foi considerado <italic>a priori</italic> um <italic>alpha</italic> de 0,05 e foram realizadas com o <italic>software</italic> SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 20.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A amostra revelou que, no total, 53,5% s&#227;o meninos e 46,5% s&#227;o meninas. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, s&#227;o apresentadas as caracter&#237;sticas dos sujeitos da pesquisa, relacionadas com as vari&#225;veis estudadas. Apenas as vari&#225;veis &#8220;percentual de gordura&#8221;, &#8220;atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa&#8221; e &#8220;aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria&#8221; apresentaram diferen&#231;as entre os sexos (p &lt; 0,05). Importante destacar o baixo desempenho no teste de corrida/caminhada de seis minutos em ambos os sexos.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos sujeitos da pesquisa (n = 215)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="10%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5">MENINOS</th>
              <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">MENINAS</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">X &#177; DP</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Min</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Max</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">N</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">X &#177; DP</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Min</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Max</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">115</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,25 &#177;1,54</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">100</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,51 &#177; 1,44</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,211</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">115</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">103,04 &#177; 11,35</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">83</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">143</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">100</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">103,81 &#177; 11,75</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">134</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,628</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>PAD (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">115</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60,78 &#177; 9,13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">100</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60,67 &#177; 8,59</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">82</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,926</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Estatura (cm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">134,27 &#177; 10,09</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">161</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">98</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">134,47 &#177; 10,84</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">108</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">154</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,890</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Peso (kg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32,98 &#177; 9,58</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">98</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33,82 &#177; 11,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,558</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>PC (cm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,41 &#177; 9,09</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">86</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">98</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,75 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,209</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>% G</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,86 &#177; 9,09</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">51,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35,24 &#177; 7,55</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">49,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,035</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC (kg/m&#178;)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18 &#177; 3,47</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">98</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18,27 &#177; 3,98</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29,78</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,600</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>RCE</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,47 &#177; 0,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,37</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,64</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">98</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,45 &#177; 0,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,27</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,60</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,800</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>AFMV (min)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70,26 &#177; 29,57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23,62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">147,16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">60</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55,33 &#177; 18,75</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23,64</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">110,24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,002</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>ApC (m)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">101</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">800,43 &#177; 142,99</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">438</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1158</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">91</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">749,25 &#177; 104,64</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">504</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">952</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,005</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>Fonte: os autores. N: n&#250;mero de sujeitos; X: m&#233;dia; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PC: per&#237;metro da cintura; %G: percentual de gordura; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; RCE: raz&#227;o cintura/estatura; AFMV: atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa; ApC: aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.</attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A press&#227;o arterial padronizada est&#225; associada de forma negativa e positiva com algumas vari&#225;veis nos meninos, todavia com &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o (r) razoavelmente baixos. J&#225; nas meninas, todos os valores se encontram abaixo de 0,3, o que indica que na an&#225;lise bivariada, as associa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o fracas.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Valores da correla&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o arterial padronizada e a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, a atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa e a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (n = 215)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">zPA</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">MENINOS (n:115)</th>
              <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">MENINAS (n:100)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>RCE</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,368</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,252</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,454</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,342</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>%G</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,490</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,288</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>AFMV</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,349</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,253</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>ApC</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,216</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,227</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>zPA: press&#227;o arterial padronizada; r: coeficiente da correla&#231;&#227;o; RCE: raz&#227;o cintura/estatura; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; %G: percentual de gordura; AFMV: atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa; ApC: aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a verifica&#231;&#227;o das correla&#231;&#245;es, foram feitas as an&#225;lises de associa&#231;&#227;o ajustadas. Os resultados mostraram que, considerando o sexo, a idade e a matura&#231;&#227;o som&#225;tica constantes, as vari&#225;veis &#8220;raz&#227;o cintura/estatura&#8221;, &#8220;&#237;ndice de massa corporal&#8221; e &#8220;percentual de gordura&#8221; indicam uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com a press&#227;o arterial padronizada. Em contrapartida, a atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa e aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria indicaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o negativa.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis preditoras foram testadas em diversos modelos. Entretanto, tr&#234;s diferentes modelos indicaram os conjuntos de fatores que melhor explicaram a vari&#226;ncia da press&#227;o arterial padronizada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Embora os tr&#234;s modelos sejam compostos por vari&#225;veis diferentes, explicaram entre 18% e 21% da vari&#226;ncia da press&#227;o arterial padronizada. Outro importante fator &#233; que as duas medidas de estado nutricional (&#237;ndice de massa corporal e raz&#227;o cintura/estatura) foram os indicadores que apresentaram maiores magnitudes de associa&#231;&#227;o, considerando os ajustes j&#225; descritos.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para a estimativa da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial padronizada a partir de 3 modelos (n = 215)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">zPA</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Modelo 1 (R<sup>2</sup> ajustado: 0,210)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">IC 95%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>RCE</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,170</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,022</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,033 &#8211; 13,308</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>AFMV</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,021</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,004</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,035 &#8211; -0,007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Sexo</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,998</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,136</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-2,315 &#8211; 0,320</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Idade</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,302</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,212</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,778 &#8211; 0,174</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Matura&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,456</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,079</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,054 &#8211; 0,965</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Modelo 2 (R<sup>2</sup> ajustado: 0,192)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,113</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,090</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,018 &#8211; 0,245</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>AFMV</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,023</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,037 &#8211; -0,008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Sexo</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,697</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,408</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-2,360 &#8211; 0,967</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Idade</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,254</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,364</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,808 &#8211; 0,299</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Matura&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,260</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,471</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,453 &#8211; 0,973</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Modelo 3 (R<sup>2</sup> ajustado: 0,183)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>%G</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,054</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,043</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002 &#8211; 0,107</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>ApC</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,003</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,037</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,006 &#8211; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Sexo</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,737</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,307</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-2,163 &#8211; 0,689</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Idade</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,090</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,765</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,508 &#8211; 0,688</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Matura&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,238</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,466</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,408 &#8211; 0,884</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>zPA: press&#227;o arterial padronizada; R<sup>2</sup> ajustado: coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o ajustado para as vari&#225;veis do modelo; &#946;: associa&#231;&#227;o ajustada para sexo, idade e matura&#231;&#227;o som&#225;tica; p: n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia; RCE: raz&#227;o cintura/estatura; AFMV: atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; %G: percentual de gordura; ApC: aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais resultados do presente estudo indicaram que a atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa, a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, a idade, o sexo e a matura&#231;&#227;o som&#225;tica s&#227;o importantes preditores da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial padronizada nas crian&#231;as. Em nossos resultados, observamos que a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi de 103,0 mmHg em meninos e de103,8 mmHg em meninas. A press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica foi de 60,7 mmHg em meninos e de 60,6 mmHg em meninas.</p>
      <p>No estudo de Gaya et a.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> com 416 meninos portugueses entre 8 e 15 anos, a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi de 117,2 mmHg e da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica foi de 61,1 mmHg. J&#225; no estudo de Monteiro et al.,16. com 51 escolares brasileiros, a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi de 111,6 mmHg em meninos e 107,6 em meninas, e diast&#243;lica de 66,8 mmHg em meninos e 66,5 em meninas com idades entre 13 e 16 anos. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para os valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica serem maiores nos estudos supracitados em compara&#231;&#227;o com os aferidos pode ser a idade cronol&#243;gica dos sujeitos serem maiores. Isto influencia diretamente nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, j&#225; que as crian&#231;as mais velhas tendem a ter uma maior estatura, o que naturalmente eleva os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No que diz respeito &#224; aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, percebemos que a m&#233;dia de metros percorridos no teste de seis minutos &#233; baixa para meninos e meninas. No estudo de Mello et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> ainda que tenha sido com crian&#231;as e adolescentes entre 10 a 17 anos, a preval&#234;ncia de baixa aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria foi de 74,1% entre os jovens sendo superior nas meninas. Mesmo utilizando os crit&#233;rios do Proesp-BR, iguais aos deste estudo, os resultados encontrados por Mello et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> foram mais preocupantes. Todavia, nos estudos de Coledam et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> e Minatto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> os autores observaram resultados semelhantes ao presente estudo, mostrando que em torno de 50% das crian&#231;as apresentavam baixos n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.</p>
      <p>J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa, no presente estudo observamos uma m&#233;dia de 70,2 min/sem nos meninos e de 55,3 min/sem em meninas. Matsudo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> observou em crian&#231;as brasileiras de 9 a 11 anos de idade uma m&#233;dia de atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa de 59,5 min/dia, sendo que as crian&#231;as acumularam mais atividade deste tipo nos dias &#250;teis que nos finais de semana. Ademais, 55,9% n&#227;o atingiram a recomenda&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria estipulada.</p>
      <p>Percebemos que as meninas tendem a possuir valores menores, tanto de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria quanto de atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa. Esse dado pode ser explicado por um conjunto de fatores relacionados com a cultura de incentivo para a pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas vigorosas, vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, &#233;tnicas e fisiol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Treuth et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> apontou em um estudo realizado com meninas que a atividade mais realizada durante a semana e na maior parte dos dias de finais de semana s&#227;o de car&#225;ter sedent&#225;rio (55,4% do tempo). Dentro do tempo em atividade, eram praticadas em sua maioria atividades com baixa intensidade (41,7% atividades leves) e pouco tempo era dispensado em atividades moderadas (2,2%) e vigorosas (0,7%).</p>
      <p>No tocante &#224;s associa&#231;&#245;es, nossos resultados iniciais demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o arterial padronizada e todos os indicadores de sobrepeso e obesidade, bem como a atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa e aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Todos os resultados apresentaram correla&#231;&#245;es de magnitude moderada ou baixa (r &lt; 0,4). Essa baixa magnitude pode ser explicada principalmente pelos diversos fatores que influenciam na press&#227;o arterial, como a estatura, o sexo e a idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> que n&#227;o fizeram parte desta an&#225;lise inicial. Portanto, a partir dessas primeiros estudos se fez clara a necessidade de an&#225;lises ajustadas.</p>
      <p>Nesta perspectiva, foram analisados modelos que pudessem explicar parte da vari&#226;ncia da press&#227;o arterial padronizada, mediante o ajuste de associa&#231;&#245;es para as vari&#225;veis &#8220;matura&#231;&#227;o som&#225;tica&#8221;, &#8220;idade&#8221; e &#8220;sexo&#8221;. Dessa forma, percebemos de forma mais clara o quanto as vari&#225;veis: &#8220;raz&#227;o cintura/estatura&#8221;, &#8220;&#237;ndice de massa corporal&#8221;, &#8220;percentual de gordura&#8221;, &#8220;atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa&#8221; e &#8220;aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria&#8221; podem, de fato, influenciar na press&#227;o arterial padronizada dos escolares, tanto de forma individual (atrav&#233;s dos valores de beta) quanto de forma conjunta (atrav&#233;s dos valores de R<sup>2</sup> ajustados).</p>
      <p>Partindo deste ponto, foram testadas as vari&#225;veis preditoras, o que resultou em tr&#234;s modelos que melhor explicam a vari&#226;ncia da press&#227;o arterial padronizada. Os dois primeiros (modelo 1: raz&#227;o cintura/estatura, atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa, sexo, idade e matura&#231;&#227;o; e modelo 2: &#237;ndice de massa corporal, atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa, sexo, idade e matura&#231;&#227;o) explicam 21% e 19% da vari&#226;ncia, respectivamente. A vari&#225;vel &#8220;raz&#227;o cintura/estatura&#8221;, que &#233; um indicador de gordura abdominal, &#233; a que mais influ&#234;ncia no grau de vari&#226;ncia da press&#227;o arterial. Esses resultados v&#227;o de encontro a estudo de Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> que demostrou a associa&#231;&#227;o do excesso de gordura visceral com os &#237;ndices de press&#227;o arterial e a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Entretanto, segundo o estudo de Cauduro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> crian&#231;as e adolescentes obesos teriam menos chance de apresentar n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial independentemente do sexo, da idade e do n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico, caso cumprissem as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de atividades f&#237;sicas ideais para a sua idade.</p>
      <p>Portanto, os resultados de Cauduro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> demonstram a import&#226;ncia de considerar a atividade f&#237;sica e algum indicador de sobrepeso e obesidade no mesmo modelo de associa&#231;&#227;o, diante da perspectiva de tentarmos entender o conjunto de preditores da press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as. Nossos resultados ainda demostram que, independentemente do indicador de sobrepeso/obesidade inserido no modelo, as associa&#231;&#245;es se mant&#234;m. Isso se justifica pelo fato de ambas as vari&#225;veis estarem associadas de forma independente &#224; press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
      <p>J&#225; no &#250;ltimo modelo apresentado, observamos que a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e o percentual de gordura explicam 18% da vari&#226;ncia da press&#227;o arterial padronizada. &#201; importante salientar que, apesar de a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria ser baixa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o arterial padronizada (&#946;: -0,003), aparentemente, percebemos pela unidade de medida dessa vari&#225;vel ser metros que se trata de um resultado importante e que pode influenciar facilmente na press&#227;o arterial de crian&#231;as.</p>
      <p>Por fim, &#233; importante acrescentar que a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa n&#227;o est&#227;o no mesmo modelo, visto que ambas se associam teoricamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Nos testes de multicolineariedade, a rela&#231;&#227;o encontrada no presente estudo foi de r &gt; 0,7. Ainda &#233; importante salientar que mesmo com tr&#234;s indicadores de sobrepeso/obesidade realizados atrav&#233;s de medidas diferentes (crescimento corporal, gordura abdominal e exame de imagem) as associa&#231;&#245;es se mantiveram e os modelos permaneceram em um percentual de explica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial padronizada semelhante. Ademais, tamb&#233;m ressaltamos que no ambiente escolar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medidas antropom&#233;tricas para estimar o estado nutricional de crian&#231;as &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia eficaz e possui um efeito de an&#225;lise semelhante &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o por imagem. Isso indica que estas vari&#225;veis (&#237;ndice de massa corporal e raz&#227;o cintura/estatura) podem ser agregadas aos programas de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Percebemos que as vari&#225;veis corporais: &#8220;percentual de gordura&#8221;, &#8220;&#237;ndice de massa corporal&#8221; e &#8220;raz&#227;o cintura/estatura&#8221; se mostraram influentes &#224; press&#227;o arterial. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se que a atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa e a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, que s&#227;o importantes vari&#225;veis relacionadas com o exerc&#237;cio, tamb&#233;m influenciam na press&#227;o arterial de crian&#231;as. Portanto, podemos concluir que todos os indicadores estudados, quando analisados em conjunto, se associam &#224; press&#227;o arterial de crian&#231;as, o que sugere que a preven&#231;&#227;o precoce de hipertens&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as deve considerar a pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica moderada-vigorosa, os aumentos dos n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e as estrat&#233;gias a serem adotadas para o controle dos indicadores de sobrepeso e obesidade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico, n&#250;mero 401969/2016-9.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; do Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Movimento Humano de <italic>J&#250;lio Mello, Adroaldo Gaya e Anelise Reis Gaya</italic> pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) pela bolsa de pesquisa n&#237;vel D1 e pela bolsa do Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica. Agradecemos tamb&#233;m a Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior pela concess&#227;o da bolsa de doutorado.</p>
    </ack>
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          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>81</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28. Swift DL, Lavie CJ, Johannsen NM, Arena R, Earnest CP, O&#8217;Keefe JH, et al. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and exercise training in primary and secondary coronary prevention. Circ J. 2013; 77(2):81-92.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Blood Pressure in Children: Association with Anthropometric Indicators, Body Composition, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Physical Activity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4224-0868</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Gisele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3013-1760</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5941-5089</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gaya</surname>
            <given-names>Adroaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8335-6947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gaya</surname>
            <given-names>Anelise Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade SOGIPA de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Gisele Pinheiro</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Rua Felizardo, 750. Postal Code <postal-code>90040-060</postal-code>, Jardim Bot&#226;nico, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>giselepinheiros@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Pinheiro G, Gaya A, Gaya AR; Data acquisition: Pinheiro G, Mello J, Gaya AR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pinheiro G, Mello J, Gaya A, Gaya AR; Statistical analysis: Pinheiro G, Mello J; Obtaining financing: Gaya AR; Writing of the manuscript: Pinheiro G, Gaya A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mello J, Gaya A, Gaya AR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Evidence points to anthropometric and fitness variables as associated factors with children's blood pressure. Analysing these factors in a single context is a relevant possibility of identifying the weight that each factor can present for the development of arterial hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Identify the possible associations between anthropometric measurements, body composition, moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with blood pressure in children.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Correlational study with a quantitative approach. Sample: 215 schoolchildren aged 6-12 years selected by convenience criteria of a public school in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Blood pressure was measured with a digital sphygmomanometer. For data treatment, the values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were standardized (Z score) and added. The variables tested as predictors were: MVPA; body fat percentage (BF%); Body Mass Index (BMI); waist-height ratio (WHTR); maturity-offset and CRF. After checking the normality parameters, the crude and adjusted associations (for sex, age and maturity-offset) were tested with linear regression equations. For the analyses, p &lt;0.05 was considered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Three different models indicated the best sets of factors associated with standardized blood pressure. Model 1 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.21) consisted of the variables WHTR (&#946; = 9.702) and MVPA (&#946; = &#8722;0.021). Model 2 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.19) was composed of the variables BMI (&#946; = 0.156) and MVPA (&#946; = &#8722;0.021). Model 3 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.18) included the variables BF% (&#946; = 0.063) and CRF (&#946; = &#8722;0.004).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Blood pressure in children is predicted by the body variables BF%, BMI and WHTR, in addition, it is negatively associated with MVPA and CRF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Anthropometry</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Composition</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Fitness</kwd>
        <kwd>Motor Activity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</funding-source>
          <award-id>401969/2016-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico, number 401969/2016-9</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Blood pressure is an important indicator of cardiovascular and metabolic health. Children with high blood pressure levels are highly likely to become hypertensive adults, then, the early diagnosis and treatment can prevent long-term adverse cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Although arterial hypertension is more frequent in adulthood, epidemiological evidence suggests that its genesis may be in childhood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> However, it is noteworthy that recent researches have shown considerable prevalence rates of high blood pressure values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In order to understand hypertension in childhood and adolescence, it is relevant to consider variables such as: age, height, sex, overweight/obesity, physical activity and fitness levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> The study by Freedman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> suggested that overweight or obese children are more likely to have high blood pressure. Other studies have shown a negative association between the level of physical activity and blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> As well as other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> have shown that children and adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness levels plus overweight/obesity have a greater chance of presenting cardiovascular diseases risk factors.</p>
        <p>In this sense, evidence about all factors evaluated together in the same study adds relevant information on the magnitude of the influence that each one can present for the development of arterial hypertension. In this context, the present study aims to identify the possible associations between anthropometric measurements, body composition, moderate-vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with blood pressure in children</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional study with correlational method and quantitative approach.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Research Subjects</title>
          <p>Target population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> are students from the first to fifth year of elementary school, aged between 6-12 years enrolled in public schools. The available population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> was composed of approximately 400 schoolchildren from the first to fifth year of elementary school at a public school at Porto Alegre, Brazil. The available population was selected for convenience, justified for this school meets the supervised internship subject in the Physical Education graduation of the researchers&#8217; university and, as such, allows full access of researchers to the school community.</p>
          <p>To compose the sample, all children enrolled in the early five years of elementary school were invited. 215 children from 6-12 years old were evaluated. After data collection, to identify the sample size that most balances the probability between type I and II errors and to justify the use of statistical tests in a non-random sample, the G-Power version 3.1 program was used. The calculation was performed for F family tests, more specifically multiple linear regression, the alpha used was 0.05, the effect size was 0.15 (medium), the test power was 0.95 and the number of predictors was eight (considering the model with the greatest possible number of variables in this study: waist-to-height ratio (WHTR), Body Mass Index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), moderate-vigorous physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, sex, age and maturity-offset). From these criteria, a minimum sample size of 160 subjects was stipulated.</p>
          <p>Data collection was carried out between March and April 2017. The school was invited to participate in the study and consented through a consent letter. Afterwards, a meeting was held with the parents detailing the study and then, they received and signed a Free and Informed Consent Form and the students signed an Informed Assent Form, both terms explaining the study. The research was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,, Brazil under number 2.571.198.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Collection Procedures</title>
          <p>Anthropometric variables (height, mass and waist circumference) were assessed following the Guidelines for Measurement and Tests of PROESP-Br.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Body mass was assessed with the students barefoot using a portable digital scale (Tech Line) with 100g precision and the value in Kg was recorded using a decimal place. To measure height, a measuring tape with two millimetres precision was used, which was attached to the wall one meter from the ground vertically, extended from the bottom up and noted in centimetres with a decimal point with the aid of a square for reading. Waist circumference was measured using a measuring tape, positioning it at the midpoint between the lower edge of the last rib and the iliac crest, usually close to the umbilical scar. The other anthropometric variables followed the recommendations of Mirwald et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> The seated height was measured with a standard bench for all children and a measuring tape with two millimetres precision fixed to the wall. The zero point of the measuring tape was fixed to the bench.</p>
          <p>Height and body mass were used to calculate BMI, while height and waist circumference were used to calculate WHTR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> For the maturity-offset calculation, the variables sex, height, body mass, sitting height, leg length (the difference between total height and sitting height) and age were used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Blood pressure was measured during the school's class period using a digital sphygmomanometer with appropriate OMRON cuffs. All measurements were carried out between the first and the second school period in the morning (&#8776;8-9h), so in general, all children were not fasting. Children were invited to remain seated for five minutes to obtain a value closer to rest. Three measurements were performed on the right arm and the average value was computed. The values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were standardized (using Z score). The Z score of systolic blood pressure was added to the Z score of diastolic blood pressure, creating a new standardized blood pressure variable.</p>
          <p>Body fat percentage was assessed by the imaging exam of Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) of the GE Healthcare model Lunar Prodigy, performed by a trained researcher. Children were instructed to wear clothes without zippers and buckles; to remove any metal piece; to lying in the supine position and; remain stationary until the device arm passes over the body in the head-to-foot direction. The values, in percentage, were calculated automatically by the equipment software.</p>
          <p>ActiGraph accelerometers (wActiSleep-BT Monitor) were used to measure physical activity, which was placed on the students&#8217; waist on an elastic belt on the right midline axillary. Children were encouraged to use it for seven consecutive days. For analysis purposes, five days (including one weekend day) were considered, with at least 10 hours/day of usage time. The equipment was maintained throughout the day and removed only for bathing or any water activities. After the last day of use, the device was removed by the evaluation team and subsequently it was verified if data were complete, using the Actilife software (ActiGraph&#174;, version 5.6, USA). The data were collected at a sampling rate of 30Hz, downloaded in periods of one second, and aggregated for periods of 15 seconds. Everson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> proposal for 15 seconds periods was used for classifying the accelerometers counts (&#8804;25 counts/15 seconds for sedentary time, &#8805;574 counts/15 seconds for moderate physical activity and &#8805;1003 counts/15 seconds for vigorous physical activity).</p>
          <p>For the measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness, the six-minute running/walking test was performed according to the Guidelines for Measurement and Tests of PROESP-Br.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> To perform this test, a court with a 56-meter perimeter marked with cones and marked with chalk every two meters was used to record the distance covered by each child at the end of the test. A stopwatch and a whistle were also used to start and end the test. Children were instructed to run (run or walk) the largest number of laps, that is, the longest distance possible. During the test, the evaluators informed the passage of the test time in two, four and five minutes (&#8220;attention: one minute left&#8221;) and at the end of the test (at the whistle) the children should stop in place and remain until the evaluator notes the distance covered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistics Procedures</title>
          <p>Initially, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed in all variables. All variables showed a normal distribution. For descriptive analysis, mean values, standard deviations, minimum and maximum were used in continuous variables and values of absolute and relative frequency in categorical variables. The variance difference between sexes was tested in all variables with the Student's T-test for independent samples. Associations were initially tested with Pearson's correlation test. Multicollinearity was previously tested and a high relationship was identified only between moderate-vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. These procedures were performed to meet the assumptions of multiple linear regression. The following analysis proposed to estimate the variance of standardized blood pressure from the other variables studied. Different multiple linear regression models were tested using the Stepwise method and those with the highest values of adjusted R<sup>2</sup> were considered, as long as they maintained the theoretical logic. All associations were adjusted for sex, age and maturity-offset in order to remove the effect of the possible confounder. For all analyses, an alpha of 0.05 was considered a priori. The analyses were performed with the SPSS software for Windows version 20.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the sample 53.5% are boys and 46.5% are girls. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> shows the characteristics of the research subjects in relation to the studied variables. Only the variables: body fat percentage, moderate-vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness showed differences between sexes (p&lt;0.05). The low performance in the six-minute running/walking test in both sexes is highlighted.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Description of research subjects characteristics (n = 215)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Boys</th>
                <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Girls</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">X &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#237;n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#225;x</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">X &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#237;n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#225;x</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.25 &#177;1.54</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.51 &#177; 1.44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.211</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>SBP (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103.04 &#177; 11.35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">143</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103.81 &#177; 11.75</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">134</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.628</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>DBP (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60.78 &#177; 9.13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60.67 &#177; 8.59</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">82</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.926</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Height (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">134.27 &#177; 10.09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">161</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">134.47 &#177; 10.84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">108</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">154</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.890</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Weight (kg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32.98 &#177; 9.58</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33.82 &#177; 11.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.558</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>WC (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.41 &#177; 9.09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">86</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.75 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.209</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BF%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.86 &#177; 9.09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35.24 &#177; 7.55</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.035</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BMI (kg/m&#178;)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 &#177; 3.47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18.27 &#177; 3.98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29.78</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.600</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>WHTR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.47 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.45 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.800</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>MVPA (min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70.26 &#177; 29.57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23.62</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">147.16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55.33 &#177; 18.75</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23.64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">110.24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.002</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>CRF (m)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">101</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">800.43 &#177; 142.99</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">438</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1158</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">749.25 &#177; 104.64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">504</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">952</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.005</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Source: the Authors. n: subjects number; X: average; SD: standard deviation; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; WC: waist circumference; BF%: body fat percentage; BMI: body mass index; WHTR: waist-height ratio; MVPA: moderate-vigorous physical activity; CRF: cardiorespiratory fitness.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The correlation analysis is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 2</xref>. Standardized blood pressure is associated in a negative and positive way with some variables in boys, however with reasonably low correlation (r) indexes. In girls, all values are below 0.3, indicating that in the bivariate analysis, associations are weak.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation values between standardized blood pressure and body composition, moderate-vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness (n = 215)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">zBP</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">Boys (n:115)</th>
                <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">Girls (n:100)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">WHTR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.368</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.252</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.454</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.342</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BF%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.490</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.288</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MVPA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.349</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.253</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CRF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.216</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.227</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>zBP: standardized blood pressure; r: correlation coefficient; WHTR: Waist-height ratio; BMI: Body mass index; BF%: Body fat percentage; MVPA: moderate-vigorous physical activity; CRF: cardiorespiratory fitness.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>After checking the correlations, adjusted association analyses were performed. In these analyses, the results demonstrate that considering sex, age and maturity-offset, the variables waist-height ratio, body mass index and body fat percentage indicated a positive association with standardized blood pressure, while moderate-vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness indicated a negative relationship.</p>
        <p>The predictor variables were tested in several models, however, three different models indicated the sets of factors that best explained the variance of standardized blood pressure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 3</xref>). Although the three models are composed of different variables, they explained between 18 and 21% of the standardized blood pressure variance. Another highlight is that the two measures of nutritional status (body mass index and waist-height ratio) were the indicators that showed the highest magnitudes of association, considering the adjustments already described.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multiple linear regression to estimate the standardized blood pressure variability from 3 models (n = 215)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">zBP</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Model 1 (adjusted R<sup>2</sup>: 0.210)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CI 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">WHTR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.170</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.022</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.033 &#8211; 13.308</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MVPA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.021</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.004</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.035 &#8211; -0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.998</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.136</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-2.315 &#8211; 0.320</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.302</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.212</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.778 &#8211; 0.174</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Maturity-offset</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.456</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.079</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.054 &#8211; 0.965</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Model 2 (adjusted R<sup>2</sup>: 0.192)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,113</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,090</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,018 &#8211; 0,245</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MVPA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,023</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,037 &#8211; -0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,697</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,408</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-2,360 &#8211; 0,967</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,254</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,364</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,808 &#8211; 0,299</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Maturity-offset</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,260</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,471</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,453 &#8211; 0,973</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Model 3 (adjusted R<sup>2</sup>: 0.183)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BF%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.054</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.043</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.002 &#8211; 0.107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CRF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.003</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.037</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.006 &#8211; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.737</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.307</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-2.163 &#8211; 0.689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.090</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.765</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.508 &#8211; 0.688</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Maturity-offset</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.238</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.466</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.408 &#8211; 0.884</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>zBP: standardized blood pressure; adjusted R<sup>2</sup>: adjusted coefficient of determination to model variables; &#946;: adjusted association for sex, age and maturity-offset; p-value: significance level; WHTR: Waist-height ratio; MVPA: moderate-vigorous physical activity; BMI: body mass index; BF%: body fat percentage; CRF: cardiorespiratory fitness.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main results of the present study indicated that moderate-vigorous physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, anthropometric variables, age, sex and maturity-offset are important predictors of the standardized blood pressure variability in children. In our results, we observed that the systolic blood pressure mean was 103.0 mmHg in boys and 103.8 in girls and diastolic was 60.7 mmHg in boys and 60.6 in girls.</p>
        <p>In the study by Gaya et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> with 416 Portuguese boys between 8-15 years old, the systolic blood pressure mean was 117.2 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure was 61.1 mmHg. In the study by Monteiro et al. (2015)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> with 51 Brazilian schoolchildren, the systolic blood pressure mean was 111.6 mmHg in boys and 107.6 in girls and diastolic was 66.8 mmHg in boys and 66.5 in girls aged between 13 and 16 years. A possible explanation for the systolic blood pressure values to be higher in the aforementioned studies compared to the findings may be due to the subjects&#8217; chronological age being higher. This directly influences blood pressure levels, as older children tend to be higher, which naturally raises blood pressure levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Regarding cardiorespiratory fitness, we noticed that the average number of meters covered in the six-minute test is low for boys and girls. In the study by Mello et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, although with children and adolescents between 10-17 years old, the prevalence of low cardiorespiratory fitness was 74.1% among young people, being higher in girls. Even using the PROESP-Br criteria, the same as in this study, the results found by Mello et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> were more worrying. However, in the studies by Coledam et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> and Minatto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> the authors observed results similar to the present study, showing that around 50% of children have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness.</p>
        <p>Regarding moderate-vigorous physical activity, in the present study, we observed an average of 70.2 min/week in boys and 55.3 min/week in girls. Matsudo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> observed in Brazilian children aged 9-11 years an average of moderate-vigorous physical activity of 59.5 min/day, with children accumulating more moderate-vigorous physical activity on weekdays than on weekends. In addition, 55.9% of children did not reach the daily recommendation.</p>
        <p>We noticed that girls tend to have lower values of both cardiorespiratory fitness and moderate-vigorous physical activity. This data can be explained by a set of factors related to the culture of incentive to vigorous physical activities practice, anthropometric, ethnic and physiological variables<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. Treuth et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> pointed out in a study carried out with girls, that the most performed activity during the week and on most weekend days are sedentary activities (55.4% of the time), in this active time, they have practised mostly activities with low intensity (41.7% light activities) and a little time in moderate (2.2%) and vigorous activities (0.7%).</p>
        <p>Regarding associations, our initial results demonstrated a correlation between standardized blood pressure and all indicators of overweight and obesity, as well as moderate-vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. All results showed correlations with moderate or low magnitude (r &lt;0.4). This low magnitude can be explained mainly by the several factors that influence blood pressure, such as height, sex and age,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> which were not part of this initial analysis. Therefore, from these first analyses, the need for adjusted analyses became clear.</p>
        <p>In this perspective, models that can explain part of the standardized blood pressure variance by adjusting associations for the maturity-offset, age and sex were analysed. Thus, we perceive more clearly how much the variables: waist-height ratio, body mass index, body fat percentage, moderate-vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness can in fact influence the standardized blood pressure of schoolchildren, both in an individually (through the Beta values) and jointly (through the adjusted R<sup>2</sup> values).</p>
        <p>From this, the predictor variables were tested and we arrived at three models that best explain the variance of standardized blood pressure. The first two models (model 1: waist-height ratio, moderate-vigorous physical activity, sex, age and maturity-offset; and model 2: body mass index, moderate-vigorous physical activity, sex, age and maturity-offset) explain 21% and 19% of the variance, respectively. The variable waist-height ratio, which is an indicator of abdominal fat, is the one that most influences the variability of blood pressure. These results are in line with the study by Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> that showed an association of excess visceral fat with blood pressure levels and prevalence of arterial hypertension. However, according to the study by Cauduro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> overweight and obese children and adolescents were less likely to have high blood pressure levels regardless of sex, age and socioeconomic status, if they complied with the recommendations for physical activity for their age.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the results of Cauduro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> demonstrate the importance of considering physical activity and some indicator of overweight/obesity in the same association model in the trying perspective for understanding the set of predictors of blood pressure in children. Our results show that, regardless of the overweight/obesity indicator inserted in the model, the associations remain. This is justified by the fact that both variables are independently associated with blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In the last model presented, we observed that cardiorespiratory fitness and body fat percentage explain 18% of the standardized blood pressure variance. It is important to point out, although apparently, the magnitude of the association of cardiorespiratory fitness is low in relation to standardized blood pressure (&#946;: &#8722;0.003), we realize that by the unit of measurement of this variable (meters) it is an important result and can easily influence at children's blood pressure.</p>
        <p>Finally, it is important to add that cardiorespiratory fitness and moderate-vigorous physical activity are not in the same model because theoretically they are associated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>, just as, when tested for multicollinearity, the relationship found in the present study was r&gt;0.7. It is also important to note that even with three indicators of overweight/obesity performed using different measures (body growth, abdominal fat and image examination) the associations remained and the models maintained a similar percentage of standardized blood pressure explanation. In addition, we also emphasize that in the school environment the use of anthropometric measures to estimate children's nutritional status is an effective strategy and that it has an analysis effect similar to the image examination. This indicates that these variables (body mass index and waist-height ratio) can be added to intervention programs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>We noticed that the body variables: body fat percentage, body mass index and waist-height ratio were shown to be influential to blood pressure. In addition, it was observed that moderate-vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness, which are important variables related to exercise, were also shown to influence blood pressure in children. Therefore, it is concluded that all the studied indicators, when analysed together, are associated with the children blood pressure, suggesting that the early prevention of arterial hypertension in children consider the regular practice of moderate-vigorous physical activity, the increases in cardiorespiratory fitness levels and strategies for controlling of overweight and obesity indicators.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico, number 401969/2016-9</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is from the Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Movimento Humano submitted by <italic>J&#250;lio Mello, Adroaldo Gaya</italic> and <italic>Anelise Reis Gaya</italic>, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We are grateful to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (Brazil) for the level D1 research scholarship and for the Institutional Program for Scientific Initiation scholarship. We are grateful to the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (Brazil) for the PhD scholarship.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
